Chapter 33 Chapter 4 Xunwu’s Old Land Relations-1

Contents of this chapter (1) Composition of rural population (2) Allocation of old land (3) Public Landlords A. Ancestral landlord B. Shinto Landlord C. Political Landlord (4) Individual Landlords A. Landlord B. Landlord C. The attitude of large and medium landlords towards production D. The political thought of the big and middle landlords E. Small landowners (5) Rich peasants (6) Poor peasants (7) Forest system (8) Exploitation status A. Land rent exploitation 1. Meeting split system 2. Quantity rent system 3. "Eat rice with hairy hair under the root of the head"

4. Approval of fields 5. Batch head, Tian Xin, Tian Dongfan 6. Gunner, Chener 7. Iron lease, non-iron lease 8. "Go fishing in shirtless clothes" 9. Labor 10. Land sales B. Usury Exploitation 1. money interest 2. Guli 3. Oil profit 4. Sell tits 5. Meeting C. Tax exploitation 1. Money and food 2. Stamp duty on alcohol and tobacco 3. Slaughter tax 4. Donation from businessmen 5. Cattle donation 6. Gambling Donations 7. Total income of the Finance Bureau 8. Loan distribution (9) Culture of Xunwu (1) Composition of rural population Big landlords (those who collect more than 500 shi in rent) 0.045%

Middle landlords (those who charge less than 500 shi and more than 200 shi) 0.4% Three percent for small landlords (whose rent is less than 200 shi) one percent 2% for new account holders Four percent of the rich peasants (those who lend money with surplus rice) 18.255% of the middle peasants (those who have enough to eat and are not in debt) Seventy percent of the poor peasants (those with insufficient food and debts) Handworkers (artisans of all kinds, boatmen, professional porter) 3% homeless (unemployed) one percent 0.3% of farm workers (long-term workers and odd workers) (2) Allocation of old land

Forty percent of public land landlord thirty percent Thirty percent of farmers (3) Public Landlords A. Ancestral landlord There are many public fields in Xunwu, which has become a common phenomenon in all districts.There are many kinds of guilds. The guilds in the ancestral hall are so-called "gong" and "gong". Each family took a share from their property to set up a company for him.This method of joining forces to establish a public office is generally adopted by all surnames.The members who make up are all fields, no cash is needed.Furthermore, when the other man was still there, he set aside his own property to set up a man. This kind is more than the former one.Once the public land is established, rents are collected every year.Except for the expenses of worshiping the ancestors, there is probably always surplus, so they are saved up.The way to save is not to save grain, but to save money, that is, to sell the excess grain to the poor every year to accumulate money.After accumulating a large sum of money over several years, he bought land.If things go on like this, the fields of this public will gradually increase.But the increased savings accounted for only a part of the total money, and the other part was shared equally by his descendants.Most of the children and grandchildren who are poor and more advocate the division, but those who have more and more wealthy descendants do not advocate the division.When is the division? And what kind of division is it? That is, during the Chinese New Year and festivals, the grain and meat are divided from the ancestral hall.Men are given a share, but women are not given a share (some widows in some clans have a share), and each gets a few buckets of grain and a few catties of meat.This kind of valley is called "Red Ding Valley".There are four items of meat: one is "胙肉", which used to be divided among scholars and famous people, and "graduates" are added after it.The second is "house stock meat", one portion per room.The third is "elderly meat", one serving for each person over 70 years old.The fourth is "diced meat", one for each man.The order of dividing: first divide the meat of gizzards, and then the meat of the elderly, because these two kinds of people are valuable, and each person will be divided into about one catty.Second house meat, there are ten to eight catties per share, and some more than ten to twenty catties. The whole is divided out, and then zero is given to the tenants.Why is it necessary to share the meat? This is a kind of struggle. Those with fewer people in the house want to share the meat, while those with more people oppose the sharing of meat and advocate the sharing of diced meat.But as a result, most of the localities divided the housing shares according to the opinions of the housing units with a small number of people.Why does the minority win over the majority? Because in this kind of public property, each house has equal rights.Not every public has a share of diced meat, and most of them do not have diced meat. This is because the public funds are not much, or there are too many people.In a small number of courts, the grain and meat are not divided equally but in rotation. The name is called "round collection", also known as "guantou", which means to collect rent for the ancestors in turn.After the rent is collected, a small part of the annual expenditure is spent on ancestor sacrifices, and most of it falls into the purse of Guantou. This is not "eating pancakes", because doing so is the fundamental reason for the existence of the court economy.Why? When his ancestor was still alive and divided the family property among his sons, in order to fear that his descendants would sell off a little of the land they got in the future and make them have no food to eat, they dug up part of the land and did not divide it. , as a public land, it will never be sold.On the one hand, he has the funeral expenses after his death, and on the other hand, his poor descendants get alms. This is called "leaving a way out".His descendants are also in favor of this method, because it is to leave a way out for himself.For those whose ancestors did not set up a meeting during their lifetime, after the death of the ancestor, the descendants will definitely set up a meeting for him as long as they are a little rich. It is famously called ancestor worship, but it is actually for themselves.Therefore, the name of taking turns to collect rent is to collect rent for the ancestors in turn, but in fact it is to collect rent for oneself in turn.In this sense, the poor descendants often clamored for the division of the common land, while the wealthy descendants opposed the division of the common land, which became a kind of class struggle within the clan.Those poor people clamoring to divide the public land is not to divide the land to cultivate, but to sell the land to pay off the usury or buy tomorrow's breakfast rice.In this situation, it can be seen that the poor peasants are gradually abandoning feudal ideas such as "sacrificing sacrifices" and "chasing after the end" because they are so miserable that they have no rice to cook. baby.

