Chapter 4 Chapter 4

01. The Executive Yuan sent a telegram to the Nanjing Municipal Government in order to move to Guangzhou (February 7, 1048) The Nanjing Municipal Government, the Capital Garrison Headquarters, and the Bandit Suppression Headquarters: Can't bear the long-term order to spread the flames of war and suffer our people. The government strives for the realization of peace with the greatest determination and sincerity. The Chinese Communist Party has not sent peace talks representatives for months. The military operations of the Communist Army are still in full swing. It has been decided to move the government to Guangzhou, and it has officially opened its office in Guangzhou on the 5th of this month.In the future, the government should still stick to its consistent belief, continue to work hard for peace talks, and seek thorough political reforms. It is of the utmost importance that military and political personnel from all over the country should guard their posts and fulfill their responsibilities.Executive Yuan.Ugly.Second machine.ear.

02. The Executive Yuan sent a secret message to the Nanjing Municipal Government to "tell the public to stay calm" (February 28, 1948) Nanjing Municipal Government: 5628, secret.To suppress the communist bandits, improve the economy, and implement the unswerving policy of the central government as the constitutional enemy, rumors have flourished recently and prices have fluctuated. It is obvious that the communist bandits took the opportunity to spread their illusions, trying to sway people's hearts and disrupt the market, in order to expand their crimes of harming the country and the people.All local governments should inform the public to keep calm and pay special attention to the economy and public security. Be careful not to be careless and take advantage of treacherous schemes.Executive Yuan.Ugly and frugal.Second machine printing.

03. The Executive Yuan issued an order to the Nanjing Municipal Government to reissue the "Regulations on the Emergency Punishment of Crimes Endangering the Country during the Anti-Rebellion Period" (March 9, 1948) Nanjing Municipal Government Check the "Regulations on the Emergency Punishment of Crimes Endangering the Country during the Anti-Rebellion Period" was promulgated by the National Government on December 25, 1936, and published in the "National Government Gazette" of that month. There is no separate text, and I am afraid that it will not be known. In addition to the circular, the Regulations will be reissued , Order Yang Zhizhao, and transfer order to inform Zhao, this order.A copy of the "Regulations on the Emergency Punishment of Endangering the Country During the Anti-Rebellion Period" was distributed.

Dean Zhang Qun March 37, Republic of China Emergency Criminal Regulations for Endangering the Country during the Anti-Rebellion Period Announced by the National Government on December 25, 1936 Article 1 This Act shall apply during the period of anti-rebellion. Article 2 The person who committed the crime in Article 100, Item 1, and Article 101, Item 1 of the Criminal Law shall be sentenced to death or life imprisonment. Anyone who conspires with a foreign country or its dispatched persons to commit the crime mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall be sentenced to death. A person who prepares or conspires to commit the crimes mentioned in the preceding two paragraphs shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years.

A person who commits the crime mentioned in the preceding paragraph and surrenders himself will have his punishment reduced or exempted. Article 3 A person who participates in a group or assembly for the purpose of committing the crime mentioned in the preceding article shall be sentenced to a fixed-term imprisonment of not more than 5 years. A person who commits the crime mentioned in the preceding paragraph and surrenders himself will have his punishment reduced or exempted. Article 4 In accordance with the provisions of the previous two articles, those who surrender themselves and are exempted from punishment may be sent to the reformatory education center to receive reformatory education.The period of reformatory education is less than 3 years and more than 1 year.If it is deemed necessary to extend, it may be extended within the scope of the statutory period.

Article 5 Those who commit any of the above-mentioned acts shall be sentenced to death, life imprisonment, or fixed-term imprisonment of more than 10 years: 1. Those who hand over the army to bandits, or obey their command and training. 2. Those who lead the team to surrender to the bandits. 3. Deliver to bandits, or destroy, fortresses, military ports, military sites, buildings, military ships, bridges, aircraft, railway vehicles, ordnance, ammunition, food fodder, other military supplies, telecommunications equipment, and all communication and transshipment utensils , or render it unusable.

4. Inciting soldiers to fail to perform their duties, or not to observe discipline, or to defect. 5. Disclosing or delivering to bandits with secret documents, charts, information or items about fortresses, military ports, military camps, military ships, aircraft and other military places, buildings or military affairs. 6. Those who recruit military service for gangsters, work as husbandmen, or collect money. 7. Those who are spies of bandits. 8. Those who supply, sell, purchase, and transport military crystals for bandits, or manufacture ordnance, ammunition and their raw materials.

