Chapter 10 "Out of the Tower of Ivory" (1)

"Out of the Tower of Ivory" (1) Postscript [2] It has been exactly one year since I translated and printed "Symbols of Depression" by Mr. Kukawa Shiramura; his brief history has been mentioned in the "Introduction" of that book, and there is nothing else to say now.At that time, I successively selected and translated his papers from "Out of the Tower of Ivory", which were published in several journals, and now they are collected again, which is this one.But some of them are new translations; some of them are irrelevant, such as "On Games", "The Main Trend of Nineteenth Century Literature", etc., because the former is related to a section in "Symbols of Depression" [3] , the latter one has been published, so I joined them all.However, there is a short essay in the original book after "Literature Describing Labor Issues", which is an answer to the inquiry of Waseda Literary Society [4], titled "Literary Scholars and Politicians".The general idea is that both literature and politics are activities based on the deep and serious inner life of the people, so literary scholars should always be on the ground of real life, and politicians should always have a deep understanding of literature and art, and get close to literary scholars.

I think this is true, but talking about it with the current Chinese politicians and bureaucrats is playing the piano against the cow; as for the closeness of the two aspects, it is often seen in Beijing. How many ugliness and evil deeds are in this new and dark shadow It started in China, but I still can't think of a good sign like the author said,-our scribes are also very frugal in thinking.Because of my biased hatred, I no longer come to translate and add, so that one article is missing in the whole book.Fortunately, this is originally for teenagers and girls to read, and each article is not necessarily connected to each other, so it doesn't matter if it is missing.

The allusion of "the tower of ivory" [5] has already been seen in the preface and this article, so there is no need to say it again.But what will happen after it comes out?It is explained in the preface of his second collection of essays "Towards the Cross Street" [6], fortunately it is not long, so the full translation is below:—— "East and west, south and north? How about the new? Return to the old? Go to the path taught by the spirit? Go to the place that the flesh seeks? Looking left and right, wandering on the crossroads, This is exactly the heart of modern people. 'Tobe or not to be, that is the question.' [7] I am over forty years old, and I am still obsessed with the journey of life. I am standing at a cross street. Temporarily out of the tower of ivory, standing in the harassment In the alley, let’s talk about what you want to say. With this implication, I titled this essay with the words “Cross Street”.

"As human life and art, these are the two roads so far. I stand at the point where the two roads meet to form a square, and try to think about it. In the English studies that I am close to, whether it is Shelley, Peron, Swinban[8], or Meredith, Hardey[9], are both critics of civilization with ideals of social transformation; they do not merely live in ivory towers. Literature and the like are different. For example, Morris [10] literally went to the streets to discuss. Some people say that the modern ideological world has hit a wall. There are many." But this book was published after the author died in the earthquake, so the content is more messy than the previous one, or maybe the preface was prepared but not picked up in person.

Nature has endowed human beings with too many incongruities.This is not only in the physical body. People can have lofty and beautiful ideals, but the world cannot have a perfect reality. Accompanied by experience, the conflict will become clearer. Therefore, for those who have the courage to think, fifty years His middle life is hated for too long, so there are sharp turns, depression, and hesitation; but maybe it is just going to the crossroads to send his remaining years to an end. Naturally, there are quite a few people who live to their eighties and nineties with a peaceful mind and no worries, but these are people who were born only to receive praise from the Ministry of Internal Affairs of China, so it must be treated differently.

If the author was not harmed by the earthquake, he should choose one of the many roads outside the pagoda and go straight forward. Unfortunately, it is impossible to guess now.But judging from this book, especially the most important first three chapters[11], it does appear that a warrior was born in the world, in the tepidness of the country, moderate[12], compromise, hypocrisy, petty, arrogant, Conservative and other state of the world, one by one to attack and criticize without excuse.Even from the eyes of us foreigners, we often feel that it is as refreshing as "cutting the mess with a sharp knife", so we can't help but be happy.

But on the one hand, some people are happy, and on the other hand, some people are ashamed; it is not a bad thing to be ashamed, because there are many people who are neither ashamed nor ashamed.However, a tough critic of civilization always has more enemies.I once met a student of the author. It is said that he was not liked by ordinary people during his life, probably because his attitude was quite arrogant, and his diction was also like that.But I have no way of judging right from wrong, but maybe the author is not arrogant, while ordinary people are too modest, because although the modesty that is lower than the real value and the arrogance that is higher than the real price are both false, but now modesty is considered a virtue. .However, after the death of the author, six volumes of his complete works have been published. It can be seen that in Japan there are still a few comrades assembled and many people who read them and have the generosity to accommodate such criticism; It is not easy for critics to exist in China.

