Chapter 6 -2

Let’s talk about Su Qin’s individual, which is also what everyone wants to study, about the relationship between personal life and the state and society. Qiefu Su Qin Teqiong Lane dug the door, Sanghu Juanshu's scholar ear, Fu Shi bottle title, across the world, the court said the king of the princes, Du Zuo's mouth, the world's heroic husband.It will be said that the king of Chu passed by Luoyang. His parents heard about it.Su Qin said: "Why did my sister-in-law be stubborn before and then lead?" The sister-in-law said: "As the son of the season, you are respected and rich." Su Qin said: "Wow! If you are poor, your parents will not have children, and if you are rich, your relatives will be afraid. If you live in the world, you will be powerful." A rich man, Gee can be so ignorant!"

It is mentioned here that Su Qin was born in a slum, his family was very poor, and his family was small, just like the children of a poor family who built illegal buildings in a slum, but he was sitting in such a luxurious car, and he was majestic, and he walked around at will among various countries. The heads of state of each country meet, and in various courts, they talk loudly, so that the most important and favored people around the heads of state shut their mouths and dare not speak indiscriminately in front of him. confrontation.He did it with his mind and his mouth.It is necessary to pay attention here. In terms of military philosophy, in any history, in any era, there is still thought behind war; behind power is also thought, and behind politics is still thought. For generations to come, he was very pitiful at that time.For example, Confucius, Mencius, and many people in ancient and modern China and abroad are like this. These people are great thinkers who walk the right path.But thinkers like Su Qin and Zhang Yi talk about reality. They don’t consider the country, nation, human beings, and society. They are completely personal heroism and egoism. their purpose.

Later, Su Qin wanted to go to Chu State, a newly emerging country in the south, and passed through his hometown Luoyang. The treatment he received from his family at this time was the same as the situation when he failed to lobby the King of Qin for the first time and even his parents ignored him. Strong contrast.At this time, his parents heard him coming, and hurriedly hired someone to paint the house, cleaned the roads, prepared music, banquets, and went to the suburbs thirty miles away to meet him.The wife didn't dare to look at him directly, so she just lowered her head, turned her face sideways, and glanced at him secretly. She had to listen carefully to what Su Qin said, lest she misheard.The sister-in-law got worse, knelt on the ground and crawled over, and knelt down to apologize first.Not only Su Qin?The same is true of Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty. When he was the head of the pavilion, he drank and messed up.When he got home, his sister-in-law didn't cook for him, and asked him to eat cold rice.this is life.

So some people read these books and feel that they have to struggle and strive for success. This is a kind of view.If you talk about self-cultivation, such as the moral concepts of Confucius and Mencius, you feel that there are too many people like Su Qin's sister-in-law and wife, who are just worthy of pity, but they are not angry at all, and feel that people are so pitiful. A kind of animal, so to influence this kind of people, teach them not to think like this, don't do this in the future, this is the idea of ​​morality.On the contrary, immoral thoughts are also the way of Su Qin and the others, but Su Qin is not bad, he didn't take revenge, he just made a humorous joke and satirized his sister-in-law.There are many people who took revenge in history. For example, Zhao Pu, the first prime minister of the Song Dynasty, was very narrow-minded and not big enough. When he became a prime minister, he would take revenge on those who had wronged him before. It was still Song Taizu who persuaded him: "You can know people in the wind and dust. The emperor, the prime minister, everyone can look for them." So Song Taizu is still remarkable.Zhao Pu is also not bad, there are many examples of revenge in history.So Su Qin is good, but ask his sister-in-law, last time I came back, you were high above me, why are you kneeling down now?If we talk about Confucian principles, Su Qin would not say this. The Confucian approach is not to care about such people.Confucianism also despises Su Qin's approach.For example, the famous story of Guan Ning and Hua Xin in the Three Kingdoms period in history. They used to be very good classmates. Once they dug the ground together. Guan Ning dug up a piece of gold without even looking at it. Hua Xin picked it up. Look at it, think about it for a while, and still throw away the gold. Since then, Guan Ning has looked down on Hua Xin and concluded that there must be problems with him in the future, so he will not communicate with him.Later, when Hua Xin became Cao Pi's minister, he was equal to a person under ten thousand people, such a powerful person, but Guan Ning built a building and moved upstairs because he didn't want to stand in the area under Hua Xin's management. On the land, but never go downstairs for a lifetime.This is another approach of Confucianism.If when Su Tai said this, Guan Ning listened to him, and immediately walked away and ignored him, not to mention the prime minister of six countries, even if he was the prime minister of ten thousand countries, he would not pay attention.But Su Qin's sister-in-law replied: You have a high status and money now, of course you are no better than before.After hearing this, Su Qin couldn't help but sigh with emotion: In this world, power, status, money, wealth, these can't be sloppy!However, you must know that a person, at a certain period of time, has no wealth, fame, power at all.Only when you really understand this point can you know how to be a human being.

