Chapter 9 "Symbol of Depression" [1]

"Symbol of Depression" [1] Introduction [2] The great earthquake in Japan last year [3] naturally caused great losses, and the suffering of Dr. Khukawa was also one of them. Dr. Chu Chuan's name is Chenfu, and his name is Baicun.I don't know much about his life, and I haven't seen a systematic biography.But just picking up the scattered texts, I know that he was born in Osaka Prefecture No. 1 Middle School, graduated from Tokyo Imperial University with a Bachelor of Arts degree; after that, he lived in Kumamoto and Tokyo for three years, and finally settled in Kyoto, where he became a professor at the third high school. .Probably because of a serious illness, I once cut off a foot, but I was still able to travel to the United States and North Korea; I usually concentrate on learning and have written a lot of books.It is said that his temperament is extremely enthusiastic, and he thought that "if medicine can't cure dizziness and illness, it can't cure" [4], so he is very painful about the lack of his country.Most of the papers are collected in "Mr. Koizumi and Others", "Out of the Ivory Tower" and "Towards the Cross Street" printed after his death.In addition, as far as I know, there are "Impressions of North America", "Ten Lectures on Modern Literature", "On Literary Trends of Thought", "Modern Views on Love", "Selected Interpretations of English Poetry", etc.

However, these are only a small part of what he has accumulated, and the rest is lost with his life. This "Symbol of Depression" is also a posthumous manuscript that was published after his death. Although it is not the final version, it is generally complete.The first part "On Creation" is the basis, the second part "On Appreciation" is actually about criticism, and the last two parts are just the inevitable corollaries derived from "On Creation".As for the theme, it is also very clear. In the author's own words, it is "depression and annoyance caused by suppressed vitality are the foundation of literature and art, and its expression is symbolism in a broad sense."But "the so-called symbolism is by no means just the doctrine advertised by a school of French poetry at the end of the previous century. All literature and art, throughout the ages, have all used symbolism in this sense." (Chapter 4 and Chapter 6 of "Theory of Creation") According to the first-class philosophy of Bergson [5], the author regards the endless vitality as the foundation of human life, and from the first-class science of Frott [6] to find From the root of vitality, it is used to explain literature and art, especially literature.However, it is slightly different from the old theory. Bergson regards the future as unpredictable, while the author regards poets as prophets. Float attributes the root of vitality to sexual desire, while the author refers to the breakthrough and leap of his power.In the current group of books of the same kind, it can be said that it is not only different from the arbitrariness of scientists and the mysticism of philosophers, but also does not have the complexity of ordinary literary theorists.The author himself is very original, so this book has become a kind of creation, and he has unique insights and deep understanding of literature and art.

Without a great spirit like a powerful and unconstrained style [7], there will be no great art.But why is China's current spirit so sluggish?Although this translation is clumsy, fortunately the essence is good. If readers can persevere and repeat it two or three times, they should be able to see many meaningful places: this is the reason why I took the liberty to start the translation--of course it is too much extravagant hope. The text is probably a literal translation, and I am very willing to preserve the tone of the original text.But I am a layman in Mandarin grammar, so there must be a lot of out-of-standard sentences in it.Among them, it must be declared that the word "de" is not used in several places, but the word "bottom" is specially used.That is to say, when an adjective is connected with a noun to form a noun, the word "bottom" is used. For example, Socialbeing refers to a social existence, PsychischeTrauma refers to a mental injury, etc.; also, when an adjective is transferred from another kind of adjective, it ends in -tive. -tic and the like, the word "bottom" is also used below, such as Specula^tive, romantic, it is written as thinking bottom, Romantic.

Here I should also thank my friends for their great help, especially Xu Jifu [8] Jun for his English; Chang Weijun [9] for his French translation of "The Necklace" [10] Attach it to the back of the volume for readers' reference; Mr. Tao Xuanqing [11] specially made a picture for this book to be dressed in a sad and beautiful new dress. Lu Xun wrote it down in Beijing on the night of November 22, 1924. ※ ※ ※ 〔1〕 "Symbols of Depression", a collection of literary essays, written by Japanese literary critic Kuragawa Shiramura.The translations of the first and second parts were successively published in "Morning News" from October 1 to 31, 1924.Published in March 1925 as a single volume, one of the "Unnamed Series", sold by Xinchao Press of Peking University, and later published by Beixin Book Company.

Kurakawa Hakumura (1880-1923), a Japanese literary theorist.He studied in the United States and served as a university professor after returning to China.Author of "Ten Lectures on Modern Literature", "Leaving the Ivory Tower", "On Literary and Art Thoughts" and other literary works, mainly introducing European and American literature and literary and artistic trends at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. 〔2〕This article was originally printed in the front volume of "Symbols of Depression" and was not published in other newspapers.

〔3〕Great earthquake refers to the major earthquake that occurred in Kanto, Japan in September 1923. 〔4〕 "If the medicine does not cause dizziness, the disease does not cure", see "Book of Books Shuo Ming (Part 1)", which means that if the mind is not dizzy after taking the medicine, serious illness cannot be cured. [5] Bergson (H. Bergson, 1859-1941) French idealist philosopher and mystic.Author of "Time and Free Will", "Matter and Memory", "Creative Evolution", etc. [6] Freud (S. Freud, 1856-1939) interpreted Freud, an Austrian psychiatrist, and the founder of psychoanalysis.This theory believes that all spiritual phenomena such as literature, art, philosophy, and religion are produced by a certain "life force" (Libido) hidden in people's subconscious due to repression, especially the potential of sexual desire.Author of "Psychoanalysis", "On Hysteria" and so on.

