Chapter 11 Chapter 11 Sizing up the situation and establishing a people's democratic regime

After the Lu Han Uprising, the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China approved the establishment of the Yunnan Provisional Military and Political Committee by the Erye Liu and Deng.At this time, the Kunming underground party of the Communist Party of China has not yet opened its activities, and mainly relies on the "People's Organization Federation" and the Volunteer Self-Defense Corps to assist the uprising authorities to maintain social order and establish a revolutionary order.The Chinese People's Liberation Army's Second Field and Fourth Corps, Four Field's Thirty-eighth Army, a Yunnan-Guangzhou-Guizhou Border Column and a Yunnan Uprising Troop are cooperating in the Battle of Southern Yunnan to encircle and annihilate the Tang Yao Corps of the Kuomintang Army.However, the Kuomintang made contingency deployments when it fled, and a large number of hidden secret agents colluded with the armed landlords and bullies in an attempt to make a comeback.

Economically, due to the shutdown of a large number of factories, the countryside is on the verge of bankruptcy, supplies are scarce, prices are soaring, speculation is rampant, unemployment is serious, and people's lives are very difficult.The vagrants, beggars, prostitutes, thieves, smokers, gamblers, and the stragglers of the Kuomintang army who fled to Kunming on the eve of liberation spread all over the streets and alleys of Kunming. The people of Kunming are facing a serious and difficult situation.For this reason, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China determined the correct guidelines for the work in Yunnan based on the intricate and sharp political, military and economic struggles that Kunming faced after its peaceful liberation.

In early December 1949, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China sent Song Renqiong, the political commissar of the Second Field and Fourth Corps, Chen Geng, the commander, and Zhou Baozhong, the deputy commander of the Northeast Military Region, to work in Yunnan.Before leaving, Liu Shaoqi, Zhu De, Zhou Enlai, Chen Yun and other leading comrades met with them and gave important instructions.Liu Shaoqi pointed out: The center of work in Yunnan is under the leadership of the Provincial Party Committee, with unity first and work second. On January 19, 1950, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China approved the plan of the Southwest Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on dealing with the Yunnan problem. Don’t force things you don’t want to do. We must not decide on our own and implement them rigidly. Before reaching an agreement with Lu Han, everything will remain as it is. The situation in Yunnan is more complicated than that of Chuankang, and the way to deal with Yunnan issues is more complex than Dealing with the Chuankang issue is slightly more lenient. Lu Han must be properly taken care of, and no effort must be spared in the education and transformation of Lu Han characters, so as to be benevolent and righteous."

On February 5th, the leaders of the Fourth Corps and the Party Committee of the Yunnan-Guizhou-Guizhou border area met in Anlong, Guizhou. Chen Geng, Song Renqiong, Guo Tianmin, Zheng Boke, etc. were present at the meeting. The policy of "first, work second" and a series of instructions believe that without the great unity of our party and our army, there will be no success in all aspects of work.He stated that we must implement the policies of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in all work, unite all those who can be united, and win over all those who can be won. On February 24, the meeting of cadres above the prefectural and division levels in Yunnan Province held in Kunming announced the establishment of the Yunnan Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China.At the same time, it was announced that the Party Committee of the Yunnan-Guizhou-Guizhou border area had ended its work.

On March 26, with the approval of the Southwest Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the Yunnan Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China adjusted the leading members of the Kunming Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China. Gu Jingsheng and other 8 people were members, Gu Jingsheng was the secretary, and Chen Shengnian was the deputy secretary. Prior to this, on January 4, the Party Committee of the Fourth Corps held an enlarged meeting in Nanning. Zhang Yunyi, secretary of the Guangxi Provincial Party Committee of the Communist Party of China, conveyed the instructions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the work of entering Yunnan. made an important speech.The meeting decided to in-depth study the resolution of the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the Party among cadres above the regiment level, and establish the idea of ​​being both a combat team and a work team.Under the leadership of the Yunnan Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China, unite and fight with the Yunnan, Guangxi and Guizhou border columns, fight the Southern Yunnan Campaign well, and go north to wipe out the enemies who tried to enter Yunnan, unite with General Lu Han and the uprising troops, take over the city as soon as possible, and stabilize social order , to support the march into Tibet.