This cannot be imitated. I have said repeatedly that this belongs to the study of strategy. Therefore, ancient Chinese scholars regarded this kind of book as a four-character comment of "not enough for training", which cannot be used to imitate. know.For example, Confucius and Mencius don’t understand these things, of course they do, but when it comes to morality, it’s like Confucius admiring Yan Hui, who would rather die in poverty than go astray; another example is Zi Gong, who has the same skills as Su Qin , and he also did it, lobbying other countries, and succeeded, but Zigong took the right path, manipulating such a big situation in other countries, and he didn't want anything, only to save his parents' country, so he had to It's just for one use.

Here, our understanding of history, whether it is about individuals or about major national events, should be compared in many ways in order to have profound insights and honest choices. Now let’s talk about people as the center. Last time we talked about Su Tai, and this time we talked about Zhang Yi. Why are you talking about these two people?To understand the evolution of one's own country's history and culture, especially in a turbulent era of world turmoil, one must have an understanding of machinations.Everyone has read this type of book in the past, perhaps because of their different life experiences, the degree of understanding is also different.Over the past few decades, everyone has had many experiences. With these many different experiences, when we look at the deeds in history and the general trend of the world, we have different viewpoints, so the viewpoints of reading history are also different.

We all know that Su Qin and Zhang Yi were from the Warring States period.However, when studying the entire history with their individuals as the center, we must pay special attention to the following: Chinese culture, from the Zhou Dynasty, began to practice the political system of ritual and music morality, and the political philosophy of ritual, music and morality must change after the Spring and Autumn Period.This does not necessarily evolve due to the corruption of a certain person or a few people, but the trend of the times, which must change.Just like the most humorous and meaningful words we often say: "I have no choice but to do so." Some people are like this about the environment and affairs, and the trend of the times is also like this.When the trend of any era comes, there is "no choice but to do so." This is the case from the Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States Period. This is the first point we need to understand.

Secondly, the political system and political thought of ritual, music and morality in the Zhou Dynasty were the so-called kingly politics.In the Spring and Autumn Period, it became overbearing politics. The so-called "overbearing" did not mean "unreasonable means overbearing" in modern times. Overbearing at that time was not unreasonable, but still very reasonable.In terms of modern concepts, the leadership among nations is called a hegemon or an uncle if it is respected by military power or financial power.Don't follow the line of ritual, music, morality and politics, but follow the line of interests.Of course, among the stakes, there are still his moral standards. This is the era of hegemonic politics.In the Warring States period, it was also called overbearing, but it was already the last of overbearing.At this time, hegemony has reached the stage of annexation, that is, aggression.At this time, what a country needs is strength.At this stage, what the world needs is not the feudal system of enfeoffing princes, but the need to unify the world into one country. The feudal system of the patriarchal society in the past will change.At that time, among the countries that might unify the world, Qin State had the most advantage, and there was also a newly emerging Chu State in the south, but Chu State was still unable to compete with Qin State.As for the countries to the east of the Taihang Mountains and the north and south of the Yellow River, these countries are too old, and their internal affairs are too decayed, and they are always in a state of being slaughtered by others.

Studying history, Qi, Chu, and even Han and Wei during the Warring States period were not impossible, but why did they only listen to Qin at the mercy of Qin?In the final analysis, it is nothing more than a question of talent. Well, here we can come to a conclusion, not only the history and culture of China, but also the history and culture of the world: the decision still lies in the talents.It is modern history. After watching the documentary "Secret History of World War II", we also deeply feel that talents are the decisive key.Any idea, any sophisticated system depends on the creation and implementation of talents.At that time, the reason why Qin State could prosper within a hundred years was determined by a few people.Before Su Qin and Zhang Yi, Qin State had a very good reform on the basis of politics, which was to use the legalist Shang Yang's decision-making and advocate the rule of law, which is the so-called Shang Yang Reform.The political changes that Shang Yang made this time not only affected Qin Shihuang, the descendant of Qin, but even China for three thousand years. This is another big problem.

At that time, Shang Yang changed the "rule of law" of politics. The first item was aimed at the public property system of the Zhou Dynasty. (Some people say that the system of the Zhou Dynasty is socialism, that is, communism. This approach is an analogy, which is specious.) Shang Yang’s reform in the Qin State was first of all a change in economic thinking, advocating private property.After the reform by Shang Yang and the establishment of the private property system, Qin became prosperous and powerful all of a sudden.However, when Shang Yang started the reform, he was hit hard. The key lies in four words: "the people's day is inconvenient". Everyone must pay attention to this point. This refers to the psychology of the masses, political psychology and social psychology.Everyone should understand that human society is very strange, and habits are hard to change. When Shang Yang changed the political system, it became private property economically, and the form of society changed to a management similar to the neighborhood Baojia we use today. The social organization is very different. Strict, but this epoch-making change, at the beginning, was "inconvenient for the people", and the common people were all against it because they were not used to it.But Shang Yang made Thailand rich and strong after all.He himself failed because of his personal knowledge and moral problems, which led to him being quartered by five horses.Let's wait until we have the opportunity to study him.But his reform really succeeded, and the political line of later generations in China has never deviated from his scope.

