Chapter 12 Chapter 12 Stabilize prices and develop various social undertakings

After the establishment of people's democratic regimes at all levels in Kunming, facing the extremely difficult financial and economic situation at that time, the Kunming Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Kunming Municipal People's Government conscientiously implemented a series of major policies such as stabilizing prices and unifying finance and economics, in order to achieve the city's financial and economic situation. Totally better. Unify the currency and let the RMB occupy the market.In the early days of Kunming's liberation, in addition to the unified banknotes issued by the Kuomintang government, there were half-open (local silver coins issued in Yunnan), promissory notes, silver dollars, and foreign currencies in circulation in the market transactions.Due to the shortage of materials, tight supply and rampant speculation, it caused a chaotic situation of repeated price rises.In order to unify the currency and stabilize prices, the Kunming Military Control Commission issued a notice on March 8, 1950: "RMB is the only legal currency. All payment of grain taxes, all public and private payments, and price calculations are all calculated in RMB. The Kuomintang All counterfeit currency issued by the government is illegal currency and is prohibited from circulating in the market." Then, it was explicitly announced that illegal silver dealer activities would be prohibited, and those who disrupted finance would be severely punished once they were caught.Exchange silver dollars and half-opens to the local People's Bank according to the prescribed price within a time limit, and those who do not want to exchange can keep them by themselves.At the same time, publicity and education on the correct use of RMB has also been carried out to the masses.By the end of April, the yuan basically occupied most of the market in Kunming.

Organize food supply and stabilize the market. At the beginning of 1950, Kunming had a population of 267,000. When it was taken over, there were only 2.4 million catties of grain in stock, which could only supply the citizens of Kunming with 8-day rations.Due to the shortage of food, tight supply, rising food prices, coupled with speculation by private grain traders, Kunming experienced three major food price fluctuations in a row.In order to grasp the source of grain and ensure the supply of food for the military and the people, the Provisional Military and Political Commission of Yunnan ordered the 12 counties near Kunming to urgently transport 25,000 hectares of grain to Kunming before March 1950, and 20,000 hectares were actually completed.They also found out that private grain merchants still have 4,247 hectares of grain in stock to welcome the People's Liberation Army's entry into Kunming.

On May 4, the Grain Department of Yunnan Provincial Trade Corporation was established, responsible for grain purchase, sales, adjustment of surplus and shortage, and stabilization of prices.16.42 million catties of grain were transported successively from Chuxiong, Dali and other places to enrich the Kunming grain depot.And 60 million jin of public grain was allocated to the state-owned company to put on the market; 17.65 million jin of grain was stored in 39 grain depots in 16 townships and towns of Kunming County, which were supplied to the nearby troops, government agencies, enterprises and institutions in the suburbs of Kunming ; Mobilize and encourage private grain merchants to actively purchase grain and transport it to Kunming for sale.After many efforts, by the end of 1950, the country had mastered nearly 100 million catties of grain. In addition to supplying food for the military and the people, there was also a certain amount of grain reserves.In order to increase grain sources and ensure grain supply, Kunming reformed the old land tax system.

On March 12, 1950, the Kunming Military Control Commission issued the "Yunnan Provincial Public Grain Collection Measures in 1949" stipulating that: the ex-KMT's method of expropriation and loan collection shall be abolished. The principle of more taxation for those who have less land, less taxation for those with less land, no taxation for those without land, and reasonable burden.The state collects grain from farmers, and the surplus grain is sold freely.In addition to supplying the rations of troops, government agencies, factories, mines, enterprises and institutions, the public grain collected is allocated to the state-owned grain companies to put on the market to solve the rations of the citizens.

In order to prevent farmers from being hurt by low grain prices, on April 20, the Southwest District Grain Company proposed that in areas where the national price is higher than the market price, a large amount of grain should be purchased and the throughput policy should be implemented to stabilize grain prices.Kunming has implemented the management of grain supply by tickets since the early 1950s.It is stipulated that where the army uses food, Yunnan uses the food stamps issued by the Ministry of Finance of the Southwest Military and Political Committee, and the grain is provided by the grain stamps, and no payment will be made.