According to the guidelines set by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the Yunnan Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China emphasized that the current work in Yunnan should be centered on the united front.We should fully respect Lu Han, discuss everything, treat him with courtesy, and meet each other with sincerity.The principle of unity and transformation must be adopted for Lu Han's subordinates, military, political, and public education personnel. For the uprising troops, the party organization selected a group of political cadres to go in. Start with stabilizing the mood, sincerely affirm the achievements of the insurgent troops, introduce to them the fine traditions of the unity of officers and soldiers of the PLA, the unity of the army and the people, the unity of the military and the government, and the three major democracies, help the insurgent troops improve their food, abolish the system of beating and scolding soldiers, and promote the gradual emergence of rebellious troops. profound changes.After negotiation, with the consent of Lu Han, the reorganization of the uprising troops was completed.In addition to eliminating a few reactionaries, arrangements were made for 58,000 officers and soldiers.

After negotiating with Lu Han himself and obtaining the approval of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Lu Han served as the chairman of the Military and Political Committee of Yunnan Province, and Song Renqiong and Zhou Baozhong served as vice chairmen.Some of Lu Han's military and political officials were arranged as committee members to discuss major military and political affairs in Yunnan.For their former leaders and well-known political figures, pay attention to the work of uniting and fighting for them, and they are invited to attend some meetings.For Li Genyuan and others, the main leaders of the Yunnan Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China also visited their homes to publicize the policies of the People's Government and hoped that they would cooperate.The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China also sent Zhang Chong and Pan Shuoduan to work with the troops in Yunnan.Zhang Chong served as the vice chairman of the Yunnan Provincial People's Government, and Pan Shuoduan served as the mayor of Kunming.They have all made outstanding contributions to socialist construction, strengthening national unity and fighting for the unity and transformation of old military and political personnel.

Due to conscientiously implementing the policy of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the work in Yunnan, we have done a good job in the unity and national unity of internal and external party, military, foreign cadres and local cadres. After several years of hard work, we have achieved national unity, stable frontiers, and rapid economic recovery. , a good situation of political stability and unity.Historical practice shows that the guidelines of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China for the work of Yunnan are correct, and they are of great significance to the work of Yunnan Province and Kunming City in the future.

In the early days of Kunming's liberation, the Kunming Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China led the people of the city to carry out the work of welcoming the Fourth Corps into Yunnan, taking over the city and building the people's democratic regime. On January 1, 1950, the Provisional Military and Political Committee of Yunnan and the Federation of People's Organizations of Kunming formed the "Preparatory Office for the Welcome of the People's Liberation Army to Kunming Conference from All walks of life in Yunnan" to unify the leadership of the welcome work. On January 9, the "People's Federation" issued a call to welcome the army, requiring all agencies, groups, and all walks of life to assist the PLA in preparing for the takeover, keeping documents, files, and property well, and quickly collecting and sorting out information about the takeover. Eliminate hidden bandits, restore production order, and actively resume the development of production and transportation; unite people from all walks of life, extensively and in-depth study and publicize the party's various principles and policies; mobilize the masses to actively donate various condolences.The people of Kunming regard welcoming the People's Liberation Army stationed in Kunming as the driving force for various tasks.

Factory workers carried out labor competitions to resume production, and the road system rushed to repair the road bridges, culverts, and roadbeds in Yunnan-Guizhou, Central Yunnan, West Yunnan, and Northeast Yunnan that were damaged by the war day and night, ensuring the smooth arrival of the PLA in Kunming, completing the pursuit of the remnants of the enemy, and the liberation of the whole country. Mission in Yunnan.Employees of various agencies, organizations, enterprises, banks, schools and other units stick to their posts, protect documents and archives, protect state property, prevent funds from fleeing and transferring, and make preparations to assist the PLA to take over.The health system organized 30 medical teams to serve in the army. Hospitals such as Kunhua, Renmin, Huidian, and Yunda jointly formed two rear hospitals to go to Kaiyuan and Mengzi to treat the wounded and sick of the PLA.The Federation of Literary and Artistic Workers organizes singing teams, creates lantern dramas welcoming the army, and carries out propaganda activities for welcoming the army in various places in urban and rural areas. The "Commercial Federation" mobilized shop assistants in more than 100 industries in the city to negotiate with the employers to open the doors and restore market order.