From Shang Yang to the end of the Western Han Dynasty, about 400 years passed during this period. When Wang Mang came to Wang Mang, he wanted to restore the system of prefectures and counties, and restore the private property system to the public property of the Zhou Dynasty.Wang Mang's failure was again due to the "inconvenience of the people's day".Wang Mang came down, and after another seven or eight hundred years, Wang Anshi's reform in the Song Dynasty, although how our later generations praised him, was not successful at his time.Wang Anshi himself is beyond criticism, with good morals and knowledge. His political and ideological spirit will be handed down to future generations forever, and his failure at that time was also due to "the inconvenience of the people's day".When we read history, these four words are easy to read at once, so when we encounter such a place when reading, we should put down the book, think about it quietly, and study it.The word "inconvenience" often ruins an era.When a country is destroyed, individuals are also destroyed.To use a small matter as a metaphor, this is an old fact, a new term, the so-called "generation gap", that is, the new thinking of the younger generation has come, "the elderly are inconvenient every day".Just not used to it, it is really inconvenient.This often involves a lot of politics and social patterns.A great politician fully understands this kind of psychology, so the choice between "mutation" and "gradual change" arises.Gradients are gentle, mutations are aggressive.For a social environment or a group, it is more convenient and acceptable to use which method to change, and gradually change his "inconvenience" to "convenience", it depends on one's own wisdom.This is also what should be noticed when talking about the deeds of Su Qin and Zhang Zhi. Speaking of Zhang Yi and Su Qin, the target of their lobbying was initially against Qin.Before Qin Shihuang, the historical and political foundation of the Qin State was laid because of foreign talents.Shang Yang, a native of Wei, was an outsider; Baili Xi, a native of Yu, was an outsider; Zhang Yi, a foreigner, was from a later period.Why can't these people be used by their own country, but they all work for Qin?There is also a big problem in the middle, so I won’t analyze it here, let’s study the reason by yourself!There is another concept that needs to be paid attention to. Reading ancient books is certainly necessary to absorb historical experience, but don’t be led by the nose by the ancients. Especially today when you are studying, you must pay special attention to today’s current events, and you must grasp the difference between the present and the past. in principle.The Qin State back then can be compared to the United States today, or to the Soviet Union.But don't forget that Qin's disadvantages can be compared to enemies, but Qin's benefits can also be compared to ourselves. This is not fixed. How we use this law depends on human wisdom. The reason why Zhang Yi made sense in Qin State was that what Qin State needed at that time was not cultural thought.Whoever has the means to make the Qin State strong, forever strong, and unrivaledly strong, please.This was an inevitable trend at that time, not to say that the ancestors of Qin Shihuang had no moral, ritual, music and political ideas, but the trend of the times, which required this. Looking at Zhang Yi’s personal life, we need to read the biography of Zhang Yi in "Historical Records". Sima Qian recorded Zhang Yi and Su Qin in "Historical Records", compiling the time, time, and place from the materials of the Warring States Period and writing them into biographies.And behind each person's biography, there are comments, so Sima Qian's "Historical Records" is also tantamount to philosophy of history, tantamount to a commentary. When studying Su Qin, we said that Zhang Yi was cultivated by Su Qin, but there was a period before that: Zhang Yi was from the state of Wei, and he and Su Qin were classmates when they were young. It is written in "Historical Records" that they were "academic" with Guiguzi.Pay attention to the word "academic". They don't really engage in any kind of learning, what they study is how to get fame, which is a very realistic set of things, which is a contingency technique.When he was studying, Su Qin himself thought that he was not as good as Zhang Yi. The "Historical Records" only recorded such a sum, and did not say why he was not as good as Zhang Yi.Later, I read the biography of Zhang Yi and found an answer. Zhang Yi's background is better than Su Qin's, so he has a bit of a protective temper, more bold and unrestrained, and he is a person who can play freely.After Su Qin became successful, Zhang Yi did not succeed. People in a better environment are less aggressive, so I read a lot of history, and I feel very strange about a person's success. Many people's success, even his own. I didn't even have such an idea at first, but I just had a chance to force him to take the successful route.Just as Emperor Yang of Sui boasted: "I didn't intend to seek wealth and honor, but wealth and honor will force people to come." This shows that if a person is not stimulated