Chapter 11 Chapter 11 The Killing of Geda Living Buddha in Qamdo

On July 10, 1950, as a member of the Southwest Military and Political Committee and vice-chairman of the Xikang Provincial People's Government, Geda Living Buddha resolutely traveled west to Tibet with several entourages. The local people danced the divine dance to send Gerda off. In a heated atmosphere, Wu Zhong delivered an impromptu speech: "Dear brothers and sisters, this time we came here from far away to send off Geda Rinpoche, because Geda Rinpoche is going to go all the way to Tibet for the Tibetan people. You also jumped to Guozhuang to express your farewell after hearing the news. Geda, the most respected Living Buddha, is leaving now. Don’t be sad. He will complete his mission in a short time and meet you again. The People’s Liberation Army is here to liberate the Tibetan people. Get better every day: Now we send off Geda Living Buddha together, we are very excited, there is no good food to buy here, so I give you only a small amount of money as a gift, please don’t think too little, just accept it!”

People stood silently, tears streaming down their faces.Some old grandmas turned the prayer wheel with their hands and muttered prayers in their mouths. Gerda bid farewell to everyone with a calm face. After refusing the silver dollars brought by Wu Zhong and Tianbao, Wu Zhong suggested that the Living Buddha take two American carbines to prevent raids by bandits on the way, and Geda nodded and accepted. He got on his horse and walked side by side with Wu Zhong and Tian Bao, walking one step after another. Geda crossed the Jinsha River from Kasongdo between Dunke and Gangtuo Ferry to Qamdo.

He will use bright red blood as ink to describe such a person on the historical picture scroll of the peaceful liberation of Tibet: wearing a top hat and a Tibetan-style robe, with deep eyes, wide and tight mouth corners, and a square face full of uprightness. Angry Gerda.This picture is so tall that we still have to look up at it through decades of time and space. The figure of Geda Living Buddha disappeared into the vast mountains. Everyone's hearts seemed to be pulled tight by an invisible rope.As the living Buddha traveled far, the rope was stretched longer and longer.It's getting tighter and tighter.

The Living Buddha went to Longtan and Tiger's Den! Just before Geda Living Buddha entered Tibet, three groups of persuading peace entered Tibet from the northwest and southwest, going through twists and turns and hardships. In the northwest, Peng Dehuai sent the first peacekeeping mission. This was the beginning of 1950. Peng Dehuai sent Zhang Jingcheng, a Tibetan scout from the Intelligence Department, and others, as businessmen, into Tibet to carry out activities to persuade peace and investigate the situation.Zhang Jingcheng carried a letter from Liao Hansheng, vice chairman of Qinghai Provincial People's Government, to the Dalai Lama and Regent Dazha, and Sherao Gyatso, the vice chairman of Qinghai Provincial People's Government and a high-ranking Tibetan eminent monk, also sent a message to Dalai Lama.Zhang Jingcheng set off on February 1 and arrived in Lhasa in early May.The letter was forwarded to the relevant persons.But the Kaxag diehards headed by Dazha persisted in their separatist stance and sent them out of Tibet.

On February 25 of the same year, Mao Zedong sent instructions to the Southwest Bureau and the Northwest Bureau in the name of the Central Committee, agreeing that the Southwest Bureau send Master Zhiqing to Tibet, persuade the Dalai clique to break away from American and British imperialism and return to the motherland, and ask the Dalai Lama or his representatives to go to Beijing for consultations The way to liberate Tibet, or negotiate with our frontline headquarters during the march.The telegram also pointed out that if there are suitable people from the Northwest who can be sent to Lhasa to persuade the Dalai clique, they should also try to send them there.It is said that the eldest brother of the Dalai Lama is now in the Northwest, and the Northwest Bureau is investigating whether it can be sent there.

Who is Master Zhiqing?He was the first Han monk scholar who studied in Tibet and obtained a Geshe degree. He was originally called Master Miwu. Master Miwu, Han nationality, commonly known as Huo Luyong, is from Jingxing, Hebei.When he was young, he went to Tibet with Master Dayong to seek the Dharma, and became a monk in Kangding.Later, he went to Drepung Monastery in Lhasa to study scriptures for more than 10 years, with excellent results.From about 1943 to 1944, he was summoned to the Dharma Conference in Lhasa. After passing the examination of the classics debate, he was admitted to the seventh place of Lharampa Geshe.According to the rules of the temple at that time, a Geshe who was admitted should give alms to the monks with porridge, butter, tea and Tibetan coins.However, Mi Wu is a poor lama, where did he get such a considerable amount of money?Fortunately, the Kuomintang gave him some support, and Galoin Surkang gave him hundreds of catties of ghee, so he was able to pass the test.Since then, he has gained a great reputation in Lhasa.He also had close contacts with Galon Lalu, Noble Charong, and Yutuo.

In 1946, Master Mi Wu returned to live in Chengdu.The underground party of the Sichuan Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China ordered Xiong Zijun, an underground party member who teaches in the Political Department of Chenghua University in Chengdu, to worship Mi Wu as his teacher.The Master became a patriotic and progressive person who leaned towards the Communist Party. After the liberation of Chengdu, Xiong Zijun served as the deputy secretary-general of the Southwest Military and Political Committee. He reported the situation of Master Miwu to Deng Xiaoping and Liu Bocheng.

Liu Bocheng had a conversation with Master Miwu in his office in Zengjiayan, Chongqing. When Liu Bocheng asked which key towns to pass through when marching from Xikang North Road, Master Miwu replied: "It is Ganzi, Jiangda, Qamdo, especially Qamdo, which is the gateway for Xikang to enter Tibet. Therefore, if you can occupy Qamdo, if you unbutton your clothes, Tibet will lose its barrier to the east." When it comes to the specific use of troops, Master Mi Wu suggested: "When using troops against Tibet, it is necessary to concentrate superior forces, encircle and infiltrate, and focus on seizing its energy, without actually attacking. One such solution can be followed in turn. Go to the Tibetan border and then negotiate with the Dalai Lama and the chief contact, and state your interests. According to reason, the use of troops against Tibet can be decided without blood."

Liu Bocheng mobilized Master Miwu to go to Tibet again to contribute to the peaceful liberation of Tibet. After returning to Chengdu, Master Miwu suggested to Xiong Zijun that he should go to Tibet with Jia Titao, a former representative of the puppet National Congress and a major general of the Kuomintang. After accepting the task, Master Miwu, Jia Titao, and former Sera Khenpo Ngawang Gyatso got in touch with the head of the Liaison Department of the 18th Army.They decided to set off in March 1950.Because the Kuomintang left some spies and often carried out assassination activities, for the sake of safety, Master Miwu changed his name to Master Zhiqing.