The total ancestral land accounts for 24% of the total land and 60% of the total public land. B. Shinto Landlord Shinto landlords are gods, altars, shrines, temples, temples, and temples. "Shen" refers to all kinds of gods, many of which have associations, such as Zhao Gonghui, Guanyin Hui, Guan Ye Hui, Dashen Hui, Zhenjun Hui, Po Tai Hui, Lai Ye Hui, Gong Wang Hui, Bo Gong Hui, The Wenchang Society, etc., do not have temples.There is also a sacrificial meeting, which is used to pray to the gods, which also falls into this category.Some of the above-mentioned gods have "altars".An altar is a stone erected, and some stones are built into a hut, and there is a god of good fortune hidden in it, so it is called an altar.Regardless of the gods or altars, every meeting has public land, and those who pay for this kind of meeting are all rich peasant landlords.Ninety-five percent of the property of the Shenhui consists of fields, and five percent consists of millet and money.This kind of fields, grains, and money are called "huidi".Purpose: One is for the gods, because gods can bless their people and animals to be safe and prosperous, and the wealth is prosperous; the other is to eat, eat a meal on the day of the god's birthday, and there is meat for the New Year and festivals, but only those who fight for their shares can eat and have a share .For those who have fought and become poor later, there is a way to get out of the club. For example, if each share is five yuan, they will pay him five yuan to "repel" him, and he will be considered as "quit" from the club. "She" is a kind of "shetan" different from "sacred altar". Every village has one, even if there are only three families in that village, there is also a "shetan".Why do you need a social forum? Bless the seedlings without insects, cattle, pigs and six livestock from plague, and bless people with health.Every society has a meeting. It starts from February and ends in October. The meeting is held every month. The meeting period is usually the second day of junior high school, and the sixteenth day in some places.On the day of the meeting, people from the same company came one by one from each family, regardless of whether they were rich or poor, they all got a share, slaughtered pigs to buy wine, and had a big meal.After the meal, there will be a meeting to discuss matters, such as opening up towns, banning livestock from harming seedlings, and banning random felling of forests, bamboos and trees. There are different rules and regulations, and there are many discussions.Although there was a lot of nonsense, there was a natural order.That is, when the so-called "senior" or the so-called "more sensible" speaks "more reasonable", everyone says what he said is "good", and that's how it becomes a resolution.This kind of society belongs to the masses, and although they also believe in gods, they are completely different from the altars of landlords and rich peasants.The meetings of this kind of commune are decided by the peasants, not by the gentry, and not entirely by the rich peasants. Everyone comes and the words of the "more reasonable" person are believed by everyone, and this person becomes the invisible chairman.Social circles have the fewest courts, and most of them fight for money during the meeting on the second day of every month (respecting the gods).Let's talk about "temple".Temples have rooms, and there are Bodhisattvas in the rooms.There is a Miao Zhu in the temple, whose native name is "Miao Lao". He is an old man who serves Bodhisattvas and raises incense lamps.More or less temples have temple fields, and there are temples without fields.Those who have temple fields, the temple bosses will eat the rent from the temple fields, and those without temple fields will donate food from the masses.The temples include Chenghuang Temple, Guandi Temple, Sanguan Temple, Sansheng Palace, Lai Lao Temple, Dragon King Temple, Guanyue Temple, Yanggong Temple, Dongyue Temple, Jiangdong Temple and so on.The nature of the temple is the meaning of the so-called "those who have merits and virtues for the people will worship them".The altar is what the landlord needs, the social altar is what the peasants need, and the temple is what both the landlord and the peasant need.The land of the temple is very small, and the rent is not enough for the incense paper fee and the old temple, so it is not a place of serious exploitation. The "temple" is completely different. It is a monk's lair and a place of severe exploitation.The property of the temple is "given" by the big landlords, and the big landlords who donate the fields are called "donors".Why did the big landlords give the land to the monks? Because Buddhism is a religion used by the big landlords, the big landlords donate land to the monks in order to "cultivate their sons and grandsons and cultivate themselves".Wufu Temple, Huilong Temple, Zhengjue Temple, Guanyin Pavilion, Dongbi Mountain, Dabei Pavilion, Ehu Temple, Xizhu Mountain, Tiantai Mountain, Lion Rock, Sanjiao Dong, Jiaogong Rock, Fahua Temple, Xihua Mountain, Nanyang Mountain , Fanhui Temple, Ganlu Temple, and Jiulong Mountain are all monk temples near the urban area.Taoist Zhaigong is called "Guan", and there are Yungaidong, Dashanli, Chuantangkeng and so on.The source and exploitation of the temple property are the same as those in the temple.

In total, the land for Shinto (gods, altars, shrines, temples, temples, and temples) accounts for 8% of the total land and 20% of the total public land. C. Political Landlord It is further divided into two categories, one is the test shed, Binxing, Confucius Temple, and school rent, which are educational in nature, and the other is bridge associations, road associations, and grain associations, which are social welfare in nature. The test shed field in the county seat received 650 shi for rent, and the gentry who handled it "eat oil cakes" ate 180 shi, and handed over 470 shi for the test shed.The origin of the test shed field is that when the test shed was built in the Qing Dynasty, the big landlords donated a lot of millet and the rest of the construction to buy the fields as the annual repair fund for the test shed.A "Shangyi Temple" was set up, and the name of the big landlord who donated money was written on the wooden owner. Those who donated more were taller, and those who donated less were shorter.

The origin of Binxing fields is also donated by the landlords. The fields are scattered in various forts in the county, and most of them are still managed by the original owners.Binxing Temple has branches in each fort to manage the property.The purpose of the land property is as travel expenses for rural examinations and general examinations, as well as rewards for winning Juren and Jinshi (mainly as travel expenses and rewards for rural examinations), and the alias of rewards is "bonus".Binxing Temple in the county can collect five or six hundred stone grain rents a year.The township examination (provincial examination) is held every three years, on "Zi", "Noon", "Mao" and "You".There are more than 100 people who take the Xunwu examination each time, and each travel expenses are 24 yuan, and those who win the exam are given a bonus of more than 100 yuan.There are hundreds of pieces of wood in the Binxing Temple, all of which are written with the names of the gentry who donated.After the abolition of the imperial examination, all those who graduated from the Second Normal School in Ganzhou were given a tour fee of 30 yuan per person, so that they could visit Jiangsu and Zhejiang.In addition, those who went to study abroad also received a subsidy once, and a student who studied in Japan gave 360 ​​yuan.The county town runs a simple normal school and higher primary schools, which use the funds from the Binxing Temple.

The Architecture Academy is also donated by landlords, so like Shangyi Temple and Binxing Temple, a "Haoyi Temple" was set up to commemorate those donors.Later, another thousand yuan was donated for the sacrifice of Confucius, which was money, not land. The school rent is donated by the landlords of all surnames, to reward the children of their surnames who have been tested for merit, and there are surnames.For example, the ancient surname in Huangxiang has a school rent of 100 shi, the Kuang surname in Chetou has more than 200 shi, and at least dozens of shi.In addition, there are "salary fairs" in urban areas, as well as in various districts.There are generally "literary associations" in all districts, which are similar in nature to rewarding fame and fame, but it is a local form, which is assembled by several surnames or a district.There is also a landlord with an ancient surname in Huangxiang (Gu Bai's grandfather) donated 100 stones to rent a "Zunyu Hall", but it is a special form to reward scholars in the whole county.

The total land for education accounts for 4% of the total land and 10% of the total public land. As for the land of bridge associations, road associations, and grain associations of a public welfare nature, there are quite a few of them.Not only large bridges and long bridges have meetings, but also small bridges in villages often have meetings.If there is a meeting, there will be land, which is donated by landlords and businessmen for the purpose of repairing bridges.At the beginning, the money was small, and the money was accumulated year by year, and it became a large number to buy land.Every December, counting and worshiping the God of the bridge, it is called "making a bridge meeting". Donors come to have a meal, and share pork after eating, so the bridge meeting is really an exploitative organization.The bridge will be as big as 8,000 yuan, and the annual rent of the land property is 500 shi, which is the pontoon bridge for cars.There are two or three stones rented for the small one, which is a very small bridge.