by the environment, he will easily degenerate.Comparing Zhang Yi and Su Qin, Zhang Yi is like this. When Su Qin gets his ambition, Zhang Yi is still leisurely.In the house of a good friend who is the prime minister of the Chu State, as the first-class guest, he has a lot of money, spends money casually, and doesn't care. Most people see him as a fool, as if his morals are not very high.One day the prime minister's house lost a white biscuit, and the prime minister's family suspected that Zhang Yi had taken it, so they tied up Zhang Yi and beat him to death.arrive home.The wife said to him that this grievance was all due to reading. If you don't study, there will be no such thing.Of course, Zhang Yi was seriously injured. When he saw his wife was so sad, he asked him if his tongue was broken. The wife told him that of course the tongue was there, and Zhang Yi comforted his wife that it didn’t matter. It is said in the book: "Take the three-inch tongue as the master of the king".This sentence is also equivalent to saying: Only bragging does not break the law.But according to our experience, only bragging costs the most, and secondly, it is more difficult to find someone to brag about, because people who can listen to bragging are higher than those who brag. Zhuge Liang can brag, Liu Bei can listen; Zhang Liang can brag, Han Gaozu can listen .There is no object, and it is useless to blow. "The three-inch tongue is the teacher of the king", so Zhang Yi said that as long as the tongue is present, there is no fear.After the injury was healed, he listened to his friend's advice before going to Su Qin. At this time, Su Qin was already great, but Su Qin knew in his own mind that what he was playing was not real morality, nor real politics. He played Qi, Qin and other countries like this for personal fame and wealth.We should pay attention to this. Whether Kissinger today also has such a motive in his heart is worth studying.However, there are two opinions. Kissinger did have works before, and a classmate who was studying in the United States once came back and told me that Kissinger’s theory would certainly fail, but the theory in his works might not fail.In addition, some people said that Kissinger was probably planning to bring down the United States because he was Jewish.This is all speculation, leave it alone.Having said that, Su Qin knew that his diorama had to be dismantled, and if it was dismantled, it would be a disaster, and he had to create an enemy. His enemy at the time was Qin State, and there was no need to create another one, but who could go to Qin State to say Move, to fight against your own plan?He thought in his heart that only Zhang Yi came, and Zhang Yi just came, so as we mentioned last time, Su Tai tried to stimulate him.From this we can see that a young man in a good environment is capable, but lazy and unwilling to move, and he will only do it when he has to be stimulated to the point where he has no choice. It's time for the female pheasant on the mountain ridge!Shizai! Besides, after Zhang Yi arrived in Qin State, what he said was the same thing Zhang Yi said about King Qin in "Warring States Policy". When we read this article, in addition to understanding these historical experiences, many viewpoints and thoughts recorded in it have many reference points for our current era, country, world, and even individuals, so we need to pay attention.Secondly, the king of Qin that Zhang Yi went to see was also the king of Qin Hui that Su Qin went to see.Su Qin went to see him, but the two of them could not agree. After studying again, he stopped visiting him. He tried to find a way to make the countries east of the Taihang Mountains unite against Qin and isolate Thailand. There was no way to influence the situation of the countries at that time. .Now that Zhang Yi came to see Qin Huiyu, the situation of the countries had changed, and it was different from when Su Qin came. At this time, King Hui needed such a person.Zhang Yi just arrived. Zhang Yi said that the King of Qin said: "I heard it: If you don't know what you say, you are unwise; if you don't speak out, you are disloyal. If you are a minister, you should die if you are unfaithful; if you don't judge your words, you should die. Although, I would like to hear what I have said, Your Majesty. Convict him!" In this paragraph, we must pay attention to one point, even if we do not study the legalist Han Feizi, we must at least read the biography of Han Feizi in "Historical Records".Han Feizi repeatedly mentioned an important point - "speaking is difficult". It is the most difficult to speak between people, especially to communicate political thoughts through words.This paragraph also reflects this key point. There is nothing remarkable on the surface of the text, but it is actually a key point.The second point is from this paragraph, we see that we need to learn the art of speaking, like the first three sentences of Zhang Yi.It is not wise to first point out what you don't know and talk nonsense.The second is not to speak out when you know it, which is disloyalty, and those who are disloyal to you should die.The third is knowing it and explaining it again, but if the