Chapter 44 Nagaoka Township Survey [1]

(November 1933) The actual implementation of all Soviet work is in the township Soviets and city Soviets[2], which everyone understands, but many people do not understand how the township Soviets and city Soviets should carry out their work.If one does not understand the work of the rural Soviets and municipal Soviets, one cannot truly lead the work of the Soviets, nor can one truly solve the problem of "subordination of all Soviet work to the requirements of the revolutionary war."Now among the Soviet workers at the higher levels, we have encountered such a situation: they have issued many orders and resolutions, but they do not know the actual content of the work of any township or city Soviet.Comrades! This is impossible, this is bureaucracy, this is an obstacle to the work of the Soviets!

Our tasks have been put forward, and many plans have been announced, ranging from expanding the Red Army to building bridges and roads. The problem is how to mobilize the masses to fully and practically implement these tasks and plans.The extremely tense Revolutionary War requires us to solve this problem quickly and generally.And the solution to this problem is not something we can think of in our minds. It depends on collecting various fresh and specific experiences from the process of mobilizing the masses to perform various tasks, carrying forward these experiences, and expanding the field of our mobilization of the masses. Make it suitable for higher tasks and plans.

Serious mistakes of perfunctory or coercive orders have occurred in Soviet organizations in many places. The relationship between these Soviets and the masses is very bad, which has greatly hindered the implementation of Soviet tasks and plans.On the other hand, countless comrades working in the lower-level Soviets have created many excellent methods of mobilizing the masses in many places. They have become one with the masses and their work has achieved great results.One of the responsibilities of the superior Soviet personnel is to collect and sort out these good experiences and spread them to a wide area.Such work should be carried out immediately in all provinces and counties.The most effective way to oppose bureaucracy is to show them a living example.

The experience of Changgang Township collected here is limited to the time and materials of the reporter, and it is only a rough summary of some of their main works.But this summary is enough to attract our great attention, and it is enough to make us solemnly praise their work as a "model of Soviet work", because their relationship with the masses is very close, and their work has achieved great results.Carry forward these experiences, collect more experience, provide concrete examples for all backward rural Soviets and municipal Soviets, elevate their work to the status of advanced rural Soviets and municipal Soviets, unite millions of people around the Soviets, strive for All Soviet work is suitable for crushing the enemy's "encirclement and suppression" demands, and this is our purpose.

December 15, 1933 Political division and household registration Changgang Township belongs to Shangshang Community in Xingguo County, Jiangxi Province, and is drawn from Langmu Township in this district. The ranking of community work: Changgang and Langmu first, Yang Cheng second, Hefu, Xiushui and Tangshi third, Rentian and Shangshe fourth. Changgang Township is divided into four villages: Changgang, Tangbei, Xinxi and Siwang. Account: 1. There are 437 households in the township, 1,785 people, 320 people who go out to serve as the Red Army and work, and 1,465 people in the township Inside).Among the township population, there are 1,286 middle and poor peasants, 102 workers, farm laborers, and coolies, and 77 landlords and rich peasants.

2. Those who go out to serve as the Red Army and do work: Served in the Red Army from 1928 to 1932, eighty; In 1933, he became one hundred and thirty-nine members of the Red Army. In the guerrilla battalion, seven; Thirty-four for work above the county level; Transferred to work in the rear hospital, twenty-four; Tune in as a long-term teacher, thirty-six; Three hundred and twenty in total. 3. Landlords and rich peasants: There were originally two landlord families, five persons; Originally there were eleven rich peasant families with seventy-two members; In August, the field investigation found that the wives and daughters of landlords married workers and peasants, six of them.

Thirty-six loads and six buckets of land were recovered from these six people, and no other rich peasant landlords were found. representative meeting A meeting situation The agenda is often: (1) meeting, (2) report, (3) discussion, (4) other, (5) adjournment.Take the paper and write it up.The specific issues discussed each time are only written by the chairman himself on the paper, not posted. "Report", first the chairman reports the reason for the meeting and speaks twenty or thirty sentences.Then Qu Su's "Participating Comrades" report (Almost every time, people from the Qu Su participated: the department members came more, five or six times out of ten; the ministers came less, two or three times out of ten; the chairman, vice chairman I don’t come often, only once in ten times), the content is about the political situation and work situation. What the "participating comrades" did not mention, the chairman and branch secretary added. "Discussion" refers to specific issues. For example, a meeting held on November 8 discussed the following items:

(1) Military mobilization.Divided into: 1. Expansion of the Red Army.The representatives of Changgang Village agreed to expand to five people, the representatives of Tangbei Village agreed to four people, the representatives of Xinxi Village agreed to three people, and the representatives of Siwang Village agreed to three people, a total of fifteen people, and the deadline was November 30. 2. Preferential treatment for red genus.It was decided to mobilize the model farming team together with the labor cooperatives. 3. Returning to the team.There were seven deserters in the township, and it was decided that a propaganda team (from the township and village) and a commando team (organized by the wives of the Red Army) would be required to carry out the work. 4. Condolences to the Red Army.Each village promised four towels; jute straw sandals and cloth sandals, Changgang promised 110 pairs, Tangbei 100 pairs, Xinxi 90 pairs, Siwang 100 pairs.

(2) Economic mobilization.Divided into: 1. Economic bonds.Benxiang admitted to selling 5,456 yuan, and received 822 dans of millet, worth 4,110 yuan, and received 127 yuan in cash, for a total of 4,220 yuan. One hundred and thirty-seven yuan, with a gap of 1,219 yuan, was not collected. It was decided that all representatives should "show their energy" for publicity, and the deadline was November 25. 2. Cooperatives.Consumer cooperatives used to exist only in districts, but now township branches only collect shares of 100 yuan, but the masses have recognized 350 yuan, and it is decided that representatives should carry out collection propaganda, and the propaganda team will also set out. 3. Save exercise.Decide to have a variety of vegetables for spring, and save rice.