There are two tasks for them to enter Tibet.One is through Master Miwu’s contact with Tibetan upper-class figures to publicize the central government’s proposition on the peaceful liberation of Tibet; second, Master Miwu is familiar with the Kham-Tibet area and can try to help the PLA solve some difficulties in the march. This is the second persuasion group sent by our side. They followed a caravan caravan to the Jinsha River.The Jinsha River has already been guarded by the Tibetan local army, and you must have a horse card to pass it.Master Miwu had been a khenpo in the Dajin Temple in Ganzi, and he had some prestige, so he asked the temple for a horse card.But Tibet is very strict on the defense of the Jinsha River, and will not give up if there is a horse card.

What if I can't cross the river? Master Miwu asked the Dajin Temple to send a man named Jiang Ba Lunzhu across the river to find out the truth.They set up a tent by the river and waited for news.Director Li Fen of the Intelligence Department of the 18th Army was in Dege at this time, and Master Miwu cooperated with him to do a lot of work to Jiangyang Baimu, the female chieftain of Dege. Jiang Ba Lunzhu returned from the other side of the river.He said that Geda Tulku, who set off later than them, had arrived in Qamdo, but he could neither move forward nor retreat.He also advised them not to cross the river, and it was useless in the past.Here they have been waiting.It was not until the Battle of Qamdo that he crossed the river with the troops.In the process of marching into Lhasa later, Master Miwu played a huge role, solving the urgent needs of the army's food shortage and housing many times. In the northwest, Peng Dehuai immediately sent people to investigate after receiving Mao Zedong's instructions to send people into Tibet to persuade the Dalai clique, and found that the Dalai elder brother Dangcai Living Buddha mentioned in Mao Zedong's telegram was in Kumbum Monastery in Xining.Zhou Renshan, director of the United Front Work Department of the Qinghai Provincial Party Committee, went to Kumbum Monastery to mobilize Dangcai Living Buddha. The next day, Qinghai Provincial Party Committee Secretary Zhang Zhongliang took advantage of the opportunity of the Kumbum Lantern Festival to find Dangcai Living Buddha in person. After many talks, Dangcai Only then did he agree to persuade people to make peace. A delegation of eight persons was formed to persuade them to make peace.Tudeng Jume Norbu, Dangcai Living Buddha of Kumbum Monastery, is the head of the group; the deputy head is Xia Ricang Living Buddha of Longwu Temple in Tongren County, Huangnan Prefecture, Qinghai Province, and Kadeng Gyatso, the Xianer Living Buddha of Datong County.The secretary-general was Xia Ricang's younger brother Gelai Jiacuo.Chi Yurui of the Intelligence Department of the Central Military Commission is the secretary, his lover Cheng Guanghui is the confidential officer, Li Ming is the waiter, and Wang Yongde is the Tibetan interpreter. On May 2, Mao Zedong replied to the Northwest Bureau, agreeing to the persuasion group's entry into Tibet, and proposed to "request the local government of old Tibet to send representatives to Xikang to negotiate with the People's Liberation Army." In July, the peace delegation set out from Xining.Peng Dehuai came to see him off in person.The delegation carried the "Ten Articles" approved by the Central Committee, a radio station, and 4 light machine guns.They traveled with 156 pilgrims and businessmen. Wherever there are people, there are left, middle and right.The three Living Buddhas of the Persuasion Group seem to be proving this assertion with their actions.Dangcai Living Buddha was the chief representative, but he represented the interests of the upper-class pro-imperialists and reactionary nobles in Tibet, and tried to send information to Tibet as soon as possible.Camping every day, he is always half a day or a day away from the delegation's camp. Once the opportunity is available, he always wants to get rid of the delegation.Xian Ling Buddha recited scriptures all day long, and he joined the persuasion group just to take the opportunity to go to Lhasa to make a pilgrimage to the Buddha.But Xia Ricang Living Buddha showed a firm stand and did a lot of work along the way. There was an incident that gave the three living Buddhas a test question. In the afternoon when the Peace Corps arrived in Hoh Xil, at about four or five o'clock, the horses had just been let out to graze, when a strong wind suddenly blew up, as strong as twelve or twelve.The flying sand and stone hit the person heavily.After the wind and sand passed, the four horses belonging to Chi Yurui and the others disappeared.They were stuck for over a week.Regarding this matter, Dangcai Rinpoche gloated over the misfortune, and the former Rinpoche said he could do nothing. Only Xia Ricang Rinpoche and his younger brother Gelai Jiacuo sent their own lamas to search for it, and used religious rituals such as touching the top to learn about the situation from the masses. After many twists and turns, the horse was found.Chi Yurui presented 200 rounds of rifle bullets to the herdsmen who returned the horses. When the persuasion group arrived at Xiaquka, about one horse station away from the important town of Heihe in northern Tibet, the fourth-rank official in Heihe, Kanqiongtudengsangbu, and a sixth-rank lay official came forward to stop the persuasion group from advancing.And confiscate an old-fashioned 15-watt transceiver and self-defense pistol carried by the delegation.They immediately asked their superiors for countermeasures, and the superiors replied: "In order to show our sincerity in the peace talks, we agree to hand over the radio station and pistols to the local government