When I translate this book, I don't want to expose the shortcomings of the neighbors, but to talk about the happiness of the people of Boguo. China does not have the ambition to "promote chaos and humiliate China" [13], nor do I feel that it has the mission of spying on the weaknesses of other countries, so there is no need to devote myself to it.But when I watched him whip himself, it seemed that the pain had reached my body, but then it suddenly disappeared, as if I had taken a cold medicine.People who were born in ancient ancient countries, if they were not blessed with great fortune, would be praised by the Ministry of the Interior in the future, they would probably always feel a kind of swelling and pain, like an unopened sore.Those who have never had a sore, and those who have never been circumcised, probably don't know it; otherwise, they will understand that the pain of a cut is much happier than the pain of an uncut swelling.This is the so-called "happy" right?I just want to take this as a reminder of the swelling and pain first, and then distribute this "pleasure" to people with the same disease.

It is true that the author accuses his country of having no original civilization and outstanding figures.Their culture first learned from China, and later learned from Europe; not only did their characters lack Confucius and Mo[14], but even as a monk, no one could compare with Xuanzang[15].After the popularity of Lanology[16], there were no scholars with the same name as Lin Na, Naduan, Darwin[17], etc.; however, they have made considerable achievements in botany, seismology, and medicine. It is because the author is criticizing the "sickness of arrogance" that he deliberately obliterated them.But all in all, after all, there is no inherent civilization and great world figures; when the friendship between the two countries is very bad, our commentators often laugh at it and talk about the people's hearts for a while.However, I think this is the only reason why Japan can have what it is today, because there are few old things, and the attachment is not deep. When the times change, it is easy to change, and it is suitable for survival at any time.Unlike the surviving ancient countries, relying on their inherent and old civilization, causing everything to harden, and finally going to the road of extinction.If China does not reform thoroughly, Japan's fate will always be long-term. This is what I believe; and I think that declining and perishing for the children of the old family is no more glorious than surviving and developing for the new family.

When it comes to China's reforms, the first step is naturally to dump the waste, so as to create an opportunity for new life to be born.The May 4th Movement was originally the beginning of this opportunity, but it is a pity that many came to destroy it.The post-event criticism was generally made lukewarmly or indiscriminately by the natives, and foreigners thought it was meaningful at first, but there were also attacks. This is roughly the same nonsense as most Chinese say, because they are not reformers themselves. Is it not reform?History is a vestige of the past, and national character can be transformed in the future. In the eyes of reformers, the past and the present are equal to nothing.In this book, there are such words.