The "Women's Federation" organized women in the city to rush to make condolences, and went deep into each family to carry out extensive publicity and mobilization. The "Agricultural Association" organized farmers in the suburbs to prepare for farming, and actively prepared food, vegetables, and firewood to supply the People's Liberation Army. After more than a month of publicity and study, farmers in the suburbs donated 6,000 dan of grain, 310,000 jin of firewood, 100 dan of beans, 500 dan of vegetables, and 1,000 pairs of cloth shoes; "Commercial Federation" donated 5,000 catties of salt, 50,000 hand towels, 100,000 sets of envelopes and letterheads, and a batch of flashlights, batteries, etc.; Yudian Cotton Mill used 5,000 hoops of cotton yarn to exchange for towels and socks for the PLA. The "People's Federation" also sent representatives and newspaper reporters to Kaiyuan, Mengzi, and Gejiu to greet and condolence the PLA. On February 17, the vanguard of the People's Liberation Army arrived in Chenggong, a suburb of Kunming. "Justice Daily" issued a news in an extra number.Regarding the welcome of people from all walks of life, generals Chen and Song sent a letter to the Preparatory Committee for Welcome to the Army from all walks of life in Yunnan on February 18, praising the friendship between the soldiers and the people. , The gifts and rewards are generous, so that the soldiers of the whole army feel like they are in the stars, and everyone has inspired the will to serve the people. Now your association hosted a grand meeting to welcome the army, which made us even more uneasy and deterred from recruiting horses, but the enthusiasm of the people did not dare to disobey. Geng et al. led the army into Kunming today to meet the people of the whole city and comfort them. "On the 20th, the People's Liberation Army held a ceremony to enter the city. Kunming, with a population of only 300,000, dispatched 120,000 people to welcome the People's Liberation Army. Together, they wrote a song of praise for the military and civilian fish and water. On the 22nd, a grand welcome meeting for the People's Liberation Army to Kunming was held at the Tuodong Stadium with more than 100,000 people. General Lu Han delivered a welcome speech. He expressed his determination to resolutely implement all policies and decrees of the Central People's Government and the common program of the CPPCC under the leadership of the Communist Party of China. Let us unite and work hard to build a new Yunnan of new democracy.General Chen Geng said in his speech: The peaceful liberation of Yunnan was mainly due to the wise leadership of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the Central People's Government and Chairman Mao, the great victory of the People's Liberation Army in the country, the long-term struggle of the local party and people's armed forces in Yunnan, and the leadership of General Lu Han. result of the uprising.He appealed: We must strive to build a new Yunnan and a new China. On January 18, 1950, the Southwest Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the "Instructions on the Basic Principles for Handling the Yunnan Issue", which pointed out the basic principles for the military takeover of Kunming. On January 19, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China replied, fully agreeing with the Southwest Bureau's policy and principles for handling the Yunnan issue. The military takeover of Kunming, under the leadership of the Party Central Committee and the Southwest Bureau, adopted a top-down comprehensive and systematic takeover after a formal agreement with Lu Han, avoiding sporadic and partial takeovers in various places; at the same time, strengthening investigation and research, through underground The party organization is combined with mobilizing the masses to prepare for the handover, which embodies the bottom-up mass line. On March 4, 1950, the Kunming Military Control Committee of the Southwest Military Region of the Chinese People's Liberation Army was established. This is a temporary transitional regime, with Chen Geng as the director and Zhou Baozhong as the deputy director. Xie Chongwen, Zeng Shuhuai and Hu Ronggui are members.Later Chen Shengnian, Sun Tianlin and Wan Baobang were added as members. The Kunming Military Control Commission formulated the "Kunming Military Control Commission Organization Regulations."The regulations stipulate that the specific tasks of the Kunming Military Control Committee are: to implement the common program of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and the urban policies of the Central People's Government, the eight chapters of the Constitution of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Headquarters, and the orders and instructions of the Southwest Military and Political Committee and the Southwest Military Region; carry out suppression of counter-revolutionary activities, eliminate Lurk the reactionary remnants of this city, arrest war criminals and heinous counter-revolutionaries; lead the people of this city to establish a revolutionary order, and systematically establish a people's revolutionary regime, and implement new democratic policies; take over public agencies, industries, materials and other public property , confiscate bureaucratic capital; protect the legitimate rights of people from all walks of life, restore municipal construction, protect the safety of life and property of law-abiding foreigners, etc.By the end of 1952, the above tasks were basically completed. The organization of the Kunming Military Control Commission has set up 8 takeover departments of public security, military, finance, industry, transportation, government affairs, health, and culture and education according to the takeover tasks, as well as the Kunming City Garrison Command and the Real