(3) Repairing embankment roads.It was decided that within ten days from November 20th to 30th, the six-mile-long road leading to the Beidong River, six feet wide, would be completed.After repairing, build other roads, four feet wide.Five election planners repaired the one-foot-wide embankment that was washed away by the water after the road was repaired.As for the big wooden bridge, it was jointly built with Langmu Township. (4) "Supporting the District Su".In order to express the support of the people in the township for the meeting of the Third District Soviet Congress on November 12, it was decided to present a red plaque, a red cloth measuring one foot four inches, with four characters written on it.On the twelfth, nine out of ten people in the township were mobilized to go to District Su to set off firecrackers. (As a result, eight out of ten of the masses went there and fired five or six thousand firecrackers, all of which were bought by the masses themselves.)

The latter two items were discussed under the “Other” agenda item.All the issues discussed this time were proposed by the voters in the election meeting and handed over to the Xiangsu discussants. Two inspection system Among the two representative meetings, one is to discuss issues and the other is to inspect work. Before each inspection meeting, the on-duty representatives of each village convene their representatives to hold an inspection meeting, and the on-duty representatives report their results at the representative meeting.After the report, discuss how to achieve and correct what has not been done and what has not been done well. This method started in Langmu Township, and was adopted after Changgang was drawn out from Langmu Township, and later Yangcheng Township also adopted it.Recently, District Su convened a district-wide work inspection meeting, and asked all townships to adopt it. Three-day representative Number of representatives from each village: In Changgang Village, there are more than 500 people (the number of people when the fields are divided), and 14 representatives. In Tangbei Village, there are more than 490 people and 14 representatives. In Xinxi Village, there are more than 300 people and 13 representatives. In Siwang Village, there are more than 400 people and 14 representatives. The work ranks of each village: Changgang first, Tangbei second, Xinxi third, Siwang fourth. Each village has a "representative on duty" who takes turns to act, and each person is on duty for ten days at a time, starting in September.Before September, it was a "representative director" system, and one person was appointed full-time.After two years of operation, the director system has shortcomings. The responsibility belongs to one person, and it is inconvenient for the rest to practice and work. Rotation can avoid this disadvantage.But the daily duty system (actually ten-day duty) also has shortcomings, which means that the weak cannot lead a village. Four standing committees Since the establishment of the Soviets, there have been standing committees. There are five people in total including the chairman, vice-chairman, clerk, secretary of the Communist Party of China, and secretary of the minority Communist Party.When necessary, representatives on duty will attend. Five representatives lead the residents Each representative is in charge of more than 20 to more than 50 residents. For example, Li Qiuying, the representative of Changgang Village, is in charge of more than 50 residents. Each representative has a resident book in his hand, which is divided into male adults, female adults, male youths (can be long-term husbands), female youths (can be short-term husbands), male children, and female children.Male adults are divided into those who are in the Red Guards (can be long-term husbands) and those who are not in the Red Guards (can be short-term husbands), and female adults are also divided into those who are in the Red Guards (can be short-term husbands) and those who are not in the Red Guards. Guards (can give preferential treatment to the red genus). The change of six representatives In Langmu Township (seven villages, 3,000 people) when there was no new administrative district, there were more than 70 representatives elected last November, and 11 alternate representatives, totaling more than 80 people.Among them, there are 16 female representatives and more than 60 male representatives.By the time of the re-election on November 1 this year, there were only five male representatives left in the original election. Most of them went to the Red Army, and a few were transferred to work. Twenty-nine of them went to the Red Army once in May.When each representative goes, the people under his control are called in advance to elect a person, who is called "agent representative". The Political Manifestation of the Seven Representatives The best sixty percent. A moderate thirty-five percent. The worst five percent (four). The worst of the four are two men and two women. They are stupid and not active. There are only four out of ten meetings, and they don't listen to things when they arrive, let alone speak.The attitude towards the masses is "rough", and the masses don't like these four people.They were re-elected in July. eight female representatives Of sixteen: The best eight, looking for a job to do and doing it well. The middle six don't know how to find a job to do, so they just do it when they are given the job. If they don't do well, they need help. The two worst ones are not given to work. The Changgang Township Representative Conference has many good creations, such as the Standing Committee, on-duty representatives, representatives leading the residents, inspection system, etc., which can be learned from other places.But the Standing Committee should be changed to a presidium (seven people from big townships and five people from small townships); on-duty representatives should be changed to representative directors, and the best representatives should be elected every one month or two