Chapter 12 Chapter 12 Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme, the New Governor of Chamdo

Qamdo area is located at 95°-99° east longitude and 29°-32° north latitude.In the Tang Dynasty, it was part of the Tubo Kingdom. After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was collectively called the Kham-Tibet area, and it is now a special area of ​​the Tibet Autonomous Region.It borders on the Jinsha River in the east and faces Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan Province; it borders on Yunnan Province in the south, and a section of it connects with India and Myanmar; it borders on Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Qinghai Province in the north, and borders Linzhi and Nagqu in Tibet in the west.The whole territory is about 850 kilometers long from east to west, and about 470 kilometers wide from north to south. It originally governed 13 counties, with a total area of ​​about 300,000 square kilometers. In 1986, Zayu and Bomi were assigned to Nyingchi, and now they govern Jiangda, Gongjue, Leiwuqi, Dingqing, Chaya, Basu, Zuogong, Mangkang, Luolong, Bianba, Qamdo, etc. 11 counties (Yanjing, Shengda, Tuoba, and Bitu counties have been approved by the State Council and have not yet been established), with a total area of ​​more than 110,000 square kilometers.

Qamdo has a population of 500,000, with more than 20 ethnic groups such as Han, Tibetan, Hui, Zhuang, Naxi, Lhoba, Monba, Bai, etc., mainly Tibetan, belonging to a multi-ethnic area.The Tibetan people here basically believe in Tibetan Buddhism (commonly known as Lamaism), most of them believe in Gelug (Yellow Sect), and some believe in Karma Kagyu (White Sect) and Nyingma (Red Sect), Sakya (Flower Sect), Bon religion (black religion), very few places believe in Islam and Catholicism.Therefore, living Buddhas and lamas have a very high status in the minds of Tibetans. The original "Tibetan government, temples, and nobles" were the three major lords who ruled Tibet.Before liberation, this kind of "political and religious unity" dictatorship of monks, aristocrats and feudal lords made the upper-level living Buddhas, chieftains, and chieftains control the political power at all levels.Tibetan religion in Qamdo is no longer a pure belief, but integrated with the feudal territorial dictatorship system of monks and aristocrats. The serfs and slaves have been subjected to cruel exploitation and oppression for a long time, leading an extremely miserable and inhuman life.

Alpine mountains and canyons are arranged alternately in Qamdo area, and icebergs and snow peaks, dry and hot valleys, forests and grasslands coexist.The terrain is also unique, with obvious differences in altitude from north to south, the highest in the north is 5,500 meters, and it drops to 4,000-3,500 meters in the south step by step, with an average altitude of more than 3,500 meters.The natural resources here are extremely rich, the annual sunshine hours are 21393-27764 hours, the total solar radiation per square centimeter is 1382-1676 kcal, the annual average temperature is 76 ℃, the annual rainfall is 400-600 mm, and the average frost-free period is 127 sky.

The famous Jinsha River, Lancang River, and Nujiang River pass through 11 counties in the whole region from north to south, rolling away; the upper reaches of the three rivers are densely covered with more than 60 tributaries.There are also large and small lakes dotted around, of which 25 are the most famous ones. The rich water source nourishes more than 720,000 mu of land. It is a good place for the growth of highland barley, wheat, round root, buckwheat, barley, peas and other crops.With 1.35 billion mu of natural grassland, it is one of the animal husbandry production bases for yaks, goats, sheep, cattle, horses, mules, and donkeys.

The total forest area of ​​the whole region is more than 30 million mu, with a coverage rate of about 24%, and a timber stock volume of 16.7 billion cubic meters. There are more than 1,500 species of forest trees, including 16 rare species such as red and white sandalwood.Economic trees such as apples, pears, walnuts, peppers, peaches, apricots, and pomegranates also grow in the southern valley.The vast forest provides an excellent habitat for various wild animals from the subtropical zone to the frigid zone. There are more than 400 species, including 12 species of rare animals such as leopards, Tibetan antelopes, white-lipped deer, and brown bears; there are also as many as 1,000 types of medicinal materials. There are pilose antler, cordyceps, musk, bezoar, fritillaria, Gastrodia elata, coptis, bear bile, angelica, snow lotus, leopard bone, three needles, Bupleurum, Qingyin and other treasures.The reserves of various mineral resources are also very rich. Gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, chromium, lead, zinc, antimony, sulfur, coal, gypsum, asbestos, petroleum, magnesite, There are more than 20 types of minerals such as salt, among which the total reserves of copper mines rank first in the country.These mineral deposits are precious resources for the construction of the four modernizations of the motherland.