Just like Japan sent "envoys to Tang Dynasty" in the past [18], China also has many overseas students going to Europe, the United States, and Japan.Every time the word "Shakespeare" [19] is seen in an article, it probably comes from a long way away, from a foreign land.However, let’s eat big food and not talk about political affairs. Fortunately, the works of Owen, Dickens[20] and Defu Luhua[21] have already been translated by Lin Shu[22].The middleman who deals in arms and acts as a translator for travel officials has his own motorcycle pads to import under his buttocks. This culture seems to be a newcomer recently. Their envoys to the Tang Dynasty seem to be slightly different, and their choices are quite different from ours.Therefore, although Japan has adopted many Chinese civilizations, Lingchi is not used in the criminal law, there are still no eunuchs in the court, and women finally do not bind their feet. However, after all, they have taken it too far. The moderation, moderation, compromise, hypocrisy, pettyness, arrogance, and conservatism that the author criticizes can almost be suspicious of talking about China.Especially the words that everything can’t be done up and down, and there is no bottom strength; everything must be from the soul to the flesh, and live the life of ghosts.All those, if not infected by our China, are people swimming in oriental civilization. It is really like the so-called "comparing beautiful flowers with beautiful women. Not only Chinese people have this concept, but Westerners and Indians also have this idea." same idea".But we don't need to discuss the origin of these. The author thought it was a serious illness, and after the diagnosis, he prescribed some medicine. In China, where the same disease is, it can be used as a reference or taken by teenagers and girls. 〔23〕It can cure not only the malaria of the Japanese, but also the malaria of the Chinese. I remember that outsiders during the "Fist Rebellion" (Gengzi) often said that China was bad, but now I often hear them praise China's ancient civilization.The time seems imminent for China to become the land of their unbridled pleasures; and I loathe that admiration.However, the happiest thing is to be a traveler. When I lived in Japan, I saw the cherry blossoms in Ueno[25] in spring, and went to Matsushima[26] in winter to see pine trees and snow. Those disgusting things that seem to be said.However, even if you feel it, you probably won't be so resentful.It's a pity that since returning to China, I have completely lost this transcendent state of mind. The names of Western people and books cited in this book are now annotated with the original text for the reference of readers.But this is a difficult thing for me, because the author's major is English, and the most cited characters and works are of course English and American, and I am completely indifferent to English.All these works were done with the help of Wei Suyuan, Wei Congwu, Li Jiye[27], and Xu Jifu; and the collation of the whole book, I am very grateful to them for their generosity. The sentences are still literal translations, which is the same method I have always adopted; I also try my best to preserve the tone of the original book, and probably even the order of the sentences is not reversed.As for the reason why the word "de" is not used in several places, it is the same as the translation of "Symbol of Depression". Now, the explanation of this word in the "Introduction" is as follows:—— "...Where an adjective and a noun are connected to form a noun, the word 'base' is used in between, for example, socialbeing is a social existence, Psy^chischeTra-uma is a mental injury, etc. Also, the adjective is transferred from another kind of adjective, Those with -tive, -tic at the end of the language also use the word 'di' below, such as specula-tive, romantic, and write it as 思思贝, Romantic." On the night of December 3, 1925, Lu Xun. ※ ※ ※ [1] "Out of the Ivory Tower", a collection of literary criticism by Chuchuan Baicun, translated by Lu Xun between 1924 and 1925.During the translation period, most of them have been published in the "Beijing News Supplement" and "People's Literature and Art Weekly" at that time.In December 1925, Beijing Weiming Press published a separate edition as one of the "Weiming Series". [2] This article was originally published in the fifty-seventh issue of the "Yusi" weekly magazine on December 14, 1925 (the last two sections were not published at the time of publication).It was later printed at the end of the separate volume of "Leaving the Tower of Ivory". 〔3〕Refers to the third section "The Power of Compulsory Repression" in the first part of "Symbols of Depression" "On Creation". 〔4〕Waseda Literature Society is the Waseda Literature Publishing House. "Waseda Literature" was founded in 1891, edited by Tsubouchi Xiaoyao, and ceased publication in 1898.It resumed publication in 1906, edited by Shimamura Taketsuki, and ceased publication in 1927.The journal has published many creations, reviews and translations, and it is an important material for the study of Japanese literature in the Meiji period. [5] "Tower of ivory" was originally a term used by the nineteenth-century French literary critic Saint-Pévet (1804-1869) to criticize the contemporary negative romantic poet Pooh Pooh (1797-1863), and later used as a metaphor for writers and artists who were divorced from real life. Small world.Preface refers to the article "Ti Juan Duan" contained in the first volume of "Out of the Tower of Ivory". 