explanation is not detailed or clear, it should be damned.In fact, what he meant was, I want to explain it to you in detail, don’t be impatient, look at your watch for a while, and then say that you have a meeting, but he is inconvenient and can’t say it directly, so if you say negative things, if you don’t speak well Details are not clear when dead.Finally, I add a sentence, although I will tell you all the gains and losses as far as I know, but if I make a mistake, I am willing to accept the crime.When he said this, if he was really wrong, King Qin would be ashamed to blame him.In just a few words, he said everything.This is the art of speaking.And then get down to business. "I heard: The world is yin, Yan, Yang, Wei, even Jing and Tuan, and the rest of Han Cheng is taken in, and the Southwest is in trouble with Qin, and the minister laughs at it. There are three deaths in the world, and the world wins them. What does this mean! I heard that! It is said: "Those who rule by chaos will perish, those who attack righteousness by evil will perish, and those who attack obedience by rebellion will perish." The front is the front, the ax is the rear, and they all go away, and they cannot die. The people who commit crimes cannot die, and the people above cannot be killed. If you say rewards, you will not give them, and if you say punishments, you will not do it. If rewards and punishments are not enough, the people will not die." First of all, analyze the situation of the countries, from the so-called "Yan Yan Yang Wei in the world" to "putting the Southwest in trouble with Qin".The situation of the countries in this period is all Su Qin's play, but he will never attack Su Qin, because at this time he already knows that Su Tai trained him, and this era is in the hands of two classmates, Su Qin and Zhang Yi. Zhang Yi said, "The minister snickered at their situation of cooperating together. I think it's funny. Don't worry, King Qin, there is nothing to be afraid of." "There are three perishings in the world", there are three major principles in the world, whoever violates one of these three principles must perish, and the individual must fail. "And the world gains it, so that's what it means!" Now their United Nations organization-a unified country, has violated these three principles that are bound to fail. "The minister asked: Those who attack rule with chaos will perish, those who attack righteousness with evil will perish, and those who attack obedience with rebellion will perish." These are these three conditions. "Those who rule by chaos will perish" is internal, and internal affairs must be clear first. "Those who rule by chaos will perish" is the same principle. Internally, we must first seek to cultivate the Ming. Zhang Yi was referring to the side of Yan, Wei, Jing, Qi, Han, and Zhao. The internal affairs of each country were in chaos at that time. It was still in the state of Qin, so it was no accident that Qin Shihuang was able to unify the world later.You have laid the political foundation on his behalf, and since Shang Yang's reform, the internal affairs have been built along the way. The principle of "attacking righteousness with evil and attacking smoothness with reverse" is the same. He then analyzed the situation in the world, from "the treasury of the lower world is not profitable today" to "the upper one cannot be killed." In principle, this section is a bit similar to the trend in Southeast Asia today.First, the economy of these countries cannot be independent, the logistics supplies are lacking, and the economy has not been done well. All useful manpower has been put to the front to prepare for war.The so-called "the white sword is in front, and the quality of the axe is in the back." These eight characters, we should not only appreciate them in literature, but study them carefully. This is to describe the ancient soldiers on the battlefield. If you withdraw from the battle in fear, you will have to bear the death penalty of "ax quality" in the back, and the situation can be said to be a dilemma.However, the armies of these countries, when encountering a real war, will turn around and run away, and no one will risk their lives to fight.why? "If you commit a crime, the people cannot die, and if you commit a crime, you cannot kill it." This should be noted.In any era and in any country, there are reasons why the people do not know how to fight, are unwilling to be loyal, and are unwilling to make sacrifices, mainly due to mistakes in leadership. The most important thing in politics is the word "reward and punishment". The word "reward and punishment" is also very difficult. Many people in history have made mistakes in these two words.Even parents who pay attention to the rewards and punishments of their children are difficult to do well.Therefore, it is very difficult between rewards and punishments.Zhang Yi said that in their countries now, "If you say rewards, you won't give them, and if you say punishments, you won't do it. If rewards and punishments don't work, the people will not die." They want rewards, but if they don't give them, it's useless to talk about them; and they haven't fully implemented punishments. .Since