Changdu Town is an important town in the Hengduan Mountains in eastern Tibet. It is just in the middle of Sichuan and Lhasa. It has always been a communication channel between Sichuan and Tibet, and its location is very important.It carries high mountains on its back, with overlapping hills and steep peaks piercing the sky.Under the high mountains, in the low-lying places, the plains meander, and the Nujiang River and the Lancang River run through the Hengduan Mountains. Thousands of peaks and ravines, unique terrain, and very majestic momentum have become strategic points that must be contested by military strategists.

According to historical records, Qamdo has only been a town for more than 260 years.However, there have been people living here since ancient times, and a large number of cultural relics such as various stone tools, bone tools, pottery, grains and other cultural relics of the primitive village of the Karuo Ruins, a Neolithic site unearthed more than 4,600 years ago, vividly prove this point.In the Han and Wei Dynasties, Changdu was already very famous, and it was called "Kang" at that time (referring to the "Qiamuduo" area at the fork of Zaqu and Angqu; "Changdu" in Tibetan means " "Shuichakou" means).In the early Tang Dynasty, the rise of the Tubo Dynasty not only conquered the tribes in the Yalong Valley, annexed the Subi tribe in the Nianchu River Valley, but also invaded Kham.

After the demise of the Tubo Dynasty, Tibet experienced more than 400 years of division, and the Qamdo area also changed hands several times during the division.In the Yuan Dynasty, the Sakya Dynasty ruled Tibet, and Qamdo became a territory of the Sakya Dynasty.During the Ming Dynasty, Tibet ruled by the Pamo Drupa Dynasty was called "Uzang", and Qamdo became under the jurisdiction of Uzang.The Ming and Qing dynasties have always adopted a policy of softness and control over this area.Emperor Shunzhi of the Qing Dynasty granted the Great Living Buddha in charge of politics and religion in Changdu area as "Zen Master Boshan", "Hutuktu" and "Nuomenhan".

Since then, the Great Living Buddhas have to pay tribute to the imperial court regularly.In 1719 AD (the fifty-eighth year of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty), Emperor Kangxi sent Dingxi General Garbi to lead troops into Tibet from Yunnan and Sichuan to drive away the Mongolian and Junggar tribes' invasion.The Eastern Route Army went to Qamdo first and settled down in Qamdo, and the temples and places around thousands of miles all surrendered to the Qing.Here, on behalf of the Qing government, Galbi issued the seal letters to Pabala Hutuktu, the master of the Jambalin Temple, and Xiwala, the principal and deputy Hutuktu, the master of the Bianba Xijiala Temple. It was engraved in this kind of characters, allowing them to rule the Qamdo area in the way of theocracy.From then on, with Qamdo as the center, the principal and deputy Hutuktu ruled the political and religious power in this area.At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Zhao Erfeng, Minister of Defense of Sichuan and Yunnan, implemented the so-called policy of "reforming the land and returning the blocs". He also firstly made troops in the capital, and then spread his arms everywhere, implementing a reactionary killing policy, which caused extremely deep ethnic estrangement.

In October 1950, when the Chinese People's Liberation Army marched into Tibet to expel the imperialist forces and complete the sacred mission of unifying the motherland's territory, the upper-level reactionary forces in Tibet, with the support of imperialism, tried to take advantage of the favorable terrain in Qamdo to fight to the death in order to prevent the People's Liberation Army from continuing to fight. westward. "When the sun rises, cover it with your palm." Thinking of this sentence, Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme felt the insignificance of the Kashag and the local Tibetan army.History sometimes smacks of fate. The officials of the "battle faction" were all huddled in Lhasa, while Ngapoi, who advocated peace talks, was sent to the front line in Qamdo.

