Chapter 34 Chapter 4 The Old Land Relations of Xunwu-2

3. "Eat rice with hairy hair under the root of the head" "There is no food under the root of the grass", which means that there is no food to eat just after the rent has been paid. Xunwu accounts for almost 40% of this situation.Why do we eat rice with hairy roots? For example, if someone who has plowed 20 tans of grain fields has taken 11 tans, he rents more than 8 tans.Last year during the Chinese New Year and this year, I borrowed two or three tans of millet from the landlord when I was eating without rice, plus five benefits, and I had to pay back three to four tans.It's time to harvest, and I need to buy good things to recruit the landlord.After the threshing, buy a little oil and salt, pound a little rice, and the beginning of autumn has just arrived, and everything is over.This is called "eating rice with hair under the root of the head of the grain", and also called "aho after one year's plowing".During the land struggle in Nanban County, farmers and children generally sang a song, which said:

moonlight, The light is shining. Egypt suffers, you are happy. The food is also delicious, It's okay to wear it. Start every year, Always live in a rotten house. An Jing woman asks for dime, It makes poor people in Egypt look old. Secretly like the school's share in Ai Mao, Eyes like a blind stick. oh god, The more I think about it, the more pitiful I become. business dime, Always plow the fields every year. The harvest in June is also, Tian Dong is the thief. A bundle of bags, Slip across the street. don't ask any questions, Ask Gu Zengshai? The poor say nothing,

Release the dismounted head. Speak evil every word, It's like a tax account. no way, Measured one basket after another, After measuring the land rent and benefiting the valley, After a year of plowing, ah ho! Ah ho, will be sad, Poor brothers and poor brothers love one heart, Poor sisters and poor sisters love unity, Unite as the Red Army, When the Red Army kills the enemy! Note [35]: "E", i. "Mao", no. "Start from the project" and continue to do it. "Dark Jing woman", no matter how beautiful a woman is. "You look old", how you look old. "Darkly good school", no matter how good the school is. "Cutting is also", just finished cutting. "Being a thief" means very evil, as evil as a thief. "A big bundle of bags", used to collect rent. "Sneak across the street", foreign umbrella. "Don't ask me anything", don't ask anything. "Let go of the horse's head", playing in an official accent. "Tax account", big landlord. "Aho", there is no meaning. "Love is of the same heart", we must be of the same heart.

4. Approval of fields Landlords in Xunwu have to write "rent" in all land approvals and farmers, and there is no exception.A small batch of five years and a large batch of seven years are common lease terms throughout the county.This is the "rule" of Dongdian, that is, the unwritten law.Only those evil landowners would dare to break the law by making excuses and changing tenants in three or four years or seven or eight years.What is written on the lease word is: (1) Tianyan, indicating the location and boundary of Mingtian. (2) The amount of rent, indicating whether the face-to-face split system or the quantitative rent system. (3) The quality of the lease, which states that it must be "excellent and dry", and there must be no shortage of promotions, and if it violates it, transfer it to others. (4) Tian Xin, specifying to hand over a rooster every year or every two years.This kind of leasing characters, even if it is as small as three dans of grain fields, has to be written on one sheet.Because if you don’t write the word rent, on the one hand, you are afraid that the farmers will not pay the rent according to the amount, and you will have no evidence to file a lawsuit;The lease character is only written by the peasants and handed over to the landlord, and the landlord does not write it and handed over to the peasants.

The following is an example of the word leasing: "Kuang Shiming, the man who rented and cultivated characters, has come to lease a Hetian in the hands of Brother Linggui. The soil name is Tieliaoba, and there is a large hill in the Hetian. The rent is six barrels. It was agreed on the same day that the annual rent of six barrels is limited to six barrels. Two times in autumn and winter, six times as early as four times, and sent to the home, the wind is fine and dry, and the amount is clear, and there is no shortage. If there is any shortage, the landlord will approve another tenant, and dare not make a difference. For fear of being unfounded, Li Ren word for photo.

One chicken per year. Meet Luo Changsheng Ghostwriter Xie Yulin, November 24th, 16th year of the Republic of China, Kuang Shiming, who rented and cultivated characters" 5. Batch head, Tian Xin, Tian Dongfan Batches are divided into "Bitou Qian" and "Bitou Jigong".Lot head money, rent per stone for ordinary single batch (one batch of five years is called single batch) 10 cents, double batch (10 years batch is called double batch) 20 cents, and there are also 30 cents for Ruhuang Township, etc. clear.No matter how many fields are approved, there is always one rooster, and it is also handed in when the fields are approved.From a single batch to a double batch, that is, from five years to ten years, the batch money and the batch chicken are also handed over.There are many double batches in Nanban County, such as Huangxiang and Shuangqiao Districts, there are no single batches at all, even a piece of land that has been cultivated for decades is still there, only a few.When the landlord sells the land to others shortly after the land is approved, part of the lot money will be returned to the farmers.There are many single batches in the northern half of the county, and the landlord does not refund the first batch when selling the land.

There is one Tianxin chicken every year, and the sign on the rent is written as "rooster male", because the male chicken (capon) is bigger than the female chicken, but farmers still give more female chickens.Although the lease word says one per year, farmers usually only give one every two years.The delivery time is after the winter harvest or during Chinese New Year.When it was not delivered, the landlord often went to remind him. "Tian Xin's rooster is here!" "No, sir! Wait for me to buy it in Houwei." Or say: "Mao, sir! This year, I will always save my life."