There are not many road meetings, and there are few meeting fields. There are only a dozen or so (more than fifteen are called ten or ten) road meetings in the whole county, and each road meeting only collects seven or eight stone valleys.Why are the bridges developed and the roads scattered? Because the roads are rotten and easy to repair, and if they are not repaired, they will not be completely impossible to pass, but the bridge is not the same. There are also few food associations, and there are only a few in the county. For example, Yan in Huangxiang, Mei in Datian, Kuang in Chetou, and Liu in Jitan Zhenxia, ​​each has one, and each has some fields.There are many fields such as Kuang surnamed Lianghui at the front of the car renting 500 shi. It was originally a "military farmland" and is now used by the Lianghui.The function of the food association is to replace the family members to complete the food, and to resist the government's forced food to each family in the family.All parties squeeze and squeeze, and everyone is disadvantaged, so the grain association is established by fighting for money, or it is formed by small public money.With the Lianghui, the judicial police only searched for one of the Lianghui, so as not to harm the families.What if there is no food fair? The bailiff came, and the foot money was more than the grain money, and interest was charged if the limit was exceeded, and the interest was very heavy, so a food fair was set up.At the beginning, the food fair did not have much money, and it was accumulated year by year through the release of profits.

The total land for public welfare accounts for 4% of all land and 10% of all public land. (4) Individual Landlords A. Landlord The above mentioned the land of public landlords, and then the land of individual landlords.Individual landowners account for 30 percent of the total land, which is less than that of public landowners.Small landlords (whose rent is less than 200 shi) accounted for the majority of the land owned by individual landlords, followed by middle landlords (whose rent was more than 200 shi but less than 500 shi) and large landlords (whose rent was less than 500 shi) above) the least amount of land. There are eight first-class landlords in the county, such as Liu Tuyuan in the urban area, Luo Hanzhang in the Huangxiang District, Xie Jie and Kuang Wenrong in the South Eighth District, Mei Hongxin in the Shuangqiao District, and Pan Mingzheng (nicknamed "Shit Bogong") in the Third District. , Lin Chaoguan and Wang Juyuan in Chengjiang District collected rents above stones.Among them, the biggest one is "Dung Bogong", he is from Xiangshanbao in Jiansan District, including fields, houses, forests, livestock, and the pharmacy and grocery store he opened in Jitanwei, with a total value of 300,000 yuan. The land rent is about 10,000 shi.He is the leader of the county gentry.In the early years of the Republic of China, his third son Pan Mengchun (a character with no knowledge of arts and science, who had never passed the imperial examination or entered a school) worked as the head of the county finance department (national finance).In 1967 of the Republic of China, his eldest son Pan Yiren (a scholar with a rough grasp of arts and sciences) served as the county finance bureau chief for three years (local finance, management of examination sheds, Binxing, cattle donations, gambling donations, business protection donations, etc.).In the 13th and 14th year of the Republic of China, Pan Mengchun was also the head of the county's security regiment. He was in charge of the seven district security regiments, and the real power of the county was in his hands.During his tenure in the General Security Corps, in order to ask for money, at the same time the troops of the Northern warlord Deng Ruzhuo[27] went to the county to ask for military pay, and issued a lot of paper tickets, which were used for several months. Sued him and stopped.In the 15th year of the Republic of China, when the Kuomintang came to power, he lost power, but he immediately joined forces with the formerly bourgeois Xinxun faction, which had already compromised with the landlords, and became a member of the Kuomintang County Party Committee.In March of this year, the gentry overthrew the county magistrate Hu Zefan, and he came to power as county magistrate. Only when the Red Army arrived did he run to Wuping.He has more than 70 guns, which were collected by Wuping Zhong Shaokui.Liu Tuyuan is considered the second big local tyrant, but he is inactive. He is a middle school graduate and has no power in the county.Xie Jie, graduated from Jiangxi Army Academy, served as Lai Shihuang's teacher.Now Shanghai organizes the Gannan Tungsten Mine Association, strives to run the tungsten mine itself and join the reorganization faction[28], organizes the "Jiangxi Self-Help Association", publishes "Self-Help Daily", and opposes Chiang Kai-shek.For the "suppression of the Communist Party", the call sign is very strong.Wang Juyuan, a graduate of Ganzhou No. 4 Middle School, is very powerful in Chengjiang and is very close to gangsters.He opened three stores in Chengjiangwei, selling parallel imports, groceries and opium. He opened an opium den in the back of the store, where hooligans could eat for free, and thus won the support of a group of hooligans.When he prostitutes other people's wives, if other people don't know who they are, the hooligans will deal a severe blow to that person, and some of them will go bankrupt due to this kind of blow. There are twelve big landlords with less than five hundred stones