rewards and punishments cannot be done, everyone feels that they are sloppy and have no sense of responsibility, so they refuse to sacrifice to fight. He came back and said about Thailand: "Nowadays when Qin issues orders, rewards and punishments are carried out. If there is no attack, there is no attack. It's good for each other. Out of the arms of his parents, he has never seen a bandit in his life. Hearing the war, he stumbles his feet, commits a white knife, jumps over the simmering charcoal, and dies of the former. Than yes." Political revision: Orders are implemented, rewards and punishments are clearly defined (this is the benefit of Qin’s politics completely following the rule of law after Shang Yang’s reform), many young children of Qin, because the country is rich and strong, and the environment is comfortable, since they left the arms of their parents, they have no Once you have seen the enemy, the spirit will come when you are on the battlefield. You will take off your clothes after a while, and you will be shirtless. When you see a knife, you are not afraid. You dare to step on it even if it is red-hot coals. There are many. Why did the people of Qin State do this?He said: "There is a difference between a husband's death and his life, but those who do it for the people are noble." Cutting off death and cutting off life are absolutely different in human psychology. "Stopping" means decisiveness and determination.To renounce death is to decide to sacrifice, and to renounce life is to decide to survive and surrender. These two determinations are absolutely different. The reason why the youth of Qin State will renounce death is that they have developed a sense of war responsibility, the spirit of not being afraid of death, and being able to work hard. Sacrifice is necessary, and only with personal sacrifice can a country be strong.Therefore, the soldiers of Qin State: "One can overcome ten, ten can overcome a hundred, a hundred can overcome a thousand, a thousand can overcome ten thousand, and ten thousand can overcome the world." Zhang Yi continued: "The terrain of Qin today is long and short, with thousands of miles in area and millions of famous teachers. Qin's orders reward and punish, and the terrain is good and bad. There is nothing like it in the world. In this way, it can be compared with the world, and the world's deficiencies are also available. Knowing that Qin's wars are not invincible. , It’s not impossible to attack without taking it, and it’s impossible not to break through what should be done. It’s a great achievement to open up thousands of miles.” From the beginning to this point, all the way down is a high hat, good-sounding, and true.High hats can't be given away randomly. King Qin is a leader, and he won't be so stupid. He knows all the information.In other words, Zhang Yi clearly analyzed the situation of the countries, political environment, geographical environment, military environment, and all preparations that Qin was in at that time.Finally, he stated the measures that Qin should take at present.In fact, it was the situation that Zhang Yi wanted to create.He said: "However, the armored soldiers are at a standstill, the soldiers and the people are sick, the savings are exhausted, the fields are desolate, the granaries are empty, the neighboring princes are not convinced, and the name of the Bowang is not honored. This is the same reason, and the counselors are not exhausted." Here we can see Zhang Yi's way of dealing with thoughts. The so-called "moving people with words" in ancient times is said in "Zhang Yi Biography". He asked his wife if her tongue was broken?He uses his mouth to analyze the stakes, and he must touch the other party's heart.After hearing this, he must be moved, think it makes sense, and must be fooled by it.There is often a saying in history, "to figure out the meaning of the master". Of course, "the master" refers to the emperor. Personally speaking, it is the same to be the supervisor of a small unit. Next, you must slowly understand your meaning. Understand your personality and so on, which of course has both positive and negative effects. Now Zhang Yi talked about the benefits of Qin State first, but after reading on, we can see that Su and Tai are united - after the "United Nations" comes, Qin State has no choice but to suffer a lot.He said "Jia Bing Dun", the national defense front is so long and the defense budget is so large that it is impossible to fight and stop there, just like the situation in the United States today. "Scholar's disease", everyone is very distressed psychologically.Economically, the "accumulation line" gradually became empty, which is equivalent to the modern United States. In Vietnam, they could not win the battle and ran out of money. "Tianchouhuang", domestic agriculture, industry, and production are all deserted. "The storehouse is empty", and the national treasury is empty. As a result, the neighboring princes are dissatisfied, and the allied countries outside are not convinced by you. It is impossible for you to dominate the world.After reading this passage, we can see that it was a scholar like Su Tai who put Qin into this embarrassment in seven