Chapter 22 "A Day's Work" [1]

"A Day's Work" [1] Preface (2) Proletarian writers in the Soviet Union devoted themselves to writing after the October Revolution. In 1918, the Proletarian Educational Corps[3] published a series of books by proletarian novelists and poets.In the summer of the 20th year, another conference of writers was held [4].The first large combination of literary scholars was a group called "Forge". But the writers of this group are often deeply influenced by tradition, so they have little originality. After the implementation of the New Economic Policy, they mistakenly believed that the revolution was close to failure, broke the wings of fantasy, and could hardly sing. .The first to declare war on them was the critics of the "Napistu" (meaning: on the outpost) faction. Ingurov[5] said:

"They're sabotaging our day because our day isn't as bright as it was in October. They... don't want to come down from heroic Alingbia. their business." In December 1922, a group of proletarian writers gathered in the editorial room of the "Young Guard" [7] and decided to form another "October Group" [8], the "Forge" and the "Youth Regiment". Members of the "Guardian Army" left the old society, and many joined. This was the beginning of the split of the "Forge". The claim of the "October Regiment", as Lie Lieweizhi puts it, is that "civil strife is over, the age of 'storms and raids' has passed. And the age of gray storms has come again, under the veil of boredom, secretly preparing There is a new 'storm' and a new 'raid'." Therefore, lyric poetry must be replaced by narrative poetry and novels; lyric poetry also "should be blood, flesh, show us the mood and feelings of living people, do not express Plato's first-rate rejoiced [9]."

But the proposition of the "Youth Guard" was somewhat similar to that of the "October Regiment". Proletarian literature immediately after the revolution, it is true that poetry is the most important, and there are very few outstanding content and techniques.Talented revolutionaries are still in the vortex of bloody battles, and the literary world is almost exclusively occupied by relatively idle "fellow travelers".However, it is still carried out step by step with the reality of society, gradually from the abstract and subjective to the concrete and real description, and long masterpieces of monuments have been published one after another, such as Lipechinsky's "One Week"[10] , Sirafimovich's "Iron Flow" [11], and Gratkov's "Smintu" [12] are all great harvests from 1923 to 24, and have been transplanted To China, as we are familiar with.

Intellectual writers who stand on a new standpoint have emerged in large numbers, and on the one hand, some "fellow travelers" are also getting closer to reality, such as Ivanov's "Hapo" [13], Feiding's "City and Years", Also known as an important harvest in the Soviet literary world.The writers who were once in dire straits seem to be gradually becoming more harmonious now.However, this literary closeness has very different origins.Professor Ke Gang said in his book "The Literature of the Great Decade": "Although proletarian literature has undergone many changes and there have been struggles among various groups, it has always been marked by a concept and has been developed. This concept is to regard literature as the expression of class and the proletarian world sense. The formalization of art, the organization of consciousness, the factor that directs the will towards definite actions, and finally, the weapon of ideas in battle. Although there are quite a few inconsistencies among groups, we never see anyone who wants to Revive a literature that transcends class, is self-sufficient, has intrinsic value, and has nothing to do with life. Proletarian literature starts from life, not from literariness. Although because of the expansion of the writers’ horizons and the theme of direct struggle , moving to psychological problems, ethical problems, feelings, passions, the subtle experiences of the human heart, all those problems that are called permanent universal human subjects, and "literariness" also occupies a more and more honorable place; Techniques, expressions, skills, etc., will have important meanings; learning art, studying art, studying art techniques, etc., have become urgent tasks, and are recognized as urgent slogans; sometimes it seems that literature has gone around a big circle, Back to the original place again.

"The literature of the so-called 'fellow travelers' opened up a different path. They walked from literature to life. They started from the skills inherent in value. They first regarded revolution as the subject matter of artistic works, and they said they were against all tendencies. Enemies of sex, dreaming of a free republic for writers irrespective of tendencies. However, these 'pure' literaryists—and they are probably young people—finally had to be drawn into the seething war on all fronts.They went to war.Thus, at the end of the first ten years, the proletarian writers who had passed from revolutionary real life to literature and the "fellow travelers" who had passed from literature to revolutionary real life met.At the end of the first decade, the Union of Soviet Writers was organized [14].Under this alliance, we will support each other and move forward.It is not surprising that the end of the first decade should be marked by such a great trial. "

From this we can see that by the time of 1927, the "fellow travelers" in the Soviet Union had already learned about revolution through the influence of reality, while the revolutionaries had acquired literature through hard work and education.But just these few years of training, in fact, the traces cannot be eliminated.When we look at the works, we always feel that although the former writes about revolution or construction, it always shows a look on the sidelines, while when the latter writes, we are all in it, and it is our own business. It is a pity that I have seen very limited short stories by proletarian writers. Among the ten, the first two are from "fellow travelers", and the last two [15] are also borrowed by others. The translation, however, is an extremely reliable translation, and the great author still misses a lot. Fortunately, there are probably other long novels available for reading, so I will not wait any longer and collect them now.

As for the author's biography and the book on which the translation is based, they are also written in the "Postscript", which is the same as "The Harp". At the end of the day, I would also like to thank the friends who helped me collect biographical materials. On the eighteenth night of September 1932, written by Lu Xun. ※ ※ ※ [1] "One Day's Work" is a collection of Soviet short stories compiled by Lu Xun from 1932 to 1933. It was published by Shanghai Liangyou Book Printing Company in March 1933 and listed as "Liangyou Literature Series". one.Inner Pilnyek's "Kippon", Suvelina's "Fertilizer", Luxike's "Iron Silence", Nevilov's "I Want to Live", Malashekin's "Workers", "One Day's Work" and "Crossroads" by Serafimovich, "Heroes of the Revolution" by Furmanov, "The Heroes of the Revolution" by Solokhov, Banfilov and Ilenkov Dry coal, people and refractory bricks" and other ten works.Among them, two articles by Sirafimovich were translated by Wen Yin (Yang Zhihua). The three articles "Bitter Peng", "Fertilizer" and "I Want to Live" were published in the semi-monthly "Oriental Magazine", "Beidou" monthly and "Literature Monthly" respectively before they were published in separate volumes.