and more than 500 stones in Xunwu.Cao Shancheng (Tian Bei in the west chamber), who collected five hundred shi in rent, was made by his grandfather, and is an "old taxpayer"[29].Qiu Shulie (pictured in the west chamber) collected five hundred stones, but it was of no use.His son is an engineer. He graduated from Nanyang University and went to England for a while. Now he works as an engineer in a boiler company in Tianjin.Cao Yuansen (East Chamber), received five hundred shi, graduated from high school in this city, is 40 years old, and has power in the East Chamber.Huang Jiabin (North Chamber Changju), rented seven hundred shi, member of the Kuomintang.He Zizhen wanted to use him, but he didn't come out.Now speculate, show kindness to farmers, ask for guns for guns, and ask for money to pay for money.He said: "The Kuomintang is useless. If you pay money, you can't save your life. If you go to the Soviet, you can save your life." Xie Shande (Sanbiao Duck Tomb), five hundred shi, an old book reader, is a "mountain mouse"[30].Wang Fosheng (Shuiyuan Longbei), five hundred stones.His son, Wang Weifan, graduated from Chaoyang University in Beijing and is a member of the Kuomintang. He has not returned from abroad.Lan Shaozong (Chengjiang), five hundred stones, Lan died, and the widow was in charge of the house.Cao Guodong (Jitan), six hundred shi, formerly known as Wanhu, used some to build a house, graduated from high school, relative of "Uncle Shit Tank", cooperated with Pan Mengchun.Yi Zhanliang (under Guishi, Shuangqiao District), with more than 500 shi, was reactionary at the beginning, the land was about to be divided, and he was fined more than 1,000 yuan.Lai Pengchi (Danxi, Shuangqiao District), known as Wanhu, more than 500 shi, epigenetic in the former Qing Dynasty, very honest, braids are still kept, but not reactionary.Kuang Mingjing (Jiziming, Nanba District), six hundred shi, his fourth brother was the battalion commander of the Bai army, a reactionary, and his whole family went away.Chen Wanbao (Tingling), Liubaishi, was a pig dealer, a tobacco dealer, and a grocery store.He himself is not reactionary, his younger brother is Xinxun Pai, who lives with him, and is very reactionary.There are eight first-class big landlords and twelve second-class big landlords above, a total of twenty. The so-called "ten thousand households" in Jiangxi refers to them.Why list them one by one? In order to study the political role of this class, there will be no sufficient examples if they are not listed. For this reason, we still have to list the middle landlords, but there are too many small landlords to list them.Why should the middle landlords be separated from the landlord class, because the political role of the middle landlords is not only very different from that of the small landlords, but also obviously different from that of the big landlords. B. Landlord Take the city first.Qiu Weiwu (pictured in the west chamber), received four hundred shi, graduated from the leather department of Imperial University of Japan, worked as an engineer in a poor factory in Ganzhou for half a year, returned to Xunwu as the director of education in the 11th year of the Republic of China, joined the Kuomintang, and was one of the leaders of the Xinxun faction. The Xinxunpai plan is a powerful thing. When the Red Army arrived in Xunwu, they ran away with Xie Jiayou.Huang Jiakui (Changju in the North Chamber), received more than 300 shi, graduated from Pingyuan Middle School, a member of the Xunwu Kuomintang Steering Committee, a member of the Xinxun faction (Xinxun school teacher), and actively revolutionized.Luo Songsheng (Changju in the North Chamber) collected three hundred stones and opened Luo Jinfeng's grocery store in the city. He was not active and reactionary.There is a nephew who is a member of the Kuomintang, graduated from high school, and speaks ill of the Communist Party.He Tingba (outside Beimen City), received more than 300 shi, graduated from Pingyuan Middle School, an officer of the Kuomintang, and a major figure in the Xinxun faction, working hard for counter-revolution.Liu Furong (outside Xiaodongmen), received three hundred stones, was not reactionary, and became a doctor. Sanshui District: Lei Changxiang (three standard long row), three hundred stones, is a "mountain mouse", useless.Hu Enrong (Sanbiaowei), Sanbaishi, is a Zhaigong who doesn't care about world affairs. He just wants two copper coins and sleeps at home.Hu Jingru (Sanbiaowei), Erbaishi, graduated from Ganzhou No. 4 Middle School, in his twenties, a well-known toubob in Sanbiao, and participated in the county government.Ling Lushi (Sanbiaojingshi), more than 300 shi, an old scholar, has been the director of the finance bureau for many years, and he has also been the head of the department and the leader of the examination shed. He has worked for more than ten years and made money. Marked up a new house, in his fifties.Yuan Dehe (Shuiyuan Yuanwu, the most reactionary place), about 200 shi, graduated from middle school, member of the Kuomintang, counter-revolutionary.In addition, there are many middle-aged landlords in Sanshui District, but I don’t remember clearly. Chengjiang District: Lan Zigan, Sibaishi, graduated from provincial middle school, opened Lanxietai grocery and cloth store in Chengjiang Wei, counter-revolutionary.Xie Jiayou, Sanbaishi, graduated from high school, in his forties, served as the commander of Xie Jie's subordinates in the 14th Army, the defense chief of the Xunwu Regiment, and the reorganization faction. He was the one who wiped out the 1st