There is Tiandong rice in Shuangqiao District, and the landlord is invited to eat once a year.There are very few differences. 6. Gunner, Chener As for the rent, the whole county said that 80% of the money is given as millet, and 20% is discounted.About half of the rents of courts, shrines, temples, and bridge associations are paid, because most of the tenants in courts, shrines, etc. also have shares, so the tenants often have to send them at a discount at the current market price, and keep the millet for later use. Eat it yourself.Most of these people do small businesses or sell pigs and chickens in order to get money.In order to facilitate their erosion (when the price of grain is high, the money can be sold more), the courts and gods' associations controlled by the tyrants force farmers to hand over their grain to warehouses, and the peasants have no choice.For the same reason, the landlord always pays the rent of the grain and the peasants are not allowed to pay the rent. Only the landlord who is far away from the farm is allowed to change the money.

7. Iron lease, non-iron lease Non-iron rents accounted for 80% of the county. Floods, droughts and natural disasters negotiably reduced the rent, but the rent per stone was only reduced by one to two buckets.When the harvest is greatly reduced in a major disaster, the landlord is invited to see it, and some of the grains ("you", the local pronunciation is fat, there are valleys, the valley without rice) will be divided.The iron rent is written in the rent word "Half Desolation Unabated", which accounts for 20% of the county.But in fact, the peasants practiced it less, and they still invited the landlord to look at it, and the fine grain was rewarded (fine grain is good grain).

8. "Go fishing in shirtless clothes" Many peasants have paid their rent and paid off their debts, and they have nothing to eat.The landlords collected the rent and refused to sell it.When the Chinese New Year is approaching, the peasants are eager to get some grain, and the landlord releases part of the grain, but instead of selling it, he borrows it.Because the interest on borrowing grain is half a year plus five (the earlier interest rate was "money plus three grains plus four", but recently there are fewer people who add four to the grain interest, and most of them add five), which is more tasteful than selling.The landlord sells the grain until April and May, when the crops are lean and yellow, when the price is even higher, but he still has to fiddle with it.

The farmer went to the landlord's house and said to the landlord: "Sir, did you eat the pilgrimage?" Landlord: "Well, yes!" The farmer then spoke slowly to Buy Gu: "Your Gu, buy two buckets from Elai." Landlord: "Mao... ah! I don't even have enough to eat." Farmer: "Well! You are full of valleys, and the water in the dam is full of water! Help me out, let the buckets give me, and I will come to eat when I am stable!" [36]" Landlord: "Okay, you're very tight-lipped, and all of Ai's mouths and food valleys have given you ideas. Are you willing to pay this much?" Farmer: "Sir, don't be so expensive, I'll give you some points!" The price is as the landlord wants, and then the millet is sold to the peasants. There is a story that has spread throughout the county: Liu Fulang, the landlord of Huangxiang, is a famous mean man. When he was out of season, he mixed Yougu into Jinggu to make a sale.One day, a farmer came to his house to buy millet, and he told his wife and daughter, "If you want to wear clothes, go get them!" Big joke.Why does this sentence become a joke? Because of the habit of seeking Wu, it is called "Lao" for a woman to steal someone, and it is also called "Lao" to mix Yougu into Jinggu.In front of the peasants, he didn't want to say clearly that he mixed Yougu into Jinggu. He accidentally said that funny sentence to his wife and daughter, and it has become an allusion that has been passed down to this day. 9. Labor The labor system has disappeared throughout the county.Landlords often ask tenants to do things for him when there are urgent matters such as weddings and funerals.The landlord plows a little field, and often asks the tenants to work for him when the farming is busy.But everything is paid for. 10. Land sales According to Liu Liangfan, an employee of the grain cabinet of the Governor's Office, in the 14th year of the Republic of China, there were 600 households that sold their fields (there were less than 600 households that bought land, because there was one that bought several plots of land), and 30,000 households in the county. Counting (120,000 people, every four people are a family), one family in every fifty goes bankrupt.As for the pawns, they are more than sold out. Five out of every one hundred households pawn their fields (two out of every one hundred households pawned in, because one family has pawned several deeds of land).That is to say, in Xunwu in recent years, 2% of households have gone bankrupt every year, and 5% of households have been semi-bankrupt. Field price: Rent 17 to 20 yuan per stone for pit fields, and 30 to 40 yuan per stone for ridge fields.Ordinary pit fields are 20 yuan, and ridge fields are 30 yuan.The pawn price of a pawn pit is generally 15 yuan per stone, and that of a small field is generally 20 to 25 yuan. Pawns are divided into "passing hands" and "not passing hands".Pass-through means that after the landlord accepts the pawn price from the pawnbroker, he hands over the land to the pawnbroker. The pawnbroker accepts the land or cultivates it himself or rents it out to others. It is up to him, and the landlord cannot interfere.After the transfer, the pawnbroker did not rent it to the landlord. Except for the landlord retaining the right to take it back, it is almost the same as selling it