Chapter 5 Chapter 5

01. Instruction letter from the Shanghai Bureau of the Communist Party of China to the Nanjing Underground Party Committee (September 27, 1948) (one) According to the current military situation, the People's Liberation Army of the third year of the war is working hard to clear the enemy's remaining strongholds in North China, so that the Liberated Areas in North China will become more connected.At the same time, point the spear of victory at the rear of the Jiang area, and prepare to wipe out the enemy's vital forces more than in the past two years, and strive for a decisive and great victory.The flames of war will inevitably move to areas around Gyeonggi, Nanjing may also be surrounded by several sides in the distance, and the capital is very likely to be threatened more seriously, making its characteristics of a front-line city more obvious.However, it is not too early to estimate that the PLA will occupy the capital in the third year of the war, because first, the enemy will definitely defend the capital and concentrate the army to protect Gyeonggi so that it can still become the center of military and political command. Will pay too high a price too soon to seize its capital.Second, the People's Liberation Army has not yet crossed the river on a large scale, and the problems in the vast areas of northern Anhui and southern Jiangsu have not been completely resolved, and our forces in these areas are still relatively not strong enough.Third, the goal of the southward movement of the War of Liberation is very likely to advance to Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, and Sichuan. It is not necessary to first solve the enemy's heartland in the Yangtze River Delta.

As the military situation develops to the south, the enemy will definitely use all his strength to defend the great Nanjing, which commands the military center. Therefore, the political conditions in Nanjing and its nearby cities, large and small, will also cause huge changes.This is: first, the enemy will implement military martial law, strengthen the control forces in all aspects, strengthen the investigation network of special agents, military police, brutally suppress the freedom of the people, massacre the righteous and patriotic people, and try their best to destroy our local organizations and cancel the control The people are legally organized to suppress the people's resistance struggle.Second, this is the enemy's dying struggle, and they will plunder the people's property without scruples and cover-ups (so-called currency reform, material price management, exorbitant taxes, etc.), resulting in a situation of anger and resentment among the people.The change of the former condition will undoubtedly increase many hardships and difficulties in our work, while the change of the latter condition will be beneficial to me.At the same time, a victorious war of liberation will further inspire the people's revolutionary sentiment and strengthen their confidence.The correct urban policy of the People's Liberation Army will expose the enemy's deceitful and confused propaganda today, and relieve their suspicion and fear of us; while hating the rulers for all rampant and lawless measures, in order to survive, fight for freedom, oppose traitorous countries, and oppose reconnaissance (戡) chaos [The] struggle will appear in various ways and in various forms.The goal of the struggle will also tend to be more towards the overall goal of anti-traitorous, anti-dictatorship, and anti-people fascist rule, and gradually take the same direction by different routes, creating more favorable conditions for us to educate and unite the people, develop organizations and political influence.Secondly, the capital is the center of the enemy's party, government and army, where the top leaders of the ruler gather, that is, the place where the inclinations and contradictions among the various factions are most acute and obvious.The failures in the front will lead to divergent censures, differences of opinion, competition for power, and new combinations and divisions will emerge endlessly (controversies in the Legislative Yuan and calls for innovation movements symbolize the sharpening of internal conflicts).The result of this disintegration will be to weaken the enemy's ability to rule even more, and it will help to attack some of the most stubborn factions and leaders in the ruling class.

(two) In order to implement the general policy of the party, "under the general policy of making full preparations, seizing the opportunity, and leapfrogging development, strengthen and expand one's own strength, strive for the advantages of the masses, build a strategic fortress, penetrate into the heart of the enemy, and effectively carry forward Fight on the second front and strengthen support for the War of Liberation.”We should currently complete the following tasks: (1) Continue to struggle to consolidate and expand the party organization Over the past few years, the foundation of our party has developed considerably, but it is still not enough, and it is quite mobile... Therefore, many important industrial sectors, especially in the enemy's heart organs, still have only a few seeds. Work does not play a big role. The facts require that we must resolutely consolidate and expand our strength in the following sectors: namely, the four (three) railways, highways, coal mines, warehouses, military industries, public utilities, and important private factories , central and local agencies, party, government and military agencies, especially front and rear troops, secret service systems, etc.Although the youth masses and intellectual organizations (such as schools) are also very important, more efforts are needed to educate and organize them to play the role of calling for a certain period of time, but what is more important is to use them as a bridge of social relations to investigate each The social relations of party members and sympathizers, and the establishment of the work of the above-mentioned important departments.Teachers, staff, and organizations among the people in other departments should also actively seek to integrate with society in addition to their own work, so as to open up relationships with such strategically important departments in many ways.In addition to being proficient in the work capabilities of their units, the responsible cadres at all levels in each department must also study and study the work methods of the new department so that they can be carried out in a decentralized manner and oppose any errors of self-centeredness, sabotage and negligence.Only by penetrating into the enemy's heart in this way can it kill him even more.The party's development policy is still a lean policy, planned development, strictly preventing spies and bad elements from mixing into the party, and the party must regularly check organizational life, thinking, and work style.

For the sake of the development of the party and temporarily avoiding the enemy's crazy frontal attack, the current work of the whole party, that is, the central and main step of the work in the past few months is to consolidate and reorganize the party team. We should immediately adopt the following methods to complete the task: ① Strictly organize the party organization, strengthen ties with the masses, and master and learn the techniques of secret work.Any view of underestimating the enemy, being free and undisciplined, not observing discipline, and talking about struggle all day long must be strictly criticized in order to reduce the number of party members who are exposed, arrested, wandering, and retreating, so as to be fully prepared and preserve strength, especially in the Some party cells with important strategic significance should carefully protect their existence, while party members or organizations that need to play a decisive role at an appropriate time should pay more attention to the possibility of concealment.

②Improve the combat effectiveness of the whole party, so that "everyone can make the best use of their talents", determine certain tasks for each party member according to their environment, ability, social relationship, and job position, and help them formulate specific work plans and complete certain tasks. ③ To improve the education of the party generally, it is necessary not only to improve basic education such as political standards, strategies, organizational issues, working methods, integrity education, etc., but also to review various tendencies and empiricism in work, and to correct bad styles and correct ideas Consciousness, etc., the adventurist tendencies of [underestimating] the enemy and the short-sighted and shrinking conservatism tendencies do not allow new developments in the party, and the transactional style of work must be eliminated.Only with higher political principles and more ideological leadership can we correct past mistakes and strengthen unity within the party.