Battalion of the 50th Red Army Regiment, Jiangxi Army school graduate.Ling Xixian, Sanbaishi, graduated from middle school, Xinxun Pai, member of the Kuomintang, opened a shop in Xinxu, Chengjiang. Kansan District: Chen Yuheng (Jitan), Sanbaishi, graduated from Pingyuan Middle School, a toubob from Jitan, a main figure of the Xinxun faction, grandson-in-law of "Bogong Shittan", very active.Liu Taizong (Jitan Zhenxia), four hundred stones, a gambling boss, a rogue background, made a fortune from gambling, and was still "Dangwu" in the fifth year of the Republic of China (it was called "Dangwu" when he was a thief digging walls and going out at night).Pan Jindi (Xiang Shan), more than 200 shi, graduated from Meixian Normal University, Xinxun Sect, activist of Kuomintang, chief of Jitan Jingwei regiment.Pan Mingrui (Xiang Shan), Sibaishi, relative of "Uncle Shit Tank", opened two parallel grocery stores in Jitanxu, leader of the Xiangshan reactionary.Although Pan Guanlan was a small landlord with a rent of more than a hundred shi, he was a reactionary leader, and Pan Li died at his hands.He graduated from high school in Ganzhou and worked as a primary school teacher for five or six years. He was not reactionary at that time, but he became corrupt and counter-revolutionary around the time of the March 25 Riot.His father was a gambling boss who made his fortune.Pan Mingdian (Xiang Shanpingdi), Baiduoshi, former Qing Bagong, graduated from law and politics in the Republic of China, served as the governor of Lufeng and Huichang counties, and served as the county education director for several years. He also held many other jobs. Also known as the Nine Chiefs".Ben was a mid-level landlord, but he lost the election after spending more than 4,000 yuan on campaigning for a provincial councilor.Last year he was the Director of the Prison Administration of the Nanchang High Court, and this year he was the Clerk of the High Court in Jiujiang. He is a bureaucrat.She speaks beautifully, writes well, looks good, and is very well-behaved, like a Confucius.Pan Jingwen (Xiangshan Dali), more than three hundred stones, former Qing scholar, old gentleman.Pan Guocai (Xiangshan Village), three hundred stones, is also an old scholar.Pan Guoqing (Xiangshan Village), with only fifty or sixty shi rent, graduated from high school, the secretary of Ye Ziqi's bandits, and a counter-revolutionary.Liu Hanyuan (Jianxi), more than two hundred stones, is useless. Huangxiang District: Li Qilang (Huangxiangwei), Sanbaishi, was born in gambling, his son Li Hanhui graduated from high school, and an important member of the reactionaries.Liu Yujie (Huangxiangwei), more than two hundred stones.My son, Liu Jinyan, studied at Xinyuan Middle School in Nanchang, and went to Hujiang University and Shanghai University. He used to be close to the cooperative school.Liu Yulin, Liu Yujie's younger brother, Sibaishi, is dumb, and his four or five sons all graduated from elementary school; the youngest son went to middle school, participated in the March 25 Riot, and is now a counter-revolutionary.Lai Shoucheng (Hongtouling), four hundred stones, son Lai Shifang Mei County Dongshan Middle School educated, counter-revolutionary.Lai Aoxu (Hongtouling), four hundred stones, a scholar, graduated from the Shanghai Science and Technology Specialization, worked as a principal of a county high school for one year, and a teacher for five or six years, and failed to campaign for a provincial councilor.The two sons studied in middle school, and one of them graduated from Beijing Normal University. He was close to the cooperative group. During the March 25 riots, the Xinxun faction attacked him. Now both of them are counter-revolutionaries.Wang Ziyuan (under Shanzi), Erbaishi, the reactionary leader of Huangxiang, was a great evil gentry, and once served as the head of the security regiment and the head of the Binxing branch.Liu Jingxi (Sicheng Village), more than 300 shi, graduated from Meixian Middle School, his father worked for Hu Qian, was beaten to death by bandits, and he was not reactionary.Liu Quanlan (Sicheng), about 200 shi, started as a usurer, and is not reactionary now. Her son joined the agricultural association, but was shot to death by farmers because of a misunderstanding.Luo Chengtian (Xiwei), four hundred shi, has to bargain with others for half a penny of yellow cigarettes. He is a miser who wants money without his life. The whole village in his village is counter-revolutionary.Luo Fushou (Xiwei), with three hundred stones in front, separated and counter-revolutionary.Luo Peici (Xiwei), two hundred shi, was the county magistrate of Yudu, and he is a scheming person.Before the March 25 riots, everyone was still preparing secretly. He saw it, and spread reform and deceitful ideas in the countryside, saying: "The millet at home must be sold at a par price as soon as possible, and no money is required. It should be distributed to the poor with their surnames, otherwise it will be a disaster." He is a reactionary leader. , very powerful among the gentry.Luo Lushou (Xiwei), two hundred stones, and his son is Xinxunpai, who is happy to show off the limelight.Gu Le San (Tang Bei), the two brothers totaled three hundred stones.His brother is a scholar and has served as a provincial councilor for two terms.He himself worked as a military supply for Hu Qian. During Chen Jiongming's time, he was a district head of Wuhua County. He was one of the reactionary leaders of the county. He ran away with Xie Jiayou with thirty or forty guns.Gu Guangrui (Tangbei), more than two hundred shi, graduated