Estate and Materials Management Committee, etc., so as to perform their duties , clear division of labor and responsibility. In the military takeover, the city sent a total of 105 military representatives and took over 1,657 personnel.The Kunming Military Control Commission has formulated "Responsibilities and Tasks of Military Representatives", "Disciplines for Takeover Personnel", "Notes on Effectively Protecting Takeover Materials and Avoiding Damage and Loss", etc., emphasizing strict compliance with "Three Disciplines, Eight Points of Attention" and Enter the city discipline, maintain a hard and simple style, and must not accept any public or private gifts. On March 6, the Kunming Military Control Commission issued an announcement: All staff in the departments under control must abide by the eight chapters of the contract, keep their posts, protect property, files, and all public property, and must not leave their posts without authorization.On the same day, a meeting was held between the cadres of the taking-over department and the cadres above the head of the taken-over agency. In his speech, Chen Geng asked the two sides of the takeover to insist on unity first, break down prejudices, understand each other, and serve the people wholeheartedly. He emphasized that three people should eat, and five people should eat to tide over the temporary difficulties.During the takeover, due to the implementation of the takeover policy of combining leadership with the masses, top-down comprehensive and systematic takeover and bottom-up mobilization of the masses, the enthusiasm and sense of responsibility of the majority of employees were fully mobilized; After that, we organized our forces to make preparations for the handover, so we successfully completed the task of taking over in a short period of more than three months. The Kunming Military Control Commission successively took over a total of 139 military, political, police, financial, industrial and mining enterprises and other units of the former Yunnan local government organs and the Kuomintang central system, including 31 public industrial enterprises, 32 agricultural, forestry, water conservancy, and administrative institutions, and universities. 2, 9 public secondary schools, 4 public hospitals, 655 kilometers of railways, and 5,079 kilometers of highways. All materials, equipment, equipment, cash, foreign currency and other public properties have been taken over.In addition to the temporarily reorganized 12th Army of the uprising troops and the reorganization of the 13th Army by the Yunnan Military Region, the military control committee directly took over more than 50,000 personnel from military, political, economic, and police agencies, enterprises, institutions, and public education personnel.For the recruited personnel, follow the policy of the central government to "contract them and arrange work appropriately", make overall arrangements, carry out unity, struggle, education, and transformation. For the old government and the old military and political personnel, except for a few reactionaries, most of them were absorbed and retained by governments at all levels and relevant departments, given work and life outlets, and learned and reformed on the job.After the takeover, in addition to more than 1,000 people who voluntarily went home and received enough travel expenses and severance allowances, more than 4,500 people were sent to Military and Political University, Revolutionary University and various short-term training courses for study and training, and the rest were retained.The wages of these people began to adopt the policy of "basically maintaining the status quo and making individual adjustments". Individual units with excessive wages were asked to reduce wages by the masses in order to reduce state expenditure and correct some unreasonable phenomena.Administrative departments at all levels will implement the new wage standards starting from May.The minimum (salary) is equivalent to about 150 jin of rice per month, and the highest is about 700 jin of rice. The urban takeover and social transformation, the new democratic reform and construction are in full swing, and the work is intricate. The Kunming Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China proposed to "rely on the working class, change the consumption city into a production city, restore and develop production" as the central work of the party , and struggle for the establishment of the political, economic, and cultural systems of a new democratic society. In March 1950, the Kunming Military Control Commission took over the original commissioner's office in the province, re-divided the special area, and successively established 12 commissioner's offices. On March 10, the People's Government of Yunnan Province was formally established. On March 28, with the approval of the Provincial People's Government, the Kunming Municipal People's Government was established.Mayor Pan Shuodan, deputy mayors Gu Jingsheng and Zeng Shuhuai; in October, Ding Rongchang was appointed as deputy mayor.The administrative division still follows the old system, governing 8 districts in the city.The total area is 7.8 square kilometers. On August 30, 1950, the provincial government transferred Kunming County (equivalent to today's Guandu and Xishan Districts) from Wuding Special District to the jurisdiction of Kunming City.In December of the same year, after the second district was merged into the first and third districts, a total of 7 districts and 1 county were established.The total area is 1927.39 square kilometers. The old government system in Kunming was taken over by a takeover team headed by Fang Zhang from the Military Control Commission’s Government Takeover Department.Under the jurisdiction of the former Kunming Municipal Government, there are 6 