Chapter 51 Fragment of "The World" by Han Yuhai

Friends asked me to introduce the specific content, don't just post a picture to tempt people's appetite, then I will post a snippet, please enjoy the literary talent of the revolutionary bandit Han Yuhai.What needs to be explained is that many points of view in the article were taught to Han Yuhai by myself, but this guy didn't indicate it in the notes! Lushana on earth Han was killed The majestic and beautiful Buddha Lushena is the symbol of Longmen Grottoes. One flower one world, one step one Buddha.Slowly walking up the high stone steps, when Lu Shena came into view step by step, I was shocked, but my heart was filled with a touch of sadness and beauty.

Among the companions, Comrade Kong Qingdong, who was newly elected as a deputy to the People's Congress of Haidian District, stared at Lu Shena's bright eyes for a long time, and then praised: "Is this a Buddha?" - Look at his gaze, like a beautiful girl looking forward to her lover's arrival in the evening, as if The farmer's wife summons her laboring husband to return!" It is said that the Great Buddha of Lushena was built by Wu Zetian of Tang Dynasty to imitate her own face. Therefore, she is the only Buddha statue of Lushena built according to the face of a woman in China, and she is probably the most beautiful Buddha in the world. "Representative of Kong Qingdong" has a mortal body with naked eyes, so he is naturally a vulgar person, so it is no wonder that he expresses his emotion and regards the great Buddha "Lushena" as "the Venus of China".

(Lushena image) If you want to know what "Lushena" is, you must first know the so-called "Buddha has three bodies": the Buddha of the body "Sakyamuni", the Buddha of the Dharma body "Vairocana", and the Buddha of the body "Lushena". ".The differences between them are briefly described as follows, in case those who know more can correct me: First of all, Yingshen Buddha was shaped according to the appearance of Sakyamuni, so to put it bluntly, it is nothing more than a portrait of Sakyamuni.The Dharmakaya Buddha is the personality symbol of "Buddhism", emphasizing that although Sakyamuni's physical body passed away, the Dharma will last forever.That being the case, the Dharmakaya Buddha "Vairochena", as a symbol of the personality of Buddhism, not only preserves some of the characteristics of Sakyamuni, but also concentrates all the advantages of the current appearance, so it should be said to be the culmination of the perfect image in the world.

Among the "three bodies" of the Buddha, only the sambhogakaya Buddha "Lushana" declares "retribution in this world". I am the Buddha, and the Buddha is me, and everyone can be a Buddha.As a woman, Wu Zetian not only dared to proclaim herself emperor, but also dared to proclaim Buddha, and built a majestic and beautiful Lushana in her own image-this should be the first feat in the Buddha's world. As we all know, Buddhism can be divided into Mahayana and Hinayana.In Hinayana Buddhism, image worship and sitting meditation are popular, and they are active in personal "liberation".It believes that although all living beings can enter Nirvana under the guidance of the Buddha, they can only become Arhats at best, and not everyone can become a Buddha; Maitreya is the only one who can enter the Buddha realm in the future after practicing and worshiping.Therefore, Hinayana Buddhism specializes in burning incense, kowtow, and worshiping Maitreya. Its artistic attainments are not high.And our so-called "superstitious" people mostly refer to people along the way.

Mahayana Buddhism is just the opposite.It believes that the Buddha has many incarnations, especially those who have accumulated a lot of merit and virtue to enter "Nirvana", they can not enter for a while, but descend to the world to save all living beings.Moreover, anyone does not need to be a monk, as long as he has a sincere faith and respects Buddhas and Bodhisattvas, everyone can become a Buddha. "Suddenly feel that the business in front of me is full, and when I look back, there are many suffering people in the world." - Mahayana Buddhism therefore widely disseminates moving stories of Buddha's countless sacrifices and good deeds (commonly known as Buddha Jataka), and sings "Although tens of thousands of people go together The independent personality of "Yi" has had a profound impact on Buddhist art, especially grotto art since the Northern Wei Dynasty.From the murals of Mogao Grottoes to the art of Longmen and Yungang Grottoes, they are full of vivid and touching descriptions of Buddha's asceticism and festivals, mixed with descriptions of social life and life struggles.These vivid art scrolls are the most precious wealth of Buddhist art, and they permeate the Mahayana spirit of sacrificing oneself for the Dharma and pleading for the people.And this kind of spirit is far beyond the comparison of Hinayana self-care and special kowtow to the Maitreya Buddha statue.