of old Tibet, but we must try to go to Lhasa. We must be vigilant against the subordinates of the escaped bandits Usman and Hariwas in Xinjiang." .” The next day, a squad of Tibetan soldiers came.Exciting news was being broadcast on the radio: "Qamdo has been liberated, immediately convey the news of the liberation of Qamdo to the Tibetan authorities..." After confiscating the telegram, the Tibetan soldiers stretched out their hands to pull the antenna.When Chi Yurui told Khenqiong Tudeng Sangbu the news of the liberation of Qamdo, his attitude improved slightly, and he sent someone to bring a bag of rice and feed. On this day, the goose feather snow fell suddenly, and it fell for seven or eight days in a row. The snow was knee-deep. Looking around, there was a gloomy white light everywhere. The grass and cow dung were all covered, and the livestock had no grass to eat.The persuasion regiment was running out of food, and two of its pack oxen froze to death.However, Heihe was still waiting for Lhasa's instructions not to allow the persuasion group to move forward.One day when the weather turned fine, Tudeng Norbu invited Chi Yurui and Gelai Gyatso to meet at the Heihe Khenqiong mansion, saying: "The road is open, and the Kashag informed you that you can go to Lhasa, but because the road is difficult and the people are sparsely populated, you have to divide Approved to go. The three representatives and the entourage will go for two days first, and you Han people and others will leave on the third day." The Persuasion Group was trapped in Heihe alone for more than 40 days.Dangcai waited for the three living Buddhas to arrive in Lhasa smoothly.On the second day after they left Heihe, Chi Yurui discovered that a group of about ten Usman bandits from Xinjiang had also been released to Lhasa.Behind a Kazakh tent, Chi Yurui saw an old woman in her fifties and three men with a light machine gun beside them.On the grass, there are seven-peaked camels and three or four horses.Due to the language barrier, it is impossible to have a conversation.The old woman pointed to the empty pocket with her finger, indicating that there was no food to eat, and Chi Yurui gave her a few catties of flour.It was later found out that this group of bandits was blocked by the Kashag who suspected they were "communists". When the Kashag learned that they were bandits from Xinjiang, they let them go.And funded them to go to India. In stark contrast to this, Chi Yurui and the other four were "escorted" by a group of Tibetan soldiers, crossed mountains and ridges for seven days, and arrived in Naidong County in the south of the mountain, where they were put under house arrest by Tibetan soldiers in an isolated building.After surviving a difficult time, Chi Yurui and the other four tried their best to reach Lhasa, and asked for the radio station and the pistol.Later, the seventeen-point agreement for the peaceful liberation of Tibet was copied and forwarded to the Kaxag government through their old-fashioned 15-watt radio.This news has effectively contributed to the division of the upper class in Tibet. The envoys of persuading peace were repeatedly rejected from outside Bingfengxueling. Those tallest mountains in the world blocked the eyes of the Kashag government.They don't know what kind of world is outside, they just stare at the palm-sized sky above their heads, thinking that this is the whole meaning of the world.The old and fatuous Regent Daza looks like a stubborn frog in a well.It seems that apart from his own drumming, he can't hear a little sound from outside. The Communist Party and the People's Liberation Army have enough confidence and patience. They are waiting. They resolutely implement the policy of peacefully liberating Tibet because there is a strong theoretical basis behind it. First, Tibet is basically an area inhabited by Tibetans, and Tibetan Buddhism was originally the dominant ideology in the social life of this area.According to the "Common Program" of the Interim Constitution, all ethnic groups in the country must respect each other and unite on the basis of equality in order to jointly build our great motherland.A policy of freedom of belief must be implemented for religion.The Tibetans have made their own contributions to the creation and development of the great motherland. Especially in the past century, they have shared life and death with the Han and other fraternal ethnic groups and fought heroically against foreign aggression.A distinction must be made between the very small number of people who stubbornly adhere to the separatist position and the broad masses of people with a glorious tradition of patriotism.For the vast number of Tibetans and patriotic upper-class people, we must do more publicity and education work, and use practical actions to abide by the ethnic and religious policies to influence and unite them instead of using force arbitrarily.Even if force is used under unavoidable circumstances, it is aimed at domestic and foreign reactionaries, and it is still for the purpose of promoting peace and the peaceful liberation of Tibet. Second, people of all ethnic groups in China, including the Tibetan people, have loved peace since ancient times.Proletarian revolutionaries of the older generation, such as Mao Zedong, were forced to lead the people to take up guns and insist on armed struggle against counter-revolutionaries who were armed to the teeth, and never gave up any opportunity to win victory for the people in a peaceful manner. In March 1949, the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the Party was held in Xibaipo.At the meeting, Mao Zedong proposed three ways to solve the remaining Kuomintang troops in Tianjin, Beiping and Suiyuan, and called on the whole party to learn to use the Beijing