④ The organization of the party and the mass activists must be completely separated, and open work and secret work must be organized separately.Where there is confusion between the Party organization and the public organization of the masses, it must be rectified.Organizations that have not been reorganized must be reorganized without delay, and they must not refuse or delay on the pretext of being busy with other secondary tasks, or on the pretext of some difficulties.Those exposed elements who may be arrested should pay attention to concealment, retreat or transfer as much as possible, and be strictly separated from hidden party members in organization.There is no need for the parties in various departments and regions to reduce the transfer of relations as much as possible and let them carry out certain tasks independently.This is the necessary treatment to avoid the enemy's crazy attack and the organization.

⑤ Strictly protect the safety of leading organs and responsible persons at all levels, increase vigilance, and prevent major damage. (2) Take the opportunity to instigate rebellion, sabotage work, or sabotage work The so-called strengthening the internal work of the enemy's heart must have specific daily work content.It is of course very important to develop organizations and open up new relationships, but it is even more important to immediately start paying attention to using existing social relationships and using one's own business relationships to contact sympathizers who are dissatisfied with the status quo in every corner of society, opponents within the enemy, and even speculators. All kinds of elements, as long as they are willing to support the People's Liberation Army and want to make meritorious deeds to atone for their sins, should be regarded as the targets of clues to instigate rebellion, and use various methods to defect at the front, sabotage work at the rear, paralyze their administrative effectiveness, divide their interior, and take the opportunity to destroy their military equipment, etc. Work, correct some comrades' ideological neglect, fear and other psychology.At the same time, we must make precise and careful arrangements, not to expose ourselves casually, eager for merit, or use unscrupulous means, and pay careful attention to the red flag policy and double-dealing activities of the enemy agents.This work should be regarded as the task of the whole party, and the responsibility of comrades in various ministries, to diversify the methods of the revolutionary movement, to truly cooperate with the fighting of the PLA, and [play] the role of coordinating internally and externally.

(3) Study the enemy's political, military, and economic dynamics The political dynamics in the capital are related to the whole country. Understanding the enemy's situation is one of our important tasks, not only to deal with local and local work problems, but also to grasp the indispensable work of Chiang Kai-shek's policy against the enemy.Being in the political center, turning a blind eye to the situation and dynamics of the enemy and being indifferent is a kind of political numbness.In the future, we must work together, pay attention to continuous understanding and research, and report to superiors on time, such as the important decisions of the enemy, the dynamics of faction figures and their propositions, the content of important meetings, diplomatic developments, economic developments, specific measures against the Communist Party and the people, and the mobilization of the enemy's troops. serial number, garrison city defense secrets, etc.At the same time, the research questions must have a center, decide the questions that need to be understood at any time, implement division of labor and cooperation, split up and do it yourself, and organize and research materials (referring to certain personnel) at any time.Familiarity with the enemy's situation will not only be of great help to our work, but also enrich our actual political education. At the same time, according to the possibility of actual conditions, we must also plan for the investigation and research work on the management of large cities in the future, and resolutely implement the central policy. and study the new experience of the major cities in North China in managing cities.

(4) Open up the work of the cultural propaganda department Almost all the main factions of the enemy have their own newspapers and magazines in the capital, which reflect their own political opinions and criticize each other. They are widely distributed in the cities of Chiang Kai-shek and have certain political influence.Therefore, we believe that it is important to use and master the enemy's propaganda weapons, expose the enemy's contradictions, highlight our party's anti-Chiang, anti-American, and anti-traitorous ideas, expand our political influence, and develop a united front in public opinion. We should have a plan and start to develop and expand the work of this department.

(5) Establishing party organizations in outer counties and suburban villages and transporting cadres to liberated areas In the cities along the Nanjing railway line and in the ports of the Yangtze River, Party organizations should be actively established as possible to serve as fulcrums for scouting the enemy's situation, instigating rebellion, conducting double-dealing work, controlling local powerful factions and their local armed forces, and contacting local people from all walks of life. The People's Liberation Army crossed the river and prepared for the construction and management of such small and medium-sized cities after our army occupied them.The targets of rural work in the suburbs should be farmers, handicraftsmen, primary school teachers, clerks of rural lower-level administrative agencies, local self-defense personnel, local gentry, business people, etc.The task should be to master the local administrative and armed forces, scout out the strength of the enemy's Gyeonggi defense, and cooperate with our army in combat when the soldiers approach the city. It can be used for diversion and concealment on weekdays.Any untenable cadres who can be transferred to the workers in the above-mentioned areas should be transported as much as possible first, and the development work should be started. Some technical cadres or those who are wanted or unable to gain a foothold should be sent to the liberated areas.

