Chapter 5 Chapter 05 The Exorcism Meeting on Lhasa Lubu Square

1949 was an extremely unusual year.It is like a striking dividing line, dividing China's 20th century into two distinct worlds.One is in turmoil and pain and is humiliated, while the other is peaceful and happy. This year was also the darkest time in Tibet. One day in the summer of this year, mulberry smoke rose from Lubu Square in front of the Jokhang Temple in Lhasa, and there was a cloud of ghosts and demons in the gloomy atmosphere. A "Cuozhuo Kabun" activity planned by the Kaxag government will be held here.Cuozhuo Kabun is held: a special prayer ceremony, where activities such as throwing food to exorcise demons and overturning cauldrons are held to express determination or curse.Previously, Tibet held two such activities. One was in 1904, when the British army invaded Tibet for the second time, and the Tibetan monks and laymen headed by the 13th Dalai Lama gathered together to express their vows to unite and resist the British; the other was in 1930. Longxia, led by Dorji Tsering, led the Tibetan local army to conquer Ganzi, and held it to curse the Sichuan army.The purpose of this third censorship campaign is very clear, which is to curse the Communist Party and the Han people in an attempt to prevent the PLA from marching into Tibet.

Lubu Square is located to the west of the Jokhang Temple. It is a very empty dam covered with gravel and withered grass.There are some dilapidated dwellings in the northwest.At that time, the concept of "Lhasa City" only referred to Barkhor Street.This ancient turning path is circular, with the Jokhang Temple in its center.The tallest house in the surrounding area is a two-story watchtower.The city is very small, and it is said that the residents in the "snow" area of ​​the Potala Palace at that time said that going to the Jokhang Temple was "going to Lhasa".Moreover, a large butter lamp lit during the Summoning Dharma Assembly can illuminate the entire city.Lubu Square is a place dedicated to exorcising ghosts in old Tibet. Every year on the 24th day of the first lunar month in the Tibetan calendar, exorcism activities are held here.

The "Stop Pot" event was held in Lubu Square. Some lamas set up grass sheds and tents of various colors on the square, which were filled with highland barley, tsampa, butter and tea.Outside, there are some "men and women" tied with hay.According to the practice of Tibetan religion, the living Buddha Pingtso Podrang of Sakya Monastery led all the monks to chant mantras and sutras in the "Ewang" hall of Jokhang Temple. Some people dressed up as demons and ghosts jumped and howled in the hall, cursing the Communist Party. After these procedures were completed, a group of lamas beat drums and cymbals, chanted sutras, and came to Lubu Square to set up a large copper pot with a diameter of more than 3 meters and a depth of more than 2 meters.Fill it with water, pour in a lot of food such as ghee, milk dregs, and fragrant fruits, and then set up a big fire to burn it.At the same time, the surrounding lamas were beating various instruments and reciting mantras.

The flames jumped high, beating red like snake letters.In the dimness, the lamas seem to see the shadow of "Red Han people".They were burned so painfully that they begged for mercy.How scary these "red Han people" are: red hair, green eyes, wearing rubber shoes, and they left big demon-like footprints on the road they walked.They also have two big fangs, more than a foot long.When they see a plump woman, they will rape them, when they see a child, they will eat them, and they will even burn and kill monasteries and monks.It is said that the head of the guardian deity Songma in the Jokhang Temple turned to the east, indicating to all living beings that "military threats come from the east", "something is happening in the east" and so on.Naiqiong Shenhan, the chief shaman of the Kashag government, also said at the Jokhang Temple: "The enemies that endanger our political and religious cause come from the east. The Han people living in Tibet are the root of our evil. If there is an invasion, they will respond internally." It is for this reason that the "Knock the Pot" campaign was held.

The lamas felt their hearts tremble. The sky in Lhasa is blue, but there are always shadows in their hearts.Perhaps, the big footprints of the "Red Han people" will step on like a rock, crushing the dreary land of old Tibet. They hoped their spells would stop those footsteps. Tibet is their "paradise". To this day, Westerners still believe that Tibetans in old Tibet lived a happy and carefree life in an illusory and idealistic social system.Quite like "paradise".People who hold this statement either have ulterior motives or are ignorant. I wonder how Westerners would feel if someone praised the European Middle Ages?I wonder if any Westerners are willing to go back to the Middle Ages?