〔6〕Towards the Cross Street, a collection of essays on literature and art by Chuchuan Baicun, including nineteen papers.There are Chinese translations of Lujiao and Dajie, which were published by Shanghai Qizhi Bookstore in August 1928. 〔7〕 "Tobe or not to be, that is the question" English: "To be or not to be, this is a question worth considering." (Translated by Zhu Shenghao) For the language, see the first scene of the third act of Shakespeare's "Hamlet", which was originally the line of the protagonist Hamlet in the play. [8] Shelley (P.B.Shelley, 1792-1822) British poet.He opposed autocratic rule and was expelled from the university for his essay "The Inevitability of Atheism".After participating in the Irish National Liberation Movement, he was forced to leave the UK.He is the author of the long poem "Islamic Uprising" and the poetic drama "Prometheus Unchained".Pei Lun (G.G.Byron, 1788-1824), translator Byron, British poet.He was also a writer who opposed autocratic rule. He was forced into exile twice and participated in the Italian bourgeois democratic revolution and the Greek National War of Independence.Author of long poems "Child Harold's Travels", "Don Juan" and so on.Swinburne (A.C.Swinburne, 1837-1909), interpreter Swinburne, a British poet.His early creations showed liberalism, and his later poems tended to praise colonial policies.Author of poetic drama "Atalanta" and poetry anthology "Poems and Ballads". [9] Meredith (G. Meredith, 1828-1909) interpreted Meredith, a British writer.In his works, he exposed the crimes of the nobility and the bourgeoisie, and sympathized with the radicalism of the petty bourgeoisie.He is the author of the novels "Richard Fryer's Suffering", "The Egoist", and the long poem "Modern Love", etc.Hardy (T. Hardy, 1840-1928), a translator of Hardy, a British writer.His works expose the hypocrisy of capitalist civilization and yearn for the rural life of patriarchal clan system.He is the author of the novel "Returning to the Native" and a collection of poems. 〔10〕Morris (W. Morris, 1834-1896) interpreted Morris, a British writer and social activist.In his works, he called on people to fight against the oppressors and actively participated in the British labor movement.For example, there are long poems "Paradise on Earth", novels "News from Nothingness", "John Paul's Dream" and so on. [11] The "first three chapters" here refer to the first three chapters printed in "Leaving the Tower of Ivory": "Out of the Tower of Ivory", "Contemplating the Life of Pleasure" and "From Spirit to Flesh and from Flesh to Spirit". [12] Zhongdao Japanese: the meaning of the way of neutrality.Neutralization comes from "The Doctrine of the Mean": "The joy, anger, sorrow, and joy that have not yet occurred are called the middle, and when they are all in the middle, they are called the harmony." 〔13〕The language of "taking chaos and insulting death" can be found in "Book of Books · Zhongfei Zhigao": "Attack the weak and attack the ignorant, and take the chaos and insult the death." If there is a dead form, insult it." [14] Kong and Mo are Kong Qiu and Mo Di.Confucius (551-479 BC), the founder of the Confucian school; Mo Di (about 468-376 BC), the founder of the Mohist school. 〔15〕 Xuanzang (602-664) Tang Dynasty monk, Buddhist scholar.During the reign of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, he went to India to learn Buddhist scriptures and translated a large number of Buddhist scriptures. 〔16〕Lan Xue The Japanese call the Western European cultural science imported from the Netherlands as Lan Xue. 〔17〕Linna (C. Linne, 1707-1778) or translated Linnai, Swedish biologist, creator of animal and plant classification.Author of "Nature System", "Plant Species" and so on.Naiduan (I. Newton, 1642-1727), a translator of Newton, a British mathematician and physicist. He discovered the fundamental laws of mechanics, the law of universal gravitation, and founded calculus and the analysis of light. Author of "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy", "Optics" and so on.Darwin (C.R.Darwin, 1809-1882), British biologist, founder of the theory of evolution.In a book published in 1859, he put forward the theory of evolution based on natural selection, which destroyed all kinds of idealist theories of creation, teleology and invariance of species, and dealt a heavy blow to religious theology. 〔18〕"Tang envoys" refers to envoys sent by Japan to China during the Tang Dynasty.From AD 630 to AD 894, Tang envoys were sent to China thirteen times. Among the envoys were physicians, onmyojis, painters, musicians, monks, students, etc., and the number of envoys often reached hundreds of people each time. [19] Shakespeare (W. Shakespeare, 1564-1616), a British dramatist and poet during the European Renaissance.He has written thirty-seven plays including A Midsummer Night's Dream, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet. [20] Owen (W. Irving, 1783-1859) American writer.The work mainly describes the social contradictions in the United States and exposes the cruelty of the colonialists.Author of "Miscellaneous Notes", "Washington Biography" and so on.Dickens (C. Dickens, 1812-1870), a translator of Dickens, a British writer.His works expose all kinds of crimes of the bourgeoisie and describe the miserable life of the lower class people.Author of novels, "Hard Times", etc. 