(three) In the past year, the mass movement has basically achieved considerable success, overcoming the passive ambush and conservative tendencies, but there are also many weaknesses and tendencies.According to the party's instructions (see another instruction letter) and the current relationship between the struggle between the enemy and ourselves, it is especially necessary to point out several main strategic directions for future struggles: (1) Try to avoid the prominence of a small number of positions and individual positions, and take care of the majority in the middle, be reasonable and legal, have an orderly lineup, keep up with the rhythm of top and bottom, and distinguish between inside and outside (open and secret) and the enemy's turnover.In the past, in terms of the objective meaning of the movement, the work of certain departments gained the political influence they deserved, and their organizational strength also developed considerably. , did not actively win the united front of the majority of middle-level elements and the upper echelons, party members and activists were exposed too much, and suffered a loss of strength, which actually violated the policy of accumulating strength and fighting steadily.The party must trust the power of the masses, lead the struggle of the masses, and play a central role, but it should not be the vanguard, arrange or order.The so-called "take the lead" must determine the style of leading the masses in order to avoid greater attacks by the enemy in the future and strengthen the close relationship between the masses and the party. (2) Take advantage of the enemy's contradictions as much as possible, familiarize yourself with the inside story of the enemy's various factions, and party members and mass activists should work within the enemy if possible...to promote various activities and strengthen the strength of the alliance's reserve army.From now on, the various factions of the enemy will make more use of the power of the masses to carry out their reactionary activities. We should...use them as a cover to carry out struggles and organize the masses, but we must never lose our position and be someone else's tail.At the same time, we must independently brew various mass struggles, and when the time is right, we must rise to the top and strive for victory. (3) The trend of the struggle in the Chiang area is that the goals are gradually becoming the same, and the struggle is common.The conditions for the united front at the upper and lower levels in all aspects may be growing and expanding day by day, but the current struggle strategy is basically to be carried out in a decentralized manner, and all aspects can echo each other invisibly (such as students asking for public funds and relief, and professors asking for improved remuneration. The specific requirements can be different. , while the desire to improve life is a common goal).Insufficient preparation, poor preparation, and uneven conditions, but in order to achieve expansion, risky struggles that subjectively hope to be massive and crush the enemy with one blow must be avoided. (4) It is necessary to adopt a variety of struggle methods that are suitable for the living environment of various people and their political consciousness.In order to avoid ruthless blows and strive for victory, one should strive to appear [in] the form of mass spontaneity, so that the enemy cannot oppress them (for example, merchants oppose price limits, do not trade, there are protests without market, ×× workers struggle experience, invisible sabotage by public servants, etc.).Not only economic struggle methods must be diversified, but political struggles must also adopt ingenious and flexible diversification.In the heart of the enemy, provoking the enemy casually and excessively, putting forward political propaganda slogans mechanically, nakedly, and prematurely, give the enemy an excuse for suppression, and must be avoided in the future. (5) Win over the enemy's mass organizations one by one, protect your own groups, and at the same time create the masses' own organizations.It is estimated that in the future the enemy will use violence to snatch mass organizations, or establish various organizations in the form of [offices], force them to participate, and use them for their imperial use.Winning over all kinds of people is a difficult and complicated task, and it is by no means easy and simple to succeed.All groups controlled by the enemy are indeed collective in name (such as trade unions and student unions). Our main strategy is to put forward the demands of the masses, ask them to serve the masses, expose their false promises, and divide and isolate their leaders. Molecules, gradually infiltrate the power of the masses, or simply seize the opportunity to seize leadership, or even defeat him, and organize separately.For groups that the enemy cannot fully control, we should strengthen their mass strength and force their upper-level elements to isolate or woo me so that they can carry out mass work.All organizations established through mass struggles in the past must do more welfare work and various undertakings for the needs of the masses in the future, overcome all arranging styles, expand their mass character, and protect their existence.The enemy [has] a lot of restrictions on the Law on the Organization of Mass Organizations. Recently, even gangs have been ordered to be cancelled, and some groups that have existed legally for a long time (the Small Education Federation in Beijing and Shanghai) have also been ordered to be cancelled.Therefore, we need to be more creative in the way we organize mass organizations. In some places, we can use no name at all, but