Old Tibet and the darkness of the European Middle Ages are like a pair of twin brothers: the unlimited abuse of power and wealth by nobles, officials and churches.Suppress the vast majority of the people in the cruel and inhuman land and labor lease system.They will be the de facto slaves of the rulers all their lives. Let us, like Monkey King, drill into the interior of old Tibet with a pair of "golden eyes" to see whether it is "heaven" or "hell". There were two major class groups in old Tibet.One is the class of serf owners, which is what we usually call the three major lords of the government, nobles and temples, and their agents.They only account for 5 percent of the population of Tibet, but they own the vast majority of livestock and all the arable land and pastures in Tibet.There is a Tibetan folk song that sang vividly: "Where the sun shines, it is the place of the three lords; where the water flows, it is the place of the three lords; There is no place to stand." The serf class made up more than 90% of the population of Tibet, but they had nothing.The serf owners relied on land ownership and occupied all the surplus labor of the serfs through labor service, land rent in kind and currency, and extra-economic coercion. "Chaba" and "heapong" constitute the main components of the serf class. "Chaba" means a sender, a serf who received the land assigned by the local government and supported the local government and its serf owners. "Duiqiong" means a small household, which is a serf who only cultivates a small amount of land given by the serf owner and his agent, and pays for it: "Chasi" and "Duiqiong" will be reduced to "Langsheng" after bankruptcy , that is, slaves.The slaves who make up 5% of the population are called "Langsheng" in Tibetan, which means raised at home. They have no means of production and no personal rights.The person and labor are completely owned by the serf owners.It was mainly used by serf owners for domestic labor.According to statistics, there were more than 60,000 slaves in Tibet before liberation.

"Bad", that is, land rent, is the main way for the three lords to exploit the serf class.There are two types of land rent, one is labor rent, and the other is land rent mixed in kind, labor and money. The lords divided the land into two parts: "self-operated land" and "allotment land".They kept about 70% of the good land for self-employment, and distributed the rest of the land to the serfs for farming, which was quite barren.All the labor required for production on the lord's "self-operated land" must be borne by the serfs who have been allocated "land". This kind of unpaid labor paid for the lord is called "internal work".According to investigations, the "internal errands" that the serfs provided to the lord in the manor included: (1) On the "self-operated land", they did everything for the lord from accumulating manure, sowing seeds, weeding, watering, mowing, threshing, and entering the warehouse. Provide labor and animal power free of charge. (2) Mowing grass, carrying water, chopping firewood, building houses, repairing, delivering grain, sewing, shearing wool, twisting wool, weaving pulu, frying highland barley, grinding tsampa, tanning leather, pressing oil, etc. for the lord: In addition to the above-mentioned labor , but also to pay the lord horse grass, ghee and other real objects.

For the local government, the serfs had to support "foreign errands", mainly including: firewood expenses, heating, matting, delivery of official documents, horse grass, pack transportation, transshipment, building houses, repairs, and slaughtering , Logging missions, egg missions, summon missions, invite lamas to read scriptures, board and lodging missions for passing officials along the way, missions for local Tibetan troops and horses in the past, and so on.Some of these "foreign missions" paid labor, and some paid barley, ghee, eggs and other objects, or silver dollars, Tibetan coins and other currencies.

Some old Tibetans recalled that in the old days, ordinary people were most afraid of officials crossing the border.As long as officials have a "horse card" stamped with official seals, they need horses, horse fodder, table mats, tents, buttered tea, and girls to sleep with them.These are public.When the officials set out to mount their horses, if there were no stone steps in the countryside, a serf would bend down and lie down on the ground, and let the officials step on his shoulders to mount the horses. In addition to the income tax, the three major lords collected more than one hundred taxes from the serfs, which is really shocking.Tax collection was one of the most important responsibilities of Tibetan officials at all levels at that time.Mr. Chabai Tsedan Phuntsok, an expert on Tibetan history, once said: The taxes in old Tibet were like hair and water ripples, too numerous to count.