months, and changing every ten days is too frequent.The issues discussed at the meeting were also very practical, but the empty five-point agenda should be cancelled. Why not post the list of specific issues? The inspection system in Changgang Township is very good, and the full implementation of the work is related to For speed, rely on this approach.The worst representatives should have been removed earlier, and re-elected after eight months, which is too late.The representative has transferred work, and the immediate by-election is right, but it should not be called an "acting representative". this election an election committee Nine people: Party secretary of the Communist Party of China, female officer of the Communist Party of China, head of the farm labor branch[3], head of the handicraft branch[4], director of the Poor Peasants League and another person, the head of the brigade, and two township representatives.The branch secretary is the director.Organized in September. County Su originally scheduled an election at the end of September, but it was rescheduled twice, and the second time was decided at the beginning of November. 2 Election Propaganda In the past, classes were not clearly distinguished, but now they are clearly distinguished, so elections are required.He also talked about the need for elections in order to break the "encirclement and suppression" and to make the review work more progressive. Three Voter Registration Each of the four villages makes a list, and the representative is responsible for registering the residents under his control, and submits the list to the Election Committee for publication: one for those who have the right to vote, one for those under the age of sixteen who do not have the right to vote, one for the landlords and rich peasants who do not have the right to vote, the first two are red, The last one is white.Three such posters were pasted outside each of the four villages and the Xiangsu Gate.The electoral register was completed in September, but the family members of the workers were not counted as workers. This was corrected last month and republished.There are doubts among the masses regarding the distinction between the standards for electing representatives of workers and peasants.Less than one tenth of the township has a correct understanding of the issue of "workers' leadership"[5]. Four electoral units Each of the four villages has one electoral unit and another worker unit. Five work reports The electorate meeting was held in two days (October 19 and 22), with two villages on the first day and two villages on the second day. The chairman went to Changgang and Tangbei villages to report and attended in two days.The vice chairman (and branch secretary) went to Xinxi and Siwang villages to report, also divided into two days.The report is divided into three categories: military mobilization, economic construction, and other work. After reporting, elect a shortlist.It was also proposed that the masses present at the meeting criticize the Xiangsu work, but there were no critics. Six shortlists On October 19th, the branch secretary meeting was held, and people from all villages attended (eleven people in total).According to the proportion of workers and peasants in each village, draw up a list of fifty-five people, which is exactly the number of representatives to be elected.Then it is submitted to the group meeting of the village party, the trade union, and the poor peasant group for discussion, and the party members of each group will raise a proposal at the electorate meeting where the work report is made, and the meeting will pass it, eliminating the need for the electoral committee to prepare the list. The list is announced, and one is posted outside the four villages and the township Sumen. The election will be held three days after the announcement. Seventh Election Assembly Time: November 4th. The workers held a meeting in Xiangsu, and 90% of them arrived, but the rest were sick and did not show up.The peasants held meetings in four villages, and 93 percent of them reached the meeting.The meeting was held in the morning, and the voters entered the door and signed the word "to" on a form with their names written on it (the form has 24 grids, printed and issued by the county, and wrote the names of 24 voters).There is only one person guarding the door, and there are children watching outside the door, and some coming in.Landlords and rich peasants know that they have no share and no one to come. Procedures: report from the election committee, report from the chairman of the township Soviet Union, report from comrades participating in the district Soviet Union, ask voters if they have any opinions (no), introduce one by one according to the list of candidates, vote (no veto), discuss proposals (someone proposes that the whole township should be 16 years old) All those without disease up to the age of forty-five went to the front, and the majority passed. In addition, the "military", "economic", and "dike" cases discussed at the representative meeting on November 8 were all proposed by the election conference. of). Arrived at ten o'clock in the morning for a meeting, and ended at four o'clock in the afternoon, "in good spirits." The Political Performance of the Eight Representatives Of the fifty-five representatives, the most positive thirty-six, the middle nineteen, and the worst are yet to be found. Among the representatives, six tenths (more than thirty) of the old representatives are re-elected, and four tenths are newly elected. Nine post-election conferences On the morning of the second day after the election (November 5), the first representative meeting was held to elect the chairman, vice-chairman, secretary, and elect representatives (ten people) to attend the district assembly.Three comrades from Ou Su participated in this meeting.On the fourth day (November 8), a second meeting was held to discuss the proposal for the election of the General Assembly (see above). The shortcomings of this election