On July 18, the "Yunnan Provincial Grain Bureau Grain Tickets" printed by the province began to be issued, and they were used in the province at the same time as the "Southwest District Grain Tickets".The Municipal Military Control Committee stipulates that when the government agencies and military personnel holding food and fodder tickets exchange food to the local government, they must issue food according to the actual number of people staying in the accommodation and according to the supply standard. The grain cannot be exchanged and taken away. It is strictly forbidden to buy and sell grain stamps or use grain stamps to offset salaries.In order to overcome the difficulty of food supply, on April 25, Kunming uniformly stipulated the processing and sales of "nine two rice" (that is, 92 catties of rice per 100 catties of rice) and "eight sides" (that is, milling of 81 catties of flour per 100 catties of wheat), Entrust private manufacturers to process, and use the by-product bran to offset the processing fee.In accordance with the policy of "uniting with law-abiding private businesses and cracking down on speculators", carry out united education and transformation of private grain traders.Through the Kunming Grain Industry Association, organized and mobilized private grain merchants (factories) to sign a patriotic pact with the content of "not raising prices, not hoarding, not disrupting the market, obeying government regulations, and operating legitimately", requiring mutual compliance and mutual supervision.Criticize and educate those who have minor illegal acts, and resolutely crack down on serious violations.At the beginning of liberation, there were 103 private grain merchants and 65 grain merchants in Kunming, a total of 168 households. By the end of 1952, the number had decreased to 43, and the rest had become consignment stores of state-owned grain companies.These grain merchants and grain dealers played an active role in developing production and ensuring supply.

Rectify fiscal and taxation.Kunming's tax sources account for more than 60% of the province. In order to develop the economy and ensure supply, the levies and miscellaneous taxes during the Kuomintang period were first abolished, and the focus was on industrial and commercial tax, inventory tax, real estate tax, use license tax, vendor license tax and a large number of reminders The tail tax owed.In the collection of public grain, in order to solve local funds, a 10% local additional tax is levied along with the public grain.In order to promote the issuance and circulation of renminbi and ensure that renminbi dominates the market, 10 yuan (old currency, equivalent to 1% of renminbi) is added to every catty of public grain, and it is stipulated that payment must be made in renminbi. In 1950, it was planned to distribute taxation tasks of 117 million jin of rice, and 121 million jin of rice was actually completed.103.23% of the task completed.

Implement the financial management system of "unified revenue and unified expenditure".After the Kunming Municipal Finance Bureau was established, it took over 19,564 yuan of bank deposits from the Kuomintang Finance Bureau.In order to overcome financial difficulties, according to the central government's "Decision on Unifying National Financial Work", a highly centralized financial management system with unified revenue and expenditure and two lines of revenue and expenditure was implemented.The People's Government of Yunnan Province stipulates that all taxes and other revenues of Kunming City shall be turned over to the province; expenditures shall be approved and allocated by the province. From 1950 to 1951, industrial and commercial tax (including business tax and income tax), commodity tax, real estate tax, real estate tax, special consumption behavior tax, vehicle and vessel license tax, stamp duty, slaughter tax, transaction tax and other taxes were successively levied.According to the spirit that local public welfare undertakings should be resolved by the local government, local industrial and commercial tax surcharges, real estate tax local surcharges and urban public utilities local surcharges have been levied for general urban maintenance and utility expenses.All apportionments are prohibited, other than the taxes specified above.After the struggle to stabilize prices in 1950, the prices of more than 20 major commodities were stabilized and dropped.The party and the government also promoted the public debt and carried out urban and rural trade to restore and develop production, which fundamentally solved the inflation problem that the Kuomintang government had not solved for a long time.

In order to overcome financial difficulties and strive for price stability, the Central People's Government decided to issue the first issue of People's Victory Bonds in 1950. On March 19, Kunming established the People's Victory Real Bond Promotion Committee, and immediately carried out publicity and education activities to sell public bonds throughout the city.The majority of workers and farmers cut down on food and clothing and took the lead in buying public bonds; national capitalists and patriots in the industrial and commercial circles rushed to subscribe, overfulfilling the task of purchasing public bonds.Thanks to the efforts of people from all walks of life in the city, the city has subscribed for more than 940,000 points, 140,000 points more than the original plan.