A sense of tragedy surged in his heart. As an important minister of the Kashag, no matter how many thoughts he has in his mind, his primary task is to maintain the regime and its subjects under its rule.So he came to Qamdo to take office.In 1911, the year when the Qing emperor abdicated, in Jiamagou, Mozhugongka County, more than 100 kilometers east of Lhasa, a noble family gave birth to an intelligent son, Ngawang Jigme.Jiama Valley, which means the mother of all valleys, is about ten kilometers long and two to three kilometers wide. The land here is fertile, the climate is pleasant, and the mountains and rivers are beautiful. It is one of the birthplaces of the legendary Tibetan people.Walking a few kilometers from Mizoguchi, you will arrive at Jebulagang, which is the residence of Songtsan Gampo, where a statue of Songtsan Gampo is enshrined, with Princess Wencheng and Princess Tibet on both sides.Walking forward for 1 kilometer from here, you will arrive at Chikang Village. There is a huge round white pagoda in the village. Just south of the pagoda, there is a ruined wall. This is the birthplace of Ngawang Jigme.Chikang Village is one of the Huo Kang family's estates, and Ngawang Jigme is also a member of the Huo Kang family. Ngawang Jigme has been extremely intelligent since he was a child. At the age of 14, he began to study Tibetan calligraphy. At the same time, he studied grammar, poetics, history and philosophy under the guidance of a generation of Buddhist master Xi Rao Gyatso.Master Xirao Gyatso has profound knowledge, is very strict with students, is upright, and enjoys a high reputation in Tibetan areas.Ngawang Jigme studied hard with the master for three years, and then worshiped the Dacang Living Buddha of the Nyingma Sect in the Sanyan area of ​​Chamdo as his teacher. He studied for two years. At the age of 20, he returned to his hometown. At that time, Chikang Village in Jiamagou had three white pagodas, surrounded by a square city wall, which was about 10 meters high and more than 1 meter thick.A ring-shaped river was dug outside the city wall, which was filled with water.There are one hundred forty or fifty families in the village inside the city wall. Ngawang Jigme, who walked out of the city wall and walked back to the city wall, saw something different.It can be said that before the Battle of Qamdo, Ngawang Jigme had no connection with the Communist Party and the People's Liberation Army. There was a "wall" of social system between them. Ngawang Jigme could not surpass the feudal serfdom because he was a member of it.However, his upright personality, heavy sense of responsibility and keen insight made him finally realize the transcendence of life and stand on the stand of the Communist Party and the people after contacting the People's Liberation Army. 20-year-old Ngawang Jigme took over from his mother to manage the family estate. In his spare time, he worked with the serfs to harvest crops and herd cattle and sheep.Tibet regards the serfs as "talking animals", and the serfs live dull, more miserable and tiring than the animals.The Buddha said that all these are preordained in previous lives, and suffering in this life is because of sins in previous lives.However, Ngawang Jigme's heart was always covered by a cloud of sadness. If this continued, the serfs would die, the nobles would not be able to survive, and the snowy Tibet would collapse.The system in Tibet needs to be improved, serfs should live better, they are not livestock after all.But how to improve the system handed down from the ancestors?How can serfs live like human beings?He couldn't think of a clue. He moves.Lend the received grain to serfs to satisfy their hunger without charging interest.Minimize Ulla's chores as much as possible.These were ridiculed by other nobles and blamed by their family members.However, Ngawang Jigme, who has been influenced by the Buddhist idea of ​​"all beings are equal", does his own thing.The miserable reality gave him the initial idea of ​​democracy. At the age of 23, Ngawang Jigme participated in the "Zhongzha Barracks" ordered by the 13th Dalai Lama. This is a Tibetan local army composed of nobles and children from rich families, with about 1,200 people.Ngawang Jigme was promoted from squad leader to platoon leader and battalion leader.After the thirteenth Dalai Lama passed away, he was ordered to guard the mint and arsenal of Kashag. In this year, Ngawang Jigme was favored by the aristocratic Ngapoi family, and he was recruited as the husband-in-law of Ngapoi Caidan Zhuoga, and in the name of the Ngapoi family, he was named a junior fourth-rank official.From then on, his name became "Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme".The Ngapoi family is the oldest aristocratic family in Tibet, and their fiefdom is in the Taizhao area. In 1907, when the British army captured Gyantse, the old Apei led hundreds of militiamen to join the anti-British army, bravely killed the enemy, and became famous far and wide.Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme, the successor of the Ngapoi family title, was even more shrewd and capable. He successively served as the food and salary officer of the Qamdo Governor's Mansion and the judge of the Kashag. At the age of 34, he was promoted to Zibun. After the People's Liberation Army advanced to the east of the Jinsha River, Lalu was eager to step down, and Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme was pushed to the high position of Galon and served as the governor of Qamdo.The Kashag government has a rule that all officials and nobles of the old Tibetan local government must go to Qamdo once during their tenure for a term of three years.Ah Pei made it clear that he would not go, and put forward two reasons: one is that he had already worked as a food and salary officer in the Qamdo General Manager's Mansion when he was in his 20s, and the task was completed after four years of service; , and I am the elder in my family, so I don’t have to go to Qamdo.Apoy fits the bill. But Kashag still appointed him as the new governor of Qamdo. I remember that when he was still in Ziben, Kashag held a meeting of important officials, and Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme was one of the moderators of the meeting.The meeting mainly discussed whether to fight or make peace with the People's Liberation Army.Some officials at the meeting were whispering.Some said: "The Communist Party has green faces, long fangs, green eyebrows and red beards. They are a group of demons who eat people." Some said: "The Communist Party killed monks, burned temples, and raped women." Others said: "Since the Communist Party is like this, there will be no more. Live, it's better to fight to the death." Apoi expressed his opinion: "This is a rumor spread by foreigners. I don't believe it. I believe that the Communist Party is also a human being and not a devil. There were 400 million people in China during the Kuomintang period. After the Chinese Communist Party took over the power, these people can survive "The needle can pass, and the thread can pass." Well, we have less than 1 million people in Tibet, why can't we survive? If the Communist Party is as rumored, then the 400 million Chinese people will not be bullied by the Communist Party honestly Bar." Some people are clamoring that we must fight the Communist Party. When the noise subsided, Ah Pei said again: "I don't think we can fight the Communist Party, we can only talk about peace. The Kuomintang claims to have 8 million troops, with the support of the Americans, but the result of the war with the Communist Party is still a failure. You can't touch an egg to a rock. If all Tibetans, men, women and children go to war, they will not be able to fight." With less than 1 million people, no training and no weapons, how can we fight the People’s Liberation Army? How can we win? From a realistic point of view, this battle cannot be fought.” Later, at several meetings held by the Kashag, Ngapoi clearly stated this. After being appointed as the governor of Qamdo, Ngapoi met the regent Daza and stated such an opinion: "The boss promoted me and entrusted me with important tasks. I am willing to obey. But the People's Liberation Army has already moved towards Qamdo, and it may be just around the corner. Sooner or later, we will contact the People's Liberation Army and always have to negotiate. Please give me the authority. After I go to Qamdo I will not take over as the general manager for the time being, but directly negotiate with the People's Liberation Army, 'Find the source of water and go to the snow-capped mountains.' I will travel all the way east until I find the People's Liberation Army." As soon as this remark came out, all four were shocked. The enlarged meeting of Tibetan officials believed that Ngapoi was already a dignified Kalon, and it was not appropriate to rashly negotiate with the PLA.Ziben Shakabpa and others in India were first instructed to contact the Communist Party, and when the time was right, Ngapoi would come forward to negotiate.Kaxag and Dazha agreed with this opinion, and gave a copy of it to Ngapoi himself, asking him to go to Qamdo to take up his post first, and act accordingly. On August 28, 1950, Ngapoi and his party arrived in Qamdo. He didn't care about rest, so he personally inspected Jiangfang to investigate the people's sentiments.A week later, he called Kashag: "Because the times are turbid and the people are miserable, there are only seven or eight households in some sects who still have tsampa, and the rest live on round roots. There are crowds of beggars, and the scene is desolate." Regarding his attack on Yushu, he suggested that "stop the attack, and the Han and Tibetan parties should resolve it peacefully. If not, all troops should be withdrawn from the border area first." The Kaxag did not adopt his suggestion. What worries Ngapoi is not only the People's Liberation Army on the other side, but also the discord among various factions within the Tibetan local army and the corruption of military discipline.Because the Tibetan local army from Lhasa raped a Qamdo girl, the Khamba soldiers were strongly dissatisfied.They gathered together and shouted and cursed in front of the barracks of the Tibetan local army in Lhasa with Tibetan knives and rifles.Kangba soldiers roared and drove their horses galloping in the street, firing guns into the air and brandishing swords.The hissing was creepy.The girls all hid at home and did not go out, and some Lhasa officials also hid far away. Can the Tibetan local army like a wild yak defeat the brave People's Liberation Army? A big question mark slid across Ah Pei's heart. Abai's worries are not unreasonable. In the past, there was no distinction between soldiers and civilians in Tibet. There was a military organization called "Samba" Guards, which was the guard of the king of Tibet. "Samba" was built in the period of Desi Sanjie Gyatso.These "Samba" usually cultivate land and graze at home, and are serfs.They do not have any military missions such as guarding borders or public security, but they have enjoyed "Samba" salary