or eight years.At the same time, we can also understand modern times. This is the situation for Americans up to today.At that time, Zhang Yi told the King of Qin that the reason why the state of Qin came to this point was that the civil servants and generals on the left and right did not really contribute their opinions wholeheartedly. When he said this, he quoted the experience of past history and told King Qin: "I dare to speak of the past: in the past, the Qin Dynasty defeated the Jing in the south, the Song Dynasty in the middle, the Qin in the west, and the Yan in the north. The kings of Han and Wei were envoys in the middle. Limits, the Great Wall and Jufang are enough to be a fortress. The country of five wars in Qi is also invincible in one war, and there is no Qi. Therefore, from this point of view, the husband and wife of the war, the survival of ten thousand chariots." At this time, Zhang Yi wants to start a war.He hoped that Thailand would fight, but he didn't directly teach King Qin that he must fight. He only mentioned Qi State based on historical experience.When studying this period of history, it should be noted that Qin is in the west, and Qi is between Shanxi and Shandong. He said that when Qi was the hegemon in history, it was so great that it defeated all countries in all directions. When an order came down, all countries obeyed his.There is Jishui Yellow River in the south, and the Great Wall in the north as a defense line. A plain country like this is attacked from all sides. As long as it loses a big battle, Qi will be over.The fate of his country is doomed to victory, and from this we can see the importance of war.What Zhang Yi said in this passage is to provoke Qin to fight. "And the minister heard it and said: cut off the roots and dig out the roots, and have no neighbors with misfortunes, and misfortunes will not exist." This is the principle of ordinary human beings. State affairs are the same as personal affairs. Everyone in the agricultural society knows the analogy. When cutting down a tree, you have to dig out the roots completely, but don't touch the nearby trees. If it is also dug up, it will become a problem, and this disaster will become a big disaster.This is an old saying in China's agricultural society, and it is also the principle of being a human being. You must dig out the root of everything thoroughly, and don't leave the root of trouble. But for the part that has nothing to do with the matter, don't rashly hurt it. If it hurts, it will cause trouble. Zhang Yi then pointed out the modern history of Qin State at that time: "Qin fought against Jing, defeated Jing, attacked Shao, took Dongting, Wudu, and Jiangnan, King Jing died and fled, and the east fell to Chen. When it is time, follow Jing with soldiers, Jing can be lifted, and Jing can be lifted. The people are greedy, the land is beneficial, Qi and Yan are strong in the east, and the three Jins are in the middle of the mausoleum. However, in one fell swoop, the name of the uncle can be achieved, and the neighboring princes can be courted. But the counselors do not do it, and lead the army to retreat. The people of Jing are in harmony. Now the people of Jing have subjugated the country, gathered and scattered the people, set up community leaders, five temples, and commanded the west of the world to make things difficult for Qin. This paragraph is to criticize the wrongness of Qin State and the mistakes in military strategy. He said that you once fought against Jing State, broke Jing State, and took Ying——now in the north of Wuhan, you have taken down Dongting, Wudu, and Jiangnan. , has reached the present Anhui area, and King Jing also fled and hid in Chen Guo, not daring to come out.At this time, if the state of Qin pursues all the way, the entire state of Jing can be taken down, and if the state of Jing is captured, the people of Qin can be greedy and the land can be profitable.In turn, the Qi and Yan countries in the east can be controlled.In the middle, you can dominate the three Jins such as Zhao, Wei, and Han, and you, Qin, can come down to dominate the world in one battle.As a result, your Qin State’s decision did not do this. Instead, it led the army to retreat, won a limited number of victories, and negotiated peace with the Jing people.As a result, the Jing people slowly recovered, became stronger, and became the enemy of your Qin State again, so they made the first mistake and could not be the leader of the United Nations—Cheng Bo. After studying this passage, we feel that although the history is old, it is enough to make people think.When we read this period of history and look at the current international situation, the United States made the same mistakes in its military strategy in the war against North Korea and North Vietnam. He talked about Qin's second mistake: "There is a great ambition in the world, and the army is under Huaxia. The king promised to break it, and the soldiers went to Liang Guo, surrounded the beam for several ten days, and then the Liang could vote. If the Liang was pulled out, the Wei could be promoted. If the Wei was raised, the ambition of Jingzhao would be destroyed. Zhao Wei and Jing Gu; east to