〔2〕 This article was originally printed in a single volume of "One Day's Work" and has not been published in newspapers. 〔3〕The Proletarian Enlightenment Group is the "Proletarian Cultural Association", an early cultural organization in the Soviet Union. Culture", "The Siren" and so on.Both in theory and in practice, they made mistakes, which Lenin criticized in 1920.Disbanded in 1932. [4] The writers' congress refers to the writers' congress held in Moscow by the "All-Russian Association of Proletarian Writers" in May 1920, attended by 150 writers representing 25 cities.

[5] Ingurov (C.cFb UTJ) is a literary critic of the "On Post" faction. His words quoted here can be found in his article "On Loss", which appeared in the first issue of "On the Post" magazine (1923). 〔6〕Alingbia is Olympus, the high mountain in northern Greece, the residence of the gods in Greek mythology, and the ancient Greeks regarded it as a sacred mountain. 〔7〕"Youth Guard" is "Youth Guard", a magazine of literature, art and popular science, an official publication of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Youth League, founded in Moscow in 1922, and the literary group "" established in October of the same year The Young Guards are closely related.In March 1923, the "Youth Guards" agency, the "October" agency and the "Workers' Spring" agency joined the "Moscow Proletarian Writers Association".

[8] "October Group" means "October" society, a literary group in the early Soviet Union, established in December 1922.The central figures were Malyshkin, who belonged to the "Forge" society, Pesymensky from the "Youth Guards" society, Sokolov from the "Workers' Spring" society, and Ribeshin who did not belong to the group. Ski et al. [9] Plato's first-class ecstasy refers to fantasy or ideal happiness.Plato (Plato 427-347 BC), an ancient Greek philosopher, author of "The Feast" and so on. 〔10〕Libedinsky (1898-1959) interpreted Libedinsky, Soviet writer. "One Week", a novel describing the struggle during the Civil War, has a translation by Jiang Guangci, and was published by Shanghai Beixin Bookstore in January 1930.

〔11〕Sirafimovich (1863-1949) Soviet writer.His early works described the miserable life of the working people. After the revolution in 1905, he turned to the workers' revolutionary struggle as the theme. "Iron Flow", a long novel describing the struggle between the Red Army guerrillas and the enemy, was published in 1924 and has a translation by Cao Jinghua. It was published by Shanghai Sanxian Bookstore in November 1931. Lu Xun wrote "Editor's Postscript", current income. 〔12〕Gratkov (1883-1958), a Soviet writer, participated in the revolution in his early years, was arrested and exiled by the Tsarist government, and participated in the Civil War and the Great Patriotic War after the October Revolution. "Shi Min Tu" (currently translated "Cement"), a novel describing the struggle of the working class to resume production after the end of the civil war, was published in 1925, with a joint translation by Dong Shaoming and Cai Yongshang, July 1932 Published by Shanghai New Life Bookstore. 〔13〕 "Ha Pu" Ivanov's novel published in 1925, describing the story of hunting foxes in Siberia. [14] Union of Soviet Writers refers to the "All-Soviet Association of Proletarian Writers" established in Moscow in 1928.In 1932, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolshevik) made the "Resolution on Reorganizing Literary and Art Organizations", which was later disbanded and the "Soviet Writers Association" was established. 〔15〕The "first two articles" mentioned here refer to "Ku Peng" and "Fertilizer"; "two of the last eight articles" refer to "One Day's Work" and "Crossroads". Postscript [1] Boris Pilniak, whose real surname was Wogau, was born in 1894 on the coast of Volga in a family of Germanic, Jewish, Russian, and Tatar blood.He tried to write articles when he was nine years old, and he published prose when he was fourteen years old. After the "Brothers of Serabion" was established, he was one of them. In 1922, he published the novel "The Years of Light", which gained a great reputation.This is a description of the bitter, cruel, ugly, and boring events and scenes that he experienced during the Civil War in the form of essays or miscellaneous feelings.There is no protagonist in it. If one is looking for a protagonist, it is "revolution."However, the revolution written by Pilinec is actually nothing but a riot, a rebellion, and a leap of primitive natural forces. After the revolution, the countryside has nothing but disgust and despair.As a result, he gradually became the leader of the reactionary writers, and was attacked by the Soviet