When a small serf was born, the serf owner immediately put his name on the roster, and then collected the first tax of the small serf from his parents: "birth tax" of 15 taels of Tibetan silver, and from then on he paid 15 taels of "baby tax" every year.Small serfs began to pay poll tax when they turned 18 years old. The amount of "head tax" varies from 5 taels to 10 taels of Tibetan silver, which varies from place to place.Small serfs who wanted to become lamas had to pay 19 taels of Tibetan silver as "temple entry tax" in addition to presenting gifts to beg the serf owner's approval.When men and women marry, they also offer hada, butter and Tibetan silver to the serf owners.If serfs were sent to prison, they had to pay "prison tax".The expansion of the original Tibetan local army required military expenses, and an "ear tax" was set. Every year, each person paid 2 taels of Tibetan silver for each ear, and a total of 4 taels of Tibetan silver was paid for each ear; if the "ear tax" was not paid, the tax collector would have The right to cut off the tax-paying ears.After the serf reached the age of 60, when he was weak and unable to pay the serf owner, he had to pay "exemption tax" every year.Homeless tramps or disabled people also have to pay an unknown tax of 3 taels to 15 taels of Tibetan silver every year.After a person dies, the family members must take the earrings of the deceased and report to the serf owner. If there is no earring, they must pay the serf owner a "mortgage tax".Generally, earrings are worth hundreds of taels of Tibetan silver, which most serfs could not afford during their lifetime.

There are certain types of taxes that you can't even figure out, no matter how imaginative you are. Every year during the Tibetan New Year, Lhasa holds a 3-week Summoning Dharma Conference.During this period, all powers were handed over to the Tiebang Lama of Drepung Monastery.The tax levied by the Iron Rod Lama is also full of wonders.Donkey tax, dog tax, cat tax, chicken tax, flowerpot tax, cigarette tax, snuff tax, huqin tax, well tax, pond tax, and even a "braid tax" on women with two braids, a tax on wearing leather shoes "Leather shoes tax", "reading tax" and "turning scripture tax" for pilgrims, "gramophone tax" for listening to phonographs, and perhaps the oldest tax is called "given snow tax". The summoning of the Dafa Conference coincides with the New Year, which is naturally the season of snowfall, and ordinary families cannot escape the misfortune of paying the "snow tax".Whoever sweeps away the snow has to pay the "snow removal tax" because the ground is wet. According to statistics, the total tax burden of the whole of Tibet accounts for 40% to 70% of the total labor time or the total value of wealth created.The heavy tax burden caused many serfs to owe "children's debts" and "ten thousand years' debts", which could never be repaid.The three major lords took the opportunity to lend usury, some with an annual interest of seven to eight, and some five to six.Many people lost their wives and their families because of this.At that time, Lhasa had a population of only 370,000, and there were as many as 4,000 to 5,000 beggars.There is probably no such "paradise" in the world. Tibetan writer Yixi Danzeng saw a heart-wrenching scene in Dingqing County in northern Tibet. A serf had his right hand chopped off for stealing a lord's horse. The lord was called Gari Ri, a headman in Dingqing County, and later became a well-known rebel leader in Tibet, with more than 3,000 minions.He had seven or eight fine horses, one of which was white with beautiful black spots.This horse has long legs and a thin neck. It is said that it can run thousands of miles a day and gallop like the wind. Tibetan men cherish three things most: horses, guns and knives.A serf named Dorje Wangqin stole the horse because he hated Gajari and loved the horse. Dorje Wangchen was captured and tied to two wooden posts.A wooden post bound his body, and he was tied up in five knots.His left hand was tied to another post. On the grass, there were two iron pots resting on stones.Herbs boiled in one pot, while hot oil boiled in the other. The air seemed to freeze suddenly.The hand of fear gripped people's hearts invisible, and a bloody smell made the throats astringent.The eyes of the onlookers were dull, like puppets without a sense of life.Slave owners called them "talking animals." Dorje Wangchen, who was in his thirties, was wearing brown-red trousers, and his gray clothes had been stripped off. His upper body was dirty and his veins seemed to be writhing in pain.He stared at Ga Japan with arrow-like eyes. A strong man came up and cut Dorje Wangchen's right wrist with a Tibetan knife.The Tibetan