for generations.The so-called support mission is to serve as the guard of honor for the Dalai Lama and senior monks during the summoning period in Lhasa, and participate in various activities during the summoning period for a period of one month. The number of "Samba" guards is very small.Generally, there are 10 "Dings", and each "Ding" has 15 to 25 people, a total of about 200 people.During the martial arts performance, the 200 people were divided into two groups, wearing armor and helmets, holding muskets, broadswords, spears and shields. In addition, the song "Jiajiang" should be sung to praise the gods. Every December in the Tibetan calendar, "Samba" will gather in Lhasa for intensive training.On the 15th day of the twelfth lunar month in the Tibetan calendar, "Samba" officers and soldiers gathered at the "snow" stone tablet in front of the Potala Palace, went to the Potala Palace's bedroom to communicate with the Dalai Lama and the regent, and received pulu and other rewards , and then leave the Potala Palace, when you reach the gate of Deyangxia, you have to fire guns and shout, and then go around the Potala Palace for a week.According to legend, during the period of Desi Sangye Gyatso, all sects were treated regardless of their strengths, and no special care was given to the Gelug Sect (Yellow Sect), which aroused dissatisfaction with the three major monasteries in Lhasa. , Desi Sangye Gyatso asked the "Samba" army to hold various demonstrations to deter the opponent. On the 29th day of the twelfth lunar month, before the ceremony of dancing gods, all the officers and soldiers performed martial arts in Deyangxia, Potala Palace, and were inspected.Then fired into the air to celebrate the victory. On the third day of the first lunar month, the whole battalion was divided into three teams.One team went to Nechong Temple to participate in the trance ceremony of Nechong God; one team went to Ganden Monastery to participate in the ceremony of setting up the banner of Ganden Great God; the other team participated in the horse racing and archery meeting held behind the Potala Palace.Participants in the competition include players selected by Kaxag, players selected by Kalon, players selected by Daiben, etc.And the game is divided into three different ranges: near, middle and far.The top three were given five strips of cloth of different colors and a horse, and the rest were given a bag of long tea and five hada of different colors. On the evening of the 15th day of the first lunar month, the Dalai Lama and senior monks and lay officials went to Barkhor Street to watch the butter lantern offerings.Each barracks formed a long snake team around Barkhor Street, and set up checkpoints at each street entrance to perform guard and defense tasks. In the early morning of the 24th, the secretary of the headquarters led all the officers and soldiers of the "Samba" to line up in front of the Dazha Road Gong Memorial Monument after the drill. The officers of "Samba" enjoyed the fried pasta, fruit and meat rewarded by the government in the main tent.A particularly important ceremony is that the headman and officials should make three big salutes to the east to express their gratitude to the central government and the emperor. In front of the Jokhang Temple, a soldier in white clothes and a soldier in yellow clothes are performing shooting, stabbing and chopping martial arts, and then playing trumpet music, and the whole body performs various formations such as "sheep intestine style".After the performance, all the soldiers went to the place where food was thrown to exorcise demons in Lugu area and fired guns to demonstrate. "Samba" also needs to set up cannons, load them with gunpowder and lead pellets, and a master carpenter will point the muzzle of the cannons at several piles of big rocks on the mountainside on the other side of the Lhasa River, and ignite the cannons.Those piles of stones represent "Rakshasa" and "Yaksha" respectively. On the 26th day of the first lunar month in the Tibetan calendar, the activity of "horse racing in Zhaibei" will be held on the lawn of Lalu Manor.Galon and the officials will watch 500 knights run and shoot in the tent set up in advance. Each person runs once, and shoots two arrows and one Tibetan musket at two archery targets and one gun target.The headquarters secretary records the shooting.The former Tibetan version announced the result of the competition, and whoever hit the target will be given a hada by Lachalekong. On the 27th, the prayer meeting ended. The "Samba" team disbanded, and the soldiers went home. Teams like "Samba" are not really an army. They only undertake tasks such as performances, entertainment, and guards of honor.Therefore, once a foreign enemy invades, there is nothing that can be done, and the central government must send another army into Tibet.After the Qianlong reign of the Qing Dynasty, internal and external disturbances in Tibet intensified, and the Qing government sent troops into Tibet several times, consuming a lot of financial and material resources.Since Yongzheng, the local armed forces in Tibet have been rectified. After defeating the Gurkha invasion in 1792, the Qing court gained great prestige in Tibet, and Qianlong established a regular Tibetan local army, the Jiama Army.Jiama means the Han nationality, and the Jiama army is also a Han-style army. In the "Twenty-nine Articles of Regulations for the Aftermath of Tibet", the local army in Tibet is stipulated: (1) Establish a permanent Tibet local army with 3,000 soldiers, 1,000 in front Tibet