9. Supplies, sells, purchases, and transports military uniforms, food, or other materials for making uniforms and food supplements for bandits. 10. Those who intend to obstruct the government, disrupt the public order, or disturb the finances. The attempted offense of the preceding paragraph shall be punished. A person who prepares or conspires to commit the crime mentioned in Paragraph 1 shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 7 years. Those who commit the crime mentioned in Paragraph 1 and surrender themselves have their punishment reduced or exempted. Article 6 Those who use words, pictures or speeches to propagandize gangsters shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 3 years but not more than 7 years.

Article 7 Those who commit the crimes of Item 1 of Article 2, Item 1 of Article 3, and Item 3 of Item 1 of Article 4 of the "Regulations on Punishment of Bandits" shall be sentenced to death, life imprisonment, or fixed-term imprisonment of more than 10 years. Article 8 Those who commit the crimes of this Act shall be tried by special criminal courts except soldiers who are tried by court-martial. The organization of the special criminal courts referred to in the preceding paragraph shall be determined by the Executive Yuan in conjunction with the Judicial Yuan. Article 9 For those who should be punished in accordance with the "Outline for the Implementation of the Constitutional Governance through Mobilization to Suppress Chaos", the provisions of the preceding article shall apply to the trial.

Article 10 In the trial of the cases mentioned in the first two articles, defenders may be allowed to appear in court for defense. Article 11 The enforcement area of ​​this Act shall be determined by the National Government by decree. Article 12 These Regulations shall come into force on the date of promulgation. 04. Yu Zhong sent a complaint to the Ministry of Grain regarding the crackdown on Nanjing citizens rushing to buy flour (May 7, 1948) Reported in the headquarters on May 7 Zuncha Youheng Flour Factory sent a truck No. 61087 Shi Zhihong Yazi today to deliver 180 bags of special flour (20 bags each) to 9 companies including Qiu Yongxing. The car drove to the Yanghu Lane Police Station for processing, and the crowd also followed to the police station. The inspector Wang Baoguo announced that those with a business license were allowed to buy 1 bag of special powder.At that time, there were 52 companies with licenses, and 60 bags of powder could barely handle it. More than a hundred people stood outside the office and refused to go. When they left the office, they were still arguing with armed police officers.When I arrived at the Confucius Temple at 7:00 p.m., I found that the 40 bags of two special powders of Xinfuji, one of No. 29 Shifu Road, transported to No. 3 Wende Bridge, were all snapped up by the public, and the order was chaotic. While listening, he fired two shots into the air, but the crowd still ignored him.At this time, the police and officers and soldiers from the Inspection Office of the Garrison Department arrived, arrested 13 men and women who snatched powder, and 2 people who beat the police officers. They took back 35 bags of flour, and only 5 bags were lost.Among the recovered flour, there are 18 bags that have been paid for by Yongle. The details are under investigation by the police station.Sincerely, Minister Valley

Deputy Minister Pang Zhao Yu Zhongcheng Attached is a piece of paper with the certificate of Yongle number (omitted——editor's note) 05. The Executive Yuan sent an order to the Nanjing Municipal Government to copy and issue the "Coordination Plan for Military and Political Agencies in Bandit Suppression Areas" (June 8, 1948) Order Nanjing Municipal Government. According to the Ministry of National Defense, the "Military and Political Organization Coordination Plan in the Bandit Suppression Area" passed by the Appeasement Conference in Central China was submitted to the court, revised and approved by the meeting of the court, and submitted to the National Government's order No. 827 on April 29, 1937 for approval. , should be implemented immediately, except for the branch, the cooperative bank will copy and distribute the plan, and let Yang know it.This order. Copy and distribute 1 copy of "Cooperation Plan for Military and Political Organizations in Bandit Suppression Areas". Dean Zhang Qun May 37, Republic of China Cooperation plan of military and political institutions in the bandit suppression area 1. In order to meet the needs of the overall war against rebellion and banditry, a special appeasement office or general headquarters of bandit suppression, under the order of the Supreme Command and the Executive Yuan, command and supervise all matters of bandit suppression and appeasement within the jurisdiction, local appeasement offices or bandit suppression The establishment and jurisdiction of the general headquarters shall be determined by order. 2. The Appeasement Office or the Bandit Suppression Headquarters may set up a government affairs committee to work together with the Appeasement Office or the Bandit Suppression Headquarters to undertake the orders of the Executive Yuan to guide the government affairs in the area under its jurisdiction. , set a number of members, Jian Zhen will be selected by the Executive Yuan, and 3 people will be appointed as standing committee members. 3. The government affairs committee shall act in the name of the chairperson for the foreign language. 4. The Political Affairs Committee is responsible for evaluating, rewarding and punishing administrative officials within its jurisdiction. However, the rewards and punishments for those who are directors of provincial government departments or above and directors of cities under the jurisdiction of the Yuan should be reported to the Executive Yuan for approval. 