have actual organizational activities and a certain business center, strengthen close contact in personnel, communicate with each other, and respond to everyone.In addition, various organizations such as backward feudal guilds must also make full use of them. (6) Mass movements in each period should have a certain center.After the reform of the currency system, the lives of civil servants and civilians have become more miserable. At present, we should take this as the center and actively prepare for the struggle for survival separately.At present, there are still various demands to be made according to the different benefits, and gradually push forward to a common demand - the struggle to unfreeze the life index and cancel the price limit. [Enemy] The frontline military has suffered a major defeat, and there is absolutely no possibility of making concessions to the masses. This will cause unimaginable anger among the masses, and the sabotage and centrifugal effect will increase day by day, which will help us complete various tasks.This instruction letter is based on the instructions of the party and is suitable for Nanjing's environment. The general experience, lessons and strategies related to the domestic situation will not be repeated.After receiving this letter, it should be discussed immediately, review the main tendency in the past, check whether the current work has become combat-oriented, and the departments whose tasks are not clear enough should be rearranged (for example, the tasks of student work should be changed), and specific decisions should be made for each department and each department. How should the organization and each party member implement it.This letter is only allowed to be sent to the committee and will be numbered and retrieved at regular intervals. Subordinates are only allowed to convey it orally. Those who lose it will be severely punished. It is important to discuss it seriously and quickly. 02. On September 27, the Shanghai Bureau of the Communist Party of China sent an instruction letter to the Nanjing Underground Party Committee (end of September 1948) Characteristics of the general situation in Beijing and Shanghai: (1) After the great victory in Northeast China, the rapid development in Central China has followed. Here, we have already dealt a decisive blow to the enemy and greatly weakened the main force of the enemy. Desperation will lead to the depletion of the enemy's reserve forces, the further decline in morale, pessimism and despair, mutual complaints, and a serious situation of disintegration. This will cause the whole situation to develop into a sharp turn after one or two major leaps, and will completely defeat the enemy in about a year. time is greatly shortened. According to this general trend, our army's victorious battles to annihilate the enemy's main force on both sides of the great river will not be far away.This successful development is the liberation of Beijing and Shanghai. After the main force of the enemy is basically wiped out, our army will take a sudden turn and seize Beijing and Shanghai, or first occupy the vast areas of Jiangnan and Hunan and Jiangxi, move back to pursue and wipe out the remnants of the enemy, and then pursue Beijing and Shanghai. But the future of the liberation of Beijing and Shanghai is certain, and it is getting closer.Generally speaking, it is impossible for the enemy to carry out a long-term staunch resistance in Beijing and Shanghai, but today, in order to support the ongoing battle in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the enemy is instigating various political schemes and trying to obtain some assistance from the United States in order to make it more beneficial. , It is not easy to give up Beijing and Shanghai.On the contrary, the enemy will strengthen its control over Beijing and Shanghai in an attempt to concentrate its remaining forces in Beijing and Shanghai for the final struggle.Therefore, although Beijing and Shanghai are approaching the eve of liberation, they still have to go through a period of hard struggle, and its liberation will be the result of a fierce struggle; Coupled with the internal division of the enemy, it is impossible to defend the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and lose its final confidence. In order to preserve the remaining forces and avoid a decisive battle with us, the enemy may also abandon Beijing and Shanghai and flee to the southwest.In Beijing and Shanghai, under the direction of the U.S. imperialists, various methods were used to submerge (cover) its remaining forces, preventing us from successfully controlling Shanghai, and at the same time causing a more direct conflict between us and the U.S. imperialists.This was a short transitional period before Beijing and Shanghai were liberated, and it took a fierce political struggle before Beijing and Shanghai could be truly liberated. (2) No matter how Beijing and Shanghai will be liberated in the future, the liberation is certain.The U.S. and Chiang Kai-shek are well aware of the coming of this future, especially when they understand that it is impossible to use armed guards or intimidation of the marines to land, or local direct armed intervention to save this future, they will collude with each other in Beijing and Shanghai, especially Shanghai, Instigating various political conspiracies and using various methods to preserve strength so that Beijing and Shanghai can still be used as a counter-revolutionary stronghold to continue their counter-revolutionary activities after liberation, this is the main direction of efforts of the enemies in Beijing and Shanghai.The enemy is not only planning and organizing underground activities, but