off, because most of the sovereignty is already in the hands of the pawnbroker.However, the pawnbroker will hand over the pawn price to the landlord, and the land will still be cultivated by the landlord. The rent will be rented to the pawnbroker every year. The rent rate is the same as that of ordinary land.For example, if the rent of a farmland is 20 yuan per shi, the landowner gets 20 yuan and pays 1 shi for rent. The price of grain is usually 4 yuan per shi, and the interest rate is 2 cents a year.Why is the mortgage interest rate lower than the social loan interest rate (ordinary loan interest rate is at least three cents)? Because of the general rich peasants’ (new households) psychology, high-interest loan lending is not as reliable as low-interest mortgage, “put money in the mud” It is very stable.Why did the rich peasants pawn land instead of buying it? Because the bankruptcy of peasants and landlords was gradual rather than sudden, and "mortgaging first and then buying" has become a common phenomenon.However, it is also a common phenomenon that "a field has a large surname, and it can be sold as soon as it is inscribed", so there is only a difference between buying a field and quoting a field.Ninety percent of the hands pass, and ten percent of the hands fail.However, most of the hands are chartered leases (iron leases), but there are also legally handed over, and the original owner wrote the lease letter to the dian master to become an east tenant relationship and still cultivate the field.This is in addition to the relationship between the creditor (mortgage owner) and the debtor (landlord) plus a layer of east-tenant relationship. However, some of the fields that are pawned are stolen.It is those young masters who "go whoring, gambling and eating", when they lose their bets or have no money for whoring, and owe dark debts and cannot pay them, they will hide the secrets from their fathers and give the land secrets to those rich peasants with strong houses and surnames. Or the hand of the landlord, wait until his father is dead, and then pass the field over.Why do you want to assign it to Qiangfang Daxing? Because only Qiangfang Daxing is not afraid of things. When he discovers a secret, he will make it public, and he is not afraid of his father's disobedience. The pawned land is not handy, and it is also an opportunity for the pawn owner to exploit the land owner for huge profits.Because when the landowner fails to pay the rent in full every year, the pawnbroker will charge interest on the outstanding part, adding more every year, and finally must sell the land to the pawnbroker.This kind of rent arrears interest is more than three cents of usury, not two cents of pawn interest. B. Usury Exploitation 1. money interest The money interest is at least three points, and it is also ordinary interest, which accounts for 70%, plus four interest accounts for 10%, and plus five interest accounts for 20%.All of them need to be mortgaged. Those who have land should mortgage their land, and those without land should mortgage their houses, cows, pigs, and wood catalpas. They must be written on the "borrowing characters".Big landlords, middle landlords, courts, and new households (small landlords and rich peasants who have made a fortune) all have money to borrow.Among them, in terms of loan amount, middle landlords account for 50%, new households account for 30%, and big landlords and courts account for 20%.In terms of numbers, new households accounted for the most, accounting for 75%, medium landlords accounted for 20%, and large landlords and courts accounted for 5%.As far as borrowers are concerned, almost all of the five-point interest (annual interest of five cents, fifty yuan per hundred yuan) and one-point interest (one cent per month, one hundred and twenty yuan per hundred yuan of annual interest) are borrowed by poor peasants.Plus three benefits (monthly interest 3%, annual interest 36 yuan per 100 yuan) also exist, but very few.The loan amount of the poor peasants is 100%, 20% is added to the three interest, 70% is added to the five interest, and 10% is added to the one interest.Most of the creditors of poor peasants are new households, with three yuan and five yuan, ten yuan and eight yuan, piecemeal, and the profit rises.As collateral, poor farmers have no land to refer to, most of them refer to houses, cattle and pigs.The lender always wants to annex the poor peasant's house, cows and pigs, or his small piece of field, or a garden. If he finds that the poor peasant asks for money, he will lend it to him.There were also middle-level landlords who borrowed from such small groups who devoured the poor peasants. Gu Youyao, Gu Bai's grandfather, was an example.He once used this loan method to annex three vegetable gardens and two houses of poor peasants.Borrow one yuan today, borrow two yuan tomorrow, gradually become a big bet, and you are eligible to annex a vegetable garden.He often scheming, using this method of taking advantage of people's dangers and borrowing money piecemeal to seek people's property.He doesn't care about local affairs and court affairs, because these things are quite hindering his personal fortune.He was a typical usurer. Adding three benefits is mostly borrowed by rich peasants from rich peasants. The purpose of borrowing money is to be a rice seller, a pig seller, or to open a small store in the market.Why do rich peasants borrow from rich peasants plus three interest rates, while poor peasants only receive five interest rates and one interest rate? There are two reasons: one is "bulk".Generally, they always borrow two hundred yuan or three hundred yuan each, and it is useful when they are repaid, unlike the poor peasants who borrow three yuan and five yuan each, which are very fragmented and useless when