5. The provincial chairman and security commander is under the command of the appeasement director or the commander-in-chief of the suppression of bandits in the province for the appeasement of bandits in the province. 6. The orders of the headquarters of the military-administered districts of each province are merged with the provincial security headquarters. 7. In order to cooperate with the appeasement work, several appeasement areas may be divided within the territory of each province. Except for special circumstances, the principle is not to cross the provincial boundaries. 8. All local agencies and manpower, material and financial resources in the area assigned to the Sui area shall be handled by the commanders of the Sui area in accordance with the provisions of the overall battle plan. 9. The appeasement area shall have a chief executive, who shall concurrently serve as the commander of the appeasement area, and shall be appointed by the Executive Yuan.Regarding matters such as bandit suppression operations, according to the provisions of the battle order, under the command of the director of appeasement, and under the orders of the provincial chairman and security commander, handle military and political affairs in the jurisdiction. 10. The Chief Executive of the Suijing District has the right to evaluate, reward and punish the administrative personnel in the district, and may remove them if necessary, and report to the provincial government for approval. 11. The existing provincial governments, administrative offices, administrative inspectors' offices and district security headquarters shall be abolished except for those that should be retained under special circumstances. 12. The Suijing District Chief Executive's Office has a secretary-general, administrative inspectors, and George's staff. Under the orders of the chief executive, they supervise the administrative affairs of the counties in the area, and the organization is determined separately. 06. The Executive Yuan issued an order to the Nanjing Municipal Government for the effective implementation of the "Martial Law" (May 26, 1948) Order Nanjing Municipal Government. The declaration of martial law has greatly affected the powers of the government and people's freedom and rights. The "Martial Law Law" was revised and promulgated by the National Government on May 19 this year, and it came into effect on the same day.Matters concerning martial law should be carefully handled in accordance with the provisions of the "Martial Law Law"; except for passing through, urgent orders should be notified, and the subordinates should be instructed to follow.This order. Dean Zhang Qun May 37, Republic of China martial law Announced by the National Government on November 19, 23, revised and announced on May 19, 2037 Article 1 When war or rebellion breaks out and martial law is to be imposed on the whole country or a certain region, the President may declare martial law in accordance with this Act, or cause it to be declared, upon the resolution of the Executive Yuan meeting and the approval of the Legislative Yuan. In case of emergency, the President may, upon the petition of the Executive Yuan, declare martial law in accordance with this Act, or have it proclaimed, but shall submit it to the Legislative Yuan for ratification within one month; when the Legislative Yuan is not in session, it shall be ratified immediately upon its resumption. Article 2 Martial law areas are divided into two types: 1. Alert area refers to the area affected by war that should be alerted when war or rebellion occurs. 2. The area of ​​engagement refers to the area to be attacked and defended during combat. The warning area or the engagement area shall be announced when the opportunity is necessary. Article 3 When a war or rebellion breaks out, when a certain area is suddenly besieged by enemy bandits, or to deal with extraordinary incidents, the supreme commander of the army, navy, and air force of that area may declare temporary martial law in accordance with this Act.If there is no supreme commander in the area, the commander of the army, navy and air force may declare martial law in accordance with this Act. The declaration of temporary martial law referred to in the preceding Paragraph shall be submitted to the Legislative Yuan for ratification by the Supreme Commander of the area or the commander of the Army, Navy and Air Force Unit Commander or higher. Article 4 When martial law is declared, the supreme commander of the area shall promptly report the situation of martial law and all measures to the President at any time. Article 5 The area where martial law is declared may be changed if necessary. The provisions of Paragraph 2 and Article 4 of Article 3 shall apply mutatis mutandis to changes in areas under martial law. Article 6 During the period of martial law, the local administrators and judicial officers in the cordoned-off area shall be under the command of the supreme commander of the area when dealing with military-related affairs. Article 7 During the period of martial law, the local administrative affairs and judicial affairs in the fighting area shall be transferred to the supreme commander of the area, and the local administrators and judicial officers shall be under the command of the supreme commander of the area. Article 8 During the period of martial law, the military organs may conduct trials on their own for the following crimes in the Criminal Law in the combat area: 1. The crime of civil disorder. 2. The crime of foreign aggression. 3. The crime of disrupting order. 4. The crime of public danger. 5. All crimes of counterfeiting currency, securities, documents, and seals. 6. Homicide. 7. The crime of obstructing freedom. 