critics. The worst time was in 1925, and he almost disappeared from the literary world.However, in 1930, after the publication of the novel "Volga Flows to the Caspian Sea", which was based on the Five-Year Plan and described counter-revolutionary plots and their failures, he regained some of his reputation, and he was still regarded as a "fellow traveler". . "Kippon" was translated from "One Year of Their Lives" translated by Hiraoka Masahide in the thirty-sixth volume of "New Selected Overseas Literature" (2), and it was written in 1919. In terms of time, It's very old, but at that time the Soviet Union was in trouble, and the author's attitude was more sincere than after he became famous.However, it is still close to the appearance of essays, combining legends, superstitions, love, wars and other sporadic and small materials into one piece, which has the concept of mosaic work, but it is also quite pleasing to the eye.Professor Ke Gang thinks that Pilinec's novels are actually the material of novels (see "The Great Decade of Literature"), and it is very comfortable to use it for this article. Lidia Seifullina was born in 1889; her father was a Christian Tatar and her mother was a peasant girl.After completing the seventh grade of high school, she became a teacher in a primary school, and sometimes went to various places to perform in plays.She joined the Socialist Revolutionary Party in 1917, but she left the Party in 1919 when it was fighting the Revolutionary War.In 1921, Shi began to write a short story for a Siberian daily, which was very popular with readers, and then he continued to write, the most famous of which is "Virginia" (Mu Mutian in China) 3] translation) and "The Prisoner". (There is a translation of Cao Jinghua in China, which is in "Cigarette".) "Fertilizer" was translated from Fuji Tatsuma's translation in the twenty-third volume of "The Complete Works of Xinxing Literature". It is suspected to be written in 1923. It is written in During the October Revolution, the poor peasants and the rich peasants struggled in a village, and the former finally failed.Such incidents are common in revolutionary times, and the Soviet Union is not alone.But the author writes very vividly. The insidiousness of the landlord, the rudeness and earnestness of the rural revolutionaries, and the determination of the old peasants are all vivid in the present, and there is no such thing as the indifference of ordinary "fellow travelers" to the revolution. Her works are still popular today. It is no wonder that the reading world loves it so much. However, translating her works is a difficult task. At the end of this article, the original translator has a "postscript" that says: "Supplina's works are really written in the peasant's dialect. It is really difficult to understand. I heard that even in Russia, people who are not proficient in rural customs and dialects can't read it. So it is because of this." A special dictionary for the works of Suevlina. I don't have such a dictionary at hand. This translation has been published in other publications before, but this time it is a new translation.If there is always something difficult to understand, ask a Tartar woman who knows the peasants well.Sufulina is also of Tatar origin.But after asking for advice, I became more and more aware of the difficulty of understanding this article.Naturally, the translation this time cannot be said to be enough to convey the author's mood, but compared with the old translation, I think it is much better.You have to go to Tambov or the countryside there and live among the peasants for three or four years, then maybe you can get a complete translation. " However, the translator changed the dialect that he understood after asking for advice into the dialect of rural Japan that I do not understand. So I also had to ask Mr. M who grew up in the countryside of Japan for advice, and managed to translate it. As for the peasant language, I no longer use the dialect of a certain place, but still use the ordinary so-called "vernacular Chinese", because I know very well that no one will come to make a dictionary for my translation.But due to the brilliance of the original work, I am afraid it has lost a lot. Nikolei Liashko (Nikolei Liashko) [5] was born in 1884 in a small market in Khalikoff, the parents of a soldier and a peasant girl.He worked first as a waiter in a coffee shop, then as a worker in a leather factory, a machine factory, and a shipyard, listening to lectures at the workers' night school.In 1901, he joined the secret group of workers, so he was caught, imprisoned, monitored, and hunted down for nearly ten years, but it was during this life that he