they are repaid.The second is reliable.Rich peasants have land deeds as collateral, and their business is profitable and promising, unlike poor peasants who have very little property and borrow money mostly for consumption or to repay other people's debts, which is very unreliable. Most of the middle-level landlords' money was lent to the small landlords who had settled down or were on the road to bankruptcy. His purpose was also to annex land. Big landlords and courts seldom lend money to others, because the purpose of big landlords is to enjoy themselves rather than to increase capital, to make 80 wines, to build big houses, to save money for these purposes, and to send their children to study. (This is not his important purpose).A small group of large commercial landowners took the money to do business.Therefore, there is no money to lend to others.Those who have a lot of money left have no industry or commerce to invest in it, and they lend it to small landlords and farmers piecemeal. They can't borrow much and are not very reliable.In addition, the warlords donated frequently, and when they saw a lot of money lent to the family, they had to donate this and donate that.Chen Jiongming's subordinates Lin Hu and Liu Zhilu [37] sent more than 10,000 yuan to Dazhong landlords, courts, and Shenhui in Huangxiang. They sent two or three times, so they were even ordered to hide the money. 2. Guli Grain interest is much heavier than money interest, and it is one of the most vicious methods used by rich peasants and wealthy small and medium-sized landlords to exploit poor peasants.Borrow the most in December and March.Poor peasants borrow grain in December to celebrate the New Year, and borrow grain in March to plant the fields.Regardless of whether you borrow in December or March, you have to pay back when the seeds are harvested in June, and the interest will be increased by five, that is, one stone for one stone and one-and-a-half stones (three baskets).This system of calculating 50% interest for six months or even three months is very powerful among usury. The poor peasants harvested the early seeds in June, and rented and borrowed grain, but in August they ran out of grain, and had to borrow grain from the landlords and rich peasants.In August, I borrowed one stone from the valley, and in October, I paid him back when I went to fanzi, adding two benefits, and I had to pay back one stone and two buckets.If the poor peasants can't pay back in October, they have to tell the creditor: "I have paid back this year's hair, and I will pay it back next year when I collect it." That one stone book, plus five benefits, is five dou, and the interest of two dou will be increased by five, which is one dou, and you will pay me a total of one stone and eight dou in June next year." Add five dou, add another dou, a total of one stone and eight dou.) Then from June of this year to June of next year, a total of eight dou will be added.If he can't pay it back in June next year, then add five to one stone.If the farmer can’t pay back the money at the end of that year, and then turn it over to June of the next year, and then turn it back to August of the next year, and so on, turn it around twice a year, and turn it back ten years, it will become a very amazing number. 3. Oil profit Oil interest is the worst of all lending relationships.The so-called "refueling" can be found in places where there are Chazi Mountains in the southern half of Xunwu County, but there is no Chazi Mountain in the northern half of the county, so there is no refueling.What does it mean to refuel with each other? Borrow one catty, return two catties, borrow two catties, return four catties, borrow four catties, and return eight catties, this is called reciprocal refueling.What is the time limit? The standard is the pumping time in September, and no matter what time of the year before September, it will be paid to Jiali. Youshan[38] is owned by landlords or rich peasants, and they are leased to poor peasants for cultivation. The landlords and rich peasants receive oil rent, ten catties of 20 catties of oil, and 30 catties of sixty catties of oil, a total of 50%.The landlords and rich peasants collected these oil rents, and about 90% of them were sold in the market, and 10% were used to lend to poor peasants.But when he borrowed it, he often said that the oil was his son's or his wife's private oil.Some, indeed, belonged to his sons and daughters-in-law. The daughters-in-law of rich peasant families and his sons who had not yet headed the family often had private oil.Its origin is that when the time for picking tea seeds is almost over, and the zero tea seeds under the tea tree trees are left behind, they will pick them up and use the oil as their private property, so they are eligible to lend usury. "Sir, lend me some money!" "hair!" "Lend some grain to Ai!" "hair!" "Mao has eaten, always borrow ideas!" "There is oil, Ai Naizi's." The purpose of the poor peasants is not to borrow oil, because the oil interest is too expensive, but because the landlords and rich peasants refuse to borrow money and grain, they are forced to borrow oil. There are also borrowed oil to eat.The poor peasants harvested grain and had no oil to eat, so they took a pot and ran to the home of the landlord and the rich peasant to borrow a pot of oil, borrowed oil in June and returned it in September, and returned two pots for one pot.Poor peasants do not have scales in their homes, and some wives and daughters-in-law of poor peasants do not know how to scale. It is easy for them to remember if they borrow one pot and return two pots. 4. Sell tits The ten-year delinquency mentioned in the second section above is hypothetical. In fact, creditors seldom allow farmers to delay a payment for as long as ten years.He