8. Robbery and piracy. 9. Intimidation and plundering for atonement. 10. The crime of destroying and destroying. The same applies to those who commit crimes of other special criminal laws other than those mentioned in the preceding paragraph. Article 9 During the period of martial law, when there is no court in the combat area or the communication with the court under its jurisdiction is cut off, both criminal and civil cases may be tried by the military authority in that area. Article 10 Judgments in Articles 8 and 9 may be appealed in accordance with the law from the day following the lifting of martial law. Article 11 In areas under martial law, the Supreme Commander has the right to execute the following matters: 1. Stop rallies, associations, demonstrations, and petitions, and ban speeches, lectures, news, magazines, pictures, advertisements, slogans, and other publications that are considered harmful to the military. The above-mentioned assemblies, associations, processions, and petitions may be dissolved when necessary. 2. Restricting or prohibiting people's religious activities may hinder public order. 3. People's strikes, strikes, school strikes and other strikes may be prohibited and compelled to return to their original status. 4. Postal letters and telegrams may be opened and read, and may be detained or confiscated when necessary. 5. Inspection of ships, vehicles, aircraft and other means of communication and transportation in and out of the country.When necessary, its traffic may be stopped and its main roads and routes may be blocked. 6. Can inspect passengers who are considered suspicious. 7. When necessary, privately owned guns and ammunition, weapons and other dangerous items may be inspected, and may be detained or confiscated. 8. Within the area under martial law, inspections may be carried out on buildings, ships and residences deemed suspicious, but intentional damage shall not be allowed. 9. Those living in martial law areas may be ordered to withdraw when necessary, and their entry may be restricted or prohibited. 10. People's real property may be destroyed due to the delay in the implementation of martial law, but appropriate compensation shall be made. 11. In areas under martial law, civilian food, articles, and resources that can be used by the military may be inspected or investigated and registered; when necessary, they may be prohibited from being exported, and those that must be collected shall be given a corresponding price. Article 12 When the martial law is terminated, or when it is transferred to the President by the resolution of the Legislative Yuan, the martial law shall be announced immediately when the martial law is lifted.Since the day of the lifting of martial law, all will return to the original state. Article 13 This Law shall come into force on the date of promulgation. 07. The Executive Yuan sent a secret message to the Nanjing Municipal Government to suppress the people's resistance (August 17, 1948) Nanjing Municipal Government: secret. ……It is during the period of comprehensive anti-insurgency. It is necessary to stabilize the order and eliminate bandits and spies to protect the safety of the people and defend the foundation of the country. Here are four points that should be paid attention to after the anti-insurgency period: 1. Pursuant to Article 3 of the Criminal Procedure Law Article 12 stipulates that when the judicial and police agencies arrest the defendant in accordance with the law, if there are real facts and sufficient belief that someone has committed a crime inside and the situation is urgent, they may search the residence or other premises even if there is no search ticket, but the places that should be kept secret in military affairs , without the permission of the officer, no search or unreasonable disturbance is allowed to maintain order.2. For gangsters instigating strikes and other acts that can hinder production, contact the competent administrative agency and strictly prohibit them.Violators of the prohibition shall be transferred to special criminal courts for legal punishment.3. Students of all schools who strike, march, gather to petition, disturb public order, or encourage or verbally instigate for bandits with the intention of disrupting chaos should be strictly prohibited, stopped or disbanded; important current offenders should be arrested and arrested. The special criminal court handles it according to law.4. Personnel in charge of agencies, organizations, and schools shall be responsible for maintaining order in their agencies, organizations, and schools.If it is discovered that there are those who have instigated the acts listed in the previous two articles, they should report to the local public security organs and assist in the investigation of evidence as much as possible. Violators should be punished.Except for the branches, the special telegram complied with it, and closely ordered the affiliates to strictly follow it.Executive Yuan.not yet.Sun.Second machine printing. 