Chapter 8 Research on Qu Yuan (November 3, 1922)

The ancestor of a Chinese writer must overthrow Qu Yuan.It is not that there was no literature in the past, but there were no experts in literature.For example, there are many good poems in "Three Hundred Pian" and other ancient books; but most of them do not have the author's title, and the length is very short.When we read such works, at most we can see a part of the background or trend of the times.For works that desire to express individuality, the first one is to study Qu Yuan. There is a very long biography of Qu Yuan's history in "Historical Records", which can be regarded as a gratifying thing for us who study historical materials.It's a pity that there are too many discussions and few facts.We are most sorry that we cannot know the age of Qu Yuan's death and the age of his life.According to the rough calculation of the text, he should have lived between 338 and 288 BC, and his shortest lifespan should be around fifty.At the same time as Mencius, Zhuangzi, King Wuling of Zhao, Zhang Yi and others.He is an aristocrat of Chu State; among the aristocrats, Zhao, Qu, and Jing are the most prosperous, and he is one of the three.He once worked as a "Sanlu Doctor".According to Wang Yi: "The post of Sanlu is in charge of the three surnames of the royal family, namely Zhao, Qu, and Jing. Qu Yuan prefaced his genealogy, led him to be virtuous, and strengthened the country's scholars." However, he was the chief executive of the nobles at that time.He once won the trust of King Huai of Chu, and became a "Leftist".According to this legend: "When you enter, you discuss state affairs with Wang Tu to issue orders; when you go out, you meet guests and deal with princes, and the king will take care of them." It can be seen that he once occupied a very important position in politics.Later, he was slandered by Shangguan officials, and King Huai ignored him.King Huai reigned for thirty years, from 328 BC to 297 BC, Qu Yuan was a left disciple. I don't know what year it was, but it was before 312 BC, 16 years ago at the latest.Because King Huai was deceived by Qin Minister Zhang Yi that year, it was already after Qu Yuan saw him.Assuming that Qu Yuan became a left disciple around the tenth year of King Huai, he should be at least twenty years old at that time, so his birth date should not be later than 338 BC.When Qu Yuan was in power, the state of Chu was very powerful. Qu Yuan's policy probably advocated uniting the six countries, repelling Qin, and maintaining a balance of power.It's a pity that King Huai has no idea, sometimes abandons Qin, and sometimes joins Qin, letting the strategists fiddle with it.He died until "the soldiers were defeated and the land was cut down, and the six counties were destroyed. The guests died in Qin, and the world laughed." It is said that the Chu State died less than sixty years after the death of King Wenhuai.Sixteen years after Qu Yuan became King Huai, his political career seemed to have been completely cut off.For the next fourteen years, he probably still lived in Wuchang, the capital of Ying.Because when King Huai was about to enter Qin in 30 years, Qu Yuan remonstrated vigorously, which shows that the relationship between him and King Huai is still disconnected.After the death of King Huai, King Qingxiang Li, Qu Yuan's opposition party became more ambitious and exiled him to Hunan. Later, he committed suicide by throwing himself into the water.

When did Qu Yuan die?According to the "Bu Ju" article: "Since Qu Yuan was released, he will not be seen again for three years." "Ai Ying" article: "If you don't believe me suddenly, he has not returned for nine years." If these two articles are recognized as King Qingxiang As for the works, Qu Yuan still survived at least in 288 BC.He broke away from political life and devoted himself to literary life, for about twenty years.How many places did Qu Yuan walk through?The names of places found in his writings are as follows: Let Yuanxiang have no waves, and make the river flow peacefully.

Bing Wu Dao Xi Dongting. Looking at Cenyang and Jipu. I left Yu Peixi in Lipu."Xiangjun" on the right Dongting waves under the leaves. Yuan has Zhi and Li has orchid. I left behind in Lipu.Right "Mrs. Xiang" I don't know how to mourn the Nanyi, but I will help Jiangxiang. Take Ezhu and look back. Di Yu Che Xi Fang Lin. Yu went up to Yuanxi by boat. The morning is in vain and the evening is in Chenyang. When I entered Xupu, I was confused and confused, and I didn't know what I was like. The deep forest is far away, and it is the place where the scorpion lives. ... The mountains are so high that they can block out the sun, and they are so dark that it rains a lot.

The sleet and snow are boundless, and the clouds are falling and raining.Right "Shejiang" Leave Yingdu and go to Luxi. After the first summer, it floats to the west, but Gu Longmen doesn't see it. Carry Xia Pu and think westward. However, the distance between Yingying Road and the distance between Jiang and Xia cannot be involved."Aiying" on the right Nagase turbulent, Yijiang Tan Xi.Go southward madly, chatting to entertain your heart. I am low and barbaric, and I am a aunt in Subei.Right "Thinking" Haohao Yuanxiang, flow bubbling.Right "Huaisha"

Follow Jiangxia to entertain worries.Right "Thinking Beauty" Pointing to the god of fire and galloping straight, I will go to the south."Long Journey" on the right The road runs through the Lujiang River and is long and thin on the left.right In it, Yingdu and Jiangxia are the places where he originally lived, and Xiangshui in Dongting naturally came and went often after he was exiled, so there is no need to do more research.The one who deserves the most attention is that "the road runs through the Lujiang River, and the left side is long and thin", such as the Lushan area in Jiangxi Province, has also been there.But it is entirely romantic literature, and I dare not take it as fact. The article "Shejiang" contains the meaning of travel notes, and it says "Yu Shangyuan by boat", "Going in vain in the morning, and staying in Chenyang in the evening", it can be seen that he has been traveling the upper reaches of the Yuanshui River, and has been to Chenzhou and other places. .The mountain he said is "so high that the sun is covered by the sun and the snow is boundless" is probably the highest point in Hengzhang.In his works, there are many words like "I live alone in the mountains" and "The people in the mountains are like Fang Duruo".I think he lived alone on Hengshan Mountain for quite a while, and his literature was probably completed in this era.