always pressures the peasants to pay off quickly, pay off once, and borrow twice, because he is afraid that the peasants will be unreliable if they are owed for a long time.The usual situation is that farmers are allowed to repay the principal and owe interest, and the interest rate is raised. If it is calculated, it will only be stopped for three to five years, and it is not allowed to be too short.How does the creditor force the farmer to repay the debt? After threshing, the creditor picked up the baskets and went to the farmer's rice field, and said to the farmer, "I will pay you back your grain!" The farmer couldn't help but watched the creditor pick up the grain.Not only has the rent been paid, but also the debt has been repaid. "The grain of the grass will be eaten under the root of the grass", which refers to this situation.Many peasants are wiping their tears with their sleeves under such circumstances! "If you marry a girl and sell her milk, you have to pay it back." This is Xunwu's customary saying.This is what creditors often say when they are forced to pay by that kind of "hateful and naughty peasants" and they are so angry that they are so angry.Readers, this is not my exaggerated words, deliberately describing the crimes of the Xunwu exploiting class, all my investigations are very cautious, and there are no excessive words.I have always suspected that other people’s records that said “selling wives and vending sons” may not be true, so this time I asked the farmers in Xunwu in detail to see if there was such a thing? The result of the detailed inquiry was that the day was Three people held an investigation meeting, and this kind of thing happened in all three of their villages.Liu Liangfan is from Fufu Mountain in the urban area. Fufu Mountain is eighteen miles away from the city. There are thirty-seven families in the village, divided into five surnames: Liu, Cao, Chen, Lin, and Huang. ), the three inner families are all surnamed Liu, and they are the in-laws of Liu Liangfan (Chairman of the Suburban Soviet), and their names are Liu Changyu, Liu Changlun, and Liu Changchun. The other two are Lin Fangting and Chen Liangyou.Liu Changyu (Liu Liangfan's uncle) was a small carpenter, and the other four were tenant farmers.Liu Changyu sold three of his four tits, Liu Changlun sold one of his three tits, Liu Changchun sold one of his two tits, Lin Fangting sold two of his three tits, and Chen Liang sold half of one of his tits.The five families all went bankrupt and had no choice but to sell their milk to get some money, pay off their creditors, and feed themselves.The buyers were all gentlemen and rich peasants in the nearby villages, with more gentlemen and rich peasants next.The selling price is one hundred yuan (minimum) to two hundred yuan (maximum).When selling, the two families said "adoption" instead of "selling" in name, but the society generally said "selling tits".You need to write an "adoptive post", which is generally called a "body deed".The adoptive post reads: "The person who set up the adoptive post is so-and-so, because his family is poor and helpless, he has no way to borrow money, the population is low, and he is unable to support him. He would like to ask his relatives from the house family to adopt the son of a certain elder brother as a male. He should be worth a foreigner. A few yuan. Since the adoption, the adoptive father has been allowed to teach about marriage. If there is any beating or scolding, the biological father will not interfere. The two parties are willing, and there is no coercion, and they dare not make heresy. Fearing that there is no evidence, here is the adoption post. Paper as evidence. matchmaker bet A bet A bet House family A bet A bet Qi Youmou A bet A bet father mother bet brother younger brother bet so-and-so ghostwriter A certain year, a certain month, a certain Hitachi" This kind of deed of sale can only be written by the seller to the buyer, and the buyer does not write documents to the seller.The so-called matchmaker is the middleman, there are as many as four or five, and they all have to "deduct money", 5% of the selling price.If there are as many as a dozen relatives and friends of the house family on the scene, they all have to "draw and deposit money", which belongs to the buyer.In-laws and Qiangliang (mostly gentlemen) have more money to deposit for paintings, ranging from ten to twenty yuan, and relatives and friends of ordinary house families have less than one yuan per person.There are three or four-year-old boobs, some seven or eight, and some thirteen or fourteen.Buying and selling tits, the matchmaker will carry them back to the buyer's house.At this time, the parents of the nanny would always cry bitterly, and even the couple would fight, and it would be useless for the wife to scold her husband.Liu Changyu sold breast milk, and his nephew Liu Liangfan shed tears after seeing it.Now let’s talk about Li Dashun, the second farmer of the investigation meeting. What about the materials he provided? He is from Huangsha Village, Shuangqiao District. His village is a large village with about 400 households. There were five houses that he saw with his own eyes, and each house sold a sock.One was sold to Bachi, Pingyuan County, Guangdong. On the road, Li Dashun bumped into this father with his breasts on his back and cried all the way to Pingyuan.Why did he sell the breasts to Bachi, Guangdong? Because the selling price is higher, a breast can be sold for more than 200 to 300 yuan.No matter where they are sold, the price of four or five-year-old infant breasts is higher, because it is easy to "raise pain" (bring them close).Older people, such as eighty-nine-year-olds and ten-year-olds, can't afford the price, because it's not easy to take care of them, and they tend to run