is also taking all means to openly spread American illusions politically, call for the unity of the reactionary class, organize the reactionary core, and use peaceful neutrality to maintain order and avoid corruption. To deceive the masses, increase their illusions, and seduce individual vacillators in the democratic camp to divide the democratic camp, as a more ingenious cover under certain circumstances.At the same time, by pretending to be democratic and anti-Chiang and anti-American, he took the opportunity to sneak into the revolutionary ranks and gain the sympathy of a certain part of the revolutionary ranks.The biggest conspiracy of Shanghai's enemies may be to use the influence of Beijing and Shanghai in the whole country to initiate or support the peace movement conspiracy; Activities to paralyze and moderate the revolutionary struggle of the masses, to change their appearance and revive the dead to preserve the US imperialism and its reactionary forces, and turn to legal underground political struggle with me under favorable conditions.U.S. imperialism is arranging and directing this conspiracy, which will in turn be carried out through some so-called liberal scholars, the big bourgeoisie in opposition, and even some individual democrats. (3) In the changes in class relations today, a very important feature is the general political activation of the middle class, which can be clearly seen in Shanghai.The current political dynamics of the middle class in Shanghai are different from those in the past. They are more generally concerned about political issues and have begun to understand our policies, and they pin their current difficulties on the collapse of the enemy and our victory, and on their own. Interests gradually coincided with revolutionary interests.Therefore, they opposed relocation, and prepared how to resume production after the war. They actively opposed any economic rule steps of the Kuomintang, and began to change the perfunctory of the Kuomintang to partial organized sabotage or non-cooperation. To a certain extent, they took the initiative to improve the relationship between labor and capital. In the rice shortage struggle and the recent factory protection movement, they have shown a considerable degree of activeness and mutual assistance.They are not afraid of production, but willing to accept our leadership.However, the middle class still has great weaknesses, such as vacillation and disorganization, especially the organizations of the more advanced middle class, which have not been able to play the backbone and organizational role it should have in time among the vast middle class. .This has prevented the middle class from being completely separated from the influence of the big bourgeoisie and the United States, and prevented many of their spontaneous struggles from being rapidly improved and clarified, and their political vigilance is not yet sharp enough.Therefore, some upper-level liberal intellectuals fantasized about the emergence of a middle line in Beijing and Shanghai, which unconsciously helped the conspiracy of the big bourgeoisie.These weaknesses are partial or temporary, they are natural, and they cannot be overcome at once in the course of forward changes, but this should not negate the general activation of the middle class and gradually lean towards us.Today their weaknesses can be gradually overcome in the continuous development of the current situation, and they can be strengthened under the promotion and supervision of the power of the people of Shanghai. (4) Under the new situation, the mass struggles in Beijing and Shanghai are also developing more extensively and continuously improving, making the whole struggle rapidly move towards convergence and common unification.In today's mass struggle, there are many characteristics different from those in the past. For example, spontaneous struggle is so extensive, and it is easy to combine with correct leadership, and it is continuously improved to organized and conscious struggle; However, the anti-KMT united front struggle to safeguard production has formed various common interests, and the struggle within the national petty bourgeoisie production has decreased, while the struggle in state-owned enterprises and among public and educational personnel has greatly intensified, and life and political struggle have never been combined as they are today. The struggle of the basic masses has begun to obtain the cooperation or assistance of the struggles of other middle strata, so that the politics of the basic masses is not as isolated as before.These all show that the political consciousness and the essence of struggle of the masses are constantly improving, life and political struggles are more closely linked, spontaneous struggles are quickly combined with leadership struggles, struggles are constantly converging in parts, and narrow class interests are increasing and increasing. The common unification struggle gradually developed from resentment of the Kuomintang rule to a struggle to overthrow the Kuomintang rule.This is the basic trend of mass struggles in Beijing and Shanghai in the coming period, and it will continue to develop until it reaches an unprecedented climax around liberation. (5) At the same time, the enemy's oppression and massacre became more insane. This is the enemy's final struggle and revenge against the revolutionary movement, trying to weaken the revolutionary force as much as possible, and use Beijing and Shanghai as their reactionary stronghold under any circumstances.If you are not vigilant that the enemy is dying and the revolution is winning, the struggle between the enemy and ourselves will inevitably become more cruel, and