(Mahayana Buddhism advocates the art of statues of thousands of Buddhas) Generally speaking, the aristocratic class in the Wei and Jin Dynasties admired Theravada Buddhism, and the metaphysics of Shilao was "the study of life", and the core was only to preserve life and health; after the Northern Wei Dynasty, Mahayana Buddhism became a bit popular.This is what Lu Xun felt when he talked about Buddhism in the Wei and Jin Dynasties: those who preach vaguely and vaguely have become the mainstream, while those who sacrifice their lives to feed tigers have become heresies.The main reason why the ruling class in the Wei and Jin Dynasties could not tolerate Mahayana Buddhism was because their belief that "everyone can become a Buddha" contained a strong appeal for "all beings are equal".For any ruling class, among all things, "equality" is of course the most objectionable to them.Therefore, among the Buddhist statues in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the "Lushena Buddha", who advocates retribution in this world and that everyone can become a Buddha, is naturally very rare and rare.

Wu Zetian thought of equality, first of all because she was a woman.The minorities in the north have no great historical tradition of discrimination against women by the general Han nationality. In the Xianbei and Northern Wei Dynasties, several generations of mothers held power, so that Tuobagui, Emperor Daowu of the Northern Wei Dynasty, used the unprecedented cruel method of "the death of the son to value the mother" to deal with his own family. Matrilineal struggle for power (see Tian Yuqing's "Tuoba History Exploration").Tuoba Gui was forced to the end of his life, but he made such a bad plan, which also shows how powerful the Xianbei women are.In the early Tang Dynasty, there were many Xianbei nobles from the maternal line, so there was still the aftertaste of this "strong woman", which was also one of the special historical conditions for Wu Zetian to come to power.

(Portrait of Empress Wu Zetian painted by Ming people) Wu Zetian is a controversial figure in history, and the focus of the controversy is the biggest political revolution she launched-of course, the opening of the "Wenci Jinshi Division".Mr. Guo Moruo and others thought that this was a great move. From now on, scholars (especially literati) all over the world can become outstanding in the "Cultural Scholars Department", that is, the so-called civilians enter the Qing Dynasty; and from the perspective of institutional revolution, the society launched by Wu Zetian The revolution has fundamentally shaken the hierarchical system of Chinese society that has existed for thousands of years, and changed the "dead system" into a "living system". Conditions, Song Jing, a famous virtuous minister in the Tang Dynasty, and Meng Jiao, a poet, were all given by Jinshi.This kind of system concept based on social equality can be realized in the hands of Wu Zetian, not only because Wu Zetian herself did not belong to the aristocratic group (including the Guanlong military aristocratic group), but also because she was influenced by the Mahayana thought that "everyone can become a Buddha". Influence, and this idea is even higher than the "feminist thought" of equality between men and women in modern times.

(Song Jing stele inscribed by Yan Zhenqing, Ming and Qing jinshi inscribed stele) But for Wu Zetian's major political revolution, historians have always had stronger and sharper negative opinions.Mr. Chen Yinke believes that Wu Zetian's move is selfish, lacks foresight, and is entirely for personal political purposes.She does not belong to the Guanlong aristocratic group, but if she wants to gain a foothold, she must foster a new class by opening the Wenci Jinshi Department, and compete with the original Guanlong aristocratic group that is a mixture of Hu and Han.And it was Wu Zetian's ingenuity to open the essays and Jinshi subjects that resulted in the disintegration of the cornerstone of the founding of the Tang Dynasty-the Guanlong aristocratic group; Emphasizing the promotion of young intellectuals and not taking care of veteran cadres, thus causing serious social antagonism, is actually even worse.After Empress Wu Zetian, the system of unification of civil and military affairs and the unification of Hu and Han, which had been condensed by the Guanlong Bingfu system, broke down again, especially concentrated in the confrontation between the military group of the six towns in Hebei and the literati group in Luoyang. It was sharply opposed to the young cadres of Han intellectuals promoted by Wu Zetian.The result of the serious inconsistency in the development of the north and the south was the "Yuyang Dao agitated to come" in the Xuanzong Dynasty-so the decline of the Tang Dynasty was not so much due to the rebellion of the six towns in the Anshi Rebellion, but it was because of Wu Zetian's political revolution that split the society. It was caused by bad results.