away.As for the third farmer, Mei Zhiping, who came to the investigation meeting, he is a farmer in Lantian Village, Shuangqiao District, and he also sells milk in his village.His uncle Mei Hongbo was extremely poor, and one of the three nurses had gone abroad (to Nanyang), one was at home, and the other was sold to Pingyuan.In Anjing Village nearby, poor farmer Mei Chuanhua sold five of his seven tits.Liu, Li, and Mei were the ones who came to the investigation that day, and there were as many incidents of betrayal of their sons in their own village as mentioned above.One of the three is from the northern half of the county (Liu), and two are from the southern half of the county, so it is not difficult to infer the situation of the whole county.According to them, in the places they know, ten out of every hundred families have sold their sons.Liu Liangfan said that he had seen and heard about the sale of his sons, and there were hundreds of them in the vicinity of his hometown. Ordinary people always sell their sons, and those who sell their wives and daughters are uncommon. When he heard that his son had been sold, the creditor rushed to his house to collect the debt. "Sell the milk and still not pay it back (me)!" the creditor yelled viciously.Why did he act like this? Because it was his life-and-death moment for this debt, and he would not pay him back after selling his milk. Once the money was used up, there would never be a chance to repay the debt, so he couldn't care less about everything. The old social relationship is the relationship of cannibalism! 5. Meeting The purpose of the meeting is to help each other, not to exploit.For example, in order to marry a wife, do business, bury the dead, pay off debts, etc., invite relatives and friends to have a meeting.But confinement meetings, bi-annual meetings, and four-season meetings, because of the high interest rates, ended up exploiting farmers. The people who hold meetings (huitou) are not propertyless, but mostly middle peasants and small businessmen.Rich peasants don’t need a meeting, and extremely poor poor peasants can’t even invite one. Only semi-owner farmers, tenant farmers who have ox power and farm tools, owner farmers, and small businessmen who are more active in towns and towns and are not in danger of bankruptcy, can invite them to meetings. Someone is coming. There will be five kinds of annual meetings, half-year meetings, confinement meetings, four-season meetings, and every other year meetings. There are six people in the long-term meeting, and six years are complete.Except for the head meeting, each person will go abroad for 10 yuan, a total of 50 yuan, which will be handed over to the head meeting.Head club "Gaili without capital", three years plus three (15 yuan per year, a total of 45 yuan), two years plus two and a half (12 yuan and 50 yuan per year, a total of 25 yuan), one Plus two (ten yuan) per year, a total of 80 yuan will be charged in six years, which is "confiscated".After the second meeting, there will be no interest rate system and the first meeting, but the interest will be reduced year by year.For example, the second meeting is two years plus three (15 yuan per year, a total of 30 yuan), two years plus two and a half (12 yuan and 50 cents per year, a total of 25 yuan), and one year plus two (ten yuan) to cover a total of The interest is sixty-five yuan.Gary even less after three sessions. "The first club sells its face, and the second club takes advantage of it." It is said that although the first club gains economic benefits, it has to bow its head to ask for talents to become a club, and the second club neither asks for people but also gains benefits. The interest rate system will be adopted every six months, and the number of people will be at least eight, and there will be nine, ten, eleven or even more than twenty.The semi-annual meeting is not without Bengali, but every six months. (Confinement meeting, four seasons meeting, and the next year will be absent.) C. Tax exploitation 1. Money and food (1) The whole county of Diding is 1424 taels, and the regular tax is 3 yuan for every tael, and the tax is 20.4 cents.It was originally not money but rice. Eight spoonfuls of diced rice per Shigutian (every ten spoonfuls is one liter, and ten liters are one liter). Two busy silver is folded into ocean three yuan, two jiao and four cents, which is about two cents of ocean per Shigutian.According to legend, Yang Xiaoyuan, an ancient historian of Anyuan, ran to Beijing Emperor Lao Tzu, and put a plate on his head, which was covered with many wine cups, indicating that Anyuan and Xunwu counties had many mountains and fields, and he held a memorial in his hand, which read: He asked for the reduction of the land tax, saying "thousands of hectares of hills and a line of fields", which made the emperor lose his temper, saying that I would not obey you, a petty official, who dared to perform in front of me, and shouted and beheaded.Then he took a look at the memorial, and when he saw the "ten thousand hectares of hills and a line of fields", he said "the words are still reasonable", so he approved his memorial.Therefore, the land tax in An and Xun counties is lighter than that in other counties.To this day, when the landlords and rich peasants in the two counties finish their grain every year, they still take some joss sticks to Yang Xiaoyuan Temple to worship him.There are Yanggong temples in both counties. (2) The whole area of ​​Guanzuhuang Township, a part of Sanbiao District, and a part of the urban area are called "Guantian".The government does not collect land for official rent. The total amount is more than 940 taels, which is eight or nine times more expensive than land.Why is there such an official land? In the Ming Dynasty, there was a "overlord" in