and Suiyuan ways, that is, to solve problems peacefully in order to avoid casualties and damage.After the founding of New China, the party and the people took control of the state power, and of course it is more possible and necessary to resolve the Tibet issue in a peaceful manner. Third, in the long history of Tibetan-Chinese relations, the brotherly relationship of mutual learning, mutual assistance, mutual love and friendly cooperation is the mainstream, and at the same time there are ethnic barriers.This is mainly due to the backwardness of productive forces in Tibetan society, traffic congestion, imperialist aggression, and policies implemented by the reactionary elements of the Han and Tibetan races.As far as the Han nationality is concerned, the reactionary rulers of the past dynasties not only oppressed the Han people, but also oppressed the minority nationalities.The Communist Party and the army and government under its leadership are the faithful representatives and defenders of the interests of the people of all ethnic groups in China. They are essentially different from the conquerors of imperialism and feudalism. It is inevitable to propose the policy of peacefully liberating Tibet. Fourth, at the beginning of the founding of New China, Tibetan society was still stagnant in the stage of feudal serfdom, and its political system was still established under the support of the feudal dynasties of the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties in my country. The nature of theocratic unity system.With the aid and support of imperialism and foreign reactionary forces, the Tibetan rulers are still able to control and influence the people under the banner of "ethnicity" and "religion".Although the Party and the Central People's Government represent the interests of all ethnic groups in China, they should lead and help the Tibetan people to overthrow the original system that was extremely unfavorable to the prosperity and development of Tibet. However, the revolution in Tibet is ultimately the business of the Tibetan people themselves.When the people are not generally awakened, the central government will send troops to forcibly overthrow the old regime in Tibet, which will give international hostile forces and Dazha and others an opportunity to push some of the masses to their side, thereby delaying the Tibetan revolution process.Therefore, it is necessary to divide the Tibetan national revolution and the democratic revolution into two steps, and divide the anti-imperialist and anti-feudalism of the new democratic revolution in Tibet into two steps.Deng Xiaoping once said in the article "On the Southwest Minority Issues": "What is the correct class position? It means not to start class struggle now, but to achieve unity among the nationalities. This is called the correct class position." The policy on the peaceful liberation of Tibet is an important manifestation of the Communist Party proceeding from the reality of Tibet, combining the basic principles of Marxism-Leninism with the practice of the Tibetan revolution, seeking truth from facts, and creatively applying and developing Marxism-Leninism in practice. Also to achieve this goal, the Communist Party and the People's Liberation Army sent out a fourth peacemaking group headed by Geda Living Buddha after the first three peacemaking groups were blocked. What was the result? On July 24, 1950, Geda Living Buddha and his party arrived in Qamdo. At that time, Qamdo was described by the locals as having many bedbugs, prostitutes, venereal diseases and beggars. Stepping on the overflowing sewage, Geda and his party arrived at a place called Matang in Qamdo Town and stayed there. After many efforts, Lalu Tsewang Dorje, the head of the Chamdo General Administration Office, agreed to meet Geda Living Buddha at the General Administration Office. The General Manager's Mansion was built in Stoutang of Yunanba in Qamdo. It is a white watchtower with 18 pillars inside.Next to the window on the first floor is a row of card mats.Lalu's card pad is made of blue cloth, which is very thick, with a square piece of vermilion cloth in the middle. The 37-year-old Lalu is sitting on the mat. He is wearing a yellow satin robe, scarlet colored boots, and a "Jiangda" red tasseled cap. He looks capable and shrewd. The waiter took Geda Tulku's top hat, poured hot buttered tea, and stepped aside. "My lord, the People's Liberation Army has decided to march into Tibet. Let me carry out the peace talks first. But the People's Liberation Army is unstoppable anyway. If the peace negotiations fail, they will force their way in. That's not good for everyone." Living Buddha Geda expressed his intentions . Lalu cautiously asked tentatively: "You and I know each other well and have a close relationship, but is your relationship with the People's Liberation Army really good?" "I have a very deep relationship with the People's Liberation Army, as early as the Long March of the Red Army, especially with the officer Zhu De." Gerda saw Lalu's suspicion and fear, and his tone increased. "Tibet will be liberated no matter what, that's for sure. I once went to the living Buddha Zhongsa Qinze for divination, and the hexagrams said that a bad omen has appeared in Qamdo, and a stupa must be built immediately, and some Buddhist activities must be held to interpret it. The conditions of the People's Liberation Army had better be answered as soon as possible. They entrusted me to put forward three items. These three items are: 1. Recognize Tibet as Chinese territory. 