knife is full of rust, probably too many hands and feet have been cut off, which makes it dull.After Dorje Wangchen uttered a sharp cry, he moaned continuously, as if the blunt knife was cutting people's nerves.Although he drank several large bowls of anesthetic wine beforehand, the pain was so sharp that it made his eyes stare.The flesh around the wrist was cut, blood was pouring profusely, and the smell of blood diffused.Only bones and sinews remain.The strong man shook his wrist, twisted it hard, and his right hand fell off with a "click".The tendons that were still involved were broken by the Tibetan knife. Dorje Wangchen passed out. The strong man poured some liquid medicine on the wound, filled a ladle with hot oil, and put Dorje's stumped arm in it.The bleeding stopped.A puff of white smoke mixed with the smell of roasted human flesh made everyone watching twitch.Dorje woke up and passed out in pain. His hand was taken into the temple and is said to be the "Hand of Suppressing Demons". The story is horrific, but it is by no means made up. At that time, Tibet had a "Sixteen Law Code", which guaranteed the political privileges of the serf owners and restricted the personal rights of the serfs.For example, it clearly divides members of society into grades and grades.The value of a ruler's life is infinite, while the life value of three kinds of people, such as a tramp, a blacksmith, and a butcher, is like a straw rope.If a superior person infringes an inferior person, the punishment will be lighter or even exempted from punishment.As for the behavior committed by the inferior people, flogging is often used for minor crimes.The flogging is often carried out in public, and both men and women have to be stripped naked and beaten with a leather whip.The heavier punishments include gouging out eyes, chopping off knees, cutting off tongues, chopping off limbs, throwing off cliffs, slaughtering, and skinning.There are more than 50 kinds of instruments of torture in Langzixia. One of them is a tool for digging out eyes. It is a big stone hat that covers a person's head. When it is hit hard, two eyes will fall out. The regent Daza heard that a pair of twins were born in Gongga County, so he falsely accused her of being a demon girl.His reason was: How could two people be born together?The two sisters were burned alive by the people sent by Daza.They painted gold powder on the two girls who were painfully deformed, rewrapped them, said they were "auspicious heavenly girls", and took them to Drepung Monastery to worship. The origin of "auspicious goddess" is like the origin of "heaven". Just don’t peel off that layer of gold dust. The more backward the social system, the smaller the living and spiritual space of the common people, and the more bloody and cruel this system appears.The prisons and chains of old Tibet compressed the serfs' property and living rights into the smallest space. The flames of Lubu Square in Lhasa were raging. The lamas were distraught. When the water in the big copper pot starts to boil, the Tiaoshen begins. More than 10 gods and witches, naked with disheveled hair, dressed up as ghosts and ghosts, danced wildly in the square as if losing their minds.The soul of God became one with them, and they cried out loudly and muttered words to show that it was God's will to curse the Communist Party.They cursed the "red Han people" to be bombarded by five thunders, burn their bodies with demon fire, and eliminate all evil intentions. Amidst the chaos, Naiqiong wizard appeared.The golden crown on his head was half a meter high.In his hand is a spear.Two lamas in red put him in front of the pot.He stirred the cauldron with his spear for a while, and then signaled to buckle the cauldron.The prepared lamas swarmed up, took iron rods and wooden sticks, and overturned the cauldron vigorously. With a "clang clang", a stream of sewage mixed with ghee and fragrant fruits flowed across the ground.The straw man and thatched shed were set ablaze, and the flames soared into the sky.There was a roar from the crowd in order to cheer "victory". After the overturning, Naiqiong instructed all the lamas to cover the overturned cauldron, together with the overflowing butter tea and ashes, with a tent cloth, claiming to see the result in seven days.It is said that by checking what imprints and images appear on the ground, one can calculate the future retribution of the cursed object. In this event, the British Rick Carson has been cheering on the spot.Chen Xizhang, director of the Kuomintang office, who was also at the scene, had a stern face and said nothing. In Norbulingka in July, the land is shaded with greenery, even if the sun is like fire, you can feel a little