you will suffer great losses.But today the enemy is on the last brink, politically and organizationally isolated and divided, and the awareness and enthusiasm of the masses for struggle is rapidly increasing.As long as we can increase our vigilance, rely on the masses, be good at using tactics, and be good at dealing with the enemy by grasping the enemy's weaknesses, the enemy's oppression and massacre can be crushed.We can increase the courage and political awareness of the people in this unreasonable confrontation with the people and carry out crazy oppression, so that the mass struggle can be further developed and improved, and the enemy's crazy oppression is more difficult, but we must be in the final stage of victory. , greater vigilance, and move forward cautiously to crush the enemy's oppression of me. (6) In the case of the rapid development of the objective situation, the current subjective strength of the party is greatly insufficient, and the ideological and organizational preparations are still lagging behind the development of the objective situation.The main difficulty in our development today is that our subjective strength is not enough, and the strong and organized masses are not widespread enough, especially in some important business sectors and regions.Therefore, we will not be able to produce and unite a large number of professional cadres and talents inside and outside the party to make sufficient preparations for receiving and managing Beijing and Shanghai.We do not have enough connections with the middle classes to create organized allies to isolate American imperialism from the machinations of the big bourgeoisie.Finally, our organizational structure, work style and thinking have not been able to adapt to this new situation. Therefore, we must develop new forces to change the old style of work, overcome our subjective weaknesses today through development and transformation, and strengthen tomorrow. preparation.The existing strength in Beijing and Shanghai is a good foundation for our development and transformation. We should be good at preserving and using the existing strength to move forward, and greatly strengthen and expand the existing strength. Any complacency and conservatism are wrong of. The current basic policy and our specific work: According to the above understanding of the development of the situation, our current specific basic policy should be to actively and extensively develop forces, consolidate and expand the core, strengthen key tasks, rely on the basic masses, and unite the majority of the people in principle to completely liberate Beijing. Shanghai and specific preparations for the reception and management of Beijing and Shanghai.All work today must closely revolve around this center.To this end, we must develop and improve our strength through continuous struggle against the enemy, overcome all difficulties, prevent and crush the enemy's various plots, organize and educate the masses deeply, develop the advantages of the masses, win over the middle class, establish reliable allies, and improve The quantity and quality of cadres and party members, strengthening the party's leading role among the masses, and making the organizational situation (style) suitable for the current war task, must strengthen political vigilance to prevent enemy attacks and enemy disguises from mixing into the revolutionary ranks.According to this principle, the specific work of Beijing and Shanghai on the eve of liberation should be: First, we must pay close attention to the spontaneous struggle that is currently brewing among the masses and the urgent need to liberate their emotions, use various methods to mobilize the masses, and continuously improve the quality of the mass movement and the political awareness of the masses as the center of our work. one ring.Today, the demand for rapid liberation, the fear of enemy sabotage and looting, the endless military requisition, and the fear of chaos have become the common demands of people of all walks of life. Under the slogan of anti-genocide, the broad masses were mobilized to carry out specific struggles against demobilization, relocation, layoffs, protection of factories, schools, lives, and jobs. All kinds of movements to protect Beijing and Shanghai, which are united by the people of all strata, so that when the People's Liberation Army directly liberates Beijing and Shanghai, it can be further improved into a liberation movement that rescues Beijing and Shanghai, expels saboteurs, disarms the reactionaries, and takes Beijing and Shanghai from the reactionaries to the People's Liberation Army. .On this basis, the Beijing-Shanghai reception and management work will be carried out.From then on, in terms of strategy, we should pay close attention to the current common and specific demands of the people of all walks of life, form mutual echoes, cooperate with each other, and disperse mobilization, take advantage of the contradictions and chaos of the enemy, appear in life and various spontaneous forms, cover the development of the struggle, and gradually Strengthen the political content, and use legal [methods] to break through the legal restrictions of reaction, in line with the awareness and demands of the masses, so that mass movements can develop widely and rapidly, and spontaneous struggles can quickly be matched with led struggles. combined.In order to get in touch with the broad masses and make the organization popular among the masses, we should make full use of existing legal organizations, go deep into various mass groups of the enemy, especially the trade unions, and actively win over the masses at the lower levels and the leaders of the genuine (true) masses. Among