2. The border defense should be guarded by the People's Liberation Army. All affairs other than those can be handled by the local government of old Tibet. Please telegraph the above contents to Lhasa Kashag and Regent Daza; if you can accept these three items, you can resolve them through peaceful means.” Lalu pondered: "It's good to have peace talks; once there is a war, I will be the first to bear the brunt, and I will be in a difficult situation. Therefore, peace talks are beneficial to both parties. But this is a major matter. Before, I didn’t dare to be the master.” At the end of the conversation, a bowl full of buttered tea Geda Rinpoche didn't take a sip, and was thrown to the ground by the waiter. Half a month passed in a flash.Geda Living Buddha was very anxious: Lalu prevaricated with various reasons.He said that the Dalai Lama and the Kashag had been telegraphed about the views of the People's Liberation Army, and the Kashag was about to discuss it at the general meeting of Tibet. Some people at the meeting advocated peace talks, while others believed that the peace talks were inappropriate, and no consensus was reached.Afterwards, Kashag replied by telegram, saying that the matter should be postponed for a while, and no decision has been made yet at the meeting.Lalu also said that there is a German named Hai Rui in Lhasa who spread rumors everywhere, saying that Tibet is independent. You must never admit that Tibet is a part of China, let alone agree to the last two. Half a month later, Lalu moved Geda Living Buddha to live in Jiangga on the grounds that the house was spacious.This is a two-story building in the suburbs, and it is the transmitting station of the British spy Ford.At this time, an evil hand was quietly reaching out to Geda Living Buddha. One day, Geda Living Buddha found Lalu again: "My lord, it's not good to procrastinate like this. I've been in Qamdo for almost a month, and I haven't heard any news yet. I want to go to Lhasa to talk in person. What do you think?" Lalu said: "It's better for you to go in person. The regent Daza has a teacher-student relationship with you and respects you very much. But Kaxag called and said, please tell Geda Tulku that there is a meeting now and no decision has been made. Once the decision is made I will tell him immediately. It is not suitable for him to come to Lhasa, and he should not go back, please live in Qamdo temporarily." Gerda was full of anxiety: "It's dangerous to delay any longer." "Why are you in such a hurry to liberate Tibet?" Lalu's face darkened. "Tibet is the roof of the world. This is related to the international competition for the roof of the world. The country needs to be unified, so Tibet must be liberated soon." After this conversation, Lalu sent another secret telegram to Kashag, claiming: "If this delay continues, the border will be in great danger." Galoin Surkang himself called Lalu back saying that we cannot confirm the peace talks.If the border is in danger, I hope you will stand it first, for as long as you can.It is beneficial to keep Geda Living Buddha in Changdu. If you can't stand it, Geda can stay as a hostage, and he can save your life. According to Lalu's later recollection, once, Geda Rinpoche showed him a letter addressed to the People's Liberation Army and asked for his opinion.The central content of this letter is: Daza and Lalu have the idea of ​​peace talks, so please postpone the time for marching for a while, and I will return once the talks are completed.Lalu replied: "The content of the letter is basically well written. I request that the time for marching be postponed for a while, and that peace talks can be started during this period. But the name of me and Daza was mentioned in the letter. Daza is from Tibet. It’s okay to write his name, please remove my name. If the letter says “Lalu is willing to talk with you” and other words spread in the future, I may lose my official position in the future, and I may lose my life. Besides, I No other comments. Please send the letter!" In fact, Geda Rinpoche's letter could no longer be sent out. The reactionary separatists in Tibet are colluding with imperialism and are preparing to kill Geda Living Buddha. Two turbid currents come together to extinguish a good wish. The Englishman Ford made his debut at this time. British agents entered Lhasa in large numbers in 1949.Ziben Shagepa hired Fox, an operator of a British radio station in India, and established a radio station in Lhasa.Fox sent Ford to Qamdo in the name of Zarong's employment. Ford, English is FAOD.He was tall and strong, with a head of thick hair and a neatly trimmed beard and chin and upper lip.By general standards, he is a bit handsome, but in the eyes of the Chinese people, he is an extremely ugly person.In the heavy history textbook, he used his behavior to draw a clown who jumped on the bridge. Ford, who was only in his thirties, was born in a wealthy and prestigious family in England.In college, he studied radio. After graduation, he joined the spy agency and became an officer of the Royal Intelligence Service.He often took beautiful women to watch operas at the Milan Opera House, to hunt in hunting grounds in Northern Ireland, or to vacation in big hotels on the Mediterranean Sea. In 1949, he came to the long-awaited East. In New Delhi, India, Ford was summoned by a British spy chief in India who was known as a cultural counselor. The counselor was drinking, with a thick black Indian cigar in his other hand: "It is the interests of the British Empire to send our most capable personnel to Tibet." In the midst of puffing, the counselor said, "You must We know that the Chiang Kai-shek regime, which has lost the support of the United States, is about to collapse, and we are not interested in this regime, we only care about the ownership of Tibet, which is larger than many European countries.” The fledgling Ford said "this lesson has already been heard". The counselor threw his wine glass on the table in dissatisfaction, stared at