in Changgang Township: (1) The propaganda did not point out that the Soviet is a regime in which the masses manage their own lives, and the election of Soviet representatives is the most important right of the masses. (2) The number of candidates on the candidate list is exactly the same as the number of candidates, not double the number of candidates, so the masses have no criticism of the candidate list.The Electoral Commission has little role in organizing the candidate list, only party activity. (3) The work report meeting did not try its best to mobilize the masses to criticize the work of Xiangsu.Apart from these shortcomings, the rest is a success. Sub-Committee Below are mass groups. Divided into village and township levels.There are five people in the village, and the director is the committee member of the township.There are many villages with five members, because the village has a committee, but there are also seven, nine, and eleven members. 1. Enlarged Red Army Committee Seven people, three of them are representatives.Discuss "expansion", "preferential treatment", "consolation", and "welcome". The consolation team (seven people, with a captain, four representatives, one man and three women, and the other three people, one man and two women) carried peanuts, beans, vegetables, and straw sandals to the hospital, to the county town, and once to Huangpi Xiaobu to comfort the Red Army . Two land committees Seven people.Several meetings were held during the land survey campaign[6] in September to deal with the thirty-six tans of land found the previous month.There was no meeting after that. It should be changed to the Management Committee of the Agricultural Experimental Field, with an agricultural product exhibition hall attached to it. Three Land Registration Boards Five people, one in each village, and the director is resident.It was organized in July, and after two months of work, the registration was completed, and the director's meal was cancelled. Method: Go to each village to ask representatives and register.If you don't know, go to the house and ask.In August, the content of the form is unknown, and the registration is not complete. The extension is one month, and the registration is complete. Four Forest Committee Five people, except the director, one person from each village.Planting and protection. Some trees are planted, but the mountains are bad and underdeveloped, so they should be planted by the river, near the road, or by the house. If there are a lot of trees cut in private mountains, you have to ask the forest committee, if there are few, don't ask, there is no specified size. Five construction committees Five people.Command the two committees of "Water Conservancy" and "Bridge". Sixth Water Conservancy Committee Five people, except the director, one person from each village. Seven Bridges Committee Five people.Repair of Guanqiao Road.Shall be called the Bridge Committee. eight national property committees Five people.Although there is, I don't know what to do. Nine Warehouse Custody Committee three people.Manage the preservation of the public debt valley and the red army's public land valley. The barn for waste preparation is also under its management, and the confiscated thirty-six dan fields of grain are used to prepare for waste, a total of more than ten dan. Ten Confiscation Committee three people.Manage fines and donations. Starting in September, landlords will be fined 9 yuan, and rich peasants will be donated 225 yuan (11 families, the more donated more than 40 yuan, and the lesser 10 yuan). In the past, the rich peasants' fields, forests, houses, cattle, and agricultural tools were all confiscated, and only some bad fields and dilapidated houses were allocated to them, and no mountains were allocated.Now rich peasants have to rent cattle and farm tools from others.In the past, rich peasants were "penalized" in cash, and now they are "penalized", so it doesn't matter to donate.Now the family conditions of the rich peasants are worse than those of the hired peasants. (It should be pointed out: Changgang Township's policy on rich peasants is wrong.) Eleven Field Survey Committee nine people.Not anymore. Twelve Board of Education nine people. Thirteen Health Committees Five people.Organized in April. Fourteenth Air Defense and Antivirus Committee Five people.Organized in October.Four or five meetings were held. 15th Preparatory Committee Designed for commemoration. The village committee in Changgang Township (many committees exist in the village) has connected the Soviet with a wider mass, which is a very good creation when the Soviet work has developed to a high level.Because the village has a five-person committee, many township committees only need five people, and four of the five people in each township committee are the directors of the four village committees. In this way, the work is organized into a network. The work of the Conference was of great help.However, Comrade Nagaoka Township regards these committees as mass organizations like trade unions and poor peasant groups, and does not know that they are part of the Soviet organization. This is inappropriate.Among them, the construction committee can be cancelled.Land committees in places like Xingguo, where land struggles have intensified, should be changed to agricultural testing ground committees.In addition, several committees such as "food", "hukou", "inspectors of workers and peasants", and "red martial law" should be added.These have been stipulated in the Local Soviet Organization Law promulgated by the central government. local troops One preparation (1) A row of male Red Guards Twenty-four to forty-five years old.There are a total of 66 men in this age group in the township, except for the chairman, two clerks, and 20 people who are seriously ill and disabled, all of them are included, totaling 46 people. There will be one platoon leader and one deputy platoon leader, and six squad leaders and six deputy squad leaders.one side of the flag. (2) The First Company