The strangest thing is that Qu Yuan's family situation is not even reflected in this biography and his works. "Li Sao" has two words: "Nv Lai's beauty is here, Shen Shen Qi is more than one".Wang Yi's commentary said: "Nvlao, sister Qu Yuan." Whether this is true or not, I still dare not say.Even if it is true, we can only know that he has one sister, and we don't know whether the other brothers have wives or not.Judging from his works, at least he lived a celibate life after being exiled to Hunan. two We have a general understanding of Qu Yuan's life experience, and the second step is to study why such a great literature happened at that time?Why did it not happen in other countries but only in Chu State?Why can Qu Yuan occupy this pioneering position?The first question has a relatively simple answer.Because culture was at its climax at that time, philosophy was flourishing, and literature should also develop in parallel.The remarks of each person contained in Neizhong Ru, "Mencius" and "Warring States Policy" are full of literary interest.Therefore, the emergence of beautiful literature is possible in the current situation.The relationship between the second and third questions is more complicated.According to my observation, every time our Chinese nation undergoes assimilation, the literary world will shine.In the early years of the Spring and Autumn Period, the state of Chu was purely a barbarian. After the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, they gradually assimilated into "Zhu Xia".Qu Yuan was about 250 years after the assimilation was completed.The people of Chu at that time could be said to be new members of the Chinese nation who had just grown up, like new youths who had just grown up in society.In the past, the people of Chu State were originally the people who believed in witches and ghosts the most, and they had some mystical consciousness and illusory ideals, just like children who like to imagine fairy tales.When we come into contact with the realistic ethics and culture of the old ethnic groups in the Central Plains, new things will naturally emerge.The embodiment of this new thing is literature.This is the status of Chu State in the cultural history at that time.As for Qu Yuan, he was an aristocrat, and naturally fully understood the newly imported Central Plains culture at that time.He was once an envoy to the State of Qi. At that time, when tens of thousands of "Mr. Jixia" were talking about the principles of the universe, he was of course influenced a lot.He is also a person with a strange temper, often rebelling against the society.Later, he was exiled to the Southern Wilderness, where he lived a lonely life in that strangely changing landscape. The special nature and the special spiritual function were stimulated, which naturally produced special literature.

How many works does Qu Yuan have? "Hanshu Yiwenzhi Poems and Fulue" says: "Qu Yuan Fu twenty-five articles." According to Wang Yi's "Chu Ci Zhangju" listed, there is one "Li Sao", eleven "Nine Songs", "Tianwen" "One piece, "Nine Chapters" nine pieces, "Yuyou" one piece, "Buju" one piece, "Fisherman" one piece.There is also an article "Dazhao", which notes: "Qu Yuan, or the scenery is poor." However, after reading "Dazhao" carefully, it is obviously an imitation, and it was not made by Qu Yuan, so there is no need to argue about it.But there is another question that is very troublesome for researchers. "Historical Records Biography of Qu Yuan" praised: "I read "Li Sao", "Heavenly Questions" and "Sorrowing Ying", and I am sad about my ambition."However, Wang Yi said it was Song Yu's work.Yi, the post-Han people, what proof do you have that you dare to change the previous statement?Probably he thought that by adding this article, there would be twenty-six articles, which did not match the number of "Yiwenzhi"; he also thought that the title of this article seemed to suggest that someone summoned Qu Yuan's soul after his death, so he forced him to give it to Song Yu.In my opinion, the ideal and style of the poem are very different from Song Yu's other works, and it should be returned to Qu Yuan from Tai Shigong's theory.But is the number of "Yiwenzhi" wrong?Not so. The last chapter of "Nine Songs", "The Soul of Rites", has only five sentences, which is really not a whole article. "Nine Songs" is a song that believes in gods, and each of the ten chapters expresses one god; the five sentences of "Rite Soul" should be shared at the end of each chapter.Later generations are greedy for passing on banknotes, so they don't record them one by one, and always end up at the end.Wang Yi was not clear about it, so he was counted as an article, so he had to be squeezed out.If my imagination is correct, the content of Qu Yuan's Fu should be as follows:

"Li Sao" "Heavenly Questions" Ten chapters of "Nine Songs", "East Emperor Taiyi", "Yunzhongjun", "Xiangjun", "Mrs. Xiang", "The Great Commander", "The Young Commander", "Dongjun", "Hebo", "Mountain Ghost", "National Memorial" Nine chapters of "Nine Chapters", "Song of Cherishing", "Walking the River", "Sorrowful Ying", "Thinking", "Thinking of Beauty", "Respecting the Past", "Ode to Orange", "Returning to the Wind of Sadness", "Huaisha"

"A Long Journey" one article "Bu Ju" an article "The Fisherman" Today, the nature of the twenty-five chapters will be roughly explained: (1) According to the original biography of "Li Sao", this article was written by Qu Yuan after he met Qi, and it should be his first work.First of all, let's start with the family background, like an autobiography.In this article, his thoughts and character are probably spread, which can be regarded as the epitome of all works. (2) "Heavenly Questions" Wang Yi said: "Qu Yuan...seeing the pictures of the temple of the former kings of Chu and the ancestral hall of Gongqing, the gods of heaven, earth, mountains and rivers, Qi Weiyan, and the actions of ancient sages and monsters...he asked about it because of the book on its wall. .” I think this article was written before the exile, because the “Temple of the First King” should not be in a remote place.The genre of this article is purely about raising various questions about the myths passed down from generation to generation. The first half of the article raises questions about the myth of the creation of the universe, and the second half raises questions about the myth of history.Doubt and boredom about all phenomena and principles are the starting point of Qu-Literary Thought.