On May 24, 1950, in order to activate the urban and rural economy, the Yunnan Provincial People's Government established the Preparatory Office of the Yunnan Provincial Cooperative Headquarters, which was later changed to the Kunming City Cooperative Headquarters, under the leadership of Kunming City.The provincial government has successively established public trading organizations in various counties, and extensively established marketing, procurement, and trade groups to sell industrial products and other daily necessities in villages, small towns, and markets. Measures such as expanding purchases and processing orders, specifying business scope, granting loans to difficult enterprises, and adjusting taxation have helped 135 private industries and businesses to maintain and resume production.

In the initial stage of the establishment of state-owned commercial enterprises, their strength was weak, and the Municipal Supply and Marketing Cooperative Federation organized a wide range of supply and marketing cooperatives in rural areas to manage daily necessities such as food and department stores.Some important commodities were purchased from farmers at a price higher than the market price and supplied at a price lower than the market price, which quickly stabilized prices and reassured people.In cities, by opening horse shops and service stations for farmers, we can attract agricultural, sideline and native products to the city, and set up meat and vegetable stations to ensure the living needs of urban people. After the establishment of the Kunming Cooperative Federation, it paid attention to supporting the development of commodity production in rural areas, and paid attention to supporting the production of handicrafts. It successively organized and developed the production of silk, cotton thread, homespun cloth, noodles, paper bag salt, bricks, tiles, sand and gravel, iron, bamboo, and wooden agricultural tools. It also partially undertakes the wholesale allocation tasks of the province's supply and marketing cooperatives.Organize the production of agricultural means of production, and the grass-roots supply and marketing cooperatives directly supply farmers with iron, bamboo, and wooden small farm implements.By vigorously supporting private enterprises and selling products to the vast rural areas, the exchange of materials between urban and rural areas has been expanded, and the urban and rural economies have been activated. The vast number of patriotic faculty members and students in the cultural and educational circles of Kunming had a glorious revolutionary tradition during the period of the democratic revolution.After Kunming took over, the Kunming Military Control Commission adopted the policy of maintaining the status quo and gradually transforming and improving it. It decided not to send military representatives, and relied on the original educational administrative agencies and student groups to carry out systematic education and administrative management.The Ministry of Culture and Education took over to hold secondary school and primary school education conferences to implement the new democratic education policy.The administrative work of the school is in charge of the “Four Associations” composed of teachers, students and staff.The Kunming Military Control Commission appoints people who are well-known in the education field as the principals of each school, organizes an educational affairs committee led by the principal, and each school counts and transfers them by itself.In the process of taking over, in order to concentrate manpower, material and financial resources to run schools well, 12 public middle schools in Kunming were merged into 8, the reactionary discipline system was canceled, and teaching was integrated; military training, child training and reactionary citizenship classes were cancelled, and political class.Considering both the country’s financial difficulties and keeping students out of school and teachers out of work, the Kunming Military Control Commission promulgated the “Regulations on People’s Scholarships”, which abolished the unreasonable system of public funds and changed it to people’s scholarships, and formulated school charging standards so that most students Be able to bear and afford, and give reasonable care to students with financial difficulties.For private schools, implement the policy of "taking both public and private interests into account, continue to maintain, and gradually reform", and gradually transform private schools in accordance with the education policy of New Democracy. On April 4, 1950, the Kunming Military Control Commission merged "Pingmin Daily" with "Yunnan Daily" and established Xinhua News Agency and People's Broadcasting Station to conduct publicity and education around the central work of unified finance and economics, grain collection, and bandit suppression at that time.At the same time, news publishing, literature and art have also been restored and developed. The Kunming Defense War ended successfully. In order to quickly restore the establishment of the revolutionary order, maintain social order, protect public and private property, prevent enemy agents from disrupting and destroying, and prepare for the People's Liberation Army to take over the city, the Kunming Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China, in accordance with the spirit of the "Common Program" Under the circumstances that it is inconvenient to conduct public activities in an underground state, it was decided to organize the "Kunming People's Organization Federation" (referred to as the People's