of the Female Red Guards The same age as before.There are a total of 246 women in this age group in the township (more than twice the number of men). Except for the 26 sick and disabled, all of them are included, a total of 220 people. There will be one company commander, one deputy company commander, one political instructor, three platoon leaders and three deputy platoon leaders, nine squad leaders and nine deputy squad leaders, all of whom are women.one side of the flag. (3) Small team and large team Co-edited by men and women.From 16 to 23 years old, there are 21 males and 80 females (four times as many as males) in the township, a total of 101, except for 15 sick and disabled (fengjiao, etc.) who were not included. , are all included, a total of eighty-six. A captain and a deputy captain.The lower row is divided into one row for men and two rows for women, each with a platoon leader and deputy platoon leader. two training (1) Platoon exercises The village is the unit, twice a month, the red and the young are separated, and men and women exercise together. Coaches: The female deputy company commander of Nagaoka, the female company commander of Tangbei, and the young team consists of one woman and three men.Exercises: stand at attention, take a rest, turn left and right, step forward, run (few women), stragglers, field (three or four miles away). Weapons: Most spears, few wooden guns. Politics class: practice first and talk later, the speaker is a political instructor.Talking about the revolutionary situation, imperialism, the mission of the Red Army, etc., there is no fixed teaching material, "talk about it casually". Time: In the afternoon, from about 2:00 to 6:00, practice at 2:30, talk at 1:30. To exercise: the average can reach seven out of ten. (two) consecutive exercises Township as a unit, once a month on the 15th. Exercises: each platoon exercise method, see which platoon is good, and review the results of the platoon exercise. Political class: After the exercise, the instructor will talk about the political situation. Time: Four hours in the afternoon.It's cold in winter now, and it's relatively free, so change it to morning. Three duties (1) Transportation work Men should be long husbands (those who are over 45 years old and not incorporated into the Red Guards will be short husbands). Women are short husbands (choose some to go to the city, happy, Chaling, etc.), ambulance (choose a part to organize an ambulance platoon, get ready, no work) and laundry (organize a laundry team, pick more than ten from each village) , without the burden of children, went to the supplementary teacher and teaching team in Shau Kei Wo to wash several times, and went to Chaling to wash two or three times). (2) Watching at night There are three outposts in Changgang, Tangbei, and Siwang. There is a shift every night, with five or six people. The red and the young each send a few people to take turns.One stands guard while the rest sleep.Ask for the password (answer "common people", tell your name, where you are going, and what you are doing. In fact, the masses do not know the password), check the road signs (passing by from other villages), and no bad guys have been caught. (3) Check during the day Three people are responsible for one day, one Red Army, one Junior Brigade, and one Boys Regiment.Some people passed by, one looked at the road signs (children's group), and the other questioned him (red army or junior team).Send letters when necessary.The Tangbei sentry once caught four or five deserters and sent them to the district. "Ordinary people" caught a ruthless man (when he was passing by on a small path on the mountain), from another county, very fierce, suspected to be a detective, and sent him to the county. (4) Air defense The local anti-aircraft and anti-virus committee guides the public to pay attention to the following things: Don't run around when the plane comes. To dig an air-raid shelter, several companies can work together to dig one. It is in progress, but it has not yet been completed. Seal the nose with a handkerchief in case of poisonous gas.Those who came back from the practice camp said that they used charcoal shavings to pack their noses into a towel. Each village has a No. 1 gun station, which has been set up.Each institute has two dedicated persons in charge, and when one person goes out, the other must be at home to fire the trumpet. All young and middle-aged working people should be organized into the Red Guards or Young Pioneers and receive good military and political training. On the one hand, they must defend the local area and, on the other hand, prepare to go to the front. This is an important task of the Soviets in the civil war.Changgang Township was also successful in this respect. mass life famine this year Before the fields were planted this spring, 80 percent of the people were short of food, and had to sell rice to distant places such as Donggu, Shacun, Futian, and Shuinan.Eighty percent of the people are short of one month's grain on average, and each person needs five dans of grain a year, which is four buckets a month.Eighty percent of the 1,500 people in the township are 1,200 people, and the monthly grain is 480 dan, all of which are settled from far away, and no one is hungry. I'm not afraid next year Although the spring plowing is good this year, the autumn harvest is not good due to insect damage, which is only equal to last year's harvest.But (1) the autumn plowing was good, sweet potatoes and beans both increased by 40% compared with last year; (2) winter plowing added vegetables, peas, snow peas and rapeseed; The price per load is only 2,800 renminbi, which is less than one yuan. Of course, money is needed, and it is okay to sell a little bit, but I did not notice that this year, a county-wide meeting was held, and it was agreed not to sell it to merchants unless it was four yuan. It should be sold less; (4) After the autumn harvest last year, it was a lot of waste to supply pigs, chickens and ducks, and this year