08. The Military Commission sent urgent telegrams to various agencies for peace talks with the CCP (October 15, 1948) Special.Minutes of the talks between the government and the CCP have been published in various newspapers. The most important military and political issues have not yet been specifically resolved, because the CCP requires a large number of independent troops. Although it is willing to shrink to 20 divisions, it still needs to be concentrated. , and optimized the original official and auxiliary system, and even required that the militia be organized into teams, and attempted to use (the people's army) as a propaganda slogan without being commanded by the government.Recently, the CCP's guerrillas are still forcing strong men to join the army in the recovered areas, and occupying the areas from time to time, allowing them to freely expand their army, and the dangerous plot of separatism has not been given up yet.As for the political conditions proposed by the CCP, it wants to occupy the provincial and municipal governments in North China, requiring the chairman, committee members, mayors, etc., and asking the government to fully recognize the provincial and county governments it invites (popular elections).If the central government fully accepts its request, the whole country will be divided into two again, and democracy and unification will be impossible to achieve. However, for the sake of defending the army and building the country, the central government continues to negotiate with the representatives of the CCP to seek a reasonable and legal solution. The Political Consultative Conference The preparations for the convening, especially the painstaking efforts of the government to compromise and seek perfection, hope that the local conferences will report the truth and notify all comrades in the party, government and army to be more vigilant. Don't think that negotiating a preliminary agreement is slack and laissez-faire. It is especially necessary to mobilize national [public] opinion The world emphasizes the real democratization of politics, the complete nationalization of the army and the absolute unity of military and government orders, and the necessity of the rapid unification of the four brigades.Joint Secretary of the Military Commission.You delete. 09. Minutes of the joint meeting of the party, government and army in Nanjing (October 17, 1948) Time: 8 am on October 17. Location: Garrison Command Conference Room. Attendees: Xiao Zanyu, Ma Chaojun, Zhang Zhen, Ma Yuanfang, Hu Dunyu, Luo Jichang, Wang Zuhua, Chen Zuping, Wan Jianfan, Han Wenhuan, Wei Chijia (on behalf of Zhou Jianxin), Wang Xiuchun, Tian Chunyu, Tang Enbo, Chen Jianru , Shen Zumao, Huang Yigong, Huang Bingyan, Yuan Mingding, Yu Tao. Chairman: Tang Enbo. Record: Zhu Huaxin. Report matters (omitted). Decision matters: 1. The National Salvation Daily was pasted near the Xinhua Daily Office on Zhongshan East Road to counteract the propaganda power of the Xinhua Daily, but recently it was discovered that it was often torn up secretly by the Communist Party, and the police department ordered the subordinate police officers to monitor it (Police Department) . 2. All party members who oppose our party and our government will not be allowed to participate in the city's senatorial election. Those who have acted as pseudo-officials in the past should also secretly inform them to give up the election. Discussion (city government, city party headquarters). 3. The main points of the decision on the issue of exposing the atrocities committed by traitors are as follows: (1) Instigate journalists and cultural circles to organize an inspection team to recover the area, in order to obtain the facts of the atrocities committed by the gangsters, and make a powerful publicity to the people in the rear, so that the people can understand the truth and not be confused (the inspection team consists of powerful cultural people and newspapers in this city Journalists, foreign journalists, and photojournalists) (City Party Headquarters, Central Propaganda Department Office). (2) It is advisable for the organization of the inspection team to come from the request of the journalists themselves. The Central Propaganda Department is requested to be in charge of instigating and preparing the list before next Tuesday (Central Propaganda Department). (3) The garrison command will hold a press conference on Wednesday afternoon, and the reporters instructed by the Central Propaganda Department will ask for an inspection of the recovery area in order to carry out the work (Central Propaganda Department, Garrison Command). (4) The Central Propaganda Department is responsible for the organization of the regiment, the use of personnel, data collection, and publicity, and the Garrison Command is responsible for the relevant funds and transportation issues (Central Propaganda Department, Garrison Command). 4. All kinds of propaganda against the CCP in the future should strictly follow the will of the central government, and should not involve words such as Soviet advisers, so as to avoid international disputes. 5. Decision on various documents reported by the Secretariat (attach the original): (1) Proposal for personnel adjustment, it is decided that the head of the action team will be concurrently held by the head of the police department of the Gendarmerie Command. (2) For the establishment of a post and telecommunications group, it is decided that the training group will be organized within the next week and the organization will be reported for future reference. (3) Each group is asked to prepare a work implementation plan, and it is decided that Director Yu will submit to the municipal government to review the original work plan and submit it for approval. (4) In the case of establishing an intelligence network, it is decided to use the information exchange center of the Garrison Command to start work. (5) Request for instructions: A. Confidential instructions from superiors need to be communicated in writing to the service teams in each district.Decision: Oral communication is the principle, and written communication can be used when necessary, but team members should absolutely use the method of notification, and copying is not allowed to avoid leaking secrets. B. Instructions from superiors to publicize the outline, in addition to ordering all districts to follow, whether to invite the heads of state to make speeches and conversation materials during meetings and talks.Decision: Passed. (6) Regulations: A. Please organize the training team to draw up the format, and notify each district to send the service team leader (attached) and the communication location and name of the team members to the meeting. B. The report work of this meeting is extremely important, and it is stipulated that it will be held every two weeks, and the time will be set at 9:00 am on Wednesday (Secretariat). 