Federation), under the leadership of the Communist Party, to unite the people of all walks of life in the city and implement the party's various principles and policies , to assist the uprising authorities to manage the city well, establish a revolutionary order, and prepare for the People's Liberation Army to take over Kunming. On December 21, 1949, presided over by Lai Weimin, deputy secretary of the Kunming Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China, a working meeting for the formation of the "People's Federation" was held at No. 10, Zhiguo Lane, Gaoshanpu, to discuss matters related to the establishment of the "People's Federation". On the 22nd, the Municipal Party Committee organized the people of the city to celebrate the victory of the Kunming Defense War and the anti-Sute demonstration parade.It has been warmly supported by various people's groups in the city.At 6:30 p.m. on the same day, the first preparatory meeting of the Federation of People's Organizations in Kunming was held in the "Students' Federation" office on the third floor of Yunda Zeyuan. ", "Education Federation", "Women's Federation" and more than 50 groups, representatives of more than 50 groups, formally established the Kunming Federation of People's Organizations at Yunnan University. On the evening of the 25th, a gala was held in Yunda, officially announcing the establishment of the Kunming Federation of People's Organizations, pointing out that the "People's Federation" is striving to establish a new revolutionary order under the leadership of the Communist Party of China.The specific tasks are: to establish a revolutionary order, suppress anti-counterfeiting and special forces, resume production, resume work and study, stick to their posts in all walks of life, and welcome the new era; step up preparations for the PLA to enter Yunnan; organize to assist the PLA in taking over cities. On December 29, the "People's Federation" officially began to work in the former Kuomintang Provincial Party Headquarters on Huashan Road. The "People's Federation" adopts a group responsibility system. The chairman of the committee is a representative sent by the "Federation of Industry and Commerce". ), the "People's Federation" consists of the Organization Department, the Propaganda Department, the Liaison Department, the General Affairs Department, the Welfare Department, and the Armed Picket Department. , Members or Party members of the Vocational Youth Committee. As soon as the "People's Federation" was established, it received enthusiastic support from people from all walks of life in the city, and played a role that the uprising authorities could not play.The Kunming Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China publicized to the masses in a timely manner through the "People's Federation", regarding the uprising of the Kuomintang Yunnan Provincial Government, the telegrams from Mao Zedong and Zhu De to Lu Han, the "Chinese People's Liberation Army Announcement" (Eight Chapters), "The Four Announcements of Liu and Deng", "Common Program", etc. At the same time, the party organization unites and leads the masses to implement the party's various principles and policies through party members, so that the party's decisions have a reliable organizational guarantee. After the "People's Federation" was established, departments that had never organized mass organizations in the past asked to organize and participate in activities.For a while, the "Newsboys' Association", "Boatmen's Association", "Engineers' Association", as well as the "Political Support Association", "Senior Association" and "Hui People's Association" organized by local elders, celebrities, and gentry all applied for it. Registered to join the "People's Federation", Buddhist monks and nuns also organized to ask to join the "People's Federation", and issued a manifesto stating: "Support the Communist Party, work hard to learn New Democracy, eradicate bad practices, investigate secret agents, protect places of interest, and prepare tea Entertain the PLA.The soldiers in the countryside of the Kuomintang also organized friendship associations to register with the "People's Federation", expressing their efforts to study and reform themselves. From its establishment to March 1950, under the leadership of the Municipal Party Committee, the "People's Federation" mainly carried out the following work: launched large-scale learning and publicity activities; called on factories to resume production and intensify production as the center, and drive all walks of life in the city to return to normal Order; mobilize the masses to fight against Sute, maintain social order, and protect national property; mobilize and organize the people of the city to welcome the People's Liberation Army to station in Kunming and take over the city; become the link and assistant of the party to the masses, and assist the uprising authorities to defend and manage the city. He played an important role in helping to take over the city. Since its establishment in 1926, the Kunming Underground Party of the Communist Party of China was severely damaged in 1930. After restoration and reconstruction in 1935, through the establishment of a broad anti-Japanese national united front, Kunming became an important base of the anti-Japanese rear area and a "fortress of democracy" in the anti-Japanese war. Renowned at home and abroad.During the War of Liberation, due to conscientiously implementing the party's long-term concealed and lean policy, in the complex and difficult struggles, the party organization continued to grow from small to large, from weak