Huangxiang, named Ye Kai, who occupied Huangxiang for many years and opposed the emperor of the Ming Dynasty. The confiscation of land in the area under Ye Kai's jurisdiction is called official land, and trading is prohibited. It can only be used in the name of transferring land between tenants, which is called "top retreat".The origin of Sanbiao Guantian is the same as that of Huangxiang, which was once occupied by Ye Kai's subordinates.Some small official fields in the urban area were confiscated because the people there had violated the laws of the emperor Lao Tzu. (3) The two items of land and official rent are totaled, and the total silver is more than 2,360 taels, and every two discounts are three yuan and two cents a quarter of the ocean, which is only more than seven thousand six hundred and forty yuan.Due to several reasons such as sand rushing and water breaking, fleeing and fleeing, poverty and arrears of arrears, 20% of the income is not received every year, and the actual income can only be about 6,120 yuan. (4) The amount of the above-mentioned land tax is only more than 6,100 yuan per year, while the county office needs to spend more than 10,000 yuan per year for administrative expenses, judicial expenses, prison funds, prison food, and charity funds. , It is not enough to make up for it.Therefore, people who came to Xunwu to be officials felt that it was very difficult, so they bent on colluding with the gentry and oppressing the poor through various incidents.As for taxes on tobacco, alcohol, slaughter, etc., they belong directly to the provincial government and have nothing to do with the county office. The only thing the county office can command is the land tax. (5) Bad rules There are several bad rules on the collection cabinet of money and grain in the county office: the first is silver water, at least half of every dollar is eaten and at most 10 cents.For example, at the market price, every 12 cents of a small foreign currency is converted into one yuan of a large foreign currency, but the grain cabinet charges 12 and a half cents, which is more than 6,100 yuan for the whole year, and the annual consumption of silver water is more than 300 yuan. This is the first big exploitation on the grain cabinet. .Director Jingzheng has no salary, and only relies on silver water and other bad rules to support him.The second is the circumcision ceremony, also known as the grain-cutting ceremony. When buying and selling land among the people, a grain-cutting gift is required. Each household on the grain cabinet needs to receive a circumcision gift of 20 cents. There are about 600 households cutting grain throughout the year, and they can get 120 yuan.The third is to fill in the ceremony. Land sales not only require the delivery of grain gifts, but also tax deeds, that is, to take the land deed to the grain cabinet to open the official deed (issued by the Department of Finance), and fill in the land deed text on the official deed. Each receipt is filled with a gift of 20 cents, and the total annual income is the same as that of circumcision.The fourth is the coupon gift, that is, the food stamp money, three points for each Xiaoyang, about 2,000 tickets for the whole year, a total of 60 yuan.The above four bad practices, except Yinshui, are all public.Every time a new governor takes office, the director of the grain cabinet should honor him with 20 to 30 yuan.In addition, there are holiday gifts (Dragon Boat Festival) and New Year gifts, not only to the governor, but also to the head of the financial section, the governor to give things, and the head of the section to send money (10 to 20 yuan).These expenses are all out of bad rules. (6) In charge of money and food, there are three people in Xunwu County who are in charge of money and food, Liu Shihui, Liu Meifang, and Huang Shaotang.Since the Republic of China, they have been in charge of money and food. They have held a few food books as their treasures, and have colluded with successive county magistrates to treat this position as hereditary.Among the three, one will be recommended as the director, and the other two will be the household booklets.When the Red Army arrived in the city, all three of them fled away with food books in their arms. 2. Stamp duty on alcohol and tobacco The stamp duty on tobacco and alcohol in Xunwu is 60 yuan each for Xiaoyang each month, a total of 120 yuan. A businessman contracts it, and a tax bureau is set up in the north gate.Except for the county seat, go to Chengjiang, Jitan, Sanbiao, Shipaixia, Liuche, Chetou, Niudouguang, Zhucunwei, Huangtangdu, Gonggongwei, Huangxiangwei, Zhonghewei, Cenfengwei, Maoxiangwei every month Sixteen fairs, including Pingxu, Longgang, and Shangpingxu, collect the tax once.Every small liquor stand sells alcohol, and every small grocery store sells yellow cigarettes, and there is a tax.To be honest, hit him a little more, if you are naughty, accept it according to the regulations.One hundred and twenty yuan per month including tax, can earn two hundred yuan, earning eighty yuan.The tax bureau needs two bureau members and one fireman.Most of the contractors are from Ganzhou. 