there is less supply; If you buy ten yuan, you only need to pay two loads of grain——so you can guarantee that there will be no shortage next spring. There is excess oil Peanuts are better than last year and can be oiled.Every family shared a little bit of Muziling[7] and some wood oil[8].There is a lot of oil, and there is excess. Four beans can be replaced with salt, but the amount of salt is greatly reduced The bean harvest this year is good (the water is uniform, last year it was almost completely flooded), and the bean price is also good (9 yuan per load last year, 12 yuan this year), which can be exchanged for 60% of the town's salt.The remaining 40% of the salt can be replaced with excess oil (30% more oil). On average, the old and the young need four qian per day for salt (twelve taels per month), which will be reduced by half to only two qian (six taels per month) in July this year, and a little more than three qian (about 12 taels per month) in November.The masses eat sauerkraut water, saying that it is almost the same as adding salt. (This is the crime of the Kuomintang, and only by breaking through the blockade can we eat salt.) 5. Eating meat doubles the number of poor peasants and triples the number of workers Eighty-five percent of the households donate pigs, and about 15 percent cannot.On average, each family sells pigs worth about 20 yuan a year, buys pork for about 12 yuan, and the remaining 8 yuan.But before the riots, each family could only buy about 10 yuan of pork per year on average.Divided by class: before the riots, the middle peasants bought pork for about twelve yuan, the poor peasants for six yuan, and the workers for four yuan.In the past, not to mention every fair, even during the Chinese New Year, there was not much meat to eat.Now let’s not talk about the New Year’s Eve, everyone has to buy some meat every time there is a fair. Most of the six chickens and ducks are eaten by themselves, but most of them were sold in the past 7 Life is getting better, less firewood is sold There is no shortage of firewood locally.In the past, more firewood was bought and sold in the city, but now it has decreased by 30%, because many people do not need to sell it. Eight clothing doubled Including all the clothes, on average, each person needs to make a new set of unlined underwear every year.The middle peasants have not changed much in the past or in the present.Poor peasants and workers are now twice as improved as they were in the past. For example, clothes are made for two yuan now, but in the past they could only be made for one yuan. Nine farm laborers' lives improved There are about twenty-two farm laborers in the township, and six tenths are better off than the poorest poor peasants, because things are divided.There were only two landlord families in the township, and quite a few rich peasants (twelve families) were confiscated, and many were distributed from the cities.Four out of ten are the same as the poor peasants. Ten middle peasants remain in their original positions Generally speaking, the life of the middle peasants is much the same as it was in the past. (The Soviets should pay attention to the improvement of the life of the middle peasants.) Eleven market price (A) Agricultural products: Valley—three yuan per load (ninety catties) after the autumn harvest before the riots, one yuan after the riots, one yuan after last autumn, nine yuan this spring, three yuan after this autumn, four yuan and seven jiao in November. Peanuts—three yuan per load (one hundred catties) before and after the riots, three yuan after the riots, three yuan after the fall, and three yuan and fifty cents after this autumn. Sweet Potato One—1,000 Wen per load (100 catties) before and after the riot, 1,300 Wen after the previous autumn, and 1,200 Wen after this autumn. Beans - seven yuan per load (one hundred catties) before and after the riot, ten yuan and fifty cents after the autumn, and twelve yuan after this autumn. Pigs—650 wen per catty before the riots, 900 wen after autumn, 750 wen this spring, and 860 wen per catty this autumn. Chicken—750 Wen per catty before the riots, 900 Wen last year, and 1,200 Wen this year. Ducks—500 Wen per catty before the riots, 700 Wen last year, and 750 Wen this year. Eggs—25 Wen each before the riots, and 40 Wen last year and this year. Duck eggs—30 Wen each before the riots, and 50 Wen each last year and this year. Firewood—a piece of firewood was eight cents per catty before the riots, ten cents last year, and twelve cents this year. Wood oil—600 Wen per catty before the riots (5 and a half catties per yuan), 920 Wen per catty last year (3 and a half catties per yuan), 1 yuan per three catties from this spring to autumn, and 12 taels per catty in November , because it can be exported. Peanut oil - before the riots, it was one yuan per seven catties, last year it was three and a half catties and it was one yuan, and in November this year it was one yuan per three catties. Small mandarins - before the riots, it was 1 yuan per 28 catties, last year it was 19 catties, and this year it was 15 catties. (B) foreign goods: Salt—one yuan per seven catties before the riots, one yuan per catty in March 1931, one yuan per three and a half catties last year, one yuan per catty this summer, two yuan per catty for paper, and twelve or two catties per catty in November One yuan, four taels of paper per catty is one yuan. Cloth—150 cents per foot for medium blue cloth before the riots, 250 cents last year, 300 cents this spring, and 380 cents per foot in November. Matches—forty cash per box before the riots, seventy cash last year, one hundred and eighty cash this summer, and ninety cash in November. Foreign oil—530 Wen per catty before the riots, 1,120 Wen last year, and 1,600 Wen this year. Rest and Labor of the Twelve Masses Each person has an average of about five full days (many times will add up) of meeting life per month, which is their good rest time.Due to more people going out, the labor force in the countryside has decreased, and