(3) Wang Yi said in "Nine Songs": "Among Yuan and Xiang, the common people believe in ghosts and like to sacrifice, and their temples must make music to encourage and delight the gods. Qu Yuan was exiled and lurked in his domain... Seeing his poor words, because Composing the song "Nine Songs", I will show the respect of the gods, and see the injustice of myself." This is probably true. "Nine Songs" is the old name of the movement, not Jiupiange, so there are ten pieces written by Qu Yuan. These ten pieces contain many aspects of interest and are the most "romantic" works in the collection.

(4) The nine chapters of "Nine Chapters" were not written all at once. There are about two chapters, "Xi Chan" and "Si Meiren", which seem to be written before the exile; "Sorrowing Ying" was written during the first exile; It was written when it was very far away; "Huaisha" is a final work.The rest of the chapters cannot be studied in depth.These nine articles express the content of the author's thoughts separately, which is the magnification of "Li Sao". (5) Wang Yi said in "Yuanyou": "Qu Yuan walks squarely and straightly, which is not tolerated in the world. ... Zhang Huang Shanze, there is nothing to tell. It is deep but Yuanyi, who cultivates indifferently, and thinks about helping the world. Indignant. Literary talent is beautiful, so I narrate wonderful thoughts; I entrust immortals to play games with each other. I have a weekly calendar of heaven and earth, and I can see everything; I still miss the Chu Kingdom and miss the old stories." It is the full expression of Qu Yuan's outlook on the universe and life.He was a literary scholar who embodied southern philosophical thought at that time. (6) The textual research of this article has already been mentioned in the previous article.The ideas in this article and "Yuanyou" appear to be exactly the opposite on the surface, but in fact they are still consistent.This article talks about up and down, and there is no place of peace, so how about looking back and seeking material happiness in this world?okay?His thinking is exactly the same as the first play of Goethe: Faust, of which "Far Journey" is the second play.In short, this article is the most frustrating and painful part of the thought process of writing doubts. (7) "Buju" and "Fisherman" "Buju" refers to two contradictory outlooks on life, and "Fisherman" is a choice that expresses one's will.The meaning is very obvious. three To study Qu Yuan, we should take his suicide as the starting point.Why did Qu Yuan commit suicide?I said: He is a clean freak who died for love.He loves someone sincerely and thoughtfully, and he is determined to marry him; but he hangs an ideal condition, and only under this condition, is he willing to commit himself to marriage.But his lover keeps ignoring him!If you ignore him, he will let go, isn't it over?no no!He absolutely refused!For his lover, he loves and hates, and the more he hates, the more he loves; the two contradictions are at war every day; in the end, he sacrifices his life for that kind of "unrequited love" love!Who is his lover?It was the society at that time. In Qu Yuan's mind, there are two contradictory elements: one is extremely cold ideals, and the other is extremely warm feelings. In "Nine Songs", "Mountain Ghost", he used symbolic brushwork to describe his personality.Its text is as follows: If someone likes the mountain, he will be brought by Xue Lixi. It's both gazing and laughing, and Yu Muyu is good at slimming. Take the red leopard to follow the text, and the Xinyi car to tie the osmanthus flag; to be taken by Shi Lan to Du Heng, and to fold the fragrance and leave the thoughts. The rest of the place is secluded and the sky can't be seen at all, and the road is dangerous and difficult. The table is independent on the mountain, and the clouds are tolerant and below; it is dark and dark, and the day is dark, and the east wind is blowing and the gods are raining. Staying in spiritual practice and forgetting to return, who is Huayu when you are old. Picking three beautiful flowers in the mountains, Shi Leilei and vine vines; resenting the young master and forgetting to return, the king thinks about me and has no time. The people in the mountains are full of flowers and duruo, drinking stone springs and shady pines and cypresses; the king thinks about me and is suspicious. The thunder fills the sky and the rain is dark, the chirp chirps and the night sounds; I often say: If an artist wants to paint Qu Yuan, it will be a masterpiece if he can extract the spirit of the mountain ghost written in this article.He stood alone on the mountain, with clouds and mists under his feet, and used all kinds of fragrant grasses such as Shi Lan and Du Ruo to decorate himself. It is really the so-called "a lifetime hobby is natural", and he can't sweat even a little dust.However, his "storm in his heart" did not stop for a while, and he often sent his love to those who "thought" in the lower world.He doesn't care whether that person loves him or not; he always says "you miss me", but it's nothing more than "unnecessary", just "doubtful".So his mood during the twelve o'clock is completely in the "thunder, rain, wind, wood Xiaoxiao". He has very superb insights in philosophy; but he is never willing to indulge in fantasy and discard the real life.He said: But the infinity of the heaven