and 1,000 in back Tibet, 500 in Gyantse, and 500 in Dingri. Every 500 soldiers will be assigned a deputy to manage.There were also 1,450 Qing troops stationed in the central government, and the central government and the Tibetan local army were jointly responsible for the defense of Tibet.There will be a garrison officer in the guerrilla capital division stationed in Tibet, who will command the central army stationed in Tibet and the local army in Tibet, and will be directly managed and commanded by the minister stationed in Tibet. (2) According to the new establishment, the Tibet Local Army has a total of six substitutes.Below the acting version, there is a copy, each of which is in charge of 250 soldiers, and below the copy, there is a copy, each of which is in charge of 125 soldiers.There are setting books below the first book, and each book is in charge of 25 soldiers.Officers are promoted step by step, and civilians and nobles are treated equally. The old rule that civilians can only be promoted to fixed positions is abolished, and they are promoted step by step according to their knowledge, skills and military achievements, without discrimination. (3) Each soldier of the Tibetan local army will be given 2 shi and 5 liters of grain per year, divided into spring and autumn, and there must be no shortage.And the Minister of Tibet and the Dalai Lama issued a license to be exempt from military service.Since each generation has a manor allocated by the Dalai Lama, there is no need to pay additional salaries.For example, the annual payment is 36 taels of silver, the first version is 20 taels, and the final version is 14 taels of 8 qian. (4) One-tenth of the military equipment in Tibet is muskets, three-tenths are bows and arrows, and two-tenths are knives and spears.Weapons and ammunition are sent by the government to Gongbu and Bianba every year to manufacture supplies. (5) The local army in Tibet has agreed to provide rations and exempt from corvee, that is, it is no different from officers and soldiers, and they should practice frequently, and the Qing army will serve as instructors.Every year, the ministers stationed in Tibet travel around Tibet in spring and autumn to review the troops. Those who are not skilled in training will be severely punished, and the officers should be punished separately. (6) It is strictly forbidden for the Qing army to bully the Tibetan local army and the Tibetan local army to disturb the people.If Tibetan officials are sent to the mainland, or if they engage in fraud and bullying of the local army in Tibet, they should be ordered to report to the minister stationed in Tibet, and they will be strictly dealt with at any time.Assuming that the generation of the book is anti-slack and tired of the people, it also ordered the Qing army to report to the generals. Tibet has since then had its first standing army.It is a military force attached to the central government.The uniforms of its officers and soldiers are all Qing army uniforms, and military training follows the training system of the green barracks of the Qing army stationed in Sichuan. Most of the coaches are officers in the Qing army.On weekdays, the artillery was fired three times every morning, and the trombone was blown as a daily signal. After hearing the news, the sub-units beat the drums and got up to cook.Do military exercises in the morning, and collectively chant the "Dolma Sutra" three times in the evening. At that time, the method of conscription was to draw people according to the area of ​​arable land "magangs", and in Tibet, one person was selected for each magang.Those who serve in the army are exempted from all other duties. The Jiama Army is training in the northern suburbs of Lhasa.Every year, the Tibetan local army will gather at the North School Field for a martial arts competition.Both the ministers stationed in Tibet and the Galon will be present in person, and they will be seated at the viewing stand according to their official positions.As soon as the minister stationed in Tibet arrived, everyone had to stand in silence and perform a military salute according to the rules of the Qing Dynasty, and then they could sit down, offer tea, dine, and receive hospitality. On this day, you should wear yellow satin palace gowns and mandarin jackets, smocks with gold and silver trims around the waist, gold earrings with flower feathers on the top and jade hanging shoulders, and red court dresses on your feet. boots.Soldiers wear purple pulu robes with purple satin belts around their waists, blue mandarin jackets on top, black velvet skirts on the bottom, a Qing-style long braid on their backs, Mongolian hats on their heads, and long leather boots on their feet. Broadswords, spears, etc. After the firecrackers, gongs, drums and military music sounded for a while, the practice competition began.The performance is basically based on the training of the Tibetan local army.First compete with swords and spears, then horse shooting, fighting and archery, and then artillery shooting. People cheered and shouted in the North Campus, and the soldiers were divided into two sides.One party wears pulu Tibetan clothing, a black-striped white coat, Tibetan boots, and a red tasseled hat; the other party wears yellow clothes with tiger stripes and a blue cloth on his head.Soldiers on both sides held broadswords, mallets, and spears.When Mingjin beat the drums, the two sides fought with each other. At the end of the drill, khatas will be presented to the winners on the spot, and award flags will be distributed. A relatively long