bureaus of civil affairs, finance, land administration, education, public affairs, and police (8 sub-bureaus under its jurisdiction), 3 offices of secretary, personnel, and accounting, and 8 district offices, with a total of more than 500 direct staff .The takeover team discussed with the uprising mayor Zeng Shuhuai many times to complete the handover and takeover work.Successfully took over the Civil Affairs Bureau and the Finance Bureau, abolished the Land Affairs Bureau, merged its real estate management business into the Finance Bureau; changed the taken-over Public Works Bureau into the Construction Bureau; rebuilt the three offices of secretary, accountant, and personnel into an office and a personnel department. The Public Security Takeover Department sent Chen Yasheng and Zhou Xingbo to lead more than 80 military representatives and liaison officers. With the assistance of the underground party and the party's peripheral organization "New Democratic Police Alliance", they took over the Kunming Police Station and its 8 sub-bureaus, and established Kunming City. public security bureau.The former Kunming Police Station and its 8 sub-bureaus were abolished, and 8 new public security sub-bureaus were established. On March 31, Ding Rongchang, the newly appointed director of the Municipal Public Security Bureau, took office. The Culture and Education Takeover Department took over the Kunming Education Bureau and renamed it the Kunming Culture and Education Bureau; the Health Takeover Department took over the health and medical institutions in Kunming and newly established the Kunming Health Bureau; Office, the establishment of the Kunming Taxation Bureau.The above three bureaus are under the jurisdiction of the Kunming Municipal People's Government. The Government Affairs Takeover Department took over the Kunming District Court, prisons, and detention centers. On March 30, the Kunming People's Court was formally established, with Jing Zhuru as its president.At the same time, the Kunming Civil Affairs Bureau was established, with Fang Zhang as its director.At that time, the conditions for convening the people's congress to elect the leaders of the people's government were not yet met, including the mayor, deputy mayor, and directors of various bureaus, all of which were appointed and dismissed by the provincial people's government. The working organization of the Kunming Municipal People's Government initially consisted of only 9 bureaus of civil affairs, finance, taxation, industry and commerce, labor, construction, culture and education, health, and public security, and the people's court.There is also a Secretary-General to lead the Secretary's Office, which is responsible for handling the daily affairs of the agency.Later, the Financial and Economic Committee, the Enterprise Bureau, the Cooperative Headquarters, the Grain Company and the Personnel Division were successively added, and the secretarial office was changed into an office. In mid-April 1950, Pan Shuodan, the mayor of Kunming, appointed district chiefs and deputy district chiefs of each administrative district in Kunming, and appointed them to take over eight district offices and establish grassroots people's power. On April 6, the Kunming County People's Government was established, and the Yunnan Provincial People's Government appointed Jin Ding as the magistrate of Kunming County (on August 30, the Provincial People's Government decided to transfer Kunming County from the Wuding Special District to the leadership of Kunming City).So far, the task of taking over the old political system and all public agencies in Kunming has been successfully completed, a new people's democratic regime has been established, and the Communist Party of China has become the ruling party in Kunming. In order to strengthen the relationship between the party, the government and the people, and mobilize people from all walks of life to assist the government in carrying out various democratic reforms and construction work, the Kunming Military Control Commission and the Kunming Municipal People's Government invited representatives of people from all walks of life in Kunming to form the Preparatory Committee for the Kunming People's Representatives Conference from all walks of life , with Zhou Baozhong as the chairman and Pan Shuoduan, Gu Jingsheng, Xu Jiarui, and Wang Shaoyan as the vice-chairmen to prepare for the representative meeting. On April 27, 1950, the first meeting of people's representatives from all walks of life in Kunming was held in the People's Victory Hall in Kunming. 340 representatives attended the meeting. Gu Jingsheng, secretary of the Kunming Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China, delivered an opening speech at the meeting.Zhou Baozhong, deputy director of the Kunming Military Control Commission, made a report titled "Kunming Takeover Work and Future Governance Policy". The report focused on clarifying the future policy and tasks of Kunming City. From September 26 to October 3, Kunming held the second meeting of people's representatives from all walks of life.This conference focused on the adjustment of industry and commerce, and focused on improving public-private relations, labor-capital relations, etc., so as to achieve both public and private interests and the benefits of both labor and capital, so that the various economic components of New Democracy, under the leadership of the state-owned economy, can divide labor and cooperate to get what they want. Promote the development of the entire social economy.The meeting also further discussed issues such as rent reduction and mortgage refund, improvement of urban-rural relations, ideological mobilization, support for the systematic elimination of feudal exploitation system in rural areas, and a new upsurge in economic construction.