strengthen Qi Yan, Zhongling and three Jins, but the name of Bo Wang can be achieved in one fell swoop; the neighboring princes can also go to court. But the counselors do not do it, lead the army to retreat, and make peace with the Wei family. Let the Wei family conquer the country, gather and disperse the people, establish the owner of the society, and set up the ancestral temple, this is definitely not as good as the uncle's way." Let us take the experience of this period of history and look at today's Vietnam (it was April 1975), and it surrendered again.Zhang Yi said, Qin State once fought a war in the north, and you have already fought well. You have already fought Liang State, surrounded Liang’s city wall, and you can take it down. If you take Liang, Wei State will not be able to stand. If you live in the state of Wei, Jing and Zhao will not have fighting spirit.Zhao Wei, Jing Gu, if they keep going, they can also dominate the world. (It should be noted that there is no unification, unlike Qin Shihuang who wanted to destroy people later, here he just wanted to seek hegemony.) As a result, your advisers of the Qin State were not allowed to fight a completely victorious war, so they withdrew their troops and made peace with the State of Wei. The country grew again. The third point, Zhang Yi talked about Qin's internal affairs: "The former Ranghou ruled Qin, and he used the soldiers of one country to achieve the merits of two countries. Therefore, the soldiers were violent all their lives outside, and the scholars and people were sick inside. The name of the uncle was not honored. This country has no three ways of the uncle. " Zhang Yi said that when Ranghou (a powerful minister of the Qin State) was in power, he used too much military power in internal affairs, and wanted to use the military power of one country to accomplish the affairs of two countries, so those who served in the military traveled abroad for life, and domestic industry and commerce declined. , rural bankruptcy, this is the third point of error. Then he pointed out that Qin's advisers were too bad, such as the U.S. Senate, House of Representatives, Kissinger, and Fairbank, all of whom are modern American strategists. “赵氏，中央之国也，杂民之所居也。其民轻而难用，号令不治，赏罚不信，地形不便，上非能尽其民力，彼固亡国之形也，而不忧民氓，悉其士民，军于长平之下，以争韩之上党，大王以诈破之，技武安。当是时，赵氏上下不相亲也，贵贱不相信，然则是邯郸不守，拔邯郸，完河间，引军而去，西攻修武，逾羊肠，降代、上党，代三十六县，上党十七县，不用一领甲，不苦一民，皆秦之有也。代，上党不战而已为秦矣，东阳河外不战而已反为齐矣，中呼池以北战而已为燕矣。然则是举赵则韩必亡，韩亡，则荆、魏不能独立，荆、魏不能独立，则是一举而坏韩，橐魏，挟荆，以东弱齐燕，决白马之。以流魏氏，一举而三晋亡人者败。大王拱手以须，天下这随而使，伯王之名可成也，而谋臣不为，引军而退，与赵氏为和。以大王之明，秦兵之强，伯王之业，地尊不可得。乃取欺于亡国，是谋臣之拙也。且夫赵当亡不亡，秦当伯不伯，天下固量秦之谋臣一也。” 赵氏是现代河北山西一带靠北面地方，在当时是中央之国，杂民之所居，这问题很大，讲到历史要特别提出来研究的。 杂民所居的地方，政治上很成问题，如历史上自汉朝以后，有一个魏晋南北朝，这时都是外来的民族。因为汉朝自高祖以来，三四百年间，对西北的外来民族，始终没有办法，因此形成了以后南北朝两三百年间汉族与外来民族的纷争。到了唐代的时候，唐太宗那样了不起的人，对于边疆问题没有办法解决，汉唐两代，对外来民族，唯一的办法，就是靠通婚来羁糜，都是靠“和番”政策。所以唐末直到后来五代时候，就是杂民之所居，发生了变乱。 那么是不是杂民所居不可以？不是不可以，血统的交流不是不可以。问题在于有很重要的一点，古人始终不知道的，在孔子的思想里有这一点，不过表达得不很具体，就是“文化的同化”这点古人不知道。假使唐代就知道了文化是政治战的一个最大的力量，那中华民族今天的国势，还不止是这样而已，很可能西面已经到了欧洲。其次要注意的，近代东西方文化思想沟通以后，大家都知道了这一点，所以各国之间，在侵略别国以前，先作文化的侵略，最后消灭一个国家，也是靠文化。像第二次世界大战时，日本人知道了这一点，所以他每占领了一个地方，一定要当地人说日本话。他不像元朝的蒙古人，也不像汉代、唐代的外来民族，进了中国跟着说中国话。乃至把历史文化都改变。文化虽是看不见的东西，但是力量很大。现在我们知道战争中包括心理战，也非常重要，文化战还是口号，没有具体的东西拿出来，尤其现在我们在提倡文化复兴，我个人的观点，我们的文化是在衰落。像我们手边拿来研究的东西，就是真正中国文化之一，而且是非常有用的，但是却只有少数人去看它。 这是由“杂民之所居”一句所引出来的感想，提出来值得大家研究和注意的。 张仪在当时讲到“杂民之所居”的地方，“其民轻而难用”，这句话又引起我一个感想，希望大家要读一部书——《读史方舆纪要》，里面对每一省、每个地方的民风习性讲得很清楚。山川形势、风俗产物，都很详尽，现在也没有脱离这个范围，很值得注意。在政治作战、心理作战、文化作战上，非常值得参考。 张仪这里讲的所谓“轻而难用”，就是豪迈，容易冲动，一句话不合就打起来了。在这种地方，就要了解他们这种民风习性，这并不是他们的缺点，如果摸清了他们这种个性，政治上就好办了，像杂民所居的这种地方，有时候专谈法治很难办的，他们往往讲义气，话说对路了，人作对了，他就听你的，如果全跟他谈法，不一定好办。 他再分析赵国的地形也不便利，是亡国的地形，可是赵国在这么不利的情形之下，仍旧出兵打仗（例如后来秦国大将白起与赵国长平之役，坑赵卒四十万的故事）。张仪所讲这一段都是讲当时秦国的政策，批评秦国当时的这班谋臣没有尽心负责任。He continued: “乃复悉卒，以攻邯郸，不能拔也，弃甲兵怒，战栗而却，天下固量秦力二矣。军乃引退，并于李下，大王又并军而致与战，非能厚胜之也。又交罢却，天下固量秦力三矣。内者量吾谋臣，外者极吾兵力，由是观之，臣以夭下之从，岂其难矣！内者吾甲兵顿，士兵病，蓄积索，田畴荒，廪仓虚；外者夭下比志甚固，愿大王有以虑之也。” 一口气批评下来，结论说到外面的人，看你内在的谋臣，外在的兵力，到底有多大力量，都看得清清楚楚，现在你国内是这样的情势，而各国又联合起来，你秦王应该多多考虑了。 然后张仪提出建议，先以武王代纣的历史经验来作比方。说动秦惠王，最后的结论，竟以自己的头颅来坚定秦惠王的信心，可见他的会说话，也可见他用心之深和求信之急了。 “且臣闻之，战战栗栗，日慎一日，苟慎其道，天下可有也。何以知其然？昔者纣为天子，帅天下将甲百万，左饮于淇谷，右饮于洹水，淇水竭而运水不流，以与周武为难，武王将素甲三千，领战一日，破纣之国，禽其身，据其地而有其民，天下莫不伤。智伯帅三国之众，以攻赵襄王于晋阳，决水灌之，三年城且拔矣。襄主错龟数策占兆，以视利害，何国可降？而使张孟谈，于是潜行而出，反智伯之约，得两国之众，以攻智伯之国，禽其身，以成襄子之功。今秦地断长续短，方数千里，名师数百万，秦国号令赏罚，地形利害，天下莫如也。以此与天下，天下可兼而有也。臣昧死，望见大王，言所以举破天下之从，举赵、亡韩，臣荆、魏，亲齐、燕，以求伯王之名，朝四邻诸侯之道，大王试听其说，一举而天下之从不破，赵不举，韩不亡，荆、魏不臣，齐、燕不亲，伯王之名不成，四邻诸侯不朝，大王斩臣以徇于国，以主为谋不忠者。” 现在把苏秦、张仪这两篇东西作一个结论。我们重复提出要特别认识清楚的一个重点：苏秦、张仪当时的动机，是以自己个人的功名富贵为出发点，而把整个的列国局面，历史的时代，在他们两位同学的手里摆布了约二三十年。他们并没有一个中心思想，或政治上的主义。同时也可以说，当时一般领导人，并不接受任何中心思想或主义，对于道德仁义的中心思想都不管了，只认识利害关系。这一点对我们现在来说，是一个历史的经验，要特别注意。中国几千年历史，一个乱象，到了像战国的末期，像南北朝的末期，像五代的末期，仁义道德没有办法发挥作用，没人接受，这是什么原因？当然有它的道理，譬如《孟子》，大家都读过的。孟子不过比苏秦，张仪早一点点而已，为什么孟子到处讲仁义，到处吃瘪？为什么苏秦、张仪会那么吃香？这样比较下，就产生两个观点，在个人方面，我们就看到了孔子、孟子的伟大，他们对于苏秦、张仪的这一套不是不懂，他们全懂，可是始终不愿意引导人家走上这条路，始终要求人家讲基本的德性，并不在乎自己个人当时的荣耀，这是孔、孟个人的了不起。第二点，我们看出了，当时的时代为什么需要苏泰、张仪的这一套，这就讲到我们本身。我们现在两副重担挑在身上，一面要维持自己传统文化的德业，政治的道德，人伦的道德，承先启后，这是一副担子。另一方面是要如何配合这个时代的迫切需要，而这个需要是讲利害的，但在利害之中，要灌输进去我们固有的道德文化思想，这就是我们今日的处境，是一个非常困难的处境，也许在一两百年以后的历史上，会写我们非常了不起的好处，因为我们今日所挑的担子，比古人挑的还要重，还要困难。所以我们读了苏秦、张仪两人的传记资料，了解了他们当时的历史，拿来比较今天，就知道今天有如何的困难。因此大家有时间，不妨多读《史记》、《战国策》这一类书，不要以为这是古书，已经过了时。如果不变成书呆子，在碰到事情的时候，发挥起来，非常有用处，透过了古书，更有助于现代情况的了解和进展。