began to write.After the October Revolution, he was a member of the proletarian literary group "Forge". His famous book is "The Melting Pot". He wrote about the destroyed and dead factories in the era of civil strife, which were revived by the solidarity of the workers themselves. Tekov's "Shimintu" is quite similar. "The Silence of Iron" was written in 1919, and it is now retranslated from "The Short Stories of Raunong Lucia" by Shiro Totamura.Looking at the year when it was written, one can know that what is written is the situation immediately after the revolution. The enthusiasm of the workers for revival, and the self-interest of the petty bourgeois and peasants during the revolution all appear in this short story.But the author is a person who has some connection with tradition, so although he is a proletarian writer, his ideology is closer to that of "fellow travelers". However, he is a proletarian writer after all, so the sympathy for the workers is clear at a glance. of.The hatred of peasants is also common in the early proletarian works. Now writers are trying their best to correct it. For example, Fadeyev's "Destruction" has spent a lot of space on this. Aleksandr Neverov (6) whose real name was Skobelev was born in 1886 as the son of a farmer in the Samara Oblast.After graduating from the second grade of normal school in 1905, he became a teacher of village studies.During the civil war[7], he was the editor of the Red Guard, the organ of the Revolutionary Military Council in Samara.During the great famine from 1920 to 21, he fled from Volga to Tashkent with the starving people. He went to Moscow in 2022 and joined the "forge". In the winter of 2022, he died of heart paralysis. It's thirty-seven years old.His first novel was published in 1905, and he has written many since then, the most famous of which is "The Fertile City of Tashkent". There is a translation by Mu Mutian in China. "I Want to Live" is a retranslation from the collection of novels called "Das Antlitz des Lebens" (Das Antlitz des Lebens) translated by Einstein (Maria Einstein) [8].Fighting for the suffering mother who died, for the children who will suffer in the future, and therefore for all suffering people, the ideology is very different from that of a revolutionary laborer.However, the author is still from the early days of proletarian literature, so this is not surprising.Professor Ke Gang said in "The Great Decade of Literature": "The most gifted novelist of the 'Forge' school, needless to say, is Alexander Nevilov, one of the outstanding writers of rural life in the era of the collapse. He bathed He is bragging about the revolution, but at the same time he loves life.... He is far and near to current affairs. He is said to be far away because he loves life greedily. He is said to be near because he sees standing in the The power on the way to the happiness and fulfillment of life, and the power to feel liberated. … "One of Nevilov's novels, "I Want to Live", describes the Red Army soldiers who volunteered to join the army, but this person, like many protagonists written by Nevilov, loves life happily and straightforwardly. He meets spring The vastness of the sky, the dawn, the sunset, the cranes flying high, the brook flowing through the lowlands, he was happy. He had a wife and two children at home, but he went to fight. He went to die. This is because of the need to live because a meaningful outlook on life requires death for a meaningful life; because simply being alive is not the reason for living; because he remembers that his mother who did the laundry came every night with soldiers, porters, The wagonman, the rogue, beat her like a weak horse, got drunk to the point of unconsciousness, and pushed her down on the bed with stupid boredom." Malashkin (Sergei Malashkin) [9] is a native of Tula Province, and his father is a poor peasant.He himself said that his first husband was his father.However, his father was very old-fashioned and only allowed him to read books such as the "Bible" and "Acts" [10]: He secretly read some "worldly books", and his father would beat him.However, when he was eight years old, he saw the works of Gogol, Przegen, and Leermendorff [11]. "Gogol's works made a great impression on me, and even made me often dream of seeing devils and all kinds of monsters." When he was eleven or twelve years old, he was very naughty and made trouble everywhere. At the age of thirteen, he went to work in a rich peasant's house, herding horses, plowing, mowing,... In this rich farmer's house, I worked for four months.Later, he worked as an apprentice in a shop in Tambov Province. Although he had a lot of work, he always secretly read