6. The chairman stipulates that the instructions related to the training of the public are as follows: (1) The funds shall be requested by the Garrison Command and handed over to the Mayor of Ma for safekeeping. (2) The second phase will continue, and the trainees should be mainly local cadres. (3) The selection and number of trainees for the third phase should be determined before the end of this month in order to start training. (4) If the original equipment is not enough, the municipal government will continue to apply for it, and the garrison headquarters will provide assistance. (5) If the class site cannot be borrowed any more, the municipal government will re-determine it. Break up the meeting. 10. The Capital Garrison Headquarters announced a temporary martial law order (November 11, 1948) 1. According to President Chiang Kai-shek's Fufang No. 1013 telegram issued on November 10, 37: "In order to maintain local law and order and prevent extraordinary incidents, a temporary martial law should be declared from midnight today, and reported to the Ministry of National Defense in accordance with the regulations. I hope to comply with it." Notice." 2. The headquarters complies with the declaration of temporary martial law in the entire garrison starting at midnight on the 10th of this (November) at 12:00 midnight. 3. During the period of martial law, the highest local military officer has the power to enforce Article 11 of the Martial Law Law. 4. It is stipulated that the matters during the period of martial law in this department are as follows: (1) Weapons and dangerous items are not allowed. (2) Traffic is prohibited from 11:00 pm to 6:00 am the next morning. (3) The gates of all cities are closed during the prohibition period. (4) Public entertainment venues are limited to closing from 10:00 pm. (5) Stores should close before 7:00 p.m., and no longer line up for shopping after the time limit. (6) Stores are not allowed to close their doors arbitrarily during business hours. 5. The three command posts of the Capital Garrison District, Wuxi, Wuhu, and Chuxian County, the Capital Jiang Defense District, and the Beijing-Shanghai Railway Protection Headquarters should adjust their deployment, strengthen their equipment, implement martial law, and report the martial law report form and the handling situation. . 6. In addition to the branches, copies of this document should be sent to the land, sea, air, and joint logistics headquarters, Jiangsu and Anhui provincial governments, the Nanjing Municipal Government, the Gendarmerie Command, and various departments of the headquarters. Commander in Chief Sun Lianzhong After the Battle of Huaihai, the Ministry of National Defense of the Kuomintang government decided to abandon the Huaihe River defense line and withdraw its troops to the area south of the Yangtze River. Under the cover of "peace talks", the deployment of the Yangtze River defense line was stepped up to prevent the People's Liberation Army from crossing the south of the Yangtze River, ensuring half of the south of the Yangtze River, and waiting for the opportunity , making a comeback. On January 25, 1949, Chiang Kai-shek summoned He Yingqin, Chief Executive of the Kuomintang Government and Minister of National Defense, Gu Zhutong, Chief of Staff, and Tang Enbo, Commander-in-Chief of the Beijing-Shanghai-Hangzhou Police in Xikou to discuss and study the defense of the Yangtze River. Divided into two major areas: the defense line of more than 800 kilometers between Shanghai and Hukou, Jiangxi, led by Tang Enbo; Lead the Ministry.Chiang Kai-shek's attempt is: "Use the superiority of the sea and air, and the advantage of the Yangtze River's natural danger, to refuse to stop the bandits from the north of the Yangtze River, to buy an appropriate time, to reorganize the new combat power, and to try to do it again."Chiang Kai-shek and others believe that as long as they persist for half a year, the international situation will undergo major changes, and the third world war will inevitably break out. At that time, they will be able to launch a counter-offensive with the support of the U.S. government, eliminate the people's revolutionary forces, and restore their power throughout the world. Chinese rule.After Li Zongren came to power, he also actively supervised and stepped up the organization of the Yangtze River Defense Line. Under Chiang Kai-shek's order and Li Zongren's urging, Tang Enbo and Bai Chongxi actively deployed the defense of the Yangtze River.By April 1949, the Kuomintang army had deployed 115 divisions of approximately 700,000 troops along the Yangtze River between Shanghai and Yichang, of which 75 divisions of the Tang Enbo Group had approximately 450,000 troops, and the Bai Chongxi Group (renamed the Central China Military and Political Commissioner's Office) 40 There are about 250,000 people in each division.In addition, the 2nd Fleet of the Navy's Coastal Defense and a part of the Jiangfang Fleet have a total of 15 warships and 62 gunboats. They are stationed on the rivers in Wuhu, Nanjing, Zhenjiang, Jiangyin and other places to support the Tang Enbo Group's operations; the main force of the Jiangfang Fleet has more than 40 ships , stationed in Jiujiang, Wuhan, and Yichang River to support the Bai Chongxi Group in operations.With the 1st, 3rd, 5th, and 8th Battalions of the 4th Military Region of the Air Force, with Nanjing, Shanghai, and Wuhan as bases, it assists the army and navy in defense. The