But no matter whether you approve of Wu Zetian like Guo Moruo or denigrate her like Chen Yinke, it is an indisputable fact that Wu Zetian's political revolution-Kaiwenci Jinshi Ke really destroyed the Guanlong military aristocratic group in one fell swoop.The Guanlong military aristocratic group, the most powerful aristocratic group in Chinese history, collapsed because of Wu Zetian's daughter-in-law, and turned into the last aristocratic group in Chinese history.After Wu Zetian, the Jinshi imperial examination was continued and repaired, and has since become the cornerstone of Chinese dynasties.In this sense, Wu Zetian indeed marked an era for Chinese history.To a certain extent, it is this woman who shaped herself into Lushena, with her wisdom and courage, ended the thrilling, golden and iron horses of the Middle Ages.Therefore, for the magnificent middle and ancient times, Wu Zetian naively called "the end of history and last 'wenman'" (The end of history and last 'wenman').

(Empress Wu walks from the picture) After Wu Zetian, Buddhism also gradually ended its most vigorous era in China, and gradually declined from the dominant ideology.The reasons here are of course very complicated, and the most critical one is that Buddhism, as the ideology of the ruling class, has gradually lost its inner appeal for equality and revolutionary spirit. As mentioned above: The Buddhist monk group actually entered Chinese society as a paramilitary aristocratic group from the very beginning.Although it does hold the belief that "all beings are equal", and it did create historical conditions for the power game among the original social ruling forces in Chinese society in the Middle Ages—imperial power, gentry nobles, and foreign rulers. However, such a balance of power is only a balance of power between the ruling classes and a reshuffle of power within the ruling class.Like Christianity, Buddhism advocates equality in the spiritual world, not in the secular world.Of course, it is impossible for Buddhist monks to extend the idea of ​​balance of power and equality to all living beings outside the ruling class and major interest groups. As a matter of fact, whenever the "red flag rolls up the serf's halberd" and the slaves intend to overthrow the existing secular regime and establish an equal society, religious forces almost without exception declare that the "kingdom of heaven" enshrined in religion does not belong to this world and does not belong to this world. Warn mortal beings not to become rulers of this world.What's more, just like Luther, the most revolutionary religious reformer in Europe, was also the most ardent advocate for the cruel suppression of the peasant uprising in Münzer, the Buddhist monk group continued to promote the idea that "imperial power is blessed by the Buddha" .Whether the God of the West or the Buddha of the East, both would rather endure the tyranny of the rulers than allow the mob to rise up.The intellectuals developed from the monk class, including the bourgeois intellectuals since modern times, are actually also an aristocratic group.For them, history is the history of the ruling class, and the people are silent.From such a standpoint, Professor Yu Yingshi, who claims to be a noble and pure family, inevitably sang the elegy of the ending of the noble families in the Wei and Jin Dynasties into a triumphant march: "The Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties can especially be regarded as Confucianism based on the family. The great era of greatness, it meets the actual needs of the family-class society!" However, this description of an era of the collapse of the gentry family is not just what Mr. Tian Yuqing said "can be considered", but from singing three sighs to one beating. drum burst.Because what these intellectuals are exploring is nothing more than how to achieve the balance and harmony of power among the various ruling classes in history; If a balance of power and a compromise are reached between them, the world will be peaceful from now on.This is the origin of Wang Guowei's so-called "mandate of heaven" instead of "revolution"-"The great benefit of the world is nothing more than determination; life.” For them, the best system for the people is nothing more than a system of balanced distribution of power between the ruling class and interest groups: Its disadvantages will be overwhelming, and the people will have no time or rest." Their so-called extensive and profound research all turn their attention to various elites and ruling groups in history—from imperial power, gentry, monks, to scholar-officials, and military groups, all of which are combed one by one.In their view, if these elites divide the spoils unevenly and fight, the world will be in chaos; and as long as they discuss how to divide the spoils, an ideal system will emerge.They never thought about it the other way around: only when the ruling elite faced the specter of a common slave rebellion would they "not fight" internally and unanimously externally.For the aristocratic intellectuals, "Tianli" is nothing more than the "way of harmony" within the ruling group, and justice has never been on the side of the common people.Even masters including Chen Yinke