and the earth mourns the long diligence of life.I don't hear about the ones who go, but I don't hear about those who come. ("Long Journey") On the one hand, he is very optimistic about the infinity of the world, and on the other hand, he is very sympathetic to the Changqin of life. These two thoughts often circulate in his mind. His own ideal state is enough to be used.He said: The Tao can be received but cannot be passed on, its smallness has no interior and its greatness is boundless.If there is no slippery and soulful, he will be natural.One air hole is divine, and it exists in the middle of the night.Waiting for the future, doing nothing first.Common people are successful, this is the door of virtue. ("Long Journey") This kind of view is the very subtle point of Taoism; what he understands is not to let the old Dan of the predecessors and the Zhuang Zhou of the same time.He once wrote that realm Manage the four deserts, and the six deserts.Go up to Lieyou, and look down at the big gully.There is no ground at the bottom, and there is no sky at the top.When you look at it suddenly, you don't see it, when you hear it, you don't hear it.Chao Wuwei to Qingxi, and Taichu are neighbors. ("Long Journey") But wouldn't it be good for him to live in this realm and feel contented?But can't.He said: Yu Gu knew that Jian Jian was a trouble, so he couldn't bear it and couldn't give up. ("Li Sao") It's not that he can't see the real society, but he can't bear it.His emotions are extremely sensitive, and the pain that others can't feel is like an electric shock in his mind.He said: The slight frost falls and falls down, mourning the first zero of the fragrant grass. ... Who can be with Wansi's leftover fragrance, and feel comfortable with the wind in the morning. ... ("Far Journey") And said: It's a pity that I can't meet the ancients, and my friends play with this fragrant grass. ("Thinking Beauty") A good flower fell, "What's the matter with you?" But for that passionate and bloody person, I don't know how uncomfortable it is.Qu Yuan could not see the suffering of human society, so he Take a long breath to cover up your tears, mourning the hardships of people's lives. "Li Sao" Why is society so miserable?He thought it was due to the depravity of human morality.so: The times are colorful and changeable, so how can they be submerged?Lanzhi changes but not fragrant, Tsuen Hui turns into Mao.What was the fragrant grass in the past, now it is Xiao Ai!How can it be that there is another reason, and there is no harm in repairing it. ...the customs of the times have always flowed from time to time, so how can there be no change?If you look at pepper orchids like this, how about Jieche and Jiangli? "Li Sao" So he made up his mind to fight against the evil society when he was young.I am often afraid that you will waste time by flickering.He said: If Miyu will be too late, I'm afraid that the age will not be with me.In the morning, it is adjacent to the magnolia, and in the evening, it is the place where the island is located.The sun and the moon are not flooded suddenly, and the preface of spring and autumn.But if the vegetation is scattered, I am afraid of the beauty's twilight.Abandon the filthy without being strong, why not change this degree. "Li Sao" To fight against the evil society, the first thing is to extricate yourself from the evil society.Qu Yuan has been quite different since he was a child, which can be seen from his clothes.He said: Yu You is so fond of this strange dress that he is old but not decaying.Lu Lixi with long clips, Cui Wei with crown and cloud.Being surrounded by the bright moon, the world is muddled and there is no one left to know, and we just ignore it. "Walking River" And said: Gao Yu's crown is precarious, and Chang Yu's pendant is Lu Li.Fang and Ze are mixed together, but Zhao's quality is not lost. "Li Sao" Said: "Yin Wen, as the crown of Mount Hua, expresses himself." At that time, it was common for thinkers to make some strange costumes to show that they were different from popular customs.Qu Yuan has been this kind of spirit since he was a child.Determined to rebel against society, he put his life against him.He said: People's livelihood is happy for everyone, and Yu Du likes to cultivate and take it for granted.Although I understand that I have not changed, how can I be punished. "Li Sao" And said: That is to say, for Yu Yihui, and to apply for Yu Yihui.I also have good intentions, even though I died nine times, I still have no regrets. "Li Sao" And said: It's the same as the previous life, so why should I blame the people of today.I will be Dong Dao without hesitation, and I will be heavy and lifelong. "Walking River" From the day he made up his mind, he had a great awareness and knew that this matter was not easy.He gambled to fight against the evil society to the end, and he was able to practice what he said, and he never made any concessions.But the evil society is too powerful, and when he reached the "last bullet", he had no choice but to commit suicide.I remember seeing a stone statue of an Erda warrior in the Roman Art Museum. It is said that this man was the last one among the millions of people who ruled Erda to die. With tears in his eyes, smiling cheeks and lips, he stabbed himself with a sword in his right hand left flank.Qu Yuan Shen Miluo, that's what's on his mind. Four Yu is