books, and he preferred to "make trouble and be naughty". In 1904, he fled to Moscow alone and found work in a dairy.Soon he met some revolutionaries and joined their group.During the revolution of 1905, he took part in the December Muscovy riots and stormed a restaurant called "The Wave", where forty gendarmes were stationed: it took a while, so he hurt.In 1906 he joined the Bolshevik Party, where he remains today.Since 1909, he has been wandering around in Russia, working as a coolie, a shop assistant, and a foreman in a lumber factory.During the European War, he served as a soldier and experienced many cruel battles on the "German Front".He has always liked reading, and he studies diligently, collecting many rare books (5,000 copies). He did not "write some works by accident" until he was thirty-two years old. "During five years of uninterrupted literary work, I wrote some creations (a small part of which have been published). All these works have left me deeply unsatisfied, especially since I have seen so many great prose creations: Prishgeng, Lermendorfer, Gogol, Dostovsky and Bunin. Studying their creations, I often feel a kind of pain, thinking of what I have written - it is worthless ... I don't know what to do. "While before me roaring and turning the great age, my fellow-men, who have been silent for centuries and who have suffered all the pain, are already building new With their own words, loudly show their own class, and simply say: - We are the masters. "Among artists, whoever can reflect this master in his own works extensively, profoundly and competently——he is happy. "I don't have this kind of happiness for the time being, so it's painful and uncomfortable." (The Autobiography of Mara Shigeng) In the literary group, he first belonged to the "Forge", and then left to join the "October".In 1927, he published a novel describing the moral disillusionment of a revolutionary girl, titled "The Moon Rising from the Right" and titled "Extraordinary Love", which stirred up a big storm and provoked all kinds of criticism. .Some say that what he describes is true, which shows the degeneration of modern youth; some say that there is no such phenomenon among revolutionary youth, so the author is slandering young people; , but only a part of the youth.The colleges and universities also implemented a psychological test for this reason. As a result, it is understood that the absolute majority of male and female students are willing to continue living together and "permanent love relationships."Professor Ke Gang said a lot of dissatisfaction with this kind of literature in "The Great Decade of Literature". However, this book has long been translated by Nobuo Ota in Japan, called "The Moon on the Right Side", with four or five short stories attached at the end.The "Worker" here is translated from the Japanese translation. It is not a work about sex, and it is not a masterpiece, but the few descriptions of Lenin are like a sketch by a skilled hand, which is quite charming.There is also a man who doesn't speak Russian very well, probably Stalin, because he was originally born in Georgia (Georgia)—that is, the Kreuzer mentioned in "Iron Stream". A. Serafimovich (Ale-ksandr Serafimovich Popov), whose real surname is Ale-ksandr Serafimovich Popov, was a well-known writer before the October Revolution, but since the publication of "Iron Stream", his works have become monuments of an era. The author has also been identified as the author of the great proletarian literature.The "Tie Liu" translated by Jinghua has the author's autobiography at the beginning of the volume, which saves paper and ink, so I won't say much here. Both "One Day's Work" and "The Fork in the Road" were directly translated by Wen Yin from the first volume of "The Complete Works of Sirafimovich", and both were works before the October Revolution. In front of the previous chapter of the translated version, there was an original preface, which was written clearly, and is now fully transcribed as follows:—— Sirafimovich is the author of "The Iron Stream", which needs no introduction.However, "Iron Flow" was published after October; the subject matter of "Iron Flow" was already after October.Chinese readers, especially Chinese writers, may be very interested in knowing how they wrote before October.yes!They should know, they must know.As for those Chinese writers who think they don’t need to know about this issue, we don’t have the time to plan for them—they will find Li Wanyong’s [15] anthology or Gabriel Lin’s [14] novels... to go Learn, learn that particular finesse of rhetoric and placement.Deceiving people, especially the masses, does require some skill!As for Serafimovich, he