Ford and said: "The materials you have read are all crap five years ago. Tibet is a very complicated place. The people in power there are divided into several factions. Each will do his own thing. But as long as they keep sending out good quality wool, hides, and other supplies, the British factories will be well supplied with raw materials. What I mean boils down to a requirement that you must do your best to keep This Tibetan outpost." "How long do I have to go?" Ford asked the first question. "It's hard to say, maybe a year, maybe longer. We hope Tibet can become an independent country and join the Commonwealth of Nations." "Can I get backup?" Ford asked again. Cigar smoke wafted from the counselor's nostrils: "Definitely no. Tibet has inconvenient transportation, and it is impossible to send people there often. The Royal Air Force is also unwilling to send planes to fly over the dangerous Himalayas every month." Ford asked another question: "What equipment do I have?" "Radio, guns, plus two Indian radio operators who can speak Tibetan." Ford signed on to a £20,000-a-year contract. Half a month later, Ford sneaked into Tibet.His public identity is Trade Representative.The pro-British elements in the Kashag government regarded him as a guest of honor.Ford, who had just arrived in Lhasa, changed his old-fashioned style and wore ordinary Tibetan clothes. His leather shoes were so dirty that he couldn't tell the color, and it was rare to wear a silk tie once.Walking on the street, he often gave out chocolates to beggars.The local people regard him as a "good-hearted man".Ford entertained friends from all walks of life in the Sweet Tea House in Lhasa, which is known as a "news center", where people spread everything from important military and political affairs to family and family stories, and it was surprisingly accurate.At night, Ford and two radio operators took turns sending reports in a stone blockhouse, relaying the information collected during the day to India and Britain. When the advance detachment of the People's Liberation Army Chen Bing Ganzi, in order to observe the situation up close, Ford was ordered to go to Qamdo. On July 13, 1949, Ford arrived in Changdu. He brought an AC motor donated to Tibet by the United States, a telephone, and more than 20 loads of gasoline for power generation.His radio station cannot broadcast Tibetan or Chinese, only English.The phone can be connected to Lhasa, and the commercial collection of silver is 50 taels per minute. Chamdo Town seems to be suffering from panic attacks and is in chaos.The doors of every house were wide open, and they were busy fleeing.Among the hundreds of ox carts parked along the street, many of them have already scrambled onto the road.Seven generations of Tibetan local troops and militias are gathering to stand in line, carrying British-made single-shot rifles and preparing to drive to the Jinsha River.Suddenly, someone fired, and the gunfire immediately caused panic, and more bullock carts rushed out of the city with a rattling sound. In the eyes of Ford, the most luxurious governor's mansion in Qamdo is too dilapidated.The doorposts were covered with cobwebs, the yard was full of pigeon droppings, a corner of the yard wall had already collapsed, and a few wild dogs were lazily wandering out of everyone.Walking into the gate, Ford saw several Tibetan men drinking highland barley wine under the eaves, and several others snoring lying on the highland barley bags, with long saliva flowing from their mouths. At first, Lalu arranged for Ford to live in a place called "Doudouka" in the city, but the Tibetan people regarded him as a ghostly devil. When he went out during the day, a group of ordinary people would always surround him, spitting and shouting: "Ghost, Ghost!" No way, Ford had to move to a place called Jiangga in the suburbs.And on weekdays, he wears a Tibetan top hat and a Tibetan outfit, which conceals his true colors.On weekdays, he likes to conduct geological exploration, pick up ore samples, and collect plant specimens.His living habits are still British. He plays badminton and eats "three five" canned food filled with English letters.He learned Tibetan well, and with the help of an interpreter, he learned a lot about it.The intelligence bureau is interested in everything, politics, military, geography, humanities, and is willing to pay for them. When Geda Living Buddha arrived in Qamdo, Ford had already expanded his secret service agency a lot.He held a radio training class, with four or five students, such as Wangza, Dunyisheba, Shanuoduoji and so on.Chamdo Telecom's main station has five sub-stations, which are scattered in the front line of Qingkang, such as Dengke, Gangsi, Qingkesi, Yushu and so on.Its main purpose is to investigate the PLA's deployment of troops in Dege and Yushu, combat plans, and China's policy towards Tibet.Ford is the head of Qamdo Telecom. The arrival of Geda Living Buddha reminded Ford of one thing.Before leaving Lhasa, Fox gave him eight instructions.The last line of the directive was to block any attempt to negotiate peace that would return Tibet to the embrace of the motherland.Geda was a famous monk, but in fact he was a representative of the Communist Party, and he was determined to go to Lhasa.Ford, who discovered this, was like an ant on a hot pot. After more than a week after Gerda arrived in Qamdo, Ford came to Lalu's house, saying that it was of no benefit to negotiate with the Beijing government, and that Gerda should be stopped in Qamdo and not allowed to go to Lhasa.He also said these words repeatedly to other officials in Qamdo General Administration. Living Buddha Geda was killed within a week of moving downstairs to Jianggafu. This dark day is bloody: August 22. After death, Geda Living Buddha's