from high school, reactionary.Guhuanan (Tangbei), two hundred stones, is an honest man.Gu Guanglu (Tangbei), four hundred shi, a miser, is very cheap, and he has to bargain when buying side dishes.His son graduated from Dongshan Middle School in Meixian County, and he is an inexplicable guy. (The above ponds are all ancient, and they are all from the same room as the ancient cypress.) There are more than one ancient (tangbei), five hundred stones, a paper shop, selling tobacco and soil, and flowering parties, and gambling.He is a miser, he doesn't care about world affairs, he only asks for money.Because he was a weakling in a strong house, his relatives bullied him, asking him for fifty would be fifty, and if he wanted one hundred, then one hundred.Yan Jinxiu (Gaotou), used to call thousands of households, and was poor in building houses. There were three or four hundred stone valleys left. He opened a shop in Fair Fair, and had more than a dozen descendants. ".Yan Guoxing (Gaotou), a small landlord who rented more than 100 shi, mainly engaged in business. Fair Fair opened a grocery store and sold paper at the same time, so the business contacts made sense.The merchants in Beiling and Yanxia lent him money, and together with his own money, he spent six or seven thousand yuan. The campaign for the provincial councilor failed, and he is now in debt.One of the reactionary leaders in Huangxiang District.Yan Xibo (high head), more than two hundred shi, opened a grocery store in Pingwei, not very reactionary. (The above also mentioned a few small landlords, because they are famous characters.) Shuangqiao District: Huang Qingyun (Huangtian), two hundred stones, not reactionary.Luo Shouhan (yellow sand), two hundred stones, not reactionary.Zhao Shangqin (Yutian), three hundred stones, graduated from Pingyuan Middle School, reactionary.Xie Youfeng (Yutian), two hundred stones, not reactionary.Chen Dequan (Liuche), two hundred shi, was driving a salt shop in Liuche. He was a reactionary, and the 21st column shot him dead.Chen Jingri (keep the car), two hundred shi, not reactionary.His son Chen Jiguang participated in the March 25 Riot and graduated from Meixian Middle School. After the March 25 Riot failed, he ran to Nanyang.Chen Shanniu (staying in the car), a gambler, two hundred stone valleys, not reactionary.Chen Zhizhi (Liuche Zukeng) used to have ten thousand households, divided into three or four households.Chen Zhizhi is dead, his son "Buziliu" has 300 shi, runs a parallel goods store in Liuche, and is a reactionary leader.Chen Guocai (Liuche Zukeng), two hundred shi, graduated from Meixian Middle School, a reactionary.Chen Tufeng (Liuche Zukeng), more than two hundred stones, a great evil gentry, one of the five tiger generals of Xunwu. "Pan (Ming Dian) Xie (Xu Zuo) Chen (Tu Feng) Peng (Zi Jing) Kuang (Tai Lan), the Five Tiger Generals of Xunwu." After the two new factions "Xin Xun" and "Cooperation", the old Five Tiger Generals It fell down.Chen, Pan, Peng, and Kuang are all scholars, and only Xie is a graduate (Xunwu Simple Normal School).Liao Honggui (Shijie), two hundred stones, opened a parallel grocery store in Fengshanwei, not reactionary.Liu Junfu (Qiu Fang), who used to be called Wanhu, separated, and now has four hundred stones.His son, Liu Hongxiang, graduated from Gannan Middle School and studied at Beijing Cultural University.Liu Shifu, Liu Junfu's brother, more than two hundred shi, used to use money to run a primary school, and now he is also in the blockhouse.Liu Yuanying (Qiu Fang), more than two hundred stones, is in the gun tower.Liu Zuorui (Qiu Fang), a big family of 400 shi and 30 to 20 people, participated in the revolution and divided the fields.The reason was that he had earlier fought with Liu Junfu to buy land, and started a quarrel over an adulterous case. Some members of his family participated in the 325 riot, but failed. Liu Junfu falsely accused him and colluded with Ye Ziche bandits to burn his house down.Now his nephew Liu Guoxiang is a member of the District Soviet, and Liu Risheng is a member of the Township Soviet. He doesn't ask questions at home.He is a graduate of Meixian No. 5 Middle School. He is very honest. He is twenty-three or four years old, younger than his nephew. The lawsuit was presided over by his nephew's father, his elder brother.Liu Baohua (Shi Bei), Sanbaishi, his son graduated from Zhongshan Middle School in the county, joined the revolution, and became the secretary of the Communist Party Committee.Liu Kaixiang (Shi Bei), two hundred stones, graduated from high school, not reactionary.Tang Sixian (xiadun), Sanbaishi, graduated from Meixian Middle School, a core member of the Xinxun School, very reactionary.Tang Lixian (xiadun), Erbaishi, born in Huangpu, once served as the captain of the Jingwei, Xinxun sect.Tang Fushu (Xiaxun), two hundred stones, is an evil gentry, known as a toubob, graduated from a primary school teacher's workshop, and is a new lackey.Zeng Chaoqun (Shangkun), Baiduoshi[31], graduated from Meixian Middle School, not reactionary.Zeng Xilin (Fang Tian), three hundred shi, an old book reader, lends us a lot of usury. He and his nephew Zeng Guanghua (graduated from elementary school) were so reactionary that they were besieged by peasants in the Qiufang blockhouse.Zeng Juxiang (Fang Tian), two hundred stones, nephew Zeng Chanfeng, graduated from high school, is a member of the Communist Party, the house was burned down by Ye Ziche bandits.Zeng Hailan (Bo Gongyong), who used to be Wanhu, was split up recently, and he got 200 shi.Participating in the March 25 