not only the nine wanes of the orchids, but also the hundred darkness of the trees falling.Leave barbarians in the fields to uncover the carts, mixed with Duheng and Fangzhi.The branches and leaves of Ji are so majestic and luxuriant, I hope that I will mow them at that time.Even if it is withered, it doesn't hurt, and I mourn the filth of all the fragrances. "Li Sao" This is Qu Yuan reminiscing about the boy's embrace.His original plan was to train more comrades to work together to reform society.It failed later.It doesn't matter if a person fails, the saddest thing is that a person who was full of hope in the past watched him fall.The so-called "all the fragrance and filth" means "the grass in the past is now Xiaoai", which is the most painful thing for Qu Yuan.He wanted to reform society, starting with politics at first.Because he was originally a nobleman, and he shared weal and woe with the country; and he had won the trust of King Huai, so naturally he could do something.The reason why he "runs around successively" and heard about state affairs is that he wants his king to "be as powerful as the previous king". "Li Sao" helplessly Huai Wangtai is not material: At the beginning, I talked to Yu Cheng, and regretted running away and having him.It's not difficult for me to part with my husband, it hurts the number of spiritual cultivation. "Li Sao" The past gentleman and I spoke sincerely, saying that the evening will be a period of time.Qiang went back to the bank in the middle of the road, but he had this other ambition. "Thinking" The relationship between him and King Huai was like lovers who had already made a marriage contract and suddenly changed their minds.So he said: If you have a different heart, you will work hard, but if you are not very kind, you will be light-hearted. ... If you are unfaithful, you will complain about it, and if you don't believe it, you will tell me that you will not be idle. "Xiang Jun" He is very sad about this experience, and often expresses emotion in his works.The most lingering and painful passage in it is: My friendship is the king first and then the body, the enemy of the Qiang people.Only the king and no one else are here, and there are many omens.One heart without hesitation, the Qiang cannot be protected.There is a way to invite disaster if you are close to the emperor and have no other.Thinking of the king is more than I am loyal, and suddenly forgets the humbleness and poverty of the body.Serving the king but not the second, I don't know the door of favor.It is not my wish to be punished for the crime of loyalty.If you are not in a group, you will go over and over, and it will be revealed by all the omens. ... "Cherishment" When he was young, he was full of ambition, thinking that the world's affairs could be done immediately with my mental strength; unexpectedly, he was hit hard when he was young.He once wrote his own psychological experience, saying: In the past, my dream ascended to the sky, and my soul was in the middle of the road without hanging.I made Li Shen account for it, saying that there is no limit to ambition. ... I heard that to be loyal is to create resentment, but I suddenly called it an exaggeration.Nine folded arms become a doctor, and I still know that he believes in it. "Remember" After receiving this lesson, he was extremely bored.But his blood always kept boiling, and he refused to let it cool down.So he let out a very deep mournful sound.said: The boudoir is far away, and the king of Zhe is not embarrassed.Carrying my feelings but not expressing them, how can I endure this forever. "Li Sao" With Qu Yuan's talent, if he is willing to accommodate the society a little bit, there is a lot of room for development.He didn't think about it, so he entrusted his sister's words of persuasion and said: The daughter-in-law is charming and beautiful, and Shen Shenqi is more than enough.He said: "He is going to die, and he will die in the field of Yu Yu. How can you be so rich and good at repairing, and you have this kind of festival. You are trying to fill the room, and you are judged to be alone and disobedient. Everyone You can't talk about it, who knows how to observe the feelings in the rest of the world. The world is a good friend, why is the husband alone and not listening? ...... "Li Sao" He also asked the fisherman to persuade him, saying: A sage is not stagnant in things, but can move with the world. The whole world is turbid, so why not smear its mud and make waves?Everyone is drunk, so why don't you get drunk? ""Fisherman" He himself has repeatedly persuaded himself, saying: Punishing those who are in the soup and bragging about it, why not change this ambition?If you want to release the ranks and climb to the sky, you still have the state of being in the past. "Remember" If so, is he willing?no no!He categorically rejected "accommodationism".He said: Gu Fang thought it was won, but Chang Du did not replace it.Yi Chu Bendi Xi, despised by gentlemen. ... The place of Xuanwen is secluded, and Meng Suo called it out of order.Looking at Li Lou Wei, Gu thought he was ignorant. ... The dogs bark in groups, and it is strange to bark.If you are not handsome and suspicious, you are solid and normal. "Huaisha" He believes that truth and justice are incompatible with vulgar people; it is natural for him to be oppressed by them.The most important thing for