them, the establishment of a mass opposition group paralyzes and partially wins over the middle-level cadres, divides and shakes the upper-level elements, expands their mutual contradictions, and first isolates and fixes the smallest number of reactionary elements.It is necessary to treat the real reactionaries and the elements temporarily used by the reactionaries separately in order to disintegrate the foundation, seize the leadership, and turn it into a legal form of organization that we can openly communicate with the masses, and to cover up the progressive democratic mass organization in this form, [Make it] get the opportunity for smooth development and expand its real mass base, so that mass organizations with democratic groups as the core can gradually change from a decentralized development base to a concentration of various business departments, and there is an invisible connection From ties to cooperation, from the gradual integration of various departments and districts to the unity of all levels of the city.Strengthen the leadership of the Federation of Students, Trade Associations, Technical Associations, Vocational Associations, Educational Associations, Cultural Associations, etc., expand their political influence among the masses, cultivate a group of prestigious mass leaders, and organize scattered activists into the core , and prepare various forms of core organizations to form unified activist organizations in various departments.Progressive democratic groups should openly appeal to and educate the masses politically, but their organizations should still operate secretly until liberation.In order to buy time, strength should first [concentrate] on those key departments and on the basis of existing organizations, and those departments that are not very important or weak should spread the seeds, first organize activists and unite in production. The leader of the party is the main way, and these mass work should be closely linked with tomorrow's work.Therefore, in order to focus on production and street activities as a unit, based on the common interests of all strata, and in the form of self-defense, self-rescue, mutual assistance and cooperation, organize various movements and institutions to maintain and protect production in various units, and unite the upper and lower levels with all parties. , the people of each system, each position, and each gang, organize picket teams, or surveillance teams, or protection teams, etc., as well as preparations for mass reception and management. As for this aspect, it must achieve actual results and must be carried out very concretely. Oppose the blind and empty style of working for the masses and working for the masses.If there is only a vigorous mass movement and no specific preparations for the reception and management, this is tantamount to nothing, and this will be a serious mistake for us.Finally, it should be pointed out that large-scale mass movements and even partial armed struggles are possible only during or after liberation. Before liberation, such struggles are basically brewing and preparing, and premature use of force must be prevented. Second, combine the united front movement to win and improve the middle class with the basic mass movement, and establish a strong backbone organization, so that we can more quickly transform the current united front from individual struggle for contact to comprehensive development, and overcome Its vacillation has formed a strong united front foundation and reliable allies.Therefore, in the future work of winning and improving the middle class, the basic masses should be the main and active force, and a united front should be established in factories, enterprises, schools, and production departments. , to establish a united front with certain trade associations that truly represent the industrial and commercial circles, academic groups of professors, liberal scholars, technical groups or general economic groups, and industrial and commercial groups, and use leftist groups to establish unity with middle social groups Front, to establish a united front within a region and among several regions.That is to say, infiltrate the united front work of winning and improving the middle class into the basic mass movement.In the joint struggle with the masses, in the active influence of the masses, in the supervision and criticism of the masses, especially in the correct implementation of policies by the masses and mutual assistance in solving future problems together, the enthusiasm of the middle class can be further enhanced, and the fighting spirit can be strengthened. ，利益更能共同统一，对敌人的政治斗争更能明确，当然也可使我统战工作能迅速得到扩大与加强。这里所谓争取中间阶层，不是毫无原则的乱拉，而是争取那些不仅在今天可以坚决同我们反蒋反美到底，而且在明天还可以提高到与我们共同进行新民主主义的建设。 一切民主团体，特别是工商界的民主团体，应有步骤的恢复其活动，首先使组织更能健全与扩大，吸收新的成份，提拔新的干部，使之成为真正与其所代表的群众有联系的进步与开明分子的组织，能在群众中起核心作用。党对于这些组织要特别重视，并加强其中党的领导，有计划【地】指导他们的活动，使之能真正在中间阶层中成为骨干组织。 为着今天加强党在民主团体中的领导，打击民主阵营中某些右倾分子的动摇与他们利用民主团体作为政治投机的阴谋，统一对敌斗争的步调，以及准备明天孤立大资产阶级及中等资产阶级、自由主义者的右派和在建立革命政权时作为我们统治的基础起见，应该恢复上海人民团体联合会的组织与活动。我们应把人民团体联合会的主要基础建立在基本人民团体上，使其成为该会主要成份。在这基础上，把各民主团体统一在这一个组织之内。这样一方面可以发挥上海各阶层人民的统一力量，共同反对敌人的作用；一方面又可经过基本群众团体来教育与督促其他上层民主团体，使之更加进步，更加坚定，使敌人及某些败类不能轻易利用民主团体为掩护来进行反动活动与政治投机，使该联合会成为中间阶层与基本群众相结合的桥梁，在基本群众帮助下又使其中的中间阶层的进步组织能够强化，致使能在一般中间阶层中增加其威信与作用。对于那些有若干动摇的上层民主分子，只要他还没有完全公开反对我们，一般的是在诚恳的批评与说服中争取他们。这里最有效的办法是把他们与基本群众联系得密切一点，使他们经常受到群众的鼓励与督促，随着群众进步起来。 第三、集中瓦解与动摇京沪的一切防守武装力量，包括地方武装、警察、保安队和正规防军，使敌人在京沪防御削弱，在解放军兵临城下时，能够达到配合基本群众实行起义、向〔响〕应解放军，或使敌人整个防御力量动摇，而向解放军投降，这样来保护京沪，尽可能使京沪不遭战争破坏，这是我们策反中心工作一环；只要真正能有保证的可以达到这一目的，我们的政策可以略为宽大些，因为京沪这样的城市，若不遭破坏，对我们的利益是很重大的。 为使此工作能得到迅速效果，首先要动员全党与经过许多群众团体来进行这一工作，把瓦【解】敌人武装变成一个群众运动。这样可以【使】每个群众都能根据自己条件与关系来进行，可以事半功倍。但这也需要有组织，根据各部门、各单位的关系与可能予以分工，并确定其具体任务，并该把某些重要关系集中起来，由专门机关负责去进行。