the labor intensity of the masses is still the same as before the riots, but the meaning of labor is different. The Soviet is the organizer of the life of the masses. Only when the Soviet exhausts all its efforts to solve the problems of the masses, effectively improve the lives of the masses, and win the belief of the masses in the Soviets, can the masses be mobilized to join the Red Army, help in the war, and contribute to the cause of the war. Fight to smash the enemy's "encirclement and suppression".It should be clear: Changgang Township's great achievements in war mobilization are inseparable from their achievements in improving the lives of the masses. The Adjustment of Labor Force and the Problem of Cattle A model farming team There is a team in each of the four villages, with a total of about 70 people, organized by members of the Red Army family members who have labor force, and each team has a captain.Sub-teams are divided into small teams, such as the Changgang Village Model Team with more than 20 people, divided into three small teams, depending on the approach, there are three people, and there are seven people.Each team manages a few or a dozen nearby houses, and always pays attention to making the production of these houses run well.It was organized during harvesting in August this year, and its function was to adjust the labor force. Method: The labor mutual aid association helps the Red Army family members plow the fields (without wages), and the model team helps the masses plow the fields (with wages).For example, a member of a mutual aid club is going to help the red family to plow the field, and his own field is waiting to be plowed. The model team will send someone to help him plow, or help the red family to plow the field on his behalf. , so as to adjust the labor force.Therefore, the model team must establish close contact with the mutual aid society. Two labor cooperatives There is one in each of the four villages, and eight out of ten laborers, except the red ones, have joined.There are more than 300 members in the township. Township population: 10% of the total labor force (accounting for about 150 people in the total population of the township). Twenty percent of the half labor force (about 300 people). Thirty-five percent of incidental labor (about 525 people). Thirty percent (about 450 people) without labor. There are about 450 people in the first two items, and most of them join mutual aid societies. Among the 320 people who went out in the whole township (226 of them served as the Red Army and 94 of them worked), except for a dozen who belonged to semi-labor, all of them were full-time workers. There are 150 people in the total labor force, which is a ratio of 68% to 32%.The organized transfer of the labor force became the central problem in production, and the masses warmly welcomed the mutual aid societies. The work of the mutual aid club is to give preferential treatment to the red genus, mutual aid and help for the lonely elderly, all of which fully achieve the goal, and the fields of the red genus are generally plowed well.The method is as follows: Preferential treatment for the red family members: the families of the Red Army in the hometown, on average, each family has to help about 25 workers per month in tight times, and on average, each family has to help about ten workers per month.People with more labor will help more, those with little help will help less, and those who have nothing will help, and women with children will help less.In times of stress, a family with two laborers has to help 13 or 14 jobs, one labor has to help six or seven workers, and half a labor has to help one or two workers with light work.If you help more and help less, then you have to pay wages and help more.For example, during a tight time, family A should have helped the red family seven jobs per month but only helped five jobs, and family B should have helped seven jobs but helped nine jobs, then family A should count the wages of two jobs to family B. Mutual assistance among members: the number of work is divided, and those who do less work will be paid according to the job search and those who have done more. Helping the lonely elderly: just eat, no wages. Take the village as a unit to plan production and adjust labor. Make a settlement at the end of each month to find out the wages (you can find out if you get more money and less goods). Wages: this year there are three grades for harvesting grain, the highest is 800 cash (such as beating grain), the second is 640 cash (such as cutting grain and picking stalks), and the lowest is 320 cash (such as picking grain and ordering beans). It was decided at the township member meeting in July (hundreds of people attended this time).Last year, the wages for harvesting crops were 800 cash at the beginning, and 1,400 cash was the highest wage in times of tension. Reduction of wages: The farm labor union is in favor of it, because they owe more labor because of the distribution of the land.There is no objection to those with a large labor force. They have to work more for the red family because of the preferential treatment. Mutual aid clubs have five committee members, one internal director, one organization, and one propaganda, under the guidance of the autumn harvest and autumn plowing committee of the township. Changgang Township has clearly demonstrated the great role of labor cooperatives in agricultural production.According to the wishes of the masses, the overall planning of production with the village as a unit can be implemented in all places, especially in places where the number of enlarged Red Army is large.If necessary, the township can be used as a unit, or even the district as a unit, as Shanghang Caixi District has done.Plowing teams can be merged into labor cooperatives to unify the organization.An important issue here is mobilizing women to participate in childbirth.There are 733 young and middle-aged people aged 16 to 45 in Changgang Township, 320 of them went out to work in