oneself is to stand on one's heels and not move an inch.He said: You are young, and there is something different.Wouldn't it be nice to be independent and not move?It's hard to move if it's deep and solid, and there's nothing to ask for.Su Shi is independent, horizontal but not flowing. "Ode to Orange" He bases his position on this principle of "independence and immovability", so he said: The workmanship of the time and customs is ingenious, and the rules are corrected.Carry the ink on the back to chase the song, and compete with Zhourong to save it.I am so depressed and I am so miserable, I am alone and poor at this time.I would rather die in exile, but I can't bear to be in this state.Birds of prey are not flocking, it is true from the previous life.How Fang Yuan can be Zhou Xi, who is different from each other and lives in peace.Bend your heart and suppress your will, endure you and get rid of dirt.Fu Qingbai is straight to death, solidifying the richness of the former saints. "Li Sao" Ibsen's favorite saying: All or nothing.We want the whole, or we would rather have nothing at all.Qu Yuan is exactly this kind of view. "Peace in peace between different ways", he thinks it is absolutely impossible, just like Fang Yuan and Zhou Zhou.Chinese people like to talk about harmony, but Qu Yuan is not. He only has extremes: "I am determined to defeat them. If I can't defeat them, I will die." This is the foothold of Qu Yuan's personality. Fives If you are unwilling to accommodate, then throw it away.how is it?This is exactly what Qu Yuan often struggled with in his mind.There are two ways to get rid of it: one is to get rid of Chu State, and the other is to get rid of the modern society.Putting aside the discussion of Chu State, the so-called: Thinking about the broadness of Kyushu, is it because it has a daughter. ... Where is the only place where there is no fragrant grass, and how do you cherish the old world. "Li Sao" This kind of remark is what Jia Yi later said in contempt for Qu Yuan, "If you have lived in Kyushu and become a king, why bother to cherish this capital." What did Qu Yuan think of this kind of discussion?He thought that the whole world was muddled, and that it was the same everywhere.He said: When I visit this erotic palace, I break Qiong Zhi to wear it.And the prosperity is not yet gone, and the daughter of the match can be deceived. I ordered Fenglong to ride the clouds and ask for the location of Concubine Mi.Xie Peizhen concludes, and I make Jian Xiu take it for granted.There is always separation and reunion, and it is difficult to move suddenly. ...Looking at the Yan Jian of Yaotai, I saw a lost girl.I ordered the poison to be the matchmaker, and it was not good for the poison to accuse Yu.When the crowing of the male dove is gone, I still hate its tricks. ... And Shaokang's Weijia Xi, leaving the second Yao of Yu.The reason is weak and the medium is clumsy, and I am afraid that the words will not be solid.The time is muddy and envious of the virtuous, and he likes to hide the beauty and call it evil. ... "Li Sao" How to interpret these words?For this beloved one, he has already acted out the painful history of broken love, and if it is someone else, I am afraid it will be the same.What about Concubine Mi?It's hard to move the latitude; is there any shame?Not good, so clever.Er Yao?The introduction is not solid.To sum it up, it's the old playbook's joke: "I miss Ping'er, but Ping'er always misses me." How could he miss me?Unless I change my appearance; but I won't; so if you go all over the world, you will never find a suitable person to marry.Then he uttered a desperate lament, saying: Suddenly looking back with runny tears, mourning for Gaoqiu's childlessness. "Li Sao" His ideal woman is almost nonexistent.Then, he must be willing to die in celibacy. The world's muddled feelings are most clearly expressed in the first half.The so-called: When the soul returns, Dongfang can't trust it. ... The soul is back, and the south can't stop. ... The soul is back, and the quicksand of the west will be thousands of miles away. ... The soul is back, and the north can't stop. ... The soul is back, and the king is supreme. ... The soul is back, and the king has never left this secluded place. ... Like this "there are many thieves and traitors in the upper and lower directions", is there any place that can be said to be stronger than "Guyu"?Therefore, throwing away Chu State is all an incomplete theory and cannot be established. Abandoning the present society is indeed a thorough solution.Qu Yuan's Zhuang Zhou at the same time is like this.Qu Yuan often had this idea too.He said: Sorrowful of the oppression of the times and customs, I would like to travel far away with ease. "Far Journey" He is overwhelmed by the current society, and often wants to break away from him and declare independence.And in fact, his spiritual consciousness often relies on this way to get some comfort.This ideal is expressed most in his works.Such as Driving the green cockles and the white chi, I and Chonghua toured the garden of Xiyao.Climb to Kunlun and eat Yuying.Same life as heaven and earth, same light as sun and moon. "Walking River" Swimming in the Nine Rivers with the girl, the wind blows and the water rises.Take a waterwheel and ride a lotus cover, drive two dragons and ride a dragon.Climbing Kunlun and looking around, my