whole body turned black, blood and pus came out from the seven orifices, and the skin would fall off when touched.In order to evade the relationship, Ford, Lalu and others quickly burned their bodies and wiped out all traces.According to the housekeeper of the living Buddha, the bones of the living Buddha are all black, obviously he was poisoned to death.All the living Buddha's entourage were escorted to Lhasa to "preside over the deliverance".Those who wanted to go back to Ganzi to report the funeral were also placed under house arrest in Qamdo by Lalu. How was Geda Living Buddha murdered?This seems to be a historical mystery. Wang Gui, a researcher at the Beijing Academy of Military Sciences, was a trainee staff officer in the Reconnaissance Section of the 18th Army Headquarters and had participated in the interrogation of Ford.He said that Geda Living Buddha was only 47 years old when he went to Qamdo. According to Tianbao's recent recollection, when the Living Buddha left Ganzi, he had a big body, a rich figure, a rosy face, and a voice like a bell, without any signs of illness.Ford confessed that he was the mastermind and the instigator behind the killing of the living Buddha. After he hinted, the Tibetans are very capable and he does not need to do it himself.He knew since he was a child that Tibetan lamas have secret recipes to kill people. Some people also said that after Living Buddha Geda lived in Jiangga on August 13, he went to the radio station and asked for a direct report. Ford took the opportunity to poison a cup of black tea or coffee about the e-commerce trip to Lhasa.At night, Living Buddha Geda had constant headaches, which occurred intermittently. Afterwards, Chugawu, the fourth-rank official of Qamdo General Administration Office, was responsible for the house arrest of Geda Living Buddha.He had the most contact with living Buddhas.A few days before his death, Living Buddha Geda couldn't eat for several days, vomited yellow water, his limbs were numb, and his nose was bleeding.But Chugawu did not allow the attendants and disciples of Geda Living Buddha to approach him. On August 21, Geda Rinpoche suffered from stomach cramps. After taking a pill given by Chugawu, he died heroically that night.Before he died, he still couldn't forget the heavy responsibility he shouldered.Aspirations unpaid, death will not rest in peace! The death of Geda Living Buddha is a great exposure of the Tibetan reactionary and imperialist forces' refusal of peace talks and their insistence on separatism. On Jiang's side, Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, the Southwest Bureau, the 18th Army, and the advance detachment were all waiting for news of Geda Living Buddha. The troops continued to send scouts to the Jinsha River to investigate the situation. In mid-August, the reconnaissance department of the 18th Army learned the following news: (1) Geda Living Buddha had arrived in Qamdo from Kasongdu through Yuquka, Duolanduo and other places; (2) it was heard that Geda Living Buddha had I met the general manager of the old Tibetan local government stationed in Qamdo; (3) Geda Living Buddha still stays in Qamdo and has not been able to go to Lhasa. One day at the end of August, Lu Chao and Wang Gui, staff officers of the 18th Army's reconnaissance section, and Wen Shaohua, a young Tibetan soldier, set off from Dege to Gongya Village to learn about the situation.Gongya is located between Dege County and the Jinsha River, where the mule gang is at the top, so you can learn a lot about it.For the convenience of movement, the scouts all wore Tibetan clothes. In two hours, they traveled 15 kilometers to Gongya. From a distance, they saw a group of mules resting on the grass at the head of the village.After observation, they are obviously a caravan carrying goods across the west bank of the Jinsha River.Dozens of mules and horses were grazing with their heads down. The pack boxes were still on the horses, and it seemed that they were filled with brick tea.Seven or eight Kham men were sitting cross-legged on the grass, chewing grass.Among them, a Hanyang pot was set up on several stones. The wooden sticks underneath were burning very vigorously, and the brick tea boiled in the pot was dark brown. Lu Chao took out his cigarettes and handed one to each mule driver. Under Wen Shaohua's translation, they talked. "Where are you from?" "Chamdo." "Where are you going?" "Kangding, Ya'an." "Where did you come from this morning?" "Gonto." "Have you heard of Geda Living Buddha?" When Lu Chao asked this, the faces of the mule drivers changed suddenly.There was no words for a while.Several of them glanced at each other.After a while, an elderly mule driver "heard that Geda Living Buddha had died." The scouts asked again: "Where did he die?" "He died in Qamdo. Now everyone in Qamdo knows about it." The three scouts hurried back to Dege County and reported the situation to the front finger of the Eighteenth Army of Ganzi. 格达活佛走后，我们天天计算他的行程，等候他的佳音。大约是九月中旬的一天，忽然听说有两名昌都来人要向我和天宝同志报告格达活佛的消息。我们不知道是祸是福，立刻接见。来人一见到我们便嚎啕大哭，然后哽咽地向我们报告：格达活佛已在昌都遇害身亡！经询问，这二人并不是格达活佛的随员，而是从甘孜去昌都的旅客，是格达活佛的信徒。他们是受格达活佛的管家热勒之托回来向我们报信的。他们虽然无法向我们说明格达活佛遇害的详细情形，但格达活佛含恨圆寂则是确定无疑的了。据以后了解，格达一行是7月24日到昌都的。格达活佛广泛接触了僧俗各界人士，向他们宣传中央关于和平解放西藏的方针政策，并以自己的亲身经历，宣扬我军进驻甘孜地区后，如何尊重藏族的宗教信仰和风俗习惯，如何爱护帮助藏族群众。格达活佛的活动遭到昌都上层反动分子和帝国主义势力的嫉恨。 西藏地方政府噶伦(为清朝中央政府批准设置的高级官吏职称，三品官)、昌都“边使总署”总督拉鲁·次旺多吉向拉萨当局报告了格达活佛的活动情况和他下一步的行动计划，拉萨当局立即做了三条指示：一是不准格达继续西进；二是不准东返甘孜；三是不准在昌都自由行动。格达要求发报与拉萨直接联系，因电台为英国人福特所控制而无法实现。 8月22日，格达活佛被害身亡，遗体被焚毁，随员均被押往拉萨。热勒就是在押离昌都前偷偷找到两名格达活佛的信徒，托他们赶回甘孜报信的。格达活佛遇害的噩耗令我和天宝同志无比悲痛。先遣支队的全体官兵也无不义愤填膺；誓为格达活佛报仇。 格达活佛遇害的消息一经传出，全国处于一种震惊和悲愤之中。邓小平提出关于格达治丧问题的四项办法： (一)责成而庚省人民政府负责办理格达身后事宜； (二)委托西南军政委员会委员张国华代表本会致祭； (三)拨治丧费一千万元(旧币)； (四)在渝举行追悼会，责成西南民族事务委员会负责进行筹备事宜。 在重庆，邓小平等八百余人参加了历时三个多小时的追悼大会。刘伯承写了三幅挽联，悼念格达。 