bit of coolness here.Located in the western suburbs of Lhasa, Norbulingka means "treasure garden". It is the summer palace of the Dalai Lama and the office of the Kaxag government. It was a day in the summer of 1949. The regent Dazha called 15 officials including Galon, Zhongyi Qinbu, and Zibun to hold a secret meeting here.It seems that the matter is of great importance, not only the regent personally participated, but also Zhongyi Qinbu and Ziben also came.According to the Kashag practice, daily affairs are discussed and decided by the four Kalons.In case of major affairs, it is necessary to discuss with Zhongyi Qinbu and Ziben.If the decision cannot be made, and the Dalai Lama is not in power, he must report to the regent.If there is a major border issue, and the regent and the Kashag cannot reach a conclusion through joint consultations, an enlarged meeting of Tibet must be called to discuss and decide.After the General Assembly made a decision, four official seals were to be affixed and handed over to the Kashag. The people attending the meeting are all here. Daza ordered the doors and windows to be closed, and even those who served tea and water were not allowed to enter. This is an old rule. In old Tibet, the phrase "do not renovate" is everywhere, and the ideas and etiquettes used by the ancestors cannot be easily changed.It keeps slowing down the pace of development in its own way in the closed.Even in summer, some officials still wear big fur hats to work.According to regulations, when the Kalons come to work, there must be a guard in front of them, followed by an attendant and an acquaintance, in the middle is Kalon riding a tall horse, followed by three attendants.When entering the room, the Kalons should put their hands together and greet each other.After being seated, Kalon untied the hat strap, and the guard stepped forward, took off the hat, and hung it on the hat stand; Kalon could not do it himself to show his dignity.When the Kashag was in session, the four guards of the Kalon had to guard the door to prevent others from entering casually.When pouring tea for Kalon, the respective guards of Kalon came to the Tibetan table, knelt down on one knee, and took out Kalon’s buttered tea bowl from his arms.The tea bowl is wrapped with a piece of red or blue silk cloth, and a white cloth is placed inside for wiping the bowl.The bowl was cleaned and placed on the table.At this time, Lang Sheng of Kashag poured tea with a silver teapot.The guard had to hold up the bowl and offer it with both hands.After Galon finished drinking the tea, the guard poured out the residual tea, wiped it clean, wrapped it up, and put it in his bosom.Sometimes the tea was poured for a long time without the guards coming to offer the tea. Even when the tea was cold, Kalon could not serve the bowl by himself.Even if Kalon went to the bathroom, he had to call the guard in first, and he could not leave the venue until he took his hat off the hat rack and put it on for Kalon.When Kalon walked to the toilet, the guard had to go forward and take off Kalon's hat, held it in his hand, and stood aside to wait. Daza didn't even allow those who poured tea and took off their hats to enter, which showed the seriousness of the matter. Daza, in his seventies, is a ruthless person.After he came to power, his pro-British face was fully exposed. In 1943, he restored Tibet's "Diplomatic Bureau"; in the same year, he also agreed to establish an English school in Lhasa's Zhongji Linka, but it was closed due to strong opposition from the lamas of the three major monasteries; In the name of "paying tribute" to China, the United Kingdom, and China, they sent people to Nanjing to attend the National Assembly, implying an independent attitude; in 1947, they sent people to participate in the "Pan-Asian Conference" held in India with the "Snow Mountain Lion Banner". Sitting cross-legged on the mat, he said slowly: "Mr. Rikasun, the representative of India in Lhasa, revealed to us a piece of news. At the moment when China's political situation is undergoing major changes, the Kuomintang may collapse. But there are many communists in Lhasa. If they are not deported immediately, they will act as internal agents and bring in the People's Liberation Army in the future. Mr. Li also provided us with a list and address..." Having said that, he looked at the Chief Karoin Rampa Thubten Gonchen, Galoin Surkang Wangchen Gele, and Karosh Chokyi Nyima.They were leaning against the wall, wearing Tibetan gowns made of yellow satin from the palace inner library, red tasseled caps, and Mongolian-style shawls on their shoulders.Since the Seventh Dalai Lama established the Kaxag Office, the emperor canonized the four Kalons