[7] See Yuan Liu Tingzhen's Preface to Sa Tianxi's Anthology of Poetry: "The reason why it is deified and surpasses all appearances is almost like a powerful and unconstrained style with extraordinary steps." It is a metaphor for unrestrained creativity and free galloping. 〔8〕Xu Jifu (1882-1948) is Xu Shoushang, a native of Shaoxing, Zhejiang, an educator. From 1902 to 1908, he studied in Japan. After returning to China, he successively served as the dean of Zhejiang Normal School, the principal of Beijing Women's Higher Normal School, and the professor of Sun Yat-sen University.After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, he taught at National Taiwan University. In February 1948, he was assassinated by the Kuomintang reactionaries.He is the author of "Impressions of the Dead Friend Lu Xun", "The Lu Xun I Know" and so on.

[9] Chang Weijun, named Hui, styled Weijun, was born in Wanping, Hebei (now Fengtai, Beijing).Graduated from the French Department of Peking University, and once served as the editor of the weekly "Song" of Peking University. 〔10〕The short story "The Necklace", written by the French novelist Maupassant. 〔11〕Tao Xuanqing (1893-1929) is Tao Yuanqing, a native of Shaoxing, Zhejiang, a painter. He used to be a teacher of Zhejiang Taizhou No. 6 Middle School and Shanghai Lida Academy.He once drew many cover paintings for Lu Xun's early translations. Preface to the last three days of "Symbol of Depression" (1)

The author of this book, Ms. Kugawa Shiramura, was unfortunately killed in the great earthquake in Japan. This is a package of unfinalized manuscripts excavated from the ruins of his Kamakura villa.Because it is an unfinalized draft, the editor—Shuji Yamamoto[2]—has also thought about publishing it publicly, or it may not be the author's original wish.But it was finally printed. It didn't have a title, and the editor named it "Symbols of Depression".In fact, it is literary theory. This is divided into four parts: the first theory of creation, the second theory of appreciation, the third an investigation of the fundamental issues of literature and art, and the fourth the origin of literature.The gist of it is clearly stated by the author himself in the fourth chapter of the first part: Anguish and annoyance caused by suppressed vitality are the root of literature and art, and its expression is symbolism in a broad sense.

Because it is necessary for me to translate, I started the day before yesterday. I thought it would be easy, but it was difficult to translate.But I still have to translate it, and publish it one after another; and because it is not necessary, I am afraid of omitting some places such as quotations and examples. For the omitted examples, if there is an opportunity to reprint in the future, I vow to add them to make it a complete book.As for the badness of the translation, it is unimaginable, and it is just a matter of being scolded. Lu Xun on September 26, 1924. ※ ※ ※ 〔1〕 This article was originally published in "Morning News Vice Engrave" on October 1, 1924, and was not printed in a separate edition.

〔2〕Shuji Yamamoto (1894-1976) Japanese drama theorist.Graduated from Kyoto Imperial University and worked as a professor at Kyoto University.He is the author of "Trends of British and American Modern Drama", "Acting and Culture", etc. Translator's Notes on "The Joy I Discovered" [1] There are Japanese translations of Baudelaire's prose poems in the original book; but when I compare them with Max Bruno's German translation, there are quite a few differences.Now let's consider two books and translate them into Chinese.If there is someone who painstakingly corrects me according to the original text, it is a matter of great hope and gratitude.Otherwise, I would like to find a friend who understands French to revise him in the future; but for now, I will be so perfunctory. On October 1st, the translator added a note. ※ ※ ※ [1] This article, together with the translation of "The Joy I Discovered" (the second section of the second part of the original book), was originally published in "Morning News" on October 26, 1924, and has not been printed since Enter a single book. [2] Baudelaire (C. Baudelaire, 1821-1867) French decadent poet.He is the author of the collection of poems "The Flower of Evil" and so on.The "prose poem" mentioned here refers to his little poem entitled "Window". [3] Max Bruno Max Bruno. Translator's Notes on "The Infinity in the Finite" [1] I don't know a word of French, so I can't do anything about the songs of Van Lerberghe[2].It is really admirable to accept Mr. Chang Weijun to translate it for me; however, I also want to submit the burden of retranslating Baudelaire's prose poems.Those who think that the world is willing to help others should also sigh in unison when they hear it.October 17th, translator's notes. ※ ※ ※ [1] This article, together with the translation of "The Infinity in the Finite" (the fourth section of the second part of the original book), was first published in the "Morning News" on October 28, 1924, and was not printed later. booklet. 〔2〕Van Lerberghe Wang Leipeg (1861-1907), Belgian poet and dramatist.Author of lyric poetry "Song of Eve", satirical comedy "Pan" and so on.The "song" mentioned here refers to "Song of Eve". "Four Stages of Literary Appreciation" Translator's Notes [1] What I wanted to omit before was a few passages in this verse, but I have still fully translated them, so the "not necessary" mentioned in the preface [2] has not been implemented, because when it is translated here, it must have already been translated. It is no longer necessary.October 4th, translator's note. ※ ※ ※ [1] This article, together with the translation of "The Four Stages of Literary Appreciation" (the fifth section of the second part of the original book), was first published in "Morning News" on October 30, 1924, and has not been printed since booklet. 〔2〕The preface refers to the preface to the last three days of translating "A Symbol of Depression".