西康省人民政府拨治丧费一千万元(旧币)，分别在雅安、康定、西昌三地同时举行追导悼会。并在白利寺为格达建立塔墓，以资纪念。 十八军也在甘孜举行了有近两千人参加的追悼大会，并举行公祭，全体列队举行绕灵仪式，群众反响极大。有人献上这样一幅挽联： 为真理，身披袈裟入险境，纵出师未捷身先死，堪称高原完人；求解放，手擎巨桨渡金沙，虽长使英雄泪满襟，终庆康藏新生。 后来，毛泽东把亲笔题写的“中华人民共和国各民族团结起来”的锦旗，连同100包藏茶，委派中央访问团和西南访问团直接送到白利寺，并慰问了格达活佛的亲属。 格达活佛被害事件，是西藏地方当局坚持分裂祖国反动立场的一次大暴露。为了阻止我军进藏，他们费尽心机，进行了一系列的拙劣表演。在国际上，他们在英美等帝国主义的支持怂恿下，继续制造西藏“独立”的舆论。对于中央发出的和平解放西藏的号召，他们采取了两面应付的手法：一方面，不公开拒绝谈判，于2月间派出一个“和谈代表团”，但却绕道印度，于4月初抵达加尔各答后，即长期滞留印度，虽经我驻印度使馆一再催促，却始终不去北京谈判，暗中则与帝国主义势力紧密勾结，企图拖延时日坐观时局变化；另一方面，则加紧扩军备战，将藏军原来14个代本扩充为1了个代本，并将其大部及征调的部分土兵约8000人，部署于昌都及周围地区，妄图凭金沙江之险，阻我军于江东。 西藏当局不派代表去北京同中央谈判，却企图与我先遣部队建立某种“对话”关系，借此摸我们的底。6月8日，师部的同志收到昌都总督、噶伦拉鲁·次旺多吉送来的一信： Ganzi 解放军师长、委员鉴： 遥闻二公已莅甘孜执行新政，实感庆慰。中藏情感仍应继续增进，彼此边疆尤须照旧维持和平。并望回示，借作准则，是所至盼，顺颂祺祉。 西藏边使噶伦拉鲁 藏历铁虎年四月初九日 信写得文绉绉的，语气似也“客气”。可是他的“原则”立场却毫不含糊：把中央同西藏地方的关系称为“中藏关系”，把金沙江作为“彼此边疆”，自称“西藏边使”，完全是两国之间办外交的口气，看了令人又生气又好笑。师长对天宝同志说：“这是明目张胆地闹独立，就凭他这一封信，我们就师出有名了。”稍后，郄晋武和杨军同志在邓柯也先后收到拉鲁和藏军第3代本主官牟霞的来信，都是一个调子。经报请西南军区审查批准，师部分别写了回信，信中主要根据西南局制定的“十条”精神，宣传中央关于和平解放西藏的方针，并明白昭示：我各路进藏大军，业已准备就绪，正待命西进；昌都地方政府和驻昌都地区藏军有协助我军之责；希望他们认清时局，顺应潮流，择善而行，共襄义举，为早日完成祖国统一大业而努力。我们虽然批驳了拉鲁等人的谬论，但措辞还是比较委婉的，体现了待之以礼、以理服人的精神。但我们的信送出后即再不见下文，大概是对方认为已经摸清了我们的底，没有必要再玩这种文字游戏了。 在我们对西藏当局大力开展政治争取工作的同时，西北局和西北军政委员会也通过多种渠道，向西藏当局剀切晓喻中央对和平解决西藏问题的愿望和决心。1950年5月9日，在藏传佛教界享有崇高威望的喜饶嘉措大师发表广播讲话，敦促西藏当局速派代表团赴京进行和平谈判。7月，青海省人民政府派出了包括达赖胞兄当才活佛在内的劝和代表团赴藏。西北军政委员会主席彭德怀在该团出发前于西宁接见了全体成员，向大家详细阐述了中央对解决西藏问题的原则立场和他对西藏当局的殷切期望。在此之前，我有关部门还曾派出人员以商人身份秘密入藏，带去我西北军政负责人致西藏地方政府的函件。但是，这些努力都未得到西藏当局的响应。劝和团入藏后，有些成员竟遭囚禁。西藏噶厦(地方政府)在给青海省人民政府的一封信中，竟称“中藏关系”是“檀越”(即施主)与寺庙的关系。 尽管西藏当局对中央和平解决西藏问题的号召始终置若罔闻，尽管我们有足够的力量向西藏进军，中央仍不愿轻易向西藏用兵，仍未放弃和平解放西藏的努力。1950年8月31日，我国外交部照会印度政府，中国人民解放军即将在西康西部按照预定计划开始行动，希望印度政府协助仍滞留印度的西藏地方代表团于9月中旬以前到达北京，开始和平谈判。9月上、中旬，我驻印度大使馆负责人又先后当面通知西藏地方代表团，务于9月内赶到北京，否则，该团应负延宕之责和承担由此产生的一切后果。但在帝国主义的挑唆阻挠下，西藏当局对中央的警告仍然置之不理。 双方交战，不斩来使。这是自古形成的一条战争定例。 然而，我方派出的和谈代表却不断遭到旧西藏地方政府的阻挡、拘禁和杀害。 同时，西藏派出的和谈“代表团”也滞留于印度，犹如腿上系上两块沉重的巨石：噶厦中的亲帝国主义势力和英美帝国主义势力，不再向前迈进一步。 1950年初，噶厦政府在向美、英、印、尼四国派遣“亲善使团”的同时，也派出一个“代表团”前往北京，目的是为了表达他们的“独立”主张。因受到我国政府的严正警告，英美等国不愿接待这些使团，噶厦只有将“亲善使团”中途召回。但派往北京的“代表团”仍于3月抵达印度新德里。 在这个3人组成的“代表团”中，起主要作用的是孜本夏格巴·旺秋德丹。此人于1963年写成《西藏政治史》一书，因宣传分裂主张而臭名昭著。夏格巴还是一个顽固的亲帝国主义分裂分子。这个“代表团”于3月15日致函我有关办事机构，宣称“西藏独立”，要求在香港就此同中央谈判。 中央人民政府秘书长林伯渠答复说，该代表团只能以旧西藏地方政府代表的名义来京进行和平解放西藏的谈判，欢迎他们到北京来。 但是，他们制造借口，滞留印度，同英美帝国主义暗中勾结，继续进行背叛祖国的活动。 另一方面，噶厦政府从印度购买了大批军火，准备和解放军决战。 位于中国和锡金边境的帕里宗宗本雪康·索朗达吉对此有深刻记忆。 藏历铁虎年(1950年)2月20日左右，雪康收到噶厦的命令：“政府已从印度政府买妥一批军火，命你于藏历3月1日准时亲赴锡金接收。到彼后与锡金总督大臣海叶商讨运藏事宜。你须立即筹运出，途中不得丢失、损坏和延误。按惯例从荡金至亚东的运费英镑1万元，已由噶伦堡的拉萨商人察珠仓之子汇兑彼处，到时前往领取。武器运到亚东之后，立即移交给亚东总管邦达的代理人负责运送。有关向江孜运送之事宜，已给亚东总管代理人另有指令。给你所派的两名助理是由上下亚东各遣一名小头人，此事请与亚东总管面商。” 藏历3月2日，雪康抵达锡金。 3日早晨，在印度驻锡金大臣的官邸，雪康呈上噶厦的指令。大臣说：“军火已从西里古里军营经过印度大吉岭里波昂军营发来此处。有关这件事我给你提几条注意事项：第一，印度政府自始至终对西藏是真心友好和关心帮助的。由于西藏东部有遭赤色侵害之危险，我们便迅速帮助出售这批军火，这纯属我们内部事务，因此，你必须保证严守机密，尤其不得接触新闻记者。第二，目前锡金地区的时局也不太安宁，等这批军火运到后，你得及时接收并尽快运往西藏。否则，若稍有停留，就有遭歹徒抢劫的危险。” 最后，交接枪支弹药的地方定在锡金市以北5英里一个名叫博哲埃斯谷的地方。该地原为一所藏文学校，以后由印军一个团驻扎。 这批军火计有：2英寸口径火炮68门、3英寸口径火炮62门、各附带炮弹数箱；步枪有200多箱，枪炮加上子弹共达2400多箱。 藏历4月初，噶厦发电报给雪康称：“昌都一带边界等处情况十分严重，因此，此处各军营已派士兵50多人到江孜印军驻地，专门学习大炮的装卸和使用技术。你将军火交接的收尾工作详细交待给可靠代理人后，携带一定数量的武器和凭据立即亲赴江孜。有关学员毕业后向各地分配之事，已给江孜总管和二宗本另去指令。”九天后，雪康一行抵达江孜。 部分土兵正用新运来的武器进行训练。参加训练的藏兵来自第一、二、三、六代本，共计五十余人。他们学了二十多天后，奉噶厦命令，除少数返回拉萨外，大部分携带武器前往藏东和藏北一带。 当雪康忙于在帕里和锡金运送军火之时，一个美国人悄悄追随而来。 藏历3月15日，雪康到印度噶伦堡察珠仓之子处提取汇兑好的运费。次日下午3点多，他正在午休，仆人达珍喊醒了他： “老爷，一个外国人问帕里宗本在不在？” 雪康抹了一把脸，准备出门迎接。却见一男一女两个人闯了进来。据进来的那位印度妇女介绍，金发碧眼的男子是美国常住加尔各答的商务代表，她是这位代表的翻译。 美国商务代表翻了一下笔记本，然后用印地语问道： “你是帕里宗本雪康公子吗？” “是的，你们找我有何贵干？” “请你不要见怪。我们是属于国际统一阵线组织的。所以我以自己人的角度问您，听说西藏昌都一带有严重的赤色恐怖活动。你是噶厦的官员，能否给我介绍一些这方面的情况？” “我虽是政府方面的人，但目前常驻西藏边境的帕里宗，西藏又没有新闻报可看，所以不太清楚有什么情况。各国收音机里讲的，你比我更清楚。这方面倒有些说法，沸沸扬扬，但详细情况我确实不了解。” “藏政府从印度政府购买的军火听说派你来接收。请问军火究竟有多少？” “我只是负责从边境接收驮子的任务，至于枪支弹药有多少，是什么枪支，则一无所知。” “有多少驮子？” “因我的交接工作刚刚开始，有多少驮还不清楚。” “那么，这些军火买来是为了防御赤色恐怖的吗？” "Definitely." “既然如此，假如藏政府向我们美国提出武器援助要求的话，美国政府一定会给予帮助的。您认为如何？” “我相信会援助的。谢谢！但此事只能由政府之间直接商谈，此次我没这个任务，故无可奉告。” 雪康与美国商务代表的对话就此结束，但噶厦政府对美国寄予的希望却越来越大。 这年6月，朝鲜战争爆发。夏格巴等人认为这是一个机会，便迫不及待地会晤美国驻新德里大使韩德逊，要求美国提供反对共产党的援助。6月16日，美国国务卿艾奇逊致电韩德逊说，美英正讨论“鼓励西藏抵抗共产党控制”的办法。7月，艾奇逊再次致电韩德逊，“现在国务院能够对西藏人给予关于美国援助西藏的保证”。要韩转告西藏人，美国“已准备协助采购和资助”。韩德逊告诉夏格巴，如果西藏打算抵抗共产党的侵略，并且需要帮助，美国政府准备在军用物资方面予以帮助，还将提供军事援助。但美国不会与中国开战，美国军队参战也难以满足自己后勤补给的需要。西藏占据有利地形，其需要武器胜过需要士兵。8月7日，美国政府正式通知印度政府：如果藏政府能够为武器弹药等物资从其邻国中转进境作出安排，美国愿意以这类武器装备援助西藏。 西藏地方当局这一系列表现，说明他们执迷不悟，已下定决心与中央对抗。在这种情况下，我们的一切善良愿望和耐心等待，只能被看做软弱可欺，看来只有以打促和、先打而后和了。昌都是西藏的门户，西藏当局又在这里摆下重兵，于是在昌都地区进行一场军事较量便不不可避免了。 与此同时，我国政府为促成和谈，作出积极努力。1950年4月，中印建立外交关系，中国驻印度大使馆临时代办申建于7下旬到达新德里，并很快会见了夏格巴等人，传达中央争取和平解放西藏的方针，敦促他们迅速前往北京谈判。8月21日，周恩来总理给印度驻华大使潘尼迦一份备忘录，重申中央人民政府赞成并主张以和平友好方式解决西藏问题。中央人民政府已命令驻印大使在接见西藏代表团时，欢迎他们前往北京面谈。 8月29日，毛泽东在一份报告上写下批语： 周(恩来)： 请注意进攻昌都的时间。请考虑由外交部适当人员向印度大使透露，希望西藏代表团9月中旬到达北京谈判。解放军就要向西藏进军了，西藏代表团如有诚意，应当速来，并希望印度政府予该代表团的旅行以可能的协助。 Mao Zedong 9月17日，我驻印度大使袁仲贤约见夏格巴等人，催促他们到北京谈判，要他们务于9月20日前到达北京。9月23日，又约见他们，告诉原定20日的期限已过，人民解放军将照计划行动，发生的后果由他们负责。如果他们很快到北京，仍然是好的，要他们立即动身。但该代表团根本没有到北京的打算。他们一直抱有暖昧态度，一方面迫于形势，表面上表示要和谈；另一方面，他们坚持反共独立的政治幻想。 为此我军为了打好昌都这一仗认真地进行战前准备工作。尽管困难重重，然而众志成城，在解放西藏人民，巩固西南国防，誓把五星红旗插上喜马拉雅山这一坚定信念的鼓舞下，全军上下齐心协力，保证了各项准备工作按计划进行。特别是经过筑路大军数月的艰苦奋斗，于8月末修通了自雅安至甘孜的公路之后，各种作战物资源源运抵甘孜，准备工作的步伐大大加快。从甘孜到金沙江边还有二百多公里不通公路，但其中有些地段地形条件不算太坏，我们组织部队进行了有重点的抢修，使汽车可以通到雀儿山下，西南军区支援司令部和军前指组织了一部分轻型汽车和胶轮大车，甚至把军、师领导乘坐的吉普车也组织起来，不通汽车的路段则使用骡马、牦牛，采取分段倒运的办法，向江边送了20万公斤粮食。对部队渡江后的物资运输问题，我们也早作了安排。开始，曾考虑组织骡马运输队，但以后我们总结从内地到甘孜的行军经验，感到沿途如不能预设兵站，则使用骡马运输问题很大，主要是骡马饲养要求高，饲料难以解决。 从甘孜到昌都要一二十天行程，即使从江边的德格出发，也需十天左右。这样远的路程，骡马运输队要自带饲料，能驮运的其他物资就很有限了。经过调查研究，认为以牦牛作为主要运力是比较可行的办法。牦牛的主要缺点是速度慢，管理困难，但它最大的优点是以草为食，可以走到哪里吃到哪里，不需携带饲料；而且牦牛较为便宜，完成运输任务后或在断粮时，也可宰杀充食；至于管理问题，稍加训练即可解决。早在6月间，我们便派出干部到康西北牧区的石渠县，经两个多月工作，采购牦牛6000头。德格女土司降央伯姆和玉隆大头人夏克刀登等人也各卖给我们数千头到数百头不等。合计共购得牦牛144万头。 我们将其中的9300头编为5个运输队，在战役发起后取捷径直奔昌都。其余5100头则分散给各参战部队，随军行动。为保证部队渡江，委派杨军组织从内地和当地雇请的船工在邓柯造船。仅一个多月时间，便造出可载25～30人的木船十多只。此外，参战部队还准备了一些橡皮舟和牛皮筏。 Know yourself and the enemy, and you will never be imperiled in a hundred battles.了解敌情是战前准备工作最重要的内容之一。对藏军这个新对手，我们过去知之甚少。受领进藏任务、特别是进入甘孜地区之后，经过对多方搜集的资料进行研究，总的印象，藏军的素质较低，战斗力不强。