Yangtze River, the largest river in China, has always been called Tianchao.The downstream river has a width of 2 to 10 kilometers. Although the slope of the river is not steep and the water flow is usually gentle, the water level begins to rise in April and May. Especially in the peach blossom season in May, not only the water level soars, but also the wind and waves are as high as 50 centimeters. In the event of a big tide, the river will flow backwards in the section where it enters the sea, making the crossing more difficult.The Yangtze River basin is vast, with many tributaries on both sides of the river, and sandbars in the middle of the river are staggered, and the terrain is complex, which brings certain difficulties to defense.Conversely, attackers are prone to seek gaps or weaknesses and strive for the initiative.The soil on both sides of the Yangtze River is sandy soil structure. Although it is easy to build fortifications, it is not strong in resistance. Especially in the rainy season in the south of the Yangtze River, the river floods and the fortifications are prone to collapse, which adds a lot of difficulties to both the attacker and the defender.The terrain in the south of the Yangtze River is flat and open, with well-developed railways and highways, and convenient transportation, which is conducive to the mobility of large troops. However, the provinces along the river are mostly rice fields with water networks, and there are many rivers and lakes, which is not conducive to the movement of large troops.On the Wuhu-Jiangyin section of the Yangtze River, the body of the river gradually protrudes northward, forming a bow shape, and the Shanghai-Nanjing and Ningwu Railways run parallel with it, which is conducive to the horizontal mobility of the defenders.However, it is also conducive to the attacking side's pincer assault, cutting off the traffic artery, restricting the mobility of the defenders, quickly achieving a division and encirclement of the defenders in Nanjing, Wuhu, and Zhenjiang, and isolating the connection between the defenders at these key points and the mobile corps in the deep area. The Kuomintang Army Command "in view of the fact that the Yangtze River defense is too wide and fortified everywhere, it is absolutely difficult to be comprehensive, in order to maintain operational flexibility", decided to "take the Beijing, Shanghai and Hangzhou triangle area as the focus of Jiang defense, and the Songhu area as its core, With the strategy of long-term strategy, with the support and support of Taiwan, we must stick to Songhu in the end, and use it as a springboard for our counterattack later.”Tang Enbo formulated a specific defense plan based on the above-mentioned policy: use a force to go out to the north bank of the Yangtze River and control the main strongholds of Sanjiangying, Guazhou, Shierxu, Puzhen, Pukou, Yuxikou, Zongyang and several Jiangxinzhou in the north of the Yangtze River. , as a warning position, to prevent the People's Liberation Army from approaching the river bank, to cover the safety of the main position on the south bank, to ensure that naval ships patrol the Yangtze River, and to destroy the People's Liberation Army's preparations for crossing the river.Deploy the main force along the south bank of the Yangtze River, focus on the area east of Nanjing, and control a certain amount of troops in depth. When the People's Liberation Army crosses the river, relying on the natural danger of the Yangtze River, relying on the existing fortifications, and with the cooperation of the navy and air force, a large number of people's Liberation Army in the Yangtze River. River, or wipe it out on the beachhead.If the Jiangxi defense is breached, they will be withdrawn to Shanghai and the Zhejiang-Jiangxi railway line to organize new defenses.At the same time, it is stipulated that if the People's Liberation Army crosses the river from the Zhenjiang and Nanjing sections, the mobile troops controlled in the Danyang and Jurong areas will be wiped out while they are halfway across; , Delaying the advance of the People's Liberation Army, and retreating to Shanghai one by one.For example, when the People's Liberation Army is crossing the river from southern Anhui, the defenders should fight independently and counterattack with mobile forces in a timely manner to ensure the integrity of the river defense; It should be ensured that the Yangtze River and the Qiantang River delta area should be retreated to Shanghai as a last resort.For example, when the People's Liberation Army is crossing the river head-on from Nanjing, each unit should guide operations according to the above two essentials.The navy should avoid the scattered use of sentinels, and concentrate its main force on the two sides of Nanjing. The main purpose is to sink the ships of the People's Liberation Army crossing the river and prevent them from crossing the south, while supporting the bridgehead operations on the north bank as a supplement. The specific deployment of Tang Enbo Group is: 18 main armies and 54 divisions are deployed on the south bank of the Yangtze River. 