period after the Qing Dynasty pacified Gurkha was the heyday of the Qing Dynasty exercising power in Tibet.The establishment of the Jia Ma Army is just a microcosm of this history.Since then, the combat capability of the Tibetan local army has been greatly improved, laying the foundation for resisting the two invasions of the British army. On March 20, 1888, 2,000 British troops launched an attack on the local military fortifications in Lungthu Mountain on the border of Tibet. Occupying the positions of the local army in Tibet, he mobilized heavy artillery to destroy all the positions of the local army in Tibet.The Tibetan local army fought and retreated. The British army suffered heavy casualties and had to stop attacking.But the cowardly Qing government actually compromised with the British invaders for peace. In December 1903, under the leadership of Colonel Rong Hepeng, more than 2,000 British and Indian invaders invaded Tibet again from Yadong.The Tibetan local army concentrated 3 generations of soldiers to defend and fight in the Gulu area, and sacrificed more than a thousand people, and two generations of soldiers died in battle. On April 9, 1904, the Tibetan local army concentrated more than 4,000 troops in Zhazacang to ambush the British army. They fought fiercely for more than 6 hours, killing and wounding more than 280 enemies. On April 11, the British army invaded Gyantse, and more than 800 Tibetan local troops defended the Naining Temple in a bloody battle with the British army, annihilating more than 120 enemies. On May 7, the British army stormed the Gyantse Castle and fought fiercely for 3 days. The British army suffered heavy casualties and retreated in embarrassment.The British army used machine guns, cannons, and rifles, while the Tibetan local army used broadswords, spears, muskets, and earthen cannons.Even in this case, it took nearly 100 days for the British army to occupy Gyantse Castle.Today, the majestic Zongshan still stands in the ancient city of Gyantse. Even if the ancient city wall is in ruins, it still lies there like a long dragon, exuding awe-inspiring aura.Zongshan was once stained red by the blood of Tibetan and Han soldiers and civilians. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the British imperialists took advantage of the weakening of the Qing government and gradually expanded their influence in Tibet. In 1909, the Qing court appointed Zhao Erfeng as Minister of Sichuan-Yunnan Frontier Affairs and Minister in Tibet.At the same time, Zhong Ying was sent to Tibet with 2,000 Sichuan troops.The thirteenth Dalai Lama ordered the Tibetan local army to stop west of Qamdo and was defeated. In 1910, when the Sichuan army arrived in Lhasa, the Dalai Lama fled to India. In 1911, when the Revolution of 1911 broke out and civil strife broke out in the army stationed in Tibet and Sichuan, the Dalai Lama took the opportunity to return to Lhasa.The Qing army was defeated without a fight and was repatriated to the mainland.The Dalai Lama expanded the Jiama Army's 6 agents into 10 agents, set up Ma Jikang (command) for unified command and management, and appointed Dasang Zhandui as the general agent of the Tibet Local Army. The nature of the Tibetan local army has undergone fundamental changes since then. Originally, it adopted the Qing army system, which was one of the local Chinese armies that fought against foreign enemies and defended national defense, and this system lasted for hundreds of years.However, the British carried out a British-Indian-style makeover on it, and became a pro-imperialist Tibetan local armed force that competed with the central government.The Tibetan local army has changed its uniforms, flags, and training methods.The clothing of the native soldiers is similar to that of the British and Indian soldiers, wearing yellow uniforms, leather shoes, and helmets.All generations wear gray uniforms and caps with a gold cap badge and a gold cap on the helmet.During the training, the English training passwords were translated into Tibetan. The training followed the methods of the British army, and the passwords were in Tibetan. The Tibetan local army continued to send noble children and junior officers to study in Britain and India, and hired British coaches to establish a military academy for nobles in Gyantse.Its garrison moved from Gyantse Tingri and other places close to India in the south to Heihe, Gongbu Jiangda and Qamdo in the north and east close to the hinterland. At the beginning of 1950, the Tibetan local army had expanded to 17 agents, plus 6 militia agents, with a total strength of 17,500.Two-thirds of the troops are deployed along the Jinsha River. The Jinsha River is like a thick rope, tied to the Tibetan local army like a herd of cattle and sheep. Before the launch of the Qamdo Campaign, the People's Liberation Army had a relatively accurate understanding of the Tibetan local army. This is a team that is far from the standards of the modern army. Although the Tibetan local army has expanded to more than a dozen daibu, the number of people at all levels below the daibu still maintains the size of more than 100 years ago.Except for a few generations of troops who can wear uniform uniforms, the dress of other troops is completely irrelevant to soldiers and civilians, and their weapons and equipment cannot be compared with those of the People's Liberation Army.Their main weapon is the British rifle from the First World War, and each armor has two old light machine guns.Its command organization is simple, there is no combat map, and everything is