does not want to lie, he wants to speak for the masses, and he can say what the masses want to say.However, at that time—before October, he should have the ability to deceive dogs.How cruel the literary inquisition was at that time, how strict the censorship of books and newspapers was at that time, and he was still able to write, so naturally he could not "speak freely", but he could always write, and he was able to write powerful works that exposed social life, Can continue to expose all kinds of masks. This novel: "A Day's Work" is one of these works.It was published on October 12, 1897—in the "Azov Seaside Gazette" [15].This daily is no more than an ordinary liberal daily in Rostov-on-Don.If the reader reads this novel carefully, what is the impression he will get?Isn't it a portrait of the evils of the old regime in every way!There are no "heroes" here, no slogans, no agitation, no drafts of speeches from "civilization plays" [16]. but,…… The subject of this novel is real facts, the life of a pharmacy apprentice in the city of Novochirkassk.The author's brother, Sergey, was working as a pharmacy apprentice in this place in the 1890s, and he was personally exploited in every way.Sergey's life was very bitter.After his father died, he could no longer study. He did not graduate from middle school, so he looked for work everywhere, changed several jobs, and became a sailor. Later, with the help of his brother (the author), he was admitted to the pharmacy. If you want to get the qualifications of a pharmacist's assistant.Later, Sirafimovich helped him to open a rural pharmacy by himself on Guotier Nikohua Station.Sirafimovich often went to that place; in 1908 he collected materials here and wrote his first novel: "The City in the Wilderness" [17]. Fan Yijia [18] Zhi.Nineteen thirty two, three, thirty. The autobiography of Dmitriy Furmanov [18] does not say where he came from, nor does it mention his origin.He began to read novels at the age of eight, and he read a lot, all of which were translations of Scott [20], Ryder, Bain, Toll [21] and so on.He received his primary education in Ivanovo Voznasinsk, went to a commercial school, and graduated from a practical school in Ginasma.[22] Later he entered the University of Moscow and graduated in liberal arts in 1915, but he did not pass the "national examination".In that year, I became a nurse in a military doctor, and was sent to the "Turkish Front", to the Caucasus, to the Persian border, to Siberia, to the "Western Front" and "Southwest Front"... In 1916, he returned to Ivanovo and worked as a teacher in a workers' school.After the revolution of 1917 began, he participated enthusiastically.He was at that time the extreme left wing of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, the so-called "Maximalist" [23]. "Only flaming enthusiasm and little political experience made me first become a maximalist, and later an anarchist. At that time, I felt that the new ideal world could be built with anarchist bombs. Everyone is free, everything is free!" "And practical life took me to work in the Soviet of Workers' Deputies (Vice Chairman); after that, I joined the Bolshevik Party in June 1918. Frunze (24) was the The first Soviet Military People's Commissar, now dead gone." (autobiography) Soon, he became the secretary of the provincial party committee and a member of the local provincial government, which was in Central Asia.Later, he participated in the civil war with Frunzi's troops, and became the party representative of the 25th division of Chapayev's [25], the director of the political department of the Turkestan front, and the director of the political department of the Guban's [26] army.He secretly went to work in the White Army area of ​​Guban and became the party representative of the "Red Marine Corps". The commander of the so-called "Marine Corps" is Guo Ruhe (Guo Fu Jiuhe) in "Iron Flow".Here he was shot in the foot.He was awarded the Order of the Red Banner for his service in the Revolutionary War [27]. From 1917 to 1918, he started to write articles, which were published in newspapers and magazines in other provinces and the central government.After the end of the civil war in 1921, he arrived in Moscow and began to write novels.Published "Red Marines", "Chapayev", "1918".In 1925, his book "Rebellion" [28] was published (the Chinese translation was changed to "Overcoming"), which dealt with the civil war in Semirechi in the summer of 1920.Semirechi is located three or four hundred miles west of Ili. In old Chinese books, it is translated as "Seven Rivers", which is the general name of the seven rivers. It was not until 1921 that Vormmanov devoted himself