1. The 5th, 7th, 11th, and 18th Corps defend Jinshanwei, Wusong, Baimaokou and the Shanghai area; the 4th, 21st, 52nd, and 123rd armies and The Jiangyin Fortress troops defend the section from Baimaokou to Qiaotou Town west of Zhenjiang; the 6th Corps Li Yannian and the 20th, 28th, 45th, and 96th Armies of the Capital Garrison Headquarters Zhang Yaoming Division defend the section from Qiaotou Town to Tongjing, focusing on Nanjing Area; the 66th and 88th Army of Zhang Shixi's Department in the 7th Appeasement District defended the section from Tongjing to Tongling; the 55th and 68th Army of Liu Ruming's Department of the 8th Corps defended the section from Tongling to Hukou.In addition, the 54th Army of the Mobile Force is located in Danyang, Wujin, and Jurong, and is ready to support operations in the 1st Appeasement Area; the 99th Army is located in Longtan and Xiashu, and is ready to support operations in the 1st Appeasement Area and Nanjing; the 17th Corps The 106th and 73rd armies gathered in Jingxian, Ningguo, and Shexian areas, preparing to support the 7th appeasement area and the 8th Corps.With 4 battalions and 1 company under the jurisdiction of the tank command headquarters, there are 136 tanks of various types and 20 155-caliber howitzers, which are controlled in the Shanghai area, and 5 regiments under the jurisdiction of the artillery command post are located in Nanjing and Shanghai, ready to move at any time fight.With part of the 1st Fleet of the Navy's Coastal Defense, supporting the Army in the Shanghai area; with 52 ships of the 2nd Coastal Defense Fleet, supporting the operations of the 1st Appeasement Area and the 6th Corps; with the main force of the Jiangfang Fleet, 37 ships were supporting the 7th Corps. The appeasement zone and 8th Corps troops fought.In addition, the 12th, 18th, 67th, 73rd, 74th, 85th, and 87th armies are located on the Zhejiang-Jiangxi Railway and the area north of it and the eastern area of ​​​​Zhejiang, serving as the second line of defense. Regarding Tang Enbo's deployment, the National Defense Ministry of the Kuomintang government put forward different opinions. It believed that the main crossing point of the People's Liberation Army may be the southern Anhui area first, followed by Jiangyin and Zhenjiang areas, and other areas are aided and false crossings. Therefore, southern Anhui It is equally important as the area east of Nanjing.Tang Enbo Group's deployment of river defense should not place too much emphasis on the front east of Nanjing. Part of the troops controlled between Shanghai and Nanjing should be moved to the area between Wuhu and Anqing to prevent the main force of the People's Liberation Army from crossing the river.However, Tang Enbo, with the support of Chiang Kai-shek, believed that: the west of Wuhu and the front of Jiangyin and Zhenjiang are all areas where the People's Liberation Army crosses the river. It is difficult to transfer troops, but it is easier to organize a retreat in the Ning and Zhen areas. In this way, the army can be preserved for future strategies.Therefore, its main force should be deployed in the area east of Nanjing, and it is unwilling to transfer troops east of Nanjing to southern Anhui.After a fierce quarrel, Tang Enbo agreed to transfer the 96th Army from Pukou to Qingyang and return to the 8th Corps; the 20th Army was transferred from Nanjing to Wuhu and placed under the command of the 7th Appeasement District to strengthen the defense forces in southern Anhui.This deployment has not been fully adjusted until the eve of the PLA's crossing of the river. While confirming the deployment of the river defense, Tang Enbo actively built the river defense fortifications and continuously dispatched senior generals to inspect the riverside.From February 1949, the traffic of the Yangtze River was blocked, and the north-south navigation was prohibited. Shipwrecks were mined at the river estuary and port wharves on the north bank, mines were laid on the Zhenjiang, Nanjing, Wuhu, Tongling and other rivers, landmines were laid on the river beaches, and landmines were laid on the south bank along the river. Build more roads to enhance the mobility of troops.At the same time, step up the "clearance and suppression" of the guerrillas in the south of the Yangtze River in order to consolidate the rear. The troops of the Tang Enbo Group, except for the 54th and 4th armies and a few armies that have not yet been annihilated by the People's Liberation Army and have certain combat effectiveness, the rest of the troops are rebuilt or newly built after being annihilated, and the number of troops is only 1% of the establishment. /2, and insufficient training, incomplete equipment, and weak combat effectiveness.Due to the long line of defense and the small number of troops, Tang Enbo could only adopt a one-line defensive deployment, placing the main force on the front line along the river, and the depth was very empty. In the deployment of troops along the river, he could only focus on the area east of Nanjing to ensure , Shanghai area.For this kind of deployment, Liu Bocheng pointed out sharply at the time: the Yangtze River defense line of the Kuomintang army could not carry out forward deployment due to the loss of the basic force of the Huaihai Campaign. .Therefore, we can only focus on direct equipment, but it is still not easy to do well because of the small number of troops.The 2,000-mile-long Yangtze River defense line below Wuhan and its necessary in-depth equipment are too costly.Therefore, such a long river defense has become a "dead snake formation" that cannot move, and is ready to be cut horizontally.If one of them is cut off, the whole line will be shocked.Under the conditions of no cover on the north bank and extremely restricted routes, the Jiangfang Fleet was vulnerable to short-handed artillery fire everywhere, and it was not easy to hit the role of sinking wooden ships.The Kuomintang military history also admitted when reviewing the river defense operations: because "all the troops are directly equipped, and there is a lack of strike force, once the bandits successfully cross the river, the entire line of the national army's river defense will be defeated." The Bai Chongxi Group, which defends the section from Hukou to Yichang, has 27 divisions in charge of the river defense, of which the main 3rd Corps is located in Wuhan and its east to Jiujiang area; 13 divisions are located in the area between Changsha and Nanchang.