decided by the commander alone, so the tactical thinking is backward, the combat movements are chaotic, and they are not good at organizing firepower, choosing terrain, and building fortifications.If the headquarters of the commander above is far away from the line of fire, the victor will rush to the first, and the loser will flee early.Ideologically, they rely on theocracy and control the troops on the grounds of chanting scriptures and protecting the Dalai Lama. Before the battle, they must ask divination, choose an auspicious day to go to battle, and burn incense and worship Buddha to ask for the blessing of the gods; Chanting mantras and rushing indiscriminately.Discipline in the army was chaotic, officers and soldiers gathered to gamble, drink and fight.The officers and soldiers are generally older. The oldest officer is 70 years old, and the oldest soldier is more than 60 years old. They all carry their children. tribe. But what cannot be ignored is that the Tibetan local army has good physique, is familiar with the terrain, has good shooting skills, and has strong individual combat capabilities. After the advance detachment of the 18th Army entered Ganzi, Batang and other areas east of the Jinsha River, it immediately launched a powerful political offensive against the Tibetan local army, printed and distributed a large number of leaflets and announcements, and conveyed our party's policies through progressive Tibetans from all walks of life. To the interior of the Tibetan local army. The leader of the advance detachment wrote twice to Lalu, the general manager of Qamdo: "I hope that all the officers and soldiers of the Tibetan local army west of the Jinsha River will no longer be confused by the propaganda of imperialism enslaving the Tibetan people and splitting the reunification of the motherland." He also asked the Tibetan side to quickly send representatives for peace talks . On June 8, 1950, Wu Zhong and Tianbao stationed in Ganzi received a reply letter from Lalu. This is a naked "independent statement". The relationship between the central government and the Tibetan region has actually become "China-Tibet relations", referring to the Jinsha River as "each other's frontier" and calling themselves "Tibetan frontier envoys", which is completely a diplomatic tone between the two countries. The key reason why the Tibetan local army is so rampant is that it is backed by the Kashag government and imperialist forces.It is precisely because of this that Geda Tulku who persuaded the peace was poisoned to death, and the Central People's Government's request for peace talks was put aside. There are various indications that the Tibetan local authorities are obsessed with obsession and are determined to confront the central government. In this case, there is only one way: to promote peace by fighting, first to fight and then to make peace. Based on these circumstances, what strategies and tactics should the PLA adopt? Relying on the Jinsha River, the Tibetan local army deployed heavy troops to guard the main throat of Tibet. With Qamdo as the hub, Qamdo Jingshengda to Dengke as the focus, along Guode to Yanjing thousands of miles to the west bank of the Jinsha River, it was divided into two north-south lines for divisional deployment. . Based on this, the People's Liberation Army decided to adopt a policy of combining frontal attack with great detours for thousands of miles. In terms of deployment, it will face the Tibetan local army tit-for-tat. The northern line of the main defense, the Shengda Dengke area, used elite troops to attack Leiwuqi and Dingqing, attacked Nda, attacked the empty Qamdo in the enemy's rear, and seized Bangda, cut off the main retreat route of the Tibetan local army, and stopped the Tibetan local army. Fleeing west; the main force split the road and joined forces, split the defense of the local Tibetan army, and moved concentrically in a concerted manner, striving to have a good battle combination in the Leiwuqi and Enda areas west of the Jinsha River and east of the Lancang River. To achieve this goal, the key is to make full use of the conditions of the vast grassland north of Qamdo and the sparsely populated land to give full play to the suddenness to achieve the detour of the battle. As long as a favorable situation is formed to outflank and cover the entire battle area and the positions of the Tibetan local army, the Tibetan local army will not be able to get rid of it even if it finds me appearing on its side under the conditions of backward communications, scattered troops, and difficult and dangerous roads.As long as the Tibetan local army cannot escape, the purpose of the campaign can be successfully achieved.Therefore, in terms of campaign guidance, requiring troops to move quickly is a decisive move. Go as fast as you can in the worst terrain.This is an insoluble contradiction. The soldiers of the Eighteenth Army handed over a satisfactory answer sheet. The key to fighting such an opponent is to be able to catch it and not let it escape.No matter where it stands, the People's Liberation Army doesn't care. There are many ways to eliminate it.If it escapes or disintegrates, we will be forced to fight it in a deeper depth, or disperse the search and suppression, which will not only pay a higher price, but also make it difficult to complete the task of liberating the whole of Tibet within the time required by the central government. The People's Liberation Army will stretch out a giant palm and hold the Tibetan local army in the palm of its hand. The Battle of Qamdo started.