entirely to literary work.Unfortunately, he died of illness on March 15, 1926.There is a sword and a book engraved on his tombstone; the inscription is very simple, it is: Tmitri Fulmanov, communist, soldier, literati. The works of Volmanov include: "Chapayev" 1923. "Rebellion" 1925. "1918" 1923. "Stlark" short story, 1925. (Abbreviated version of "Chapayev"), 1926. "Road to Struggle" novel collection. "Coast" ("Report" on the Caucasus) 1926. "The Last Days" 1926. Unforgettable Days "Report" and Collection of Stories, 1926. "Blind Poet" novel collection, 1927. Collected Works of Volmanov in four volumes. "Miscellaneous Notes of the City" in 1927. Collection of novels "The Aviator Sanov", 1927. The article "Heroes" here is retranslated from Feitans's translation (D. Fourma-now: Dieroten Helden, deutsch Von A. Videns, Verlagder Jugend internationale, Berlin 1928) [29], perhaps it is "Red Marines" [30].What is recorded is to use a surprise soldier to drive back the brigade of the White Army. It seems to be somewhat legendary, but a lot of it is about personal experience and experience. And a big lesson for nagists. Translating "Helden" as "heroes" is a bit fraudulent, because it is easy to be confused with the so-called "hero" in old China, which actually means "a man, a real man".Translated as "Rainbow", the original text is "Dessert", which is derived from French and means "to add", and it can also be extended to snacks after meals, appendices to books, and it is not a military term.Here Guo Fu Jiuhe's team is called "rote Dessert" [31], which is probably a nickname. It should be translated as "red dim sum", which is not an official army. It goes to attack the enemy, but it is given a little snack. It doesn't mean dinner.But because it is only a conjecture and cannot be determined, so here is the translation that the Chinese are more accustomed to, and it is not the "Range Squad" of the formal army. Michail Sholochov (Michail Sholochov) [32] was born in Dunzhou in 1905 [33].His father was a general merchandise, livestock and lumber merchant and later manager of a machine mill.The mother was the great-granddaughter of a Turkish woman who had brought her six-year-old son, Solokhov's grandfather, as a prisoner from the Cossacks to the Don region.Sorokhov went to primary school in Moscow, and to secondary school in Voronich, but did not graduate, because they fled to the Don region because of the invading German troops.Here the boy had seen civil warfare, and in 1922 he had taken part in a battle against the horse bandits who were still disturbing the Duncan state.At the age of sixteen, he worked as a statistician and later as a support committee member.His work was only published in 1923, and what made him famous is the novels based on civil wars. Up to now, four volumes have been published. The first volume is translated by He Fei [35] in China. . Translated from "The Collection of Thirty New Russian and New Writers" [36], the original translator is Nadja Strasser; the description is also in the civil war era, and the situation of an old Cossack is very difficult. And the tragedy of killing the older two men, but being hated by the youngest sons and daughters.The Cossacks described by Gogol and Tolstoy are very different, but it seems to be a character that sometimes appeared in Goriki's early works.Chekhov's short stories about peasants also have something close to this kind. Fedor Panferov [37] was born in 1896, the son of a poor peasant. At the age of nine, he was sent to shepherd for others, and later became a shop assistant. 他是共产党员，十月革命后，大为党和政府而从事于活动，一面创作着出色的小说。最优秀的作品，是描写贫农们为建设农村的社会主义的斗争的《勃鲁斯基》，以一九二六年出版，现在欧美诸国几乎都有译本了。 关于伊连珂夫（V．Ilienkov）〔38〕的事情，我知道得很少。 只看见德文本《世界革命的文学》（LiteraturderWeltrevo－tution）的去年的第三本里，说他是全俄无产作家同盟（拉普）〔39〕中的一人，也是一个描写新俄的人们的生活，尤其是农民生活的好手。 当苏俄施行五年计画的时候，革命的劳动者都为此努力的建设，组突击队，作社会主义竞赛，到两年半，西欧及美洲“文明国”所视为幻想，妄谈，昏话的事业，至少竟有十个工厂已经完成了。那时的作家们，也应了社会的要求，应了和大艺术作品一同，一面更加提高艺术作品的实质，一面也用了报告文学，短篇小说，诗，素描的目前小品，来表示正在获胜的集团，工厂，以及共同经营农场的好汉，突击队员的要求，走向库兹巴斯，巴库，斯太林格拉特〔40〕，和别的大建设的地方去，以最短的期限，做出这样的艺术作品来。日本的苏维埃事情研究会所编译的《苏联社会主义建设丛书》第一辑《冲击队》（一九三一年版）中，就有七篇这一种“报告文学”在里面。 《枯煤，人们和耐火砖》就从那里重译出来的，所说的是伏在地面之下的泥沼的成因，建设者们的克服自然的毅力，枯煤和文化的关系，炼造枯煤和建筑枯煤炉的方法，耐火砖的种类，竞赛的情形，监督和指导的要诀。种种事情，都包含在短短的一篇里，这实在不只是“报告文学”的好标本，而是实际的知识和工作的简要的教科书了。 但这也许不适宜于中国的若干的读者，因为倘不知道一点地质，炼煤，开矿的大略，读起来是很无兴味的。但在苏联却又作别论，因为在社会主义的建设中，智识劳动和筋肉劳动的界限也跟着消除，所以这样的作品也正是一般的读物。 由此更可见社会一异，所谓“智识者”即截然不同，苏联的新的智识者，实在已不知道为什么有人会对秋月伤心，落花坠泪，正如我们的不明白为什么熔铁的炉，倒是没有炉底一样了。 《文学月报》〔41〕的第二本上，有一篇周起应君所译的同一的文章〔42〕，但比这里的要多三分之一，大抵是关于稷林的故事。我想，这大约是原本本有两种，并非原译者有所增减，而他的译本，是出于英文的。我原想借了他的译本来，但想了一下，就又另译了《冲击队》里的一本。因为详的一本，虽然兴味较多，而因此又掩盖了紧要的处所，简的一本则脉络分明，但读起来终不免有枯燥之感。——然而又各有相宜的读者层的。有心的读者或作者倘加以比较，研究，一定很有所省悟，我想，给中国有两种不同的译本，决不会是一种多事的徒劳的。 但原译本似乎也各有错误之处。