the Red Army, and 413 of them are in the township, of which only 87 are men. Women actually accounted for 326 people (a ratio of one to four), so most of the births in Changgang Township depended on women.Changgang Township put forward the slogan "women learn to plow and rake", and women have already entered the production front in groups. This proves that the organized adjustment of labor and the promotion of women to participate in production are inseparable tasks.In Changgang Township, where the Red Army has been expanded so much, production has increased rather than decreased, that is because they have solved this problem well. Sanli Cattle Cooperative The organization started in September, one for each village. It is just underway and has not yet been completed. Not many people have joined the commune.A committee of five. On average, there are twenty-five cattle in a hundred families, and there are a total of one hundred and ten cattle in the township. There is nothing in a family of two bulls. Among the households with cattle, 50% of the family has one cattle (there are many calves, more than ten yuan a head). Fifteen percent for two families and one cow. Thirty percent for three families with one cow and four families with one cow. Five or more families share one cow, 5% (seven families share one cow, big buffalo). Twenty-five percent have no cattle, 437 households in the township, and about 109 households have no cattle.The Li Niu Cooperative has not yet discussed how to solve it. 办到了禁止杀牛，牛老牛病应杀的，报告乡苏派人去看，准杀才杀，无敢故意弄死者。 在现时的农业技术条件下，耕牛的作用仅仅次于人工。根据瑞金石水乡(无牛的百分之三十)、兴国长冈乡(无牛的百分之二十五)、上杭才溪乡(无牛的百分之二十)三处的材料，可以知道农民中完全无牛的，平均要占百分之二十五，这是一个绝大的问题。解决方法，莫妙于领导群众组织犁牛合作社，共同集股买牛。办法是在自愿原则下(经过社员大会同意)，每家照分田数每担谷田出谷二升至三升。例如，长冈乡每人分田六担二斗，无牛的一百零九家，平均每家四人，共四百三十六人，分田共二千七百零三担，每担三升得谷八十一担，每担五元得钱四百零五元，以二十元买一牛计，得二十头。每牛耕田八十担，共可耕田一千六百担，对于二千七百零三担，已解决了一大半，明年再出两升，即可完全解决。而租牛每年每担谷田即须出牛租五升。这一办法是石水乡群众提出来的，他们已在实行。我们希望各地都能实行。这不但解决贫苦农民一大困难，对于增加农业生产更有大的意义。 公债的推销 公债发行委员会五人，每村另有一个主任。 乡主席到县到区开会认销五千元，后又加认四百五十六元，共五千四百五十六元。 乡主席回来召集代表会议，由各村代表承认本村的销数。 各村值日代表召集本村群众开大会。事先各代表及宣传队向群众做个别的宣传，届时领导群众来开会，讲明购买公债的意义。当场各代表及各团体的负责人首先认购，群众跟着认购，席上登记起来。 没有销完。 各代表及宣传队，对那些未买的及买得太少的，按家按户作宣传。“今年这样多”，有些群众不了解，便把去年谷价(买两元公债要拿出谷子两担半)、今年公债(买十元公债还只要拿出两担)比给他们听，把合作社利益(集了股的分两次红就过了股金的头，不曾集股的无份)讲给他们听，把敌人封锁与经济建设的意义讲给他们听。 再开全村大会，加销一部，尚未销完。 再做宣传。 开第三次全村大会，又加销一部，仍未销完，但所余不多了。 再做宣传。 开第四次全村大会，全部销完。 共销五千四百五十六元，全乡一千四百六十五人，平均每人买了三元七角多。最多的买了四十五元(一家)。买三十元的五十六家，二十元的很多。一二元的极少，只十家左右。五角的无。孤老等不买的也有十几家。“群众完全满意。”从开始至销完为时十五天。 长冈乡工作的特点，在于能用全力去动员群众，用极大的耐心去说服群众，结果能完全实现他们的任务，并且争取了最快的速度，推销公债不过一例。长冈乡五千余元公债的推销，全是在会场认购，全不按家去销，全是宣传鼓动，全不强迫摊派，经过四次个别宣传，四次全村大会，从开始至销完共只有十五天。别乡则有销数比长冈乡少至五倍六倍、反而在强迫摊派、销了两三个月还不能结束者，拿了同长冈乡对照，真是一个天上，一个地下! 合作社运动 起始于一九三一年三次战争[9]结束后榔木乡(长冈乡那时属于榔木)的顾岭村。本村群众以每股五角为单位，集了八十多元，开始做生意，有成绩。一九三二年一月，改为榔木乡合作社，没有增股，货比市上便宜，得到群众欢迎。到九月，做了三百块钱生意，赚了钱。去年九月，区社成立，全区集了八百股(每股五角)，把榔木乡社归并于区。 职员:村社时代，社长(李奎应，后历任乡社、区社、县社的社长)、采办(李其尚，后历任乡社、区社、县社的采办)、会计兼营业(王仁森，后任乡社、区社的会计)各一人，吃社内饭，无工钱。改乡社时，决定每人月给工钱三元，但三人不受。 货从茅店、直下办来。 村社、乡社时，社员及红属买货，每千文减五十，即百分之五。非社员不减，但照市价实际上便宜些，一串钱货便宜二十文上下，即百分之二。区社今年十一月改为盐布每串钱减二十(因盐布贵，赚钱少)，他货仍减五十，非社员照市价，此时一百元生意约赚二元。 区社去年九月至今年三月(半年)，四百多元本钱赚了六百多元，以百分之五十为公积金，百分之十为营业者及管理委员、审查委员的奖励金，百分之十为文化教育费(为俱乐部、学校及红属儿童买纸笔)，百分之三十分红。为了增发红利，鼓励社员，临时将教育费取消(以后应该恢复)，共分红百分之四十，每人分了一串钱。分红时，清算账目，悬榜公告。分红后，增加了许多股本，今年七月时，共有二千股一千元了。十一月，第二次分红，每股分五角，实发三角，二角作为增股。决定改股金单位为一元，每人不得超过十股。 管理委员会十一人，审查委员会七人。 现定乡设支社。长冈支社集了二百六十多股(每股一元)，在开始营业中。 县总社八月成立，也在开始营业中。 顾岭村合作社为全县合作社首创，又办得最好，有模范合作社之称。 本乡粮食合作社集了二百二十多股(每股一元)，谷子抵交的多(每担五元)，集中在长冈村一个仓里。还未开始营业，组织了管理委员会。 每个乡每个区都要学习长冈乡与上社区的消费合作社! 文化运动 一小学 列宁小学，四个，每村一个，各有校长、教员。 学生:长冈五十五，塘背五十三，新溪三十三，泗网四十六，共一百八十七，占全乡学龄儿童总数百分之六十五。余百分之三十五，不是父母不要他们去，他们自己好玩不肯去，学生去“捉”，捉来有罚扫地的，有罚禁闭的，罚饿饭的也有个把——那是“又大又蛮”的。学生之间自己发动斗争，“精神很好”。那些顽皮小孩来读的时间少，不来读的时间多，父母送他们出门，“他们溜到山上打仗去了”。(惩罚的方法有些是不适当的。) 均分甲乙丙三班。 学生年龄，七岁至十三岁。也有十四岁十五岁的，则因生产忙，只读半天。 远的带中饭，近的回家吃。 书纸笔墨，学生自备。 教员尽义务，但劳动互助社帮他耕田，等于一个脱离生产的工作人员。教员自己不肯说，代表会议决定优待。(乡苏常驻人有优待，代表及群众团体负责人不脱离生产的无优待。)合富、秀水两乡，则由学生斗米(斗，集合之意)给老师吃，月斗两斗米。杨澄乡又是一个办法:比如某村有一小学，乡苏准许群众中推出两个人(要是五十以上不能当长夫的)，去开长担(开担即挑担，开长担即经常挑担)做小生意，赚了钱供给老师伙食，其数照乡苏办事人例(乡苏每日九分，老师也九分)。乡苏则对此两人不派一切勤务，由这两人自愿承认。 教员多是“文墨不深”的。 二夜学 全乡九个:长冈三，塘背二，新溪一，泗网三。 学生平均每校约三十二人，九校共约三百。男约百分之三十，女约百分之七十。全乡十六岁至四十五岁的青年壮年共四百一十三人，大多数进了夜学，四十五岁以上的“老同志”也有少数来读的。群众非常欢迎，说“夜学顶好”。 各校均分甲乙丙三班。 灯火，少数是自己带去，四人五人共一盏灯。多数就夜学设备的一盏木油灯，十多二十人共在这盏灯下读，每月每人出二个或三个铜片。 书纸笔墨自备。 教材: 甲班，读报，算术。 乙班，成年读本。 丙班，儿童读本。 每校一校长，一教员。校长可不识字，只要热心，学生没有来时，“请校长来指示”。校长也来读书。校长“老同志”多。九个夜学校长，女的占五个。教员无女子。九个夜学教员，七个是乡苏代表。都是尽义务的。 三识字班 小孩子累赘的，“更多年纪的”，家里人太少离夜学又远的，这些人编入识字班。 编制:依住所接近，少的三人、多的十人为一组，举一组长——稍识几个字的。组长多属夜学学生。 教法:随时，随地，随人数，乘凉时，喝茶时，一个人，三个人，五个人。起初，画地为字，随后各立一簿，学写起来，字从“桌椅板凳猪牛鸡鸭”写起。各人簿子，大约十天由组长收齐，送夜学老师看改，“写得多写得好”的给以口头夸奖。字，组长有不晓得写的，问夜学老师，夜学老师有不晓得的，问日学老师。 用此办法，过去不识字的，现在都识得四五十个字了，少数能识七八十个。 此办法今夏开始实行，识字班的组织则去年就有了。 识字牌:每村一块，钉在路旁屋壁。牌上绘图写字，两天三天一换，一天一换或四天五天一换间或也有的。每次，少的两个字，多的三个字，没有不绘图的。日学老师负责。此法效大。 四俱乐部 全乡俱乐部四个，每村一个。 每个俱乐部下，有“体育”、“墙报”、“晚会”等很多的委员会。 每村一个墙报，放在列宁小学。十篇文章中列小学生约占八篇，群众占两篇。 俱乐部都有新戏。 每个乡苏维埃都要学习长冈乡的文化教育工作! 卫生运动 一办法 将居民编为卫生班，按住所接近，四五家，七八家，十一二家为一班，七八家一班的多。有班长。 虽规定五天大扫除一次，实际七天一次的多，十天的也有。要督促，“不督促记不到，工夫又多”。 二工作 (一)扫除:厅堂、睡房不要放灰粪，前后水沟去掉污泥，坪场打扫光洁，公共的水沟、坪场则轮流疏扫。(二)饮食还只说到禁吃死东西。(三)衣服:要洗洁。以上各项，不做的，发动童团耻笑他，特别那些衣服不洁的。文明戏中也唱了卫生运动。 三成绩 四月起，头一次“蛮好”。随即松懈下去，五六两月全没做。乡苏发现了，批评了卫生委员会主任，重新召集卫生委员会(乡卫生委员会外，还有各村的卫生委员会，乡、村均五人)开会，号召各村竞赛，“看哪村做得较好”。七月督促实行，四个月来大有成绩，比前清洁多了。 四舆论 “红军共产党什么都想到了!”“政府工作人员真正顾乐(爱惜的意思)我们!”但也有少数人说:“开窗户，没有病死要吹死!”还需要做深入的宣传。 疾病是苏区中一大仇敌，因为它减弱我们的革命力量。如长冈乡一样，发动广大群众的卫生运动，减少疾病以至消灭疾病，是每个乡苏维埃的责任。 社会救济 互济会乡委员会五人(内主任、宣传、组织)。 村无委员会，有一主任。 下分小组。 会员六百一十一。全乡只有约二十家没有加入互济会，这些多属孤老。 月费一铜片，无不交的。 工作: (一)慰劳红军。 (二)募捐救济难民，援助反帝。今年有过二次。一次是七十多个信丰难民到兴国城(榔木乡时)，共捐了二十多串。一次是援助东北义勇军(也是榔木乡时，那时人口二千九百，会员约八百)，捐了四十多串。捐数五个铜片起，一百的、二百的、一串的都有。一百的多数，约占会员百分之六十。五个铜片的，一串的，各只几人。 (三)乡里火烧了房子的，失业工人生病无药的，募捐救济。今春一家失火，烧了一间半屋，捐了六串多钱给他。 (四)救济饥荒。今夏榔木乡有三四个人饿饭(过去乞丐，现还很穷)，请求区互济会发钱发米救济，每人每次多的三升，少的一升，今夏发了三四次。 (五)救济红军家属。红军家属中生病困难的(无饿饭的)，今夏一次募了十一串多钱。又四月间，由合作社借出本钱，给群众中自愿的几个人，拿去办米，挑往桥头、江背洞发卖，赚了百多串钱，接济红属中病困者。经手的群众，除赚食外，一点多的不要。 在许多地方的苏维埃不注意社会救济工作、许多地方的互济会只知收月费不知救济群众困难的情形下，长冈乡苏维埃与互济会的社会救济工作，是值得赞扬的。长冈乡是在最具体最实际地解决群众中的每一个困难问题。 women 女工农妇代表会每村一个主任。由各个村的主任及一个妇女指导员组成乡的女工农妇代表会的主席团。全乡代表四十三人，长冈十二，塘背十一，新溪九，泗网十一。去年十一月开始组织的，今年三月改选一次，九月第三次选举。各村七天一次会，都按期开，每次仅个把人缺席(小孩累赘等原因)。代表分开负责，每个管五家至十家，六