各个单位都应具体调查研究，然而〔后〕根据同学、同乡、家属、亲戚、朋友等关系，把线索发现与组织起来，组织专门机关去固定的有计划的进行，调遣专门干部负责。 我们瓦解敌人策略是全面动摇，重点争取，……因此把工作重心应放在中下层干部上面。因为他们接近群众，对上级不满，成见较少。同时他们握有实权，他们的态度能对上级起重大的动摇作用。对于某些上级分子，今天只能作些建立线索工作，以备我们在必要时【按】线索进行策反，过分急切去找他们或过多的活动，对于我们是不利【的】，他们反可利用此为资本，抬高身价，欺骗群众。这样成功不大，且甚危险。 ... 其次要注意敌人之特务中的瓦解工作，这里我们的目的主要是使之瓦解、瘫痪，以致于全部消灭，在今天不能一致的起作用，明天也不能组织起新的反动活动。同时，使我们了解其内幕，打入其地下活动的组织，搜集敌人之一切罪行，作为将来之用。对他们的原则，基本上是允许个别分子改造自新、将功赎罪的原则，但对于一部分罪大恶极的特务头子与其重要干部，是不能适用这一原则的。 第四、对于管理与接收的具体步骤准备，从今天就要开始了。这里有头等重要意义的事就是具体的进行调查研究，为将来接收与管理要准备好材抖及初步意见。为着有效的进行这一工作应该把调查工作由少数专人负责的习惯转变成为全党群众团体一种经常工作，渗透到日常工作中去。今天只〔至〕少应该如此的作到：1.根据每一单位，每一个党员与干部以致党周围的干部情况，确定他们具体的调查研究任务，并规定向组织作报告的制度与时间。2.每一级组织与群众团体均应指定专门干部成立调研组，专门负责整理从各方面搜集的材料，并作初步研究，向各级组织提出意见与供给有关的参考材料。3.定期讨论与研究各单位的调查材料，并根据这些材料研究政策及工作，应成每单位的工作之一，并将其研究结果向上级报告。4.各部门可以假定解放后的接收与管理的任务，而假定每一个干部或单位将来的具体工作岗位，分工负责来进行其中的调研工作。5.关于某些重要而复杂的部门、企业，组织专门关于这一个或几个企业部门的调研组专门调研这方面时材料。6.为着了解典型，各级领导机关可以经过所属的组织，直接调来一典型部门中的干部，专门负责作该典型中的调研工作。7.所有公开出版的刊物，均由组织指定一项调研任务，并经常有系统在该刊物上发表或报告。8.关于这方面工作所需要的经费，可以成立专门预算。 第五、最重要的是组织上的准备与把党的组织形式能转变到适应新的斗争环境，在这方面急需做到的应是： 1.把京沪党的组织系统适应今后斗争需要，从生产系统建立党的系统的制度改变为以地区为主要基础，来改编党的组织系统，即把京沪二个城市根据军事、政治及经济情况划为若干地区，建立地区委员会。但有某些重要与全市有关系的生产部门或不易分割的部门仍旧成立生产区，如公用事业，市政公务人员，军警及文化统战部门等。 2.各大群众团体及全市性的群众团体中建立党团，分别由区委领导或上级直接领导，这样才使公开工作与秘密工作完全分开。党团内的干部，准备在解放过程中或解放后，首先转入公开活动。 3.为着概〔既〕能发展又能巩固，为着准备在必要时领导群众斗争而又避免党的力量暴露，因此，党的全部组织和机构仍须采取纵深配备、内外分开的原则。各级党的组织为适应今后环境，应当先准备一部分党员公开领导群众斗争。同时，又要准备严密的地下组织，现在就要分开。在地下组织部分，也应分成几个领导统一而组织分开、完全没有横的关系的分别组织。某些重要的生产领袖、商业技术人才或特殊关系又应分别组织，不能参加一般的支部工作。在干部方面也应如此，随时均把干部分为两套，轮流保持一部分干部为预备干部，不要把一切力量都投入前线作战。 4.建立组织部门工作，认识与合理调整现有干部，对于某些专门人才的党内外干部应有清楚了解，予以特别爱护，并有计划采取轮流学习、带学徒、分工负责、固定工作岗位、检讨与总结工作等方式，在工作【中】大批提拔新干部来为将来准备干部，学生与教师中应派遣一批优秀分子参加其他部门的工作，解决其他部门干部的缺乏，大批团结社会的非党干部更其需要。 5.征调一批专门人才的干部或生产中有长久历史的干部，组织若干专门委员会研究政策，准备干部与搜集材料，作为将来在接收管理工作中的骨干干部。 6.把现有的全部党员从质量上提高，使之具备在将来大开展时充当干部的条件，这就是需要在现在加强阶级、政策教育，发扬他们独立工作能力，克服自由主义，加强其阶级立场和培养虚心学习与大胆创造的作风。在许多重要部门，特别是技术部门，应大量发展党员。 7.在准备中应严格戒骄戒躁，防止过早的暴露力量，提高警惕性，严防破坏，既要广泛的发展，但又要巩固核心，要从积极领导群众，与敌人进行各种斗争【中】来发展力量，克服困难，但又要把这些从斗争中发展起来的力量保存下来，还要【避免】损失。为着争取时间，我们工作要进行得迅速，工作要转变，但又要照顾实际情况，必须有步骤，切不可采取平均主义方式，必须集中于一点与急迫的工作上使用力量，不求目前造成轰轰烈烈，但一切着眼为明天打下一个很好的基础，任何有损失力量的行动均应避免。我们应该大胆向前发展，但必须慎重布置工作，灵活运用策略，只有如此，才能完成我们的任务。 03.最近工作报告 (1948年10月) 最近工作报告，我把它集中在以下几个问题上：(1)我们对徐蚌会战及南京前途的看法；(2)徐蚌会战后南京的环境；(3)各部门总的工作方面；(4)新形势下X的组织问题；(5)各部门的情况及工作布置(店员、小教、武职公务员、警宪)；附带把老张同志对“上海都市国际化”的意义转报一下。 (one) 在我们看到“八一社论”以后，一个短时期内，我们思想上对于“中国人民还必须准备作几年的艰苦奋斗，至少还要准备拿三四年时间去作这种艰苦斗争，才能最后解放全中国，并在民主基础上统一全中国”和“在战争的第三年中中国人民将继续克服困难，取得更伟大的对全局有决定意义的胜利”这两问题并没有把它完全搞通，因此对时局的看法就有了某些偏差。由于解放军很快的解放了济南，不但使徐州受到极大的威胁，而且是打开了“打到南京去”的第一道大门。如果徐州成了问题，则这反动王朝的首都便要毫无保障地暴露在人民解放军铁奉〔拳〕之下了。同时由于济南解放的影响，使所谓“币制改革”完全崩溃，造成了金圆券的大波动。这些不得不使我们对时局重新予以估计，因此也就认识了“决定意义的胜利”与“三四年艰苦奋斗”之间的正确关系，和我们在这决定性的一年中的努力方向。 接到上海局对蒋管区工作指示及对南京工作指示两个文件，南京同志对以上问题更有了明确的了解，同时在比较两个文件的精神以后，有以下几种看法：(1)前一文件强调跳跃发展，后一文件强调巩固，而且比较具体(刘、鲁)；(2)今后工作应掌握前一文件所指出的“跳跃发展”的精神(王)；(3)文件中指出今后解放军向“川湘赣鄂发展”这一估计值得讨论，解放军有可能直取南京(陈)；(4)葛琴〔覃〕同志认为今后工作基本是应该在跳跃中发展，但另一方面，由于敌人为了维持其垂死统治，必然进一步残酷镇压，因此也应该着重巩固，过去我们提出稳打稳扎的方针，在今天仍旧是符合的。至于直取南京的问题，因为有关于力量发展，和军事意图，我们不能过早估计及片面强调。我是与他的意见一致的。 以后徐州会战形势愈趋紧张，战火有迅速向南京外围发展的趋势，我们对这一形势作了讨论： (1)徐州会战是解放战争新的临近，全国形势将有极大的变化； (2)在大量歼灭蒋军及完成渡江准备的条件下，解放军有直取南京的可能。 (3)但为了不断歼灭敌人，彻底摧毁蒋朝统治，战争也有向湘鄂发展的可能。 由于局势紧迫，老张同志来到了南京。在分头听取了我们的工作报告后，对于徐蚌会战及南京解放前途，他提出了以下的意见： 徐蚌会战有三个可能前途： (1)解放军在大量歼灭蒋军以后，获得了伟大的胜利，但为了继续歼灭敌人残余的第二线兵力，可能酝酿一个以蚌埠为中心的新的会战； (2)徐州会战已将浦口到徐州这一地区中敌军大部歼灭，敌人已溃不成军，解放军有直逼浦口、陈兵江边的可能； (3)歼灭了徐州地区一部分蒋军，而我们也遭到一定数量的损失，战局有些间歇迂回的可能，解放军在相当的整补休息以后准备寻找敌人主力，开始新的会战。 为了戒骄戒躁，避免早日盲动，我们对徐蚌会战的看法应着重第一个前途，也就是比较审慎的看法。 至于以南京为中心的会战，他认为那是决战性的。估计可能在春末夏初(最晚在夏末秋初)，因为南京会战必然在华北问题基本解决、我们后方交通补给有了充分准备(或苏北、皖西地区肃清，可以就地取给)，可以集中优势兵力大规模渡江，一举占领京沪敌人心脏地区(上海可能没有战争)，取得决定性的胜利。以后虽然以武汉为中心，可能出现一个小型会战，但大军西指向西南，不过是扫荡战的性质罢了。 根据以上的分析，指出南京的解放战还需要几个月的艰苦奋斗。长期论固然不对，但侥幸速胜论也是不对的。以上就是老张同志对徐蚌会战前途的及南京解放前途的意见，我们经过考虑，同意他的看法。 (two) 经过了“币改”的大搜刮，到金圆券崩溃，及最近徐蚌会战解放军不断胜利的刺激与影响下，南京的环境有了极大的变化。这可以分为以下几个方面：(1)敌人内部；(2)敌人政策；(3)群众情绪及政治觉悟；(4)群众斗争及组织；(5)群众基础及阶级关系；(6)×的组织与安全。 (1)由于前线节节失利，后方经济危机日趋严重，敌人内部开始了极大的混乱。首先是取消限价前后，纷纷责难与不断辱骂；其次是抢米风潮以后，手忙脚乩，追究责任；战火逼近，纷纷逃难，美帝策动去蒋革新，内阁人选久悬未决，悲观失望，众叛亲离，今后必然一天天更加混乱。 (2)敌人为挽救其垂死统治，一面继续抵抗，争取时间，以便迁移、撤退、分散军事、行政、业务等机关，大批裁员迁散，不能迁移的器材、档案，则分批逐步破坏，散布“大捷”谰言及和平幻想，打入及利用各种群众组织，以伪善面目出现，企图掌握群众活动及进行破坏；另一方面是封锁新闻，镇压群众运动，横加逮捕，军事戒严，清查户口，密布特务，并以欢迎解放军、积极要求出路等红旗政策，企图打入我们组织。 (3)群众由于生活痛苦，愤怒情绪极度高涨，对敌无比痛恨，政治幻想大大消失，担忧生活，关心时局，厌倦工作，普遍怠工，一方面是害怕战火，幻想廉价和平，同时则要求了解我们，盼望早日解放，对解放军寄予极大希望。 (4)群众生活性的斗争由局部骚动走向共同统一，由自发走向与组织领导结合，生活问题很快联系政治，而政治斗争内容也就是为了生活，斗争形式更由徒手转为抢夺武器，斗争群众由一般群众发展到公务员、警宪，总之，群众斗争的频繁普遍，和它的规模达到前所未有的高度。 (5)当然由于机关结束迁移，人员迁散，以及一部分厂商害怕战火，不了解我们的工商政策，分散物资、关厂歇业的结果，造成大规模的失业，使群众基础有了很大变动。另一方面，由于群众反对迁移迁散，在今后的生活问题、安全问题、出路问题上利害一致，休戚相关，形成从来没有的团结。而在敌人经济掠夺造成工商业悲惨的灾难及解放军占领城市后工商业迅速恢复与日趋繁荣对比下，如何保存物资，避免损失，维持现状，共渡难关，则又大大改善了各阶层的相互关系。 (6)在这一新的形势下群众倾向我们，要求组织，使我们进行大发展运动有了空前有利的条件。但另一方面，由于群众基础不断变动，使党的发展遭遇到很大的阻碍，而战时环境的严重，如封锁、戒严、敌人的逮捕摧残，也使党的领导增加了新的困难，及党的安全有了新的威胁。形势急迫，党的领导需要加强，但环境困难则使党内生活更难正常，不得不要求各部门工作独立作战，分头负责。 根据以上分析，可以看到今后工作条件更加有利，但环境则越趋艰苦，不过正如指示告诉我们，敌人残酷只是暂时表面起作用的因素，而敌人更加混乱、孤立，群众觉悟提高，组织性加强，则是经常基本起作用的因素。如何避遭阻碍，迂回敌后，抓住时机，跳跃发展，加紧努力，迎接胜利，正是我们今后一切工作部门中的中心问题。 (three) 研究了党的指示及讨论了徐蚌会战的新形势及南京环境后，我们对工作作了如下的布置： 1、方向：今后总的方向是加强工作，配合解放军占领南京。 2、中心工作：分为以下五部： (1)群众斗争：以继续扩大、深入领导群众性生活斗争及反对机关、学校、工厂、商店迁移和裁员疏散为今后两大中心工作。 ①反饥饿、要活命的生活斗争： 口号：政府机关及官办或公营企业——“向政府要饭吃”。 民营企业及商业、工厂——“维持生活，共渡难关”。 内容：要求指数发薪，实物配给，增加补贴生活贷金，补发欠薪……等，根据各部门的具体情况，群众的急迫生活要求，提出口号，展开斗争。 方式：可根据情况及群众觉悟程度采取请愿、怠工、请客、罢工、骚动等方式。 ②反对迁移迁散的斗争： 宣传鼓动：机关学校的公务员学生提出： a 快要垮台的反动政府不值得跟它下海。 b 抗战期间的逃难和内战中的流亡痛苦，我们不愿再尝。 c 解放军来了，生命有保障，生活有办法，大家有出路，不必逃亡。 工厂商店的工人店员对厂商提出： d 解放军来了实行保护工商业的政策，市面繁荣，生意好做，物资不必迁移。 斗争内容：反对机关迁散迁移，阻止搬运物资器材，反对登记疏散。在被迫迁散的部门则要求发给大量遣散费，配给食米，反对迁出宿舍，以便坚持。 组织：在群众集中的地方组织护厂委员会、善后委员会、管理委员会，以保护器材物资，解决群众生活，保障安全，及共同担保解决将来出路，来教育组织群众。 (2)情报及策反工作： ①克服过去工作中的单纯化及本位主义现象，认识情报策反工作的重要，把情报策反工作提高为全党一致努力的任务。 ②通过现有工作关系，搜集策反对象及情报线索，掌握个别线索与群众路线相结合的原则，加强与扩大这一工作。策反以当地驻在军、城防部队及重要单位的军事首长为主要对象。情报主要着重驻在军及城防部队的番号、数量、分布地区、配备、长官姓名、部队素质、防守许划及其意图等。 ③策反工作