3. Slaughter tax It is also a package, the monthly tax is 80 yuan, the actual income is more than 150 yuan, and the profit is more than 70 yuan.There is also a bureau, with one bureau chief and one fireman.Bureau Ding not only recruits and supports the director, but also helps him go out to collect taxes.More than one hundred and fifty yuan, that is, forty-eight yuan and eight cents (three meat cases) in the city.The contractor is also from Ganzhou.Only butchers who have a confirmed case in the fair can be received. Although the regulations say that rural people have to pay taxes for killing a pig, they can’t actually receive it. 4. Donation from businessmen It is a kind of local donation, generally called "department store donation".Funds for the Kuomintang and the Jingwei regiment came from this, and the Public Security Bureau had to allocate a share if it had no money to use.The County Department Store Donation Bureau is under the jurisdiction of the Local Finance Bureau, and there are branch offices in the North Gate of the county seat, Jitanwei, and Pangu Pass.Oil, salt, rice, beans, chickens, ducks, cattle, pigs, sheep, dogs, parallel imports, groceries, cloth, all goods passing by on the road, no matter what they are taxed, at least half a cent for each item, and fifty cents for each item.Rice crackers, fruits, firewood, bamboo and wood utensils, etc. are not taxed on things that are picked up from nearby villages and sold piecemeal at fairs instead of passing long distances.Conversely, everything that travels a long distance is taxed.With the development of mass struggles in Liuche, Niudouguang and other places in Nanban County, it was impossible to set up bureaus to collect taxes.The monthly amount of the three branches is more than 2,000 yuan. In the past, Jitan received more than 2,000 yuan in a month, and Beimenwai used to collect 800 yuan in a month.The name is "Protecting Business Donations", but in fact, business people hate it to death. 5. Cattle donation One place in the county seat costs more than 1,700 yuan a year. There is no bureau. It is contracted by three or four shareholders and handled by one person.For the past four years, He Xuecai, the father of the Xinxun school He Zizhen, has been outsourced.Donated more than 1,700 yuan, actually received 2,340 yuan, which is also a local donation, which is managed and controlled by the Finance Bureau. 6. Gambling Donations The name is "Public Welfare Donation", including gambling stalls and flower fairs, which are also local funds, and the collection is managed by a collector (He Zishao has worked for two years) from the Finance Bureau.One in the county seat received 1,100 yuan a month, and in the prime of life it received more than 1,800 yuan a month.All fairs in the county will also smoke.The year before last, the whole county collected more than 3,000 yuan per month. At that time, Liu Shiyi [39] sent a group of people to the county to handle it.This is the case in all counties in southern Gansu.Later, the Southern Jiangxi Travel Provincial Association sued Liu Shiyi to the provincial government, and he had to cancel it, but the local gentry continued to expropriate it as before.This is a short history of the struggle between the local gentry and Liu Shiyi, and many counties have such struggles. 7. Total income of the Finance Bureau The income of the Finance Bureau is cattle donation (more than 1,700 yuan per year), merchant donation (24,000 yuan per year), test shed rent (about 2,000 yuan), Binxing rent (3,000 yuan in grain discounts) Yuan), Confucian temple rent (about 300 yuan), etc., the total annual income is about 30,000 yuan.Its purpose is that the KMT County Party Headquarters, Jingwei Corps, Finance Bureau, Construction Bureau, Education Bureau, Qingxiang Bureau, Public Security Bureau, Xinxun School (run by He Zizhen and He Tingba), Puhua School (in Chengjiang, Xie Jiaxian, Lan All in all, the expenses of the gentry and their lackeys were paid for whoring, gambling, food and opium. 8. Loan distribution 省政府的赣省公债派过三千元，二五库券派过二千元，中央公债派过一千元左右，金融善后借款派过四千元，军阀过往，如林虎、刘志陆、李易标、黄任寰[40]、许崇智、赖世璜过了多回，前后派过四万多元。以上这些派借款项，由县署分摊到各区、各村、各圩，凡有一石谷田以上的，小商一百元资本以上的，均要派到。凡操到政权的豪绅地主大商，从县到乡各级机关的办事人，均不出钱，对他们的亲戚朋友也为之设法酌减。于是款子都派在那些老实的弱小的地主、富农、商人身上。还要加派手续费、夫马费、茶水费，如上头要派一千元，财政局就要派一千二百元，接下去区乡两级又各要加派，借此渔利。上面借了款去如公债等，间有还下来的，军队借款亦间有还来的，县城及各区保卫团豪绅们一把吞了下去，从不发还与借户。汪子渊当保卫团总时，吞没军队还来借款一千余元，惹起篁乡一带借户和他打官司，始终没有打得出一个铜板。 (9) Culture of Xunwu 女子可以说全部不识字，全县女子识字的不过三百人。男子文化程度并不很低，南半县文化因交通与广东的影响比北半县更加发达。依全县人口说，约计如下: 不识字百分之六十 识字百分之四十 识字二百百分之二十 能记账百分之十五 能看三国百分之五 能写信百分之三点五 能做文章百分之一 初小学生百分之五(五千人) 高小学生百分之八(八千人) 中学生五百人 大学生三十人 出洋学生六人 秀才四百人 举人一人 (上列的百分数是每一项对于人口总数的比例。) 高小学生多于初小，是因为进高小的多由读蒙馆后直接进去的。全县初小每区不出十个，七区共七十个，每个以五十人计共三千五百人。此外半新不旧的初小，有其名无其实或者连招牌也没有挂的有八十个，学生约一千五百人。两项共五千人上下。 高小每区至少一个。双桥区经常有两个，有一时期(三二五暴动前)有过四个。南八区有二个，有一时期(三二五暴动前)有过三个。城区有二个(城内之城东学校及田背之曹仓学校)。篁乡有一时期(三二五暴动前)有三个。县城有三个(除城东)。全县经常有高小十三个，最盛时期(三二五暴动前中国大革命前后文化运动高潮时期)有十八个。普通每校有一百学生。前清光绪末年办起到最近，最老的有二十多年历史，共有学生一万左右，一万人中已经死掉了二千左右。高小学生大部分是小地主子弟，大地主与富农子弟各占小部分。 本县有四个中学，但都短命。项山大地主“屎缸伯公”办的知耻中学(项山小杭)办了一年，双桥地主们联合办的尚志中学(在坵坊)办了半年，澄江公立的普化中学(在澄江圩)办了两年，革命派办的中山中学(在县城)办了两个月，总共出了一百多个没有毕业的学生。中学生的大多数是在梅县、平远、赣州三处中学读书的(每处各一百名左右)。全部都是地主子弟，其中亦是小地主占大多数。 大学生中大多数出于大中地主阶级，小地主只占着五个。刘维炉在广州中山大学读了一学期，刘维锷在北大读了二年，邝才诚在北京师大读了一年多，三个都是共产党员。二刘三二五暴动时被杀，邝任红军五十团参谋长，在澄江被谢嘉猷捉着割死。邝世芳在北京朝阳大学读四年，病死，思想是革命的。凌得路在北京文化大学读一年，到俄国留学，以不能供给饭费，在芬兰使馆教大使家塾，思想是革命的。五人都是由祠堂供给学费才进大学的。大地主出身的二十五个大学生(及专门学校学生)全部反动，主要如何子贞(河南矿务学校读了两年，寻乌靖卫队长)、赖世源(北京师大预科二年，在篁乡参加反革命)、刘鸿翔(北京文化大学读两年，在南八区领导反革命)，三人均在寻乌，其余多在外头，属于蒋介石派。共大学生三十人，十分之八是读法科。 出洋学生六人中，潘作琴(英国医科毕业，在汕头行医)、丘凌云(到英国走过一回，其实不算留学，天津锅炉公司工程师)、丘伟伍(日本帝大毕业，新寻派中坚，随何子贞跑了)、古子平(从日本买了一张文凭回来，大嫖大赌，篁乡人，做过教育会长，此次在篁乡炮楼中被红军攻走)四人均大中地主出身。曾有澜(最先出外留学的，光绪年间去日本，法科毕业，在奉天、北京、湖北做法官，中山中学派曾捧他为假首领，三二五暴动失败房子被烧，现加入改组派)、邝摩汉(日本留学，自称马克思主义者，北京文化大学教务主任，与寻乌大地主谢杰在南京办汽车公司)二人出身不属大中地主。曾是小地主，官费留学日本。邝是贫农，高小毕业，进南昌宪兵学校，有个什么人赏识他，供给他钱去日本。 秀才生存者全县还有四百个，其中篁乡区塘背古姓一村六百人中占去十一个，是秀才最集中的地方。古柏的高祖七十岁，死时起个“圣旨”牌坊，中间写着“亲见七代”，两边写着“眼见五廪贡”、“膝绕十二衿”，说的就是那时候他的孙子同时有十二个秀才。塘背古姓的旧文化在全县是最盛的，他们在政治上也历来占着支配的地位。南八区车头乡二千人中有秀才九人，也算是很多的。南八区龙图乡一千四百人中有秀才二个，则算是少的。近数年来，秀才们大多数无所事事，在乡村中当“老太”(本姓农民呼尊长叫“老太”，地方上人称他则曰“先生”)。这班人多半是收租的小地主，一小部分教书(旧书，也有新书)，又一小部分行医以为生。秀才都是地主阶级的产物，但也有极少数是从贫农阶级出身，受地主的栽培而读书进学的。寻乌唯一的现存举人古鹿苹，他的父亲是个雇农，苦得没有饭吃。他小时提个小篮子卖小口(糖子、荸荠、咸萝卜等等)，后来读书，先生见他聪明，不收他的学费，以此读出头来。他做过两任县知事、两任省议员。他在乡间是个极顽滑的，什么人都同他好，他亦表面上赞成新派，同时又禁止他的女儿剪头发，限制她的婚姻自由。南半县土地斗争起来，他采取反对态度，这次红军进攻古姓炮楼，他又主张投降。 南半县土地斗争胜利，每个乡苏维埃至少办了一个列宁小学校，普通是每乡两个，特别地方(龙图、牛斗光)办了四个，每校学生四五十人。学校及学生数比旧时国民学校增多一倍。小孩子们说:“若不是土地革命我们没有书读。”高小因无经费也没有教员(革命知识分子忙于参加斗争去了)，还没有办起来。