heart is soaring and mighty. "Hebo" In the Spring and Autumn Period, it was suddenly not flooded, so Xi Jiu stayed in this former residence.Xuanyuan can't be climbed, I will play from Wang Qiao.Eat six qi and drink sloppy, wash Zhengyang and contain the morning glow.Guarantee the clarity of the gods, the essence enters and the dirt is eliminated.Follow the Kaifeng to travel from Xi to Nanchao and take a breath; to see the prince and stay here, to appreciate the harmony and virtue of one spirit. "Far Journey" Mu Xuan is boundless, and he is unrestrained.Sounds are hidden but relatable, and things are pure but not actionable.The vines are immeasurable, and the mist is immeasurable. ... On the steep shore of the high rock, at the top of the female Ni Ni.According to Qingming, the rainbow comes out, and then suddenly touches the sky. "Sorrowful Wind" Bing Wu Taoist Kunlun is here, and the road is repaired far away to flow around.The dark mist of Yang Yunni, the chirp of Ming Yuluan.The dynasty started in Tianjin Xi, and the evening went to the West Pole.The phoenix emperor's wings bear the flag, and the wings soar high.Suddenly I walk in the quicksand, follow the Chishui and let it be with me.The envoy of Jiaolong envoy Liang Jinxi, and the envoy of the Western Emperor to Sheyu. ... There are thousands of chariots in the rest of the village, and Qi Yu is driving side by side.The gentleness of driving the eight dragons, the sternness of carrying the cloud flag.Suppressing ambitions and suppressing ambitions, the spirit is so high.Playing nine songs and dancing Shaoxi, chatting about holidays and enjoying themselves. "Li Sao" And so on, what is written is a surreal realm, constructed from religious or philosophical imagination.If Qu Yuan was willing to focus on this aspect of his spiritual life, he could have lived a comfortable life, but he couldn't.In the "Yuanyou" chapter, he was saying "the atmosphere is beautiful and elegant, and he will never return to his old capital." Suddenly he continued: Fearing the preface of the times and the times, Yao Lingye will march westward.The slight frost descends and the Cang Xi descends, mourning the first zero of the fragrant grass. "Li Sao" In the chapter "Li Sao", he was talking about "Happy Holidays", when he suddenly went on to say Zhisheng Huang's grand drama is here, and suddenly he comes to his old hometown.The servant was so sad that the horse was still in his arms, and he curled up and couldn't care. Rupian even described a lot of material entertainment, but Shawei said: Gaolan is driven by the path of Sisi, and there are maples on the water of Zhanzhanjiang.The eyes are so far away that it hurts the heart of spring, and the soul returns to mourn Jiangnan. Qu Yuan is the embodiment of emotion, and his sympathy for the society is often boiling.Seeing the pain of sentient beings is like experiencing the body. No matter how powerful an anesthetic is used, it will not be able to numb this feeling.As the saying goes, "There is no way to get rid of this feeling, so I lower my brows, but care about my heart." Do you want to throw it away?How can it be?He himself said: I won't talk about climbing high, but I can't go down. "Thinking Beauty" These two sentences really reveal the state of my heart in its entirety.He doesn't want to live a surreal life, and he can't live the real life of ordinary people, so his path is impoverished. six Since he has so much sympathy for society, the one who has the strongest sympathy is of course the motherland, so being exiled and not returning is the saddest thing for him.He wrote about his emotions when he first went to the country Leaving Yingdu and going to Luxi, the barrenness suddenly became extreme.Ji Qi Yang with tolerance and Xi, mourning to see the king and not to see him again.Looking at the long catalpa and resting too much, the tears are as obscene as hail.After the first summer, it floats to the west, but Gu Longmen doesn't see it. ...The boat will be transported down to float, up to Dongting and down the river.I went to the place where I lived in the past, and now I am happy to come to the East.The soul of the Qiang wants to return, so why forget to return for a moment.Carrying Xiapu on your back and thinking westward, mourning the days of the old capital. "Sad Ying" Looking at Meng Xia's short night, He Huiming is as old as he is.However, the road to Ying is far away, and the soul dies overnight.I didn't know the straightness of the road, the south pointed to the moon and the stars.May the path pass away but not come, the soul knows the way. "Thinking" The most painful of them are: Man Yu looked at the flow with his eyes, hoping to see when it would be the other way around.The bird flies back to its former residence, and the fox will die on the hill.Believe that it is not a remaining crime and exiled, how can I forget it day and night. "Sad Ying" This kind of works is really the so-called "a river is full of sons, and two tears fall in front of the king".Even if you are a man of iron and stone, I am afraid you can't help but be moved after reading it!Part of his life in Hunan is described in the chapter "She Jiang" as follows: Yu went up to Yuanxi in a boat, and Qi Wubang knocked him out.The boat can't go in, it's flooded and stagnant.The morning is in vain, and the evening is in Chenyang.Gou Yu's heart is upright, even though it