Riot, he was sued by Zeng Xilin for spending more than a thousand yuan, and Ye Bandit fined him again, and his younger brother was fined more than 600 yuan by Ye Bandit.Do not react now.Yi Songzhou (under Guishi), two hundred stones, a former scholar, an evil gentry, colluded with Ye Bandit, and now ran away.He Ziwen (Danxi), used to be a ten thousand household, separated, now more than two hundred shi, the reaction is not strong.Widow Zhong (Danxi), more than two hundred stones, a reactionary, ran away.Lai Rongjun (Cen Feng), more than two hundred shi, was a petty evil gentry in the past, but he is not reactionary now.Mei Renhua (Cen Feng), two hundred shi, not reactionary.Mei Tiaoxian (Datian), a scholar, Sanbaishi, a reactionary, fled.Lai Wenlian (Datong), three hundred shi, was caught by the 21st column of the Red Army and fined 2,000 yuan, the land was divided, and there is no reaction.Kuang Chunlong (Yan Yangping), two hundred shi, started as a usury, confiscated, and now he is not reactionary.Kuang Shiyang (Yanyangping), two hundred stone, graduated from Meixian Normal University, member of the Kuomintang, deadly reactionary.Kuang Yingshao (Huang Qiangping), two hundred shi, not reactionary.Kuang Lanchun (Huang Qiangping), two hundred shi, not reactionary.Chen Taoxianggu (clan pit), three hundred stones, a widow in charge, started his fortune from gambling, and was a counter-revolutionary. South Eighth District: Liu Huangxian (Longtu), Sanbaishi, counter-revolutionary, shot.Liu Tianyun (Longtu), Sanbaishi, a counter-revolutionary, killed one of his sons and surrendered.Liu Huantong (Longtu), three hundred stones, was fined more than one thousand strings by the Red Army, and he is not reactionary now.Liu Shidi (Longtu), two hundred stones, a former Qing scholar, a reactionary, and his family fled.Liu Zhenguang (Hejiaoxu), two hundred stones, the third son was a reactionary and ran away, and the others were not reactionary.Liu Meirong (Hejiaoxu), two hundred stones, not reactionary.Zeng Yuehui (Hejiaoxu), two hundred stones, not reactionary, widow in charge.Zenglu Fuxing (Hejiaoxu), two hundred shi, had money to spare, colluded with Ye bandits, the whole family was a reactionary, and ran away.Chen Erlaihe (chicken called), two hundred stone, himself and his son and nephew were shot by the Red Army, very reactionary.Zhao Zhixiang (the front of the car), two hundred shi, the old man, was a bit "bad" in the past, not reactionary.Zhao Zan Yang Er (the front of the car), two hundred shi, the whole family rebelled, and ran to the Qiufang gun tower.He is a gambler, his grandfather made his fortune.Zhao Yuer (chetou), two hundred shi, honest, and also a businessman, opened a Huaxing store in Chetou. The store was burned during the third four-county attack this year, and his father was killed. He was not reactionary.Zhao Yinghua (the front of the car), two hundred shi, used to be ten thousand households, half of which was given to his four sons, and the remaining half was given to his two in-laws. Son"), not reactionary.His remaining product is temporarily distributed to his son who has more children.Wen Zanbiao (Qinglong), more than two hundred shi, graduated from high school, not reactionary.Zhong Wenfa (Zhucun), four hundred shi, is also in the salt and rice business, his grandfather left the property, and he is not reactionary.Zhong Bansan (Zhucun), Sanbaishi, inherited from his grandfather, used to gamble and sometimes act as a peacemaker, not reactionary.Zhong Jishan (Zhu Village), Erbaishi, studied in Meixian Middle School, participated in the revolution, and worked in the Fifth Column of the Eleventh Army of the Red Army.Zhongda Mianliu (Zhucunwei), three hundred stones, old taxpayer, gambling, reactionary, the whole family went away.Zhong Yongliu (Zhucunwei), Erbaishi, an overseas student, served as the chief of Wuxue police, and worked as a first-class class teacher, judge, and director of industry in this county, and also worked under Xie Jie's subordinates. Nanba District One of the reactionary leaders fled to Pingyuan.Peng Zijing (Gukenggang), three hundred stones, a former scholar of the Qing Dynasty, one of the five tiger generals in this county, did an inspection of Hunan Phoenix Hall in the late Qing Dynasty, and worked as a financial bureau clerk in this county during the Republic of China, and received gambling money. Recently, I worked as a munitions unit in the regiment defense team, and participated every time I cleared the countryside.One son, Peng Bingyi, graduated from Meixian Middle School, is a member of the Xinxun School, a member of the Kuomintang, and served as the principal of Zhishi Primary School.The whole family was extremely reactionary.Li Zude (Gukenggang), used to be ten thousand households. He lost his money in business and lost three hundred shi. The whole family rebelled and left.Peng Hongyun (Xia Liao), two hundred shi, not too reactionary, opened a grocery store in Xia Liao village.Peng Hongquan, Peng Hongyun's brother, two hundred stones, reactionary, ran to Pingyuan.Peng Jinhan (Xia Liao), two hundred shi, also runs a business, opens a medicine and grocery store, loves money to death, and is not reactionary.韩佛仙(满坑)，二百石，兼做生意，又耕田，老实人，但亦逃到平远去了。钟奕材(林田坝)，三百石，高小毕业，祖父手里是万户，两家人分，过去不赞成革命，逃走，现自愿罚款，要求回家。钟丁四(林田坝)，二百石，祖父遗业，子弟也有耕田的，不反动，“怕共产”。钟树芬(林田坝)，二百石，他自己死了，老婆当家，罚款二百元，不反动。谢瑞琳(牛斗光)，三百石，医生，不承认罚款，逃走。谢肇凡(牛斗光)，二百石，新寻派，赣南中学毕业，做过保卫团总，最近做过靖卫团总，南八区革命胜利后，在反动县政府当秘书，是南八区反动首领之一。陈春荣(廷岭)，二百石，本人老实，儿子高小毕业，当白军连长，反动，全家走平远。陈六记(牛斗光)，三百石，在留车和牛斗光各开一个油盐米豆行，勾结叶匪，很反动，全家走了。陈忠俊(廷岭)，二百石，本人老实，他的儿子过去做过保卫团总，不反动。谢佩钦(牛斗光之枫树岗)，四百石，是个高利盘剥者，很多赌贩向他借钱，他的儿子在新寻学校读书，反动，逃走了。