and stipulated their attire.Now they are wearing official uniforms bestowed by the Qing emperor, and they are planning how to make Tibet "independent".Sokang is dozing off. He has a very high level of education, is sophisticated, has always envied the Western way of life, and believes that Hitler is "an extraordinary figure who can shake the world."His life is very dissolute, playing cards, chess, and women every night.It is said that there are more than 20 maids, maids, and nurses in his family, all of whom have been raped by him.Even the prostitutes on the streets of Lhasa and the nuns in Canggu Monastery would not be spared, and he would talk about such scandals to his wife.He plays late every day, and the morning should be a good time for him to sleep.Gashe Chokyi Nyima, who was sitting next to him, had a round head and a round head. He was listening attentively to Daza's words: "Everyone, this is a big plan related to Tibet's political and educational undertakings. Please strictly keep it secret: unite as one and do it well." The meeting was very long. They went to the Kuomintang office in Tibet.It's a long story: The Kuomintang Office in Tibet was planned to be established in 1934.Previously, the KMT did not set up formal institutions in Tibet.In the early years of the Republic of China, the Dalai Lama was once pro-British and aloof from the mainland of the motherland. Fortunately, he came to his senses in his later years. In 1934, when the thirteenth Dalai Lama passed away, the national government sent Huang Musong, chairman of the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission, to Tibet to express his condolences. The Tibetan side agreed to leave a delegation of counselor Liu Puzhen and an entourage in Lhasa as a channel of contact between the two sides: Set up a radio station in the permanent representative office to communicate with the Mainland. With the support of the national government, Rezhen Living Buddha, the regent who favored the motherland, personally went to Huangzhong, Qinghai to find the reincarnation of the thirteenth Dalai Lama. Then the national government appointed Wu Zhongxin, the new chairman of the Mongolian and Tibetan Committee, to Lhasa to determine the Dalai Lama.The enthronement ceremony was held on February 23, 1940, and Wu Zhongxin presided over it in person.Afterwards, Wu Zhongxin obtained the consent of the Tibetan side and formally established the Nationalist Government's Tibet Office in Lhasa, which was subordinate to the Mongolian-Tibetan Committee, with Kong Qingzong as the director. In February 1942, after Chiang Kai-shek visited India and returned to China, he wanted to re-manage Tibet in view of the favorable time when Britain was dealing with the Indian independence movement in Asia and was unable to intervene in Tibetan affairs.By 1944, the international situation had undergone greater changes, and Chiang Kai-shek decided to select an official he trusted to go to Lhasa to complete the above mission.After much consideration, Jiang finally took a fancy to Shen Zonglian, secretary of the fourth group of attendants.Shen graduated from Tsinghua University in his early years and studied in the United States. He is shrewd, capable and resourceful.Since Shen entered Chiang Kai-shek's shogunate, he devoted himself to studying various issues and made suggestions for Chiang. Among them was an opinion letter, suggesting that Chiang should use the current opportunity to strengthen management of Tibet. In the spring of 1944, after the National Government announced the appointment of Shen Zonglian as the new director of the Office in Tibet, Chiang Kai-shek summoned Shen for a long talk.He emphasized that Shen's mission to Tibet this time was a major one, and Shen had to promote the strength and unity of the central government without arousing the suspicion of the British and Indian authorities.China's determination; emphasizing the central government's consistent friendly and respectful attitude towards the Tibetan people; demanding that Tibet agree to implement the construction route of the Kham-Tibet Highway, which was sent by the central government to survey the construction route, and start construction once the war is over; another plan is to set up a telegraph in Lhasa Bureaus, banks, hospitals, etc., and expand or enrich the number and scale of the original primary schools in Lhasa. Chiang Kai-shek agreed to allocate a special sum of money, calculated in gold and foreign currency, as the activities of Shen's trip; in case of important and confidential matters, Shen can directly call Chiang himself for instructions without going through the Mongolian and Tibetan Committee.For this reason, the Confidential Group of