and Wang Guowei, the "way of eternal peace" they strived for, to put it bluntly, they all focus on this, and the independence they talk about, to put it bluntly, is often the old masters. It is nothing more than an illusion of the history of the gentry and landlord class. (Portrait of Wang Guowei, suicide note of Wang Guowei) History is created by the people. On the old cultural stage in the past, the people were rarely the protagonists, and the masters, wives, young masters and ladies have always ruled the stage.This reversal of history must now be reversed.From the Three Emperors and Five Emperors to modern times, perhaps only the son of a Hunan farmer has just seen through the speckled history of "a piece of history that stops flying snow" and sees that there is a silent force outside the elites and ruling groups from all walks of life. Resistance is unfulfilled, and they are the fundamental force that promotes the development of history.But for thousands of years, this power has been silent and hidden in the vast historical narrative.The fundamental problem in China is not the illusory issues of discipline and discipline that the elites and scholar-officials care about, but the real issue of peasants and land—so, reading history at night, he sighed through the ages: "The sacred things of the five emperors and the three emperors, He lied to Wu Ya’s passers-by. How many romantic figures are there? After the bandit Zhi Zhuang left his reputation, King Chen rose up and waved his yellow axe. The song is not finished yet, Dongfang Bai.” Since modern times, Chinese society has been in dire straits, and people with lofty ideals, in order to save the nation and survive, have visited all the famous mountains and ancient temples, and worshiped Allah. This is the fundamental opportunity for major changes that have not been seen in a year.Only with the support of this class can it be possible to create a new military system, cultural system, economic system, and political system to realize the revival of Chinese civilization. What is "equality"?A truly equal and harmonious society is not about balance and harmony among the ruling classes, but about equality between the broad masses of the people and elite groups; Farmers with the vast majority of the population can equally share the social wealth marked by land property rights.Therefore, "overthrowing the three great mountains" and "eliminating the three great differences" are the broadest ambitions that have never been seen in the ages, and generate infinite bodhicitta.And this is the long and great Chinese Revolution, the miracle of history, the heaven on earth, the call to the impossible liberation, the blessing of the countless pasts to the infinite future. In 1936, in a cold cave dwelling in northern Shaanxi, facing a young Western wise man named Edgar Snow, Mao Zedong said: "My mother believes in Bodhisattva, and she gives religious education to her children. Mother She is a kind woman, generous and loving, willing to give alms no matter what. She is very sympathetic to the poor. In times of famine, she often gives rice to those who come to beg. My father is a person who does not believe in gods and Buddhas, so we All feel bad because my father is a man of no faith." In June 1959, Chairman Mao returned to his hometown of Shaoshan. After staying up all night, he wrote a poem like this: "Don't dream vaguely and curse the river, the hometown was thirty-two years ago. .Because of the great ambition of sacrifice, dare to teach the sun and the moon to change into a new sky. I like to watch the waves of rice and pepper, and the heroes everywhere are setting in the sunset."And how many people can understand the great Sanskrit sound here? (Manuscript of Chairman's Poetry) In 2002, a Western philosopher named Jacques Derrida visited the Chairman Mao Memorial Hall and took a photo in front of the portrait in Tiananmen Square.But at this moment, his camera suddenly "shocked".And the philosopher Wu Dun said: Chairman Mao is so amazing, he completely negates all "appearances"! "I like to watch a thousand waves of rice and peppers, and heroes are everywhere in the sunset." Xiaomin can make history. "There are thousands of willows in the spring breeze, and the 600 million Shenzhou is full of Shun Yao", everyone can become a Buddha. And the so-called Buddha is the one who opened his barn for the famine in the world, the one who sacrificed all his relatives for the injustice of the world, and the one who watched "The Legend of the White Snake" with tears streaming down his face and clapped the table and shouted, "Is it okay if there is no revolution?" The person is the one who, facing the greatest power in the world, made a slight gesture and said: "I am a monk holding an umbrella, and there is no law." "The Tathagata has no origin and nowhere to go. Hence the name Tathagata." "That's why the Tathagata said that the appearance of the body is not the appearance of the body. All appearances are false. If you see that the appearance is not the appearance, you will see the Tathagata." "Pretty doesn't compete for spring, but only announces the arrival of spring. When the mountain flowers are in full bloom, she laughs among the bushes."