陈安如(廷岭)，三百石，兼做猪牛贩，开火铺，罚了他的款，现在不见得反动。曾人升(莲坪)，三百多石，自己会耕田，赌博发财，不交罚款，逃走。钟星奎(珠村龙虎坑)，二百石，平远中学毕业，国民党做干事，南昌训政人员养成所毕业，新寻派的中坚分子，反动之极。 以上全县七区，共有中地主一百一十三个。 C.大中地主对于生产的态度 收租二百石以上的中等地主，收租五百石以上的大地主，他们对于生产的态度是完全坐视不理。他们既不亲自劳动，又不组织生产，完全以收租坐视为目的。固然每个大中地主家里都多少耕了一点田，但他们的目的不在生产方法的改良和生产力的增进，不是靠此发财，而是为了人畜粪草堆积起来了弃之可惜，再则使雇工不致闲起，便择了自己土地中的最肥沃者耕上十多二十石谷，耕四五十石谷的可以说没有。这种地主家中普通都是请一个工人，只有“万户”以上的大地主而又人丁单薄的方才请两个工人。为使工人不致“闲嬲”(“嬲”，当地读廖，“东走西走”或“玩下子”的意思)，除开做杂事外，便要他耕点田。 D.大中地主的政治思想 大中地主的生活，依寻乌状况分为三种情形:第一种是新的，即接受资本主义影响多的。他们的生活比较奢华。他们看钱看得松，他们什么洋货也要买，衣服穿的是破胸装，头也要挥一个洋装。派遣子弟进学校也颇热心，或者自己就是中学等类学校毕业的。这种人在地主阶级中比较少，而且是在接近河流、接近市场的地点才有的，多半他本身就兼商人，澄江的王菊圆就是好例。第二种是半新不旧的。他们赞成一点“新”，但随即就批评“新”的坏处。他们也办学校，也做教育局长，但他们办的学校是专制腐败的。做教育局长是为了拿到一种权，可得到一些钱，而不是为了什么“开通民智，振兴教育”。但历来的教育局长多半是他们做，第一种人太新了是做不到手的。他们的生活介在节俭与奢华之间。他们人数在大中地主中占着大多数。守旧是地主的本性，这第二种人为什么也要半新不旧地随和时势一下子呢?完全为了争领导权。因为不如此则领导权就会完全被民权主义派即所谓“新学派”的人争取了去，所以他们有摇身一变的必要。却因他们的经济关系还是在一种封建剥削的状况中，所以他们仍充分表现地主性，那种革新只是表面的。城区的丘伟伍，兼三区的潘奕仁，澄江区的谢嘉猷，就是这个阶层的适例。第三种是完全封建思想封建生活的，他们的住地是在与河流及市场隔窎的山僻地方。他们始终希望恢复科举。他们完全是帝制派，他们欲以帝制主义来打倒民权主义，恢复他们的政治领导，挽回那江河日下的封建经济的崩溃形势。他们的生活很节制。他们至多挥个光头，有些仍是薙去额发一二寸。这种人在大中地主中依寻乌说是占着少数，双桥区(大田)的梅洪馨就是适例。大中地主阶级中新的占百分之十，半新的占百分之七十，全旧的占百分之二十。但所谓新的，是说他们走向资本主义化，不是说他们革命。大中地主阶级的全部都是反革命。还有一种情况要说明的，就是大中地主阶级的新旧，不仅是以地域的原因(河流与山地，近市与远市)而形成，还有以年龄的原因而形成的。一家之中，老年人多半守旧，少年人多半维新，中年人就多半半新不旧。这种年龄的原因即是时代的原因。老年人受旧制度熏染最深，同时他已行将就木，也无能力讲新，所以只得守旧。少年人受旧制度熏染浅，同时不维新没有出路，所以他们比较不顽固些。中年人则介在二者之间。举一个例，大地主“屎缸伯公”是很顽固的。他的儿子便主张办学堂，但办出来的学堂却是半新不旧。他的孙子则往广州，往上海，往北京，往英国，有六七个出外读书，研究所谓“新学”的。不过无论怎样研究新学，依然是彻底的反革命。“屎缸伯公”的孙子潘作琴在英国医科毕业回来，现在汕头行医，称汕头西医第二个好手，每天收入四五十元，每月能收千多元。他初回国时，寻乌教会医院出千二百元一年请他，不肯就，因为他在汕头的收入更要大。 E.小地主 小地主(二百石租不满的)数目更多，以地主全数为一百，则大地主(租五百石以上)占百分之一，中地主(租二百石以上的)占百分之十九，小地主占百分之八十。大地主人数很少，在全县不显特别作用。中地主是全县权力的中心，他们的子弟许多是进中学校的，县政权如财政局、教育局、保卫团等也是他们抓到的多，特别是祠堂蒸尝费用[32]几乎全部在他们掌握之中，小地主及富农是很难过问的。但是小地主在地主阶级中是占着绝对大多数，而且显出下面的特点，即:(一)做小生意的多。他们开小杂货店，收买廉价农产物候价贵时卖出去，大概百个小地主中有十个是兼做这种小买卖的。中地主虽也有做生意的，而且他们一做生意就比小地主做得大，但他们做生意的成分比较很少，即中地主多半还在一种封建经济的领域中过生活，不如小地主商业化得厉害。(二)特别表现小地主商业化的，还有他们派遣子弟进学堂一事。小地主子弟进初等小学是全部，进高等小学也几乎是全部，至少十家有八家，进中学的亦十家有三家。这个阶级接受新文化的形势是比哪一个阶级要快要普及。他们在全般政治生活中是受中地主阶级统治的，即是说他们是没有权的。他们革命的要求在初期革命运动中却表现很迫切，革命的活动亦很猛进，寻乌的合作社派(即中山中学派)的运动，就是代表这个阶级的运动，而和他们对抗的新寻派(即青年革命同志会派)的运动，却是代表中地主阶级的反革命运动。为什么小地主阶级接受资本主义文化即民权主义的革命文化如此之迅速普遍，他们的革命要求与活动如此迫切与猛进呢?则完全是因为他们这阶级的大多数在经济上受资本主义侵蚀和政府机关(大中地主的)压榨(派款)，破产得非常厉害的原故。由这两个阶层(小地主与大中地主)的斗争，引导到农民阶级与地主阶级的斗争，即代表中等地主而多少带了资本主义倾向的新寻派，日益与大地主妥协结成反革命战线，而代表小地主带着革命民权主义倾向的合作社派，日益接受无产阶级意识的指导，与贫民阶级结合起来，形成近来的土地革命斗争。 上面所说的小地主，不是说小地主的全部，只是说他们的一部分。普通所讲的小地主包含两个部分。一个部分是从所谓老税户传下来的，这一部分的来源多半是由大中地主的家产分拆，所谓“大份分小份”，即由大中地主分成许多小地主。这部分的人数在整个地主阶级中占百分之三十二。依他们的经济地位又有三种分别:一是年有多余的，人数占地主阶级总数百分之零点九六，他们在斗争中是反革命的。平民合作社派中的刘鸿翔、赖世芳、刘瑞标就属于这个阶层。他们都是合作社社员，三二五暴动中以及失败后，就陆续表现反革命了。二是一年差过一年，须陆续变卖田地才能维持生活，时常显示着悲惨的前途的。这一部分人数很多，占地主阶级全数百分之二十二点四。他们很有革命的热情，寻乌平民合作社派人物的大部分都是属于这个阶层。如死去了的斗争领导者潘丽(共产党县委书记)、刘维炉(三二五暴动时革委会主席)、刘维锷(共产党区委委员)等，现在的斗争领导者古柏(共产党县委书记)、钟锡璆(红军营长)、黄余贵(共产党区委书记)等等，以及没有参加合作社后头参加革命的，如梅汝黄(红军大队政治委员)等，都是这个阶层里头的人。三是破产更厉害靠借债维持生活的。这一部分占地主全部百分之八点六四，他们也是革命的，有很多人参加现在寻乌的实际斗争。以上说所谓老税户破落下来的小地主，它的第二、第三部分一般说都是参加革命的。以合作社社员来说，有三十个中学生，一百个高小学生或小学教员，都是过去或现在参加革命的，都属于这两部分破落的小地主阶层，尤以第二部分为特别多。 普通所讲小地主，除上述老税户部分外，另有一个占地主全数百分之四十八的不小的阶层，那就是所谓“新发户子”。这一个阶层的来历，与从老税户破落下来的阶层恰好相反，是由农民力作致富升上来的，或由小商业致富来的。这个阶层是在一种“方新之气”的活动中。他们的经济情形是一面自己耕种(雇长工帮助的很少，雇零工帮助的很多)，一面又把那窎远的瘦瘠的土地租与别人种而自己收取租谷。他们看钱看得很大，吝啬是他们的特性，发财是他们的中心思想，终日劳动是他们的工作。他们的粮食年有剩余，并且有许多不是把谷子出卖，而是把谷子加工做成米子，自己挑了去大圩市，甚至去平远的八尺等处发卖，以期多赚几个铜钱。他们又放很恶的高利贷，很多是“加五”(即百分之五十)的利息。放谷子出去，压迫贫民“上档量本，下档量利”(上档下档即夏收冬收)。他们又放“捡谷钱”和“捡油钱”。什么叫做捡谷钱?趁着青黄不接时候，以钱捡与农民，到了收获时候以谷还与债主，大概捡给两块钱，就要在收获时还一担谷，而那时谷价常常值得四块钱一担了，这是一种对倍利。捡油钱也是一样，多属对倍利。所有放高利贷，差不多全属这班新发户子。大地主、中地主放债也是放的加三利，加五利非常之少，捡谷钱、捡油钱可说没有。还有更凶的“月月加一”利，即见月还利百分之十，一年便对倍有过。这种借贷都要抵押品，并且要借一种“会”做面子，如“订同会”。还有“印子会”，是月月加一，利上起利，比订同会更厉害。这些都是大中地主所少做的。前清时候放恶利的比较少，民国以来放恶利的渐渐加多。“现在人心更贪了”，就是贫民对于高利贷者含有历史意义的评语。“今个人，人心较贪了咧”这个话，在寻乌贫民群众中到处都听见。这班新发户子看钱既看得大，更不肯花费钱米抛弃劳动送他们子弟去进学堂。所以他们中间很少有中学生，高小学生虽有一些，但比破落户阶层却少很多。至于破落户阶层为什么进学堂的多，就是因为他们看钱看得破些(因不是他经手赚来的)，而且除了靠读书操本事一条路外，更没有别的路子可以振起家业，所以毕业生就多从这个阶层中涌了出来。上面所说那种所谓新发户子的小地主，在有些人的说法却不叫小地主，而叫它作富农，即所谓“半地主性的富农”。这种半地主性的富农，是农村中最恶劣的敌人阶级，在贫农眼中是没有什么理由不把它打倒的。 (五)富农 另有一种比较富裕的农民，在普通说法叫他们作自耕农或中农的，实际仍是一种富农。前边所谓“半地主性的富农”，则不叫作富农而叫他们作小地主。贫农群众便是作这样看法的。这种所谓比较富裕的自耕农或中农，许多人不主张在斗争中打击他们，理由是他们没有半地主性，他们的全部出产都是亲自劳动不是剥削他人来的。其实在贫农眼中，他们仍是一种特殊阶级。他们除不租田给人耕种外，一样是高利盘剥者，因为他们有钱余剩，他们有多余的土地。他们在自己农产物上面加工，如使谷子变成米子，自己挑了出卖。他们还做些小的囤买囤卖生意。他们供着猪子、猪条子或大肉猪。以上这些都是与半地主性的富农一致，而与自足的中农不相同的。因此，土地斗争一发展到群众的行动，便有大批的贫农唤着“平田”和“彻底废债”的口号，就是对付这种富农的。共产党如要阻止贫农的行动，那末贫农就非恨共产党不可了。因此可知，不但打倒半地主性的富农是没有疑义的，而且平富裕自耕农的田，废富裕自耕农的债，分富裕自耕农的谷，也是没有疑义的。必须这样才能争取广大的贫农群众。这是农村斗争的重要策略之一。只有富农路线的机会主义者，才会站在这个策略的反对方面。 (六)贫农 ——贫农中的四个阶层—— 什么叫做贫农?我们简单回答道:不够食的叫做贫农(不够食的原因是受剥削，那不待说)。但这是一个普通的说法。若从贫农里头再加剖解，便知贫农并不是一个经济地位完全相同的整一的阶级，他里头有四个不同的阶层。第一个是半自耕农。他们是不够食的，因为他们的土地不够使用。他们须从地主那里租来一部分土地，完了租去，自己又不够食了。但他们在贫农群众中则是最好的，因为他们不但有牛，有犁耙，多少有些活动本钱，而且有一个表现他们的特点的，就是他们自己有一部分土地。这个阶层占农村全人口百分之十点五，在贫农全数中则占百分之十五。第二个是佃农中之较好的。他们有牛，有犁耙，也多少有些活动本钱，但没有一点土地。他们的特点在于有牛，大多数有一条牛，极少数也有两条、三条牛的。他们比半自耕农穷，即比半自耕农更不够食，但比别部分贫农却要好些。这个阶层占农村全人口百分之四十二，占贫农人口百分之六十，是农村中一个最大的群众。第三个是佃农中之更穷困的。他们同样无土地，他们虽有犁耙，但多窳败，虽也有几个本钱，但是很少。他们还有一个主要的特点，就是他们不是每家有牛的，他们是几家共一条牛，或有一条牛，却不是他自己的，而是地主为了节省饲养费交给他饲养的，他只能在一定条件下使用一下子这条牛的劳力，寻乌所谓“只能定得一爪子”的就是指这种牛。这一个阶层之不够食的程度比上举两个阶层都厉害。他们占农村全人口百分之十点五，占贫农全人口百分之十五，是一个与半自耕农相等数量的群众。第四个是佃农中之最穷的。他们除没有土地之外，还没有一点本钱，借米借盐是常事。他们又没有一点牛力，农忙时节，候别人把田耕过了，然后同别人(那些亲戚家族们)借了牛来，或租了牛来，耕那数亩用重租租来的瘦田。他们虽然有犁，但没有耙，因为打一架铁耙要好些钱，他们力量不足办此。这一个阶层占农村全人口百分之七，占贫农全人口百分之十，是一个并不很小的群众。他们衫很烂，要讨来着。三餐饭两餐食杂粮(粟板呀，番薯片呀)。做米果卖，砍柴火卖，挑脚，就是他们添补生活的办法。 (七)山林制度 寻乌的山地，多落在首先落脚的氏族手里，后到的氏族便没有山或少有山。因为先到的占领，所以也有小姓先占了山，大姓后到仍没有山。田与山的情形不同，田地转移很快，小地主和农民的田地，用典当的方法一年转移两次的都有，一年转移一次的就更多了。至于卖绝，也是常有的。山地则因其生产力小，通常一姓的山(一姓住在一村)，都管在公堂之手，周围五六里以内，用的公禁公采制度。所谓“公禁”者，不但禁止买卖，而且绝对地禁止自由采伐。除非死了人，“倒条把子树，搭墓棚”，才得许可。为公共利益使用，如作陂，开圳，修桥梁，那是可以的。除此以外，只有定期开山，蕗基三