〔21〕Defu Luhua (1868-1927) Japanese writer.He stood in the position of patriarchal farmers and criticized capitalist society.He is the author of the novels "It's Better to Go Home" and "The Kuroshio". [22] Lin Shu (1852-1924), courtesy name Qinnan, was born in Minhou (now Fuzhou), Fujian, and was a translator.According to other people's dictation, he translated more than 100 European and American literary works in classical Chinese, which had a great influence at that time. The latter collection was published as "Lin Yi Novels". 〔23〕The old translated name of Kinney quinine. 〔24〕"Fist Rebellion" refers to Yihequan, namely the Boxers, a mass organization organized by peasants and handicraftsmen in northern my country to fight against imperialism in the late Qing Dynasty.However, they adopt backward and superstitious organizational and fighting methods, set up boxing clubs, and practice boxing sticks, so they are called "boxers".In 1900 (Gengzi), they fought bravely against the invasion of the Eight-Power Allied Forces, but they were defeated by the joint suppression of the imperialists and the Qing government. "Fist chaos" is a derogatory name for the Boxer Movement by the reactionaries. 〔25〕Ueno A park in Tokyo, Japan, famous for its cherry blossoms. 〔26〕Matsushima is a place name in Japan. There are many pine trees on the island, and it is a famous tourist area. 〔27〕Wei Suyuan (1902-1932) was from Huoqiu, Anhui, and a member of the Weiming Society.Translations include Gogol's novella "Overcoat", Russian short story collection "Last Light", Nordic poetry collection "Yellow Flower Collection" and so on.Wei Congwu (1905-1978), a native of Huoqiu, Anhui Province, was a member of Weiming Society.He is the author of the long poem "Junshan" and so on, and has translated Dostoevsky's novel "The Poor" and so on.Li Jiye, a native of Huoqiu, Anhui Province, is a member of the Weiming Society.He is the author of a collection of short stories "Shadow", translated by Bronte and Andreev's plays "The Man in the Black Mask" and "Into the Stars", etc. Notes for the Translator of "A Life of Contemplation and Pleasure" [1] The author's fierce attack on the shortcomings of his own country is really a thunderbolt [2].But probably because the same country was founded in Yadong, and the situation is roughly similar, I think the key point he attacked is often the key point of China's illness; this is something we can use to ponder and reflect. Translator on December 5th. ※ ※ ※ [1] This article, together with the translation of "Contemplating a Life of Pleasure" (an article in the book "Out of the Ivory Tower"), was originally published in the "Beijing News Supplement" on December 13, 1924, and has not been published since. Printed in booklet. 〔2〕Pili sign language published "New Book of Tang Biography of Pei Yu", which originally refers to Pei Yan's quick resolution of the case: "Hundreds of cases accumulated,...completed in one day, it is reasonable, but the writing is excellent....So the name moves a state, and it is called 'Thunderbolt Hand'." Translator's Notes from "From Spirit to Flesh and from Flesh to Spirit" [1] This is also an article in "Out of the Tower of Ivory", the main purpose is to criticize the defects of his favorite mother country - Japan.But I think that apart from the first section attacking the hotel system and the third section attacking the feeding rituals, which have nothing to do with China, the rest mostly hit the hidden problems that we all have hidden now, especially the so-called spiritual civilization that is very conceited.Now I will import it again, as a laxative from a foreign pharmacy. December 14, 1924, Translator's Note. ※ ※ ※ [1] This article, together with the translation of "From Spirit to Flesh and From Flesh to Spirit", was first published in the "Beijing News Supplement" on January 9, 1925, and has not been printed in a separate edition since then. Translator's Notes on "The Main Trend of Modern Literature" [1] This is also an article in "Out of the Ivory Tower", written in January 1919.Looking at it now, the world is not as optimistic as the author predicted, but some parts are on point.Also, the concise explanation of "spiritual adventure" [2] and the concluding remarks on literature [3] can serve as a reference for many people, so I have translated it. January sixteenth. ※ ※ ※ [1] This article, together with the translation of "The Main Trend of Modern Literature", was originally published in the sixth issue of "People's Literature and Art Weekly" on January 20, 1925, and it was not printed in a separate edition. 〔2〕 "Spiritual adventure" or translation of the adventure of the soul.French novelist and critic Franz called literary criticism "the adventure of the soul in masterpieces", see his collection of literary criticism "Literary Life". [3] Views on literature Kukawa Hakumura said in the last section of this article: "Post-war Western literature, probably... must be used as a 'criticism of life', and have a close relationship with society. Unique Japanese literature Literary circles, but still refuse to be the guide and critic of culture?"