例如这里的“他讲话，总仿佛手上有着细索子，将这连结着的一样。”周译本作“他老是这样地说话，好像他衔了甚么东西在他的牙齿间，而且在紧紧地把它咬着一样。”这里的“他早晨往往被人叫醒，从桌子底下拉出来。”周译本作“他常常惊醒来了，或者更正确地说，从桌上抬起头来了。”想起情理来，都应该是后一译不错的，但为了免得杂乱起见，我都不据以改正。 从描写内战时代的，一跳就到了建设时代的《枯煤，人们和耐火砖》，这之间的间隔实在太大了，但目下也没有别的好法子。因为一者，我所收集的材料中，足以补这空虚的作品很有限；二者，是虽然还有几篇，却又是不能绍介，或不宜绍介的。幸而中国已经有了几种长篇或中篇的大作，可以稍稍弥缝这缺陷了。 一九三二年九月十九日，编者。 ※ ※ ※ 〔1〕本篇最初印入《一天的工作》单行本，未在报刊上发表过。 〔2〕《海外文学新选》一种介绍外国文学的丛书，日本东京新潮社出版。 〔3〕穆木天（1900—1971）吉林伊通人，诗人、翻译家。曾参加中国左翼作家联盟。他译的《维里尼亚》，一九三一年六月上海现代书局出版。书上未署作者名。 〔4〕M君当指增田涉（1903—1977）。“增田”的拉丁字母拼音是Masuda，他是岛根县八束郡惠昙村人，日本的中国文学研究家。 一九三一年在上海时曾常去鲁迅家商谈翻译的事。著有《鲁迅的印象》、《中国文学史研究》等。 〔5〕略悉珂（H．H．CBO]T，1884—1953）通译里亚希柯，苏联作家，“锻冶场”的领导人之一。著有《熔铁炉》（即文中所说的《熔炉》）等小说。 〔6〕聂维洛夫（A．C．DIJIHTJ，1886—1923）苏联作家，曾参加“锻冶场”社。《丰饶的城塔什干》（一译《塔什干——粮食之城》）是他的主要作品，中译本题为《丰饶的城》，一九三○年四月上海北新书局出版。 〔7〕内战时候指一九一八年至一九二○年间苏联人民为反对帝国主义国家的进攻和国内反革命势力的暴乱，保卫苏维埃政权而斗争的这一时期。 〔8〕爱因斯坦因德国的翻译工作者，曾将苏联班台莱耶夫的童话《表》译成德文。《人生的面目》，一九二五年维也纳文学与政治出版社出版。 〔9〕玛拉式庚（C．c．LNUNO]PF）一译马拉什金，苏联作家。 开始时写诗，一九二六年发表小说《月亮从右边出来》（一名异乎寻常的恋爱》，日译名《右侧之月》，一九二八年东京世界社出版）。该书曾引起激烈的争论。此外还写有小说《少女们》、《一个生活的纪事》等。 〔10〕《使徒行传》《新约全书》的第五卷，计二十八章。 〔11〕果戈理参看本卷第412页注〔1〕。普式庚（A．C．Q O]PF，1799—1837），通译普希金，俄国诗人。作品多抨击农奴制度，谴责贵族上流社会，歌颂自由与进步。著有长诗《欧根·奥涅金》、小说《上尉的女儿》等。莱尔孟多夫（M．G．UIHmTFYTJ，1814—1841），通译莱蒙托夫，俄国诗人。作品充满对自由的渴望及对沙皇政府黑暗统治的反抗精神。著有长诗《童僧》、和小说《当代英雄》等。 〔12〕乔具亚即格鲁吉亚。 〔13〕李完用（1868—1926）朝鲜李氏王朝末期的亲日派首领。 〔14〕吉百林即吉卜林，参看本卷第350页注〔31〕。 〔15〕《亚佐夫海边报》亚佐夫海，即亚速海。 〔16〕“文明戏”中国早期话剧（新剧）的别称。 〔17〕《旷野里的城市》一译《荒漠中的城》，长篇小说，绥拉菲摩维支作于一九○九年。 〔18〕范易嘉瞿秋白的笔名之一。 〔19〕孚尔玛诺夫（ ．A．[ HmNFTJ，1891—1926）通译富曼诺夫，苏联作家。内战期间曾任师政治委员。著有《红色陆战队》、《恰巴耶夫》（旧译作《夏伯阳》）、《叛乱》等。 〔20〕司各德（W．Scott，1771—1832）英国作家。他广泛采用历史题材进行创作，对欧洲历史小说的发展有一定影响。作品有《艾凡赫》、《十字军英雄记》等。 〔21〕莱德指英国通俗小说家玛因·里德（MayneReid，1818—1883）。倍恩，当指法国科学幻想小说家凡尔纳（J．Verne，1828—1905）。陀尔，指英国侦探小说家柯南·道尔（A．ConanDoyle，1859—1930）。二十世纪初期，他们的作品在俄国青年中都流传很广。 〔22〕吉纳史马通译基涅什玛。富曼诺夫于一九○九年入基涅什玛实科中学，后因抗议教师的蛮横无理被勒令停学。 〔23〕社会革命党的极左派社会革命党，俄国小资产阶级党派，一九○二年成立，一九一七年夏分裂，同年十二月组成“左”派独立政党。最大限度派，俄国的最高（限度）纲领主义派，是一些脱离了社会革命党的小资产阶级所组成的半无政府主义的恐怖政治集团，一九○四年成立，十月革命后反对苏维埃政权，一九二○年自行解散。 〔24〕孚龙兹（M．B．[H FfI，1885—1925）通译伏龙芝，苏联建国初期的政治活动家，红军统帅。曾任苏维埃革命军事委员会主席和陆海军人民委员。 〔25〕查葩耶夫（K．c．jNHNIJ，1887—1919）通译恰巴耶夫（旧译夏伯阳），苏联内战时期的红军指挥员，在作战中牺牲。长篇小说《恰巴耶夫》（富曼诺夫著）是据他的事迹写成的。 〔26〕古班通译库班，指库班河地区。 〔27〕红旗勋章一九一八年由全俄中央执行委员会及一九二四年由苏联中央执行委员会主席团制定的一种军功勋章。 〔28〕《叛乱》鲁迅在《〈铁流〉编校后记》中说及的《现代文艺丛书》编印计划，原曾列有此书，注明成文英（即冯雪峰）译，后来或未译成。改题《克服》的中译本系瞿然（高明）译，一九三○年十一月上海心弦书社出版。 〔29〕德文：“D．富曼诺夫：《红色的英雄们》，A．斐檀斯译，一九二八年柏林青年国际出版社出版。” 〔30〕《赤色陆战队》鲁迅的译文《革命的英雄们》，系据德译《红色的英雄们》重译。富曼诺夫的原作题为《红色陆战队》。 〔31〕“roteDessert”俄语作HTYN IXNFY，意为“陆战队”，并非诨号。 〔32〕唆罗诃夫（M．A．ITUTnTJ）通译萧洛霍夫，苏联作家。 著有、《被开垦的处女地》等。 〔33〕顿州指顿河地区。 〔34〕哥萨克原为突厥语，意思是“自由人”。十五六世纪时，俄罗斯一部分农奴和城市贫民因不堪封建压迫，流亡至南部草原和顿河流域，自称哥萨克；沙皇时代，多被用作兵士。 〔35〕贺非即赵广湘（1908—1934），河北武清人，翻译工作者。他译的第一卷，于一九三一年十月由上海神州国光社出版，鲁迅曾为之校订、译“作者小传”并写“后记”（“后记”现收入）。 〔36〕《新俄新作家三十人集》即《新俄新小说家三十人集》。 〔37〕班菲洛夫（[．c．QNFoFHTJ，1896—1960）通译潘菲洛夫，苏联作家。著有《磨刀石农庄》、《亲娘般的伏尔加河》等。《勃鲁斯基》，即《磨刀石农庄》（俄语勃鲁斯基意即磨刀石），林淡秋曾译有第一部，名《布罗斯基》，一九三二年上海正午书局出版。 〔38〕伊连珂夫（B．M．cUJPF]TJ）一译伊利英科夫，苏联作家。著有《主动轴》、《太阳的城市》等。《世界革命的文学》，莫斯科发行的期刊（德语版）。 〔39〕全俄无产作家同盟应为俄罗斯无产阶级作家协会，一九二五年成立，至一九三二年解散。 〔40〕库兹巴斯库兹涅茨克煤矿区的简称，在西伯利亚西部托姆河流域。巴库，在格鲁吉亚，位于里海西岸。斯太林格拉特，即斯大林格勒，原名察里津，现又改称伏尔加格勒。 〔41〕《文学月报》“左联”机关刊物之一，一九三二年六月创刊。初由姚蓬子编辑，第一卷第三期（一九三二年九月）起由周起应编辑。上海光华书局出版，一九三二年十二月被国民党反动政府查禁。 〔42〕周起应即周扬。他译的这篇小说题作《焦炭，人们和火砖》，载《文学月报》第一卷第二号（一九三二年七月十日）。稷林是小说中的砖石工人。 《苦蓬》译者附记〔1〕 作者BorisPilniak曾经到过中国，上海的文学家们还曾开筵招待他，知道的人想来至今还不少，可以无须多说了。在这里要画几笔蛇足的：第一，是他虽然在革命的漩涡中长大，却并不是无产作家，是以“同路人”的地位而得到很利害的攻击者之一，看《文艺政策》就可见，连日本人中间，也很有非难他的。第二，是这篇系十年前之作，正值所谓“战时共产时代”，革命初起，情形很混沌，自然便不免有看不分明之处，这样的文人，那时也还多——他们以“革命为自然对于文明的反抗，村落对于都会的反抗，惟在俄罗斯的平野和森林深处，过着千年前的生活的农民，乃是革命的成就者”。 然而他的技术，却非常卓拔的。如这一篇，用考古学，传说，村落生活，农民谈话，加以他所喜欢运用的Erotic〔2〕的故事，编成革命现象的一段，而就在这一段中，活画出在扰乱和流血的不安的空气里，怎样在复归于本能生活，但也有新的生命的跃动来。惟在我自己，于一点却颇觉有些不满，即是在叙述和议论上，常常令人觉得冷评气息，——这或许也是他所以得到非难的一个原因罢。 这一篇，是从他的短篇集《他们的生活的一年》里重译出来的，原是日本平冈雅英的译本，东京新潮社〔3〕出版的《海外文学新选》的三十六编。 一九二九年，十月，二日，译讫，记。 ※ ※ ※ 〔1〕本篇连同《苦蓬》的译文，最初发表于一九三○年二月十日《东方杂志》半月刊第二十七卷第三号。后未印入《一天的工作》单行本。 〔2〕Erotic英语：色情的。 〔3〕新潮社一九○四年日本佐藤义亮创办。曾大量翻译介绍西洋文学，发行《新潮》杂志和出版《新潮文学全集》及《新潮文库》等丛书。 《肥料》译者附记〔1〕 这一篇的作者，是现在很辉煌的女性作家；她的作品，在中国也绍介过不止一两次，可以无须多说了。但译者所信为最可靠的，是曹靖华先生译出的几篇，收在短篇小说集《烟袋》里，并附作者传略，爱看这一位作家的作品的读者，可以自去参看的。 上面所译的，是描写十多年前，俄边小村子里的革命，而中途失败了的故事，内容和技术，都很精湛，是译者所见这作者的十多篇小说中，信为最好的一篇。可惜译文颇难自信，因为这是从《新兴文学全集》第二十三本中富士辰马的译文重译的，而原译者已先有一段附记道： “用了真的农民的方言来写的绥甫林娜的作品，实在是难解，听说虽在俄国，倘不是精通地方的风俗和土话的人，也是不能看的。因此已有特别的字典，专为了要看绥甫林娜的作品而设。但译者的手头，没有这样的字典。……总是想不明白的处所，便求教于精通农民事情的一个鞑靼的妇人。绥甫林娜也正是出于鞑靼系的。到得求教的时候，却愈加知道这一篇之难解了。……倘到坦波夫或什么地方的乡下去，在农民中间生活三四年，或者可以得到完全的译本罢。” 但译文中的农民的土话，却都又改成了日本乡村的土话，在普通的字典上，全部没有的，也未有特别的字典。于是也只得求教于懂得那些土话的M君，全篇不下三十处，并注于此，以表谢忱云。 又，文中所谓“教友”〔2〕，是基督教的一派，而反对战争，故当时很受帝制政府压迫，但到革命时候，也终于显出本相来了。倘不记住这一点，对于本文就常有难以明白之处的。 一九三一年八月十二日，洛文记于西湖之避暑吟诗堂。 ※ ※ ※ 〔1〕本篇连同《肥料》的译文，最初发表于一九三一年十月《北斗》月刊第一卷第二号。译者署名隋洛文。印入《一天的工作》单行本相关的“后记”，字句上与本篇有颇多改动。 〔2〕“教友”即教友派或公谊会，基督教的一派。十七世纪中叶英国人福克斯（G．Fox，1624—1691）所创立。他们宣扬和平主义，反对一切战争和暴力。在俄国曾受沙皇压制，十月革命后成为革命的反对者。