is remote, it doesn't hurt.When I entered Xupu, I was stunned, and I didn't know what I knew.The deep forest is far away, and it is the place where the scorpion lives.The mountains are so high that they can block out the sun, and the mountains are so dark that it rains a lot.The sleet and snow are boundless, the clouds... and Chengyu.I mourn that I have no joy in life, and I live alone in the mountains.I can't change my mind and follow the vulgar, I will be sad and end up poor. "Li Sao" Probably he lived that unsocial life in this gloomy and quiet nature for many years.How can a social person like him bear it?Where is he Retire silently and no one knows, enter the call and no one hears. "Remember" The bloody battle between him and the evil society has really reached the point of exhaustion.Are you willing to surrender?In the end refused.He sticks to his cleanliness to the end.said: Can you observe with your body, and accept the gentleness of things?Ning went to Xiangliu and was buried in the belly of Jiangyu.And how can it be covered by the dust of the world with its brilliant whiteness? "The Fisherman" He is a person with a spiritual life, looking at this stinky skin, it is not a big deal.He finally realized that he could die and had to die, so he died calmly.The masterpiece at the time of death said: Life is fate, everyone has mistakes.Set your mind at ease and broaden your ambitions, why should I be afraid.Once hurt and mourned, forever sighed and sighed.I don't know the world, and people's hearts can't be called Xi.Know that death cannot be let up, and wish not to love.Tell the gentleman clearly, I will think it is like Xi. "Huaisha" Western moral theory says that anyone who commits suicide is cowardly.In our opinion: criminal suicide is cowardice, obligatory suicide is honor.It is true that we don't have to praise him for his blasphemy.As for "A man of lofty ideals never forgets to be in the ravine, and a warrior never forgets to lose his origin." What's so shameful about this?What Qu Yuan said, "There is nothing to be afraid of when you have a calm heart and broad ambition", "If you know death, you can't let it go, don't love it", is this something that a cowardly person can do? In "Nine Songs", there is an article praising the warriors who died in battle, saying: ... Can't go in and out, can't go in and out, the plain is suddenly and the road is far away.With a long sword and a Qin bow, although the head is separated, the heart will not be punished.Sincerity is both brave and martial, and ultimately strong and indomitable.When the body is dead, the gods have spirits, and the souls of the sons are ghosts. "Li Sao" Although this is a word of God, it actually describes his own courage and identity.Our literary ancestor left more than 20 masterpieces and gave our nation a huge legacy, and his responsibility has been completely exhausted.At the end, adding this sloppy jump adds several times the authority to his works, and achieves a life that will last forever, and will always be in conflict with us.hehe! "Sincerity is both brave and martial, and finally strong and invincible." Ha ha!Qu Yuan is not dead! 546 Qu Yuan's Research on Qu Yuan's Suicide, He's More Immortal! seven As mentioned above, my main research on Qu Yuan is considered to be over by embodying his personality from Qu Yuan's works.Finally, a few words should be added to his literary technique. Of Qu Yuan's previous literature, we can only see the "Three Hundred Psalms of the Book of Songs". The good works of "Three Hundred Psalms" are all realistic.Reality is naturally the main life of literature; but literature also has a second life, namely imagination.It is the ability of literature to jump out of reality from imagination.On this point, Qu Yuan's position in the history of literature is not only unprecedented, but as of today, it is still unprecedented.Because in Qu Yuan's later works, there may be some who have better imagination than Qu Yuan in prose or novels; in rhyme, I dare say that no one can match him. The most imaginative works in his works are "Heavenly Questions" and "Long Journey". Most of the texts and sentences in "Yuanyou" have been quoted earlier, so I won't talk about them now. "Heavenly Questions" is pure mythological literature, endowing everything in the universe with a kind of mystery, just like the Greeks thought.前半篇说了无数半神半人的奇情异俗，令人目摇魄荡。后半篇说人世间的快乐，也是一件一件地从他脑子里幻构出来。至如《离骚》：什么灵氛，什么巫咸，什么丰隆，望舒，蹇脩，飞廉，雷师，这些鬼神，都拉来对面谈话，或指派差事。什么宓妃，什么有娀佚女，什么有虞二姚，都和他商量爱情。凤皇，鸩，鸠，鶗鴂，都听他使唤，或者和他答话。虬龙，虹霓，鸾，或是替他拉车，或是替他打伞，或是替他搭桥。兰，茣，桂，椒，芰荷，芙蓉，…… 无数芳草，都做了他的服饰，昆仑，县圃，咸池，扶桑，苍梧，崦嵫，阊阖，阆风，穷石，洧盘，天津，赤水，不周，……种种地名或建筑物，都是他脑海里头的国土。又如《九歌》十篇，每篇写一神，便把这神的身分和意识都写出来。想象力丰富瑰伟到这样，何止中国，在世界文学作品中，除了但丁《神曲》外，恐怕还没有几家彀得上比较哩！ 班固说：“不歌而诵谓之赋，”从前的诗，谅来都是可以歌的，不歌的诗，自“屈原赋”始。几千字一篇韵文，在体格上已经是空前创作，那波澜壮阔，层叠排奡，完全表出他气魄之伟大。有许多话讲了又讲，正见得缠绵悱恻，一往情深，有这种技术，才配说“感情的权化”。 写客观的意境，便活给他一个生命，这是屈原绝大本领。这类作品，《九歌》中最多。Such as: 君不行兮夷犹，蹇谁留兮中洲？美要眇兮宜脩，沛吾乘兮桂舟。令沅湘兮无波，使江水兮安流。《湘君》 The emperor's son descended to Beizhu, and his eyes were dim and sorrowful.嫋嫋兮秋风，洞庭波兮木叶下。 ……沅有芷兮澧有兰，思公子兮未敢言。 《湘夫人》 秋兰兮蘪芜，罗生兮堂下。绿叶兮素枝，芳菲菲兮袭予。……秋兰兮青青，绿叶兮紫茎。满堂兮美人，忽独与余兮目成。入不言兮出不辞，乘回风兮载云旗。悲莫悲兮生别离，乐莫乐兮新相知。荷衣兮蕙带，儵而来兮忽而逝。夕宿兮帝郊，君谁须兮云之际。……《少司命》 子交手兮东行，送美人兮南浦。波滔滔兮来迎，鱼鳞鳞兮媵予。《河伯》 这类作品，读起来，能令自然之美，和我们心灵相触逗，如此，才算是有生命的文学。太史公批评屈原道： 其文约，其辞微，其志洁，其行廉。其称文小而其指极大，举类迩而见义远。其志洁，故其称物芳；其行廉，故死而不容自疏。濯淖汙泥之中，蝉蜕于浊秽，不获世之滋垢，皶然泥而不滓者也。推此志也，虽与日月争光可也。（《史记》本传） 虽未能尽见屈原，也算略窥一斑了。我就把这段作为全篇的结束。