the Attendant Room specially issued Shen Yi a cipher book for his use. In 1944, Shen Zonglian and his party arrived in Kolkata, India, in two batches from Chongqing on an Air China passenger plane.Shen went to New Delhi to meet Sir Carlo, the foreign minister of the British and Indian authorities, then returned to Calcutta and arrived in Lhasa via Kalimpong.Accompanied by Li Guolin, head of the Tibetan language section of the Office, who had been stationed in Tibet for 10 years, Shen visited the main officials of the Kashag, khenpos and living Buddhas of the three major monasteries and the upper and lower secret schools, and presented gifts, and some even had individual banquets.In addition, alms were issued to the monks of the three major monasteries and the upper and lower secret courtyards.Finally, I met the Dalai Lama on a scheduled date.Shen was active in Lhasa for a while, showing extraordinary skills, which impressed the upper class in Lhasa.After careful consideration of the situation in Tibet, Shen Zonglian put forward two important opinions for Chiang Kai-shek in a top-secret telegram: First, in order to strengthen ties with Tibet, Tibet should be effectively controlled so that it does not tend to favor the British and Indian sides.The top priority at the moment is to quickly build the Kham-Tibet Highway, which is similar to the Yunnan-Burma Highway; and to carry out this major project, it is necessary to eliminate Liu Wenhui's separatist rule of Xikang, and on the basis of a thorough reorganization of the Sichuan Provincial Government, Xikang Province will be merged into the Sichuan: Send central officials (such as Wu Zhongxin) to lead a central army (it is recommended to use part of Hu Zongnan's military force) to sit in Chengdu, Xikang, and Kangding.Then borrow the strength of the army to speed up the construction of this road. Second, use the influence of Chiang Kai-shek's previous visit to India to support Indian independence at the United Nations.At the same time, the Kuomintang Central Committee sent representatives to talks with the Indian National Congress Party, and concluded a gentleman's agreement to clarify the relationship between India and Tibet after independence, and asked it to recognize Tibet as part of our territory. However, after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Chiang Kai-shek was preoccupied with the civil war and had no time to take care of Tibet, so Shen Zonglian retreated, saying that he had heart disease and should not live in the alpine region for a long time.Chiang appointed him as secretary-general of the Shanghai Municipal Government in early 1947. After Shen Zonglian was transferred, the national government decided that Chen Xizhang, secretary to the director of the office, would act as the director. The Kalons judged that the defeat of the Kuomintang in China is a foregone conclusion, and the Communist Party must replace it.The Communist Party implements the Red Russia system to eliminate religion.Tibet is a holy land of Buddhism, and it is incompatible with the Communist Party. The meeting suddenly announced that within two weeks, the National Government Office in Tibet, which they had prayed to "win" not long ago, together with officials, teachers, doctors from primary schools and hospitals in Lhasa, as well as those working in Lhasa Business, handicraft industry, service industry, and more than 100 Han Chinese, Muslims and their family members who were lamas were all expelled from Tibet.He also made specific arrangements for the time limit, route, and escort force for the Han people to leave Tibet. Kashag also issued an official order to let Xia Zha Ganden Banjue, the fourth-rank official, organize a trip to the Holy Mountain and recite mantras.According to a Tibetan scripture called "Gashesham", between the Lhasa River Valley and the mountains and rivers in the southern region, there is a huge and terrifying demon lying on its back, but because there are four major sacred mountains and more than 20 small sacred mountains around it. , so there has been no chaos.The four sacred mountains are Peiguanziri Mountain behind Drepung Monastery, Juemoxixiri Mountain in the northeast of Lhasa, Gasangquwuri Mountain and Sanye Haburi Mountain in Qushui.In the past, whenever natural or man-made disasters occurred, or when the Dalai Lama fell ill, the Kashag would order the people in this area to go around the mountain and chant scriptures.This time, the Kashag asked the men, women and children in 20 counties to give up all activities and go to visit the holy mountains and plant prayer flags. According to the usual practice, they allocated 250 taels of Tibetan silver as stipends to more than 20 holy mountains.