to strong. took root among the people.In urban work, the patriotic and democratic movement led by the party is on the rise. Cooperating with the national liberation war, a "second front" has been opened up in Jiang's districts; The revolutionary base formed a situation in which the countryside encircled the city, which promoted and promoted the Luhan Uprising. The most fundamental experience of the Kunming party organization during the period of the new democratic revolution is: the specific application and development of the three magic weapons of party building, armed struggle, and the united front.Since the Communist Party always represents the fundamental interests of the broad masses of the people and serves the people wholeheartedly, it has established a high prestige among the people.In terms of party building, the long-term undefeated Kunming underground party is inseparable from the strong leadership of the party organization and the quality of party members.The party has always maintained its advanced nature, principles, and independent fighting spirit. Whether it is a party member, a party group, or a party branch, wherever it is distributed, it can integrate with the local people and continue to grow and develop in the struggle.As early as the period of the Great Revolution, the Kunming underground party paid great attention to the work of the united front, and successfully used the contradiction between Tang Jiyao and his subordinates' four guardian envoys to win the struggle to "overthrow the Tang Dynasty".During the War of Resistance Against Japan, under the conditions of cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, the Chiang Kai-shek clique was used to reject dissidents and the contradictions of local authorities to establish a broad anti-Japanese national united front, and the party's prestige among the people continued to increase.In the anti-Japanese national united front, it has always adhered to the leadership of the party and carried out work independently. Due to the expansion and development of the united front, it also covered up the activities of the party, so that they depended on each other and promoted each other.Because the party organization has conscientiously implemented the policy of concealment and leanness and the policy of "three diligence" (diligence in learning, diligence, and diligence in making friends) and "three transformations" (professionalization, socialization, and popularization), although the party is in an underground state, it can skillfully The flexible application of the combination of open work and secret work; the combination of upper-level united front work and lower-level mass work;Party members worked hard for a long time in the various military and political organs and cultural organizations of the Kuomintang. On the one hand, they made the party organization very capable; During the anti-Japanese national salvation and anti-Jiang patriotic democratic movements, a struggle pattern of "small inside the party and big outside the party" gradually formed. Although the enemy did everything possible to destroy the party organization, they could not find where the Communist Party was. After the Yunnan People’s Guerrilla War led by the Party started in 1947, urban patriotic democratic movements combined with rural armed struggles to form an anti-Chiang patriotic united front that integrated urban and rural areas.The armed struggle inspired the patriotic democratic movement in the cities and also protected and defended the party organizations.During the "July 15th" and "99th Purge" incidents, a large number of Communist Party members and key elements of the "Minqing" who were exposed in the cities were evacuated to the countryside to participate in guerrilla warfare and base area construction, which not only preserved the backbone of the party, but also improved Troop cultural quality.In the united front, regardless of whether it is the local power faction, the upper class of the nation, the local gentry, democrats and intellectuals from all walks of life, they can correctly treat them differently, do a good job in the work of striving for unity, make the best use of the situation, and play the positive role of different factions and different periods. In the anti-Chiang struggle, the local power faction was always used as an intermediate force to fight for it; in the ethnic work, attention was paid to winning over the upper echelons, mobilizing the masses, and under the banner of unifying anti-Chiang, respecting ethnic customs and existing social systems, in a wide range of On the basis of mobilizing the masses, it will be able to promote and promote the development of upper-level work.As a result of adhering to the policy of ethnic unity and equality, and uniting all ethnic groups to fight against Chiang, a unified anti-Chiang armed force of all ethnic groups was established in Kunming and the whole province, which played a very important role in the development of the "frontier vertical" armed struggle.This is the local organization of the Communist Party of China in Kunming, which adhered to the principle of combining Marxism-Leninism with the specific practice of the Chinese revolution. According to the instructions of the superior, combined with the reality of Kunming, and on the basis of summarizing the experience of past revolutionary struggles, seek truth from facts and constantly explore and practice. result.Summarizing past experience still has very important guiding significance for our reform and opening up today and the construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics.