Chapter 7 Length and length -1

The vertical and horizontal techniques of Su Qin and Zhang Yi mentioned above were looked down upon in ancient my country.In ancient China, those who used "shu" were called warlocks, and were not classified as formal scholars.In modern times, everything is art. Vertical and horizontal technique, also known as the technique of hook and distance, also known as the technique of length and length.The principle and spirit of this "art" is what we need to understand in the international situation we are in today.Our diplomacy today and all work must have this kind of spirit and talent. We can grasp the weaknesses of others and then achieve our own goals. This is a very profound skill, and it can be said that it is more difficult than doing business.I read a book last night, which recorded an anecdote of the Qing Dynasty. It said that there was a family in Shanxi who was very good at doing business. Once a customer was bargaining and the dispute was fierce. The boss was so angry that he said: " How can there be a profitable business in the world? If you want to make a huge profit, go back to study!" As soon as this man heard the truth, he immediately went back to train his son to study, and it turned out that his descendants had been very talented ministers for several generations. The sense of humor of the story can also be associated with the difficulty of vertical and horizontal techniques.

Today, the material we use is "Long and Short Classics", a book that you may seldom notice. The author is from the Tang Dynasty, named Zhao Rui. He never came out to be an official in his life, and he is a hermit.The famous poet Li Bai was his student.If we study Li Bai, we Chinese all say that Li Bai and Du Fu are famous poets. In fact, Li Bai's lifelong ambition is to teach "the study of kings and bullies". Unfortunately, he was born in the wrong time, too early.In the era of Tang Minghuang, the world was peaceful, but when the world was in chaos, he was already dead and useless.Zhao Rui's book is "Long and Short Classics Entering is Vertical and Horizontal Art".Although this book was not explicitly banned in ancient times, especially in the Qing Dynasty for hundreds of years, because it is an ancient book, there is no reason to ban it, but in fact it is a secretly banned book. The historical experience it cites is from the Tang Dynasty. until.Later in the Song Dynasty, the "Su Shu" came out, and it existed before, but whether the "Su Shu" handed down from the Song Dynasty is the original version of the Han Dynasty is impossible to prove.At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, another book "Think Tank Supplement" came out. The author Feng Menglong was a famous scholar who brought out all the historical experience.For example, if we compile "Zuo Chuan", "Guoyu into "Warring States Policy", "Characters", "Long and Short Classics", "Think Tank Supplement", and Zeng Guofan's, etc., all belong to the scope of vertical and horizontal techniques.The principle of long and short is the same as that of Taijiquan. With the ability to move a thousand catties in four or two, "lifting a weight is as light as it is." If you can't lift a heavy object, you have to find a way and master the force skillfully to move a thousand catties with one finger.

Here is an excerpt from the "Long and Short Classics": "The Tenth Action of a Minister", which is how to be a good minister, in other words, how to be a good cadre. The "Long and Short Classics" also has a discussion of "the way of the king", which we will keep for the time being.Recently, many people like to read it. It records the historical experience of Tang Taizong in governing the country. Its focus is on the way of the emperor. It is a textbook for the emperor. Starting from the way of ministers, learn the ways of ministers well: The cadres trained by this ministerial line can be said to be the highest cadres, cadres who set things right.He first classifies the ministers into six categories, the righteous ministers and the evil ministers, and compares them with each other.

The lady minister has not yet budded, and the form has not yet appeared, and she clearly sees the opportunity of survival and the key to gain and loss.Those who are like this are also holy ministers. The first type he classified was the typical holy ministers, such as Yi Yin, Jiang Shang, and Zhang Liang mentioned in "Su Shu", all of whom could be regarded as holy ministers.Here, the holy ministers belonged to the Sangongs in ancient times, and they sat down to discuss matters of Tao.Their position is the highest, which is equal to the highest advisor of the modern state.There is no fixed office, and there is no fixed department to manage. The so-called "sit and talk" does not mean sitting there and bragging.All major events in the world are like plants, before they germinate, before the situation has formed, it is already obvious to know whether it can be done or not.After doing it, the secrets of life and death, gains and losses can be seen in advance and grasped.Prevent things before they happen, and make his "boss"—the leader, always stand on the side of honor. If he can do this, he can be called a first-rate cadre, and he is called a holy minister.In history, such first-class cadres are the teachers of the king.

... With an open mind and a dedicated mind, advance in good ways every day, encourage the Lord to use propriety and righteousness, and tell the Lord to use long-term strategies, so as to follow the good and save the evil.In this case, the minister also. The second is that I am very humble, helping the leader to do good deeds every day, and contributing his valuable opinions. This kind of minister is called "a minister with a hard bone" in ancient times. It doesn't matter if he is dismissed immediately. When people are on the good side, if the leaders are wrong, they just say they are wrong. There have been ministers like this in all generations.At the beginning of Song Taizu, a minister went to see the emperor. At that time, the emperor was wearing pajamas in the palace. He turned his back and stood on the door and refused to go in. The emperor saw him standing outside the door and asked the guards to ask him why he didn’t go in. Said that the emperor was not wearing a formal attire, and the emperor blushed in one sentence, so he hurriedly changed into a formal attire representing the state system and came out to meet him.Although this is only a trivial matter, this kind of loyal minister is not sloppy, because the emperor represents a country.It is mentioned in the memoirs of the Qing Dynasty that since Kangxi ascended the throne at the age of seven, he became the emperor for sixty years, and he was extremely busy all day long. Even when he was alone in the room, he never took off his top hat After coming down, he managed himself so strictly.So a really good leader treats himself very strictly, which is very painful. If he can't overcome himself, it is impossible to conquer the world.The ministers mentioned here should "encourage the master to be polite" to the leaders, and they should persuade the boss to be polite and righteous. "Tell the master to take a long-term strategy", tell the boss to look far, make long-term plans, make his good places better, and change his bad places. This kind of appearance is called a minister.

... Long-cherished and sleepy at night, unremitting in the pursuit of talents, it is said that the actions of the past are based on strong ideas.Those who are like this are also loyal ministers. Secondly, it is to serve the country, sleep very little, get up early and go to bed late, and at the same time "promote talents unremittingly". There are many cases in history, that is, to recommend talents.This matter was very important in ancient China. It is impossible for a minister not to recommend talents.From this point, we can see the political morality of Chinese culture. The senior ministers use various methods to train the younger generation and recommend them, and if there are good talents, they will recommend them, and they must not relax. "It is said to act in the past, with strong ideas." The ministers in the past were all deeply versed in history, such as Sima Guang, who wrote books, but he was also a great statesman.He was once demoted to go home. Later, the emperor had many things to discuss with him. He received an order to go to Beijing. When he arrived outside the capital, Luoyang, the people in Luoyang heard that Sima Xianggong had been summoned by the emperor to come to Beijing. I was so happy that I ran to the outskirts to line up to welcome him.Seeing this situation, Sima Guang asked the reason, and immediately walked back, not going to Beijing.This is not good even if it is too popular, this is where Sima Guang is careful.At the same time, it is the difference between Chinese culture and Western culture. When the glory comes, don’t be overly happy. If it’s too much, it’s not good. fell.This is to say that to be a minister, you must have a deep understanding of history, because there are many experiences in history that can be cited to help leaders.

In the early Qing Dynasty, the emperor's inner court had an ancestor's rule. Every morning when the emperor got up, he must first read the records of the previous dynasty, their ancestors' experience in handling political affairs.It can be seen that historical experience is so important, no matter how well you read it, you should read it every day to absorb experience and inspire inspiration.A loyal minister is one who assists the emperor with his own historical experience at any time. Or ask Yuan Zi: So Yang Fu, the Shaofu, is he not a loyal minister?Confrontation: "It can be said that you are a straight man, but I don't know if you are loyal."who?If a husband is a minister, if he sees that the Lord has lost his way, he will spread his evil if he points out his faults. He can be called a straight man, not a loyal one.Therefore, Sikong Chen Qun is not the case. He talks all day long, and he never speaks of the faults of the master. There are dozens of books, but people don't know.

Here is a further elaboration on "loyal ministers" in the form of notes.He said, someone asked Yuan Zi whether the old Shaofu Yang Fu was not a loyal minister?But he replied that a person like Yang Fu can only be called straight up, he just walks the straight way, and cannot be regarded as a loyal minister.Yang Fu was a native of Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. Because of his meritorious service in beating horses, he was granted the title of Marquis of Guannei. He was promoted again during the reign of Emperor Wei Ming. The meaning of "every man is responsible for the rise and fall of the world".Therefore, it is written in history that he "dare to resist Shu". "Shu" is a report to the emperor, "Zou Yi" is a suggestion, "Zou Shu" is to discuss issues with the emperor, and "Anti Shu" is to oppose the emperor's opinion.Yang Fu often raises objections, and when his superiors receive his opinions, they look at them, but they often ignore them. When he sees that his opinions are not accepted, he proposes to resign, but they are not approved. The superiors still think he is very good. .There is a story in history, one day he saw Emperor Wei Ming wearing a casual dress, and he was sloppy, so he told Emperor Wei Ming very politely that wearing such clothes was inappropriate, which made the emperor silent and had nothing to say, so he went back and changed it. clothing.Also, Emperor Wei Ming died of one of his most beloved daughters. During the funeral, Emperor Wei Ming ordered that he would send the funeral. This time, Yang Fu became angry. He resisted and said that the king and queen mother died, and you didn't go to the funeral. Now It is not proper for a daughter to be sent to a funeral after her death.Of course, Yang Fu's words were correct. Emperor Wei Ming was the master after all, and he ignored his objections.There are many such stories in history.

In the "Long and Short Scriptures", I borrow him here to explain the meaning of loyal ministers.He said that a person like Yang Fu can be called a straight man, very straightforward and strong, but not enough to be regarded as a loyal minister.what reason?As a minister, I found out that the leader was wrong, so I couldn't let him down in person.Although it is right to point out his mistakes, but there is a problem with the method, and the result is that he is just showing off.It's like being with a friend. When a friend makes a mistake, you should tell him privately without the presence of a third party. You can't tell him in front of others.Another minister of the Wei Dynasty, Sikong Chen Qun, was very famous, with good knowledge and morality.Therefore, studying the history of the Three Kingdoms period, it is not without reason that Wei Caocao and his sons were able to become an orthodox regime and last for so long.From another point of view, it makes sense.Among the subordinates of Cao Cao and his son, there are many great people.For example, Chen Qun is a famous minister, and he has the demeanor of a loyal minister. When he is with senior officials, he never talks about the mistakes of the leaders above. , which point must be changed.However, he submitted dozens of memorials, some of which were suggestions and some of which were criticisms, but none of his friends and colleagues knew that he had participated in the memorials, and he absolutely did not praise himself.Therefore, people in later generations respect Chen Qun as an elder—a man who is old, moral, learned, cultivated, and kind. This is the real loyal minister.Like Yang Fu, he is just a straight man who walks the road.In fact, this should be the case not only for leaders, but also for friends.

... Know the success or failure, prevent it early and save it, block it, cut off its source, turn disaster into blessing, and you will have no worries in the end.Those who are so, Zhichen also. Zhichen said in modern times that he has profound foresight, success or failure, misfortune, good fortune, can be seen in advance, and appropriate measures should be taken to prevent its consequences early on.When a policy comes down, only look at the successful side, what should we do if it fails?It is necessary to prevent and save it early, and plug it in, and the gap is the gap.One must be careful when dealing with any matter. Even if one is 100% sure of success, there will always be a factor of failure. It is necessary to "prevent and save it early", plug the loopholes first, eliminate the factors of failure, and turn the disaster into a disaster. Chengfu, so that the leaders above have no troubles, pains, and depressions.This is called Zhichen.

... According to the text and the law, serve as an official, do not accept bequests, and eat frugally.Those who are so, Zhenchen also. The second is to be responsible, observe discipline, abide by the law, assign tasks to the superior, be responsible for fulfilling them, do our best, not corrupt, even gifts are not accepted, life is poor and simple, this kind of person is a loyal minister, the most honest , responsible and good civil servants. ... The country is in a state of confusion, so don't talk about what you do, dare to offend the Lord's strict face, and face the Lord's faults.Those who are so, Zhichen also. When the state is in a state of confusion, it does not flatter its superiors or compliment them face to face, and when the superiors are so majestic and angry that no one dares to speak, they still dare to touch them and point out their mistakes in person. It's Naotomi. "It is called the six positives."He first proposed that the six types of cadres, namely, holy ministers, ministers, loyal ministers, wise ministers, loyal ministers, and direct ministers, are called Liuzheng. Huan Fan's "Shi Yao Lun", Huan Fan was a person in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and there is an article in his works entitled "Shi Yao Lun", which is a part of the vertical and horizontal art, and it is also the knowledge of ministers. Therefore, when talking about Chinese culture, I I feel that this part is very important, especially in this era of bringing order out of chaos and unifying China today.This era is not the time to completely talk about the Four Books and Five Classics and just sit and talk about Taoism.Of course, we need to focus on morality, but we need to know how to do it, and there are many ways to do it. Unfortunately, most people outside do not study it now.Here, the words of "Shi Yao Lun" are quoted, and the cadres should be clearly recognized. "Essentials of the World" says: A minister has a clumsy speech but a willingness to work, and things go smoothly when his words are contrary, can you not forgive him for being straightforward? Some cadres can't speak, and it doesn't sound good when they speak, but the supervisor should pay attention, he can't speak with a stupid mouth, but his ideas are very good, don't get angry with that stupid cadre and don't listen, this is Wrong, there are some people who have good ideas, but they can't speak well with a stupid mouth, and what he said seems to be harder to swallow than poison, which makes people feel very uncomfortable, and they say: "No! No!" But he Opinions are very beneficial to the matter, which requires leaders to have a high degree of self-cultivation, and they must understand this kind of cadres clearly.You must have the cultivation of being considerate of others, and understand that although he can't speak, his heart is good and straightforward. ... A minister has Pu Jun but he is reticent, and he is sparse on the outside but sensitive on the inside, can you not forgive him for his quality? Natural characters have different temperaments and endowments. There is a kind of person who is so simple that he seems to always be a country bumpkin. There is something close to thirteen o'clock, but it is not thirteen o'clock, only about half past twelve.Thinking about him, he is so cute and simple, but sometimes he is a little bit naive, but it is not a bad thing. He mutters and can't understand clearly when he talks.For such a person, there is nothing remarkable about his appearance.And the brain is very clever.As a person in charge, for this kind of person, you must understand his honest and intelligent side. ... It is difficult for a minister to be superior if he commits a crime, and he regards the country as a country without slander, so don't you forget it? What these two sentences refer to, there are also many stories in history, that is, talents who take risks, accept orders when they are in danger, and can bring order out of chaos.For example, in modern history, at the beginning of World War II, when Hitler conquered Europe and Africa and disrupted the world so badly, the British did not dare to appoint Churchill at first, because Churchill was a famous "rogue" style and an expert in trouble, but in the end Resisting Hitler still depends on Churchill. In fact, Churchill is a person who is "hard to do".Some people have a natural personality and like to take risks and make troubles.The more difficult it is, the more interested I am in doing it. Teach him to be a plain and well-behaved civil servant, and he is too lazy to do things that are not difficult. "Abandon slander for the country", for the sake of the country, he can endure all slander, even if everyone attacks him, he doesn't care.In history, when the Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties were founded, there were such figures.Like many people who were sent to the front to fight hard, there were also people from the rear who secretly reported to the top and said bad things about him.Some shrewd emperors didn't even read the report when they received it. They kept it intact, sealed it, and sent it to the front for him to read. ... The minister has the right to go against the will of the public, and enforce the law against selfish desires. Can you not forgive it for the sake of justice? Many people are very fair and honest, but sometimes fairness and integrity are met with strong opposition from the masses.For example, when the road was opened in Chengdu, this kind of thing happened. At that time, the masses believed that Feng Shui was broken, and everyone opposed it. The local forces were very powerful.A certain general had no choice but to invite the five elders and seven sages to dinner. When they had a drink and dinner, the other side had already sent troops to demolish a corner of their house. When the five elders and seven sages returned home, it was already a fait accompli.You can scold the Fa whatever you want, and things are still done.After the road was built, even the blind said that with the road, you don't need a stick to walk.Things in the world, sometimes it is difficult to change.Sometimes it is necessary to abide by the righteousness and go against the will of the public, and adhere to the correct policy against the will of the public.To have this responsibility.It is necessary to understand that he is doing this for the long-term public interest, and sometimes he violates his own selfish desires in law enforcement, and would rather bear the pain and sacrifice himself. This is commendable. ... If a minister does not bend himself to seek harmony, and does not harm the world to gain fame, can he not forgive him and be straightforward? Some people have a stubborn personality. If you want to teach him to wrong his own moral standards, go against his will, and cater to a certain thing, he will die.There is also a kind of "not making a name for yourself by causing harm to the world", which is also very difficult. In decades of real life experience, I rarely see this kind of person.If he can become famous immediately and succeed personally by doing one thing, but the result will leave troubles for future generations, then he would rather not become famous than do this kind of thing.It is necessary to understand that this kind of person is straightforward. ... Is it difficult for a minister to advance from humbleness to show his words, and to present state affairs from humbleness? Some people's status is very low, but he has insight. There are many people who have been buried like this in ancient and modern times.Often when this kind of person makes suggestions, people in the middle class say that he skipped the report and must fire him.In fact, some people have a very narrow path, low status, and no reputation, but they can make good comments and provide good opinions to leaders. Although their status is very low, they are very ordinary people. The opinions mentioned are all loyal to the country.Leaders should pay attention to this kind of people, which is commendable. ... A minister who is lonely and obsessed with integrity, and sees destruction through intermediary, can you not forgive him for his strength? This "jin" is "jie". In ancient times, the two words were often connected together, and "jinjie" became a term.Bamboo is often used as a symbol, because bamboo is modest and upright. Some people are withdrawn and do not like to communicate with colleagues and friends, and have special personalities and talents.Probably people with special strengths have special personalities and seem to be withdrawn. This kind of people also has their own ethics, they don’t agree with them casually, they are detached and independent, but this kind of people are easy to be slandered. The supervisor must understand This kind of person has special integrity. These seven forgivers are all doing good. It has been said above that there are six kinds of decent cadres, and here we will talk about the seven principles that, when a supervisor is a leader, he must understand and be considerate of his subordinates.In other words, if a supervisor does not have the seven kinds of forgiveness, he cannot be a cadre with the six righteousness.We should pay attention to this point.People often say that there were many talents in history, but there are few talents now, but this is not always the case.As Zeng Guofan and many famous ministers of past dynasties have said, there are talents everywhere in every era, the first is whether you can appreciate them, and the second is whether you can cultivate them.Even talents must be cultivated.Without a good environment and favorable conditions, talents cannot be brought into play, and talents are useless.Therefore, the Six Righteousness and Seven Forgiveness are the way for both the monarch and his subjects to cultivate together. Here are some other ways of ministering along the way: An official is greedy for money, not doing business, dealing with ups and downs, watching left and right.Those who are like this are also ministers. The juchen here is different from the juchen mentioned in the book.Here it is said that some people behave well and are content with their official position. As long as there is no problem, they get a salary anyway and do all the official business, but they don't work hard. The reality is firmly grasped, follow the world, this is fine, that is fine, the modern term, "Crystal Tang Yuan" is this kind of person, it is translucent and round.This kind of person is just making up the numbers, just a member of the chat room. ... Everything the Lord says is good, and everything the Lord does is acceptable. If you hide and seek what the Lord likes and advance, to please the Lord's eyes and ears, stealthily agree with the dog, and enjoy the Lord, regardless of the consequences. If this is the case, talk to the minister and also. There have been many such people in history who flattered Mapi, and the most famous ones in modern history were He Kun from the Qing Dynasty, and the courtiers of Emperor Qianlong, just like this.Facing the superior, he just said: "Okay! Yes!" That's not enough, I'm still making up my mind, secretly, secretly finding out the supervisor's faults and hobbies, and then following his likes, this kind of following his likes Good people also have their own way, which is difficult for ordinary people to do.For example, a supervisor has no interest in anything but loves to read, so people of the flattery type will pretend to love to read.Therefore, there is benevolence, righteousness and morality at the top, and benevolence, righteousness and morality at the bottom. There is such a story in "Warring States Policy".Duke Huan of Qi hated purple clothes the most. He asked Guan Zhong what to do. Guan Zhong said it was very simple. You start tomorrow, and when you see a person wearing purple clothes walking in front of you, you say it smells bad. Teach him to walk a little farther away, that’s all. up.Duke Huan of Qi did the same, and after a month, there was no one in the whole country wearing purple clothes.So when we read, we must pay attention to the fact that most people often quote Zeng Guofan's words, that changes in social atmosphere are caused by one or two people.But know that these two are not you and me.Such is the social atmosphere.Therefore, whatever is good at the top will follow at the bottom. This is a very powerful force.This type of person is just trying to curry favor with the leader. They are sneaky, don't follow the right path, and specialize in currying favor with the supervisor, and often harm the supervisor because of this, but he doesn't care.This is called flattery. ... Zhongshi is dangerous and skinny, with a small and cautious appearance, clever words and demeanor, and a sick heart. If you want to advance, you will reveal its beauty and hide its evil; Those who are traitors. This paragraph talks about treacherous ministers. It is obvious that treacherous ministers are very insidious in their hearts, but they appear cautious and well-behaved on the outside.It can be seen from history that it is not easy to be a traitor successfully.For example, it is said in history that Qin Hui killed Yue Fei. Where did Qin Hui kill him? Song Gaozong hated Yue Fei in the first place.Everyone knows Yue Fei's slogan: "Go straight to Huanglong and welcome back the second sage." This is Yue Fei's understanding of Song Gaozong's psychology, thinking that it is enough to just go straight to Huanglong.What will Song Gaozong do after welcoming back the Second Saint?One of the two sages is his father, and the other is his elder brother. When the two sages come back, will Song Gaozong still be the emperor?The second point is that Yue Fei was only in his thirties at the time, too young to be involved in internal affairs.At that time, Song Gaozong hadn't established a prince yet, and Yue Fei urged Gaozong to establish a prince every day. This was in Gaozong's thinking. Do you think Yue Fei wants me to die soon?And this is my Zhao family's housework, you just have to fight your battle outside.But Yue Fei wants to come back to take care of this matter. Although Yue Fei is an extraordinary person, and the book can't be said to be poor, but life experience is not enough. His teacher just didn't teach him well. This is "criticism". Things that cannot be done.Qin Hui knew Song Gaozong's mentality, and more importantly, the two policy ideas were different, one for war and the other for harmony, and their styles were different, and Yue Fei was killed.So it is not easy for a person to carry out a thought.A treacherous minister is insidious. He looks very careful, speaks nice words, and is pleasing in his attitude. The most serious thing is jealousy. He is jealous of good people. The people he wants to promote will only say his things in front of the leaders. advantage, concealing his disadvantages.For real talents, he is right in front of the leaders, without expressing opinions, and with a cold attitude.It is enough to create a bad impression bit by bit.As a result, the rewards and punishments from above were inappropriate, those who should be rewarded were not rewarded, or even punished instead, and those who should be punished were not punished, but rewarded instead, so the order could not be carried out.Those in this category are traitors. ... Wisdom is enough to cover up wrongs, debate is enough to speak out, internally separates from blood relatives, externally envies and disturbs the court, such ones are also slanderous officials. A slanderous minister is very similar to a treacherous minister, with a very bad mouth. There are many such people. He is knowledgeable and knowledgeable. When he makes mistakes, he always has a way to cover up his mistakes with words, theory or actions. Very good at talking, hard to persuade people.Moreover, his wit and debate can drive apart the relationship between brothers, father and son, family members, and colleagues, and sow dissension and destroy feelings. This is a slanderous minister. ... Those who monopolize power and take advantage of power, take light as the most important, form private parties to enrich their families, and are good at correcting the master's orders to make themselves noble, such people are also thieves. Like Wang Mang, some courtiers who usurped the throne in history have finally reached this level. This kind of person is playing with power. Using his power, he can turn black and white, put light on the top, form a party by himself, and specialize in his own affairs. Even giving false orders in order to achieve their own dignity, this kind of person is called a thief. ... The slanderous lord uses sycophantic evil, falls into the injustice of the lord, cliques compare with each other, so as to confuse the lord, make white and black indistinguishable, right and wrong are ignorant, make the lord's evil spread in the territory, and hear about the neighbours, such as this, the minister of the subjugated country. The sixth type is the minister of subjugation, who helps the boss go down the wrong path and blames all the mistakes on the boss alone, which is actually the fault of all the subordinates.On this point, judging from history and life experience, it is difficult to tell right from wrong. The civil servants did not do a good job, and the common people scolded the leaders.It is indeed pitiful to be a leader, and the subordinates often fall into injustice.This is true in any era, and it is also true in the industrial and commercial age. This is the psychology of ordinary human beings. It is natural and there is no way. "The so-called six evils" such as ministers, flatterers, treacherous ministers, slanderous ministers, traitor ministers, subjugated ministers, etc. are six kinds of evil ministers, not righteous cadres. Next, I will cite Huan Fan's "Shi Yao Lun". A minister has a small loyalty to sell a big disloyalty, and a small faith to make a big disbelief, but is it not possible to be defrauded? Employing people is difficult, people's hearts are treacherous and deceitful, some people are very loyal in small things, but he uses this to achieve another purpose of great disloyalty.Some people must have little faith, but he wants to fulfill his great unbelief.So you have to worry about whether it is a real danger or fraud.But then again, from the perspective of history and life experience, there are many people who are capable, and they must be loyal when doing small things. They are definitely not cheating. How many years, but as soon as he was placed in a big position, it was over, he was unfaithful.So others said that this person was a fraud.But my opinion is different. This is because the supervisor does not have a deep understanding of the talent.This kind of person is loyal in a small position, but it is not unfaithful in a big position, but is surrounded by the environment, so it turns bad.This is not a question of whether he is cheating or not, but that he doesn't have enough materials to sit in that big seat, which is equivalent to a good snack restaurant. If he is asked to serve banquets and special dishes, it will be over.There is also the relationship of age. This is what Confucius said. When people are old, "precautions lie in gain."It cannot be said that his behavior when he was young was fake, because young people don’t care, they feel that they still have a future, the future will be long, and there are plenty of opportunities, so they will not be greedy. Get some of it, and it's over.This is a psychological problem.When it comes to self-cultivation, it means to change this kind of psychology, to have this change in temperament, this is the real ability and true self-cultivation, which is not easy.So on this point, I still disagree with the point of view of the ancients, because it talks about truth and does not study human psychology.Human psychology is changing with space and time.A person who can really cultivate his own psychology and thoughts, is not affected by the environment, and does not change due to changes in space and time, can be called a first-class person.But everyone in the world has become the first-class person, so who will be the second-class person? (laughs) ... A minister has a stern appearance but a soft heart, and he acts against the law based on benevolence. This means that some cadres appear to have a strong temper and a strong drive on the outside, but they do not have real courage and insight. People usually seem to be quite benevolent and righteous, but when it comes to the critical point between righteousness and benefit, when they have to make a decision, they become wrong.Therefore, the person in charge should consider whether the views and assessments of cadres are consistent and down-to-earth. ... A minister who harms his peers to dominate the court, and suppresses his feelings to block his superiors, can he not worry about it as jealousy? There are many situations like this. Human beings are born with jealousy. The so-called jealousy of ordinary people is like love between men and women. Women’s jealousy is especially easy to express, so it is generally said that women are the most jealous. In fact, men are more jealous than women. Limited to men and women, men often develop into personnel affairs, such as fame and fortune, power struggle and so on.For example, when some people become famous, some people will be jealous; if some people write well, some people will be jealous, and if they write well, they will also be jealous.Even if the clothes are well dressed, others will be jealous, even if the two don't know each other at all, they will also be jealous.What's the point?This is a high degree of philosophy and psychology. Jealousy is an inherent inferiority of human beings. No matter the leaders above or the cadres of other people, they must know about these things.This is the flaw in human psychology. Some people like to beat their colleagues and monopolize their own power, thus blocking the situation below, and at the same time making the below not understand the meaning of the above.It was all out of jealousy that these things happened.Therefore, as a leader, when one of the cadres hears what A says about B, and B says what A says, one should not listen to one's side. Instead, one should try to be as objective as possible, and pay attention to whether there is any jealousy between them. ... The minister has entered into the heresy and said that it is chaos, because it seems to hurt the virtuous, can you not worry about it as a slander? Provocative, ill-spoken, and harmful words are slander.This is an example from all over the world. For example, a literati, especially those who study philosophy and logic, are often prone to make this mistake.After learning logic well, you will be very good at debating, and everything you say is right, and the dead can be said to be alive. In theory, the logic is absolutely logical, but in fact it may not be right.Therefore, some cadres are eloquent, talented, and thoughtful, and they specialize in expressing heresy.In this text, the word "heretics" is fixed here. It is clear and clear. If we are in charge, the cadres will engage in heresy and not necessarily write articles. Regarding a certain matter, he will say a word , I listened to it, fell into his heresy, messed up the truth, and hurt good people with what seemed to be the right truth.Therefore, as a leader, you have to consider whether it has the effect of slander. ... Ministers have rewards to repay kindness, and punishments to act as prestige, can they be considered treacherous? Some authoritarian people reward their subordinates, not just rewards, but because they have a relationship with the recipients and deliberately sell favors to them.For example, the supervisor of a small unit, who has the right to evaluate, gives more points to the person he likes, and tries to deduct points from the person he dislikes despite his ability and merit. "Because of punishment to act as a prestige", to show authority.Rewards and punishments are based on selfishness. This category is a sycophant and unjust. ... The ministers are recommended by the outside, and the internal yin is eliminated, and the public is entrusted with the public and the private is actually supported, can you not consider it as a deception? This kind of thing is very serious. From the history of politics, we can often see that some cadres clearly want to harm someone in their hearts, but they say good things about someone on the surface, but they secretly bring someone down.To make a plan is high-sounding, entrusting it to official affairs, but in fact it has selfish intentions, and the method is very clever. This is deception, the so-called deception in ancient times.When we look at history, there are too many such tragic stories. ... If the minister has something to do in order to make progress, and entrusts the important minister to settle himself, can he not worry about it being false? Some people rely on the most trusted people next to the leaders to go this way, serve them, and do a good job, and let them influence the leaders to achieve their own goals.Or find the most important people in front of the leaders, who are obedient to their words, rely on their strength, and make friends with them to consolidate their power and status. This is all hypocrisy. However, this kind of thing is sometimes difficult to determine, it depends on each person's use.From the perspective of modern history, Zeng Guofan and Hu Linyi took this path. These are two secrets in history. Of course, there is no record in official history, and this kind of unofficial record is true or false, so let’s ignore it for the time being. It is said that Emperor Xianfeng of the Qing Dynasty knew Zeng Guofan's name. When he came together in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, he taught Zeng Guofan to train the Hunan Army in Hunan because Xianfeng had already had an impression of him.When Zeng Guofan was an official in Beijing at first, he was a small Beijing official in the Ministry of Rites, which is roughly equivalent to the current director level in the Ministry, and he was still an idler like an attached member.他知道一个汉人，在满洲人的政权里做官，非走门路不可，于是他结交了一位亲王，两人感情很好，后来这位亲王向咸丰保荐曾国藩，说他“胆大心细，才堪大用。”咸丰看到是这位亲王——咸丰的伯伯或叔叔的保荐，就答应了召见。后来果然咸丰在便段召见曾国藩，他进去以后，便殿里空空的，什么都没有，只是在上首位置，有一把皇帝坐的椅子，下面是一个锦墩，太监带他进去以后，教他在便殿等候，他向皇帝的位置，行了三跪九叩首大礼以后，就规规矩矩坐在锦墩上等候，等了一个多时辰，皇帝始终没有出来，最后一位太监出来通知他，皇帝今天有事，改天再召见，曾国藩只好对着空椅子三跪九叩首以后回去了。回去以后，这位保荐他的亲王马上问他情形。曾国藩报告了经过，亲王问他在便殿里有没有看见什么东西？曾国藩仔细回想，除了皇帝的座位和锦墩以外，的确没有另外看见什么东西。这位亲王听后说：“糟了！”赶紧跑进宫里，找到便宫当值的太监，送上红包。结果打听出来皇帝座位后面的墙上，挂了一张很小的字条，上面写的是“朱子治家格言”。亲王就回来告诉了曾国藩，而且告诉曾国藩，他向皇帝保荐的话是“胆大心细”四个字，胆大是不易测验的，除非教他去打仗，而心细则可测验的。果然过了几天，咸丰又召见曾国藩问起这张朱子治家格言的事，这时曾国藩当然答得不会含糊了。因而得到咸丰的赞许，把曾国藩的名字记下来，而曾国藩也由此因缘，成了清代的中兴名臣，这是野史上的记载。 第二件事，是胡林翼的故事。当时湖北的巡抚官文，是一个满洲人。清代的制度，因为始终有种族的观念，巡抚（相当现在的省主席）如果是满人，而军门（相当现代的保安司令）则是汉人。反正在省的一文一武两大首长，一定是一个汉人，一个满人。在巡兵的时候，巡抚和军门提督，两人都要签名，光是一个人签名，则调不动兵，如此以为互相牵制。所以当时打太平天国，也很麻烦的。当时湖北的官文是一个糊涂虫。有一天官文的第五姨太太作寿，胡林翼听说是抚台的夫人作寿，胡林翼身为军门提督，分嘱部下，不得不去。他本人虽然也可以不到，不过胡林翼还是去了。在巡抚衙门前，刚一下轿的时候，看到一个人身穿朝服，从里面出来，一脸怒容，上轿走了。胡林翼打听是怎么回事，人家报告，这位官员很有骨气，因为听见巡抚夫人生日，前来作寿，到了以后，知道只不过是五姨太的生日，（当时多妻制，一人可以取几个太太，但元配以外的姨太太，是没有地位，被人看不起的。）所以没有进去拜寿，上轿就走了。大家称赞这位官员了不起，到底是读书人，有品格，有骨气！可是胡林翼把“马蹄袖”一抹，投了一张名卡，还是进去拜寿了。以胡林翼当时的声望名气，他亲自前往拜寿，官文和他这位最得宠的最小姨太太，都高兴得很。官文吩咐这个姨太太，第二天就去回拜胡林翼的老太太，拜胡林翼的母亲为干妈。从此以后，胡林翼打太平天国，就可随便调兵。像胡林翼这种人，绝对是正派的人，但是为什么这样做？这就是权术，没有办法不如此做，要想事业成功，有时候也不能呆板地拘小节，问题在动机如何？他的动机绝不为私。如果不用这个方法，敌人打到门口了，还调不动兵，怎么去打仗？所以在这种小事上马虎一点，反正母亲收了一个干女儿，总不吃亏。所以上面这句话：“臣有事左右以求进，托重臣以自结，可不虑之以伪乎？”这句话，也不是呆板的，要看实际的情形，如何运用，动机何在而定。 ... 臣有和同以取说，苟合以求进，可不虑之以祸乎？ 有干部“和同”，什么是“和同”？这两个字，本来出自老子的“和光同尘”，意思是说，一个修道的人，不要特别把自己标榜得了不起，要和普通人一样，你修道者的光明也和普通人一样。“尘”就是世俗人，社会一般人，尘市之间，大家都吃饭，而你一个人非要买包子吃，这又何必呢？将就吃一点就好了嘛。这本来是“和光同尘”的意思，可是道家这一思想，后来被引用，就变成“太极拳”——圆滑的观念了，人说白的是黑的，我也马马虎虎说是黑的，跟着乱滚，也被称作“和同”了。“取说”的“说”，通“悦”。“和同以取说”，指的是臣下为了讨好上司，便放弃作人的原则，作乡愿去了。这里是说，有些干部圆滑得很，“太极拳”马马虎虎应付一下，只要配合主管的要求，什么都来，只要对他自己前途有利的就干，这种心理发展下去将来就是一个祸害。到了利害关头，一点气节都没有，什么事都可以做得出来。 ... 臣有悦主意以求亲，悦主言以取客，可不虑之以佞乎？ 有的干部只做上面老板喜欢的事，专说老板喜欢听的话，以求得他欢心，取得他的亲信。这种就是佞臣。 上面是《长短经》作者，对桓范《世要论》的引述。一个领导人，在防恶上，应该注意考虑到的九种原则、九个顾虑，也是人物的分类。该注意到的。 读书千万不要被书所困，一切的运用全在自己。像这一类的书读多了以后，等于医学的常识丰富了以后，连一杯水哪个敢喝，深怕有传染病，法律学多了以后，连一步路都不敢走，动辄怕犯法。而对于“九虑”这些东西看多了，连朋友都不敢交了。其实只要我们把握了大原则，相信少数人，不伤任何人，爱护所有人，凡事但求心安就好了。 忠奸之辨 下面是举很多实例了。 这是一篇大文章，但是古人写文章的分类，不像现在的观念，现在写文章的层次，往往是宗旨、要点、原则、引伸，古人则大异其趣。 子贡曰：陈灵公君臣宣淫于朝，泄治谏而杀之，是与比干同也，可谓仁乎？子曰：比干于纣，亲则叔父，官则少师，忠款之心，在于存宗庙而已，古以必死争之，冀身死之后，而纣悔寤；其本情在乎仁也。泄冶位为下大夫，无骨肉之亲，怀宠不去，以区区之一身，欲正一国之淫昏，死而无益，可谓怀矣！诗云：民之多僻，无自立僻，其泄冶之谓乎？ 这里是子贡和孔子问答的一段话。（这段话在四书五经里是看不到的，要在其他的书里去找，所以真要研究孔子思想是相当困难的，我们不要以为看了四书五经，就懂了孔子的思想，有一本清人编的《孔子集语》，将孔子所讲的话，如等等引用孔子的话和有关的很多事，都收集在这里，所以现在也可以走取巧的路线，看这本书，勉强可以把孔子一生，多了解一点，免得到处找资料。） 这段书我们暂且搁在这里。要先了解一件事情：我们知道，春秋战国在陈灵公的时候，有一个女人，后世称她为“一代妖姬”，名夏姬，是当时的名女人，好几个国家，都亡在她身上。据说她好几十岁了都还不显得老，许多诸侯都被她迷惑住了。她在陈国时，陈灵公和几个高级干部，就和夏姬宣淫于朝，于是陈国的另一位大臣泄冶，就向他们提出谏议，责备他们不应该这样做。陈灵公自己理亏，对泄冶没有办法，就买通一个刺客，把泄冶刺死了。 这段书，就提到了这段历史，有一天子贡问孔子说：泄冶的这个行为，同纣王时代的比干一样，泄冶这个人，是不是可以说合于仁道？孔子说，这两个人并不相同。因为比干之于纣王，在宗法社会，讲私的方面，他们是皇亲，比干是纣王的叔父，讲公的方面，比干的地位是少师，等于皇帝的顾问。在宗法社会的政治制度下，他是为了殷商的宗庙社稷，所以他准备牺牲自己，所谓“尸谏”，希望自己死了以后，使纣王海寤，所以比干当时的心情，是真正的仁。在泄冶就不同了，他只是陈灵公的部属，地位不过是个下大夫，勉强比喻等于现代简任初级的官位，并没有私人血统上亲密的关系，而陈国这样一种政权，在孔子看来，是一个君子就应该挂冠而去，可是泄冶没有这样做，还在怀宠。以他这样的地位，用区区一个身体，想要影响上面的昏乱，这是白死，也算不上忠，只是“怀”而已，他的胸怀里，爱国家的心情，还是有的，至于说到仁道，却并不相干，所以孔子引用诗经上两句话：“民之多僻，无自立僻。”一般人当走到偏僻的狭路上去的时候，是没有办法把他立刻挽回的，泄冶就是个懂这个道理，方法不对，白丢了一条命。 这是引证一段历史的经验，说明部下与长官之间争执时处理的方法。 或曰：叔孙通阿二世意，可乎？司马迁曰：夫量主而进，前哲所韪，叔孙生希世度务，制礼进退，与时变化，率为汉家儒宗，古之君子，直而不挺，曲而不挠，大直若诎，道同委蛇，盖谓是也。 这是另一个历史故事。汉高祖平定天下以后，最初是没有制度的，每天上朝开会，文官武将和他吵，乱七八糟，简直没有办法，而叔孙通本来是秦始皇时代的一个儒生，他为了要保持文化道统，也曾跟过楚霸王，意见行不通，后来跟随汉高祖。而汉高祖也是拿读书人的帽子当便壶用的，见读书人就骂，所以叔孙通最初连饭都吃不上，什么气都受。有学生问起什么时候才能达到保持文化道统的目的，叔孙道说不必心急，现在是用武力打天下的时候，用不着我们读书人。 等到汉高祖平定了天下，他去见汉高祖，建议制定礼法，汉高祖曾经斥他说：“乃公天下马上得之”——意谓：“格老子，我的天下是骑在马上打来的，你读书人算什么？去你的！”这时叔孙通就顶他了：“陛下天下可以马上得之，但是不可以马上治之。”就是说：“天下你是打来了，但是将来治理天下，不能永远打下去呀！”汉高祖这种人，在历史上是真正了不起的领袖，个性固然强，可是别人有理由，他一定会听。所以听了这话认为有道理，问该怎么办？叔孙通于是说我替你拟订计划，建立制度。汉高祖立刻答应，教他去办。几个月以后，把所订的制度礼仪“朝班”都演习好了，再请汉高祖出来坐朝，汉高祖一上朝，那种仪式，那种威风，真和当年打仗乱七八糟的不同。俨然是大汉皇帝的气派。这时他这一舒服，才知道读书人有这么大的用处。 这里是引证，当汉高祖还没有起来，秦始皇焚书坑儒时，叔孙通有办法自保：在秦始皇死了，二世接位以后，召集知识分子开会，向大家说，据说外面在造反，有没有这回事？那些知识分子听了以后，都说真话，说外面有许多人在造反，并劝二世改过，惟有叔孙通说，外面没有造反，只不过是些小偷而已，是乱传话说造反的，二世听了叔孙通的话，认为很对，非常高兴。可是叔孙通讲过这个话，自己就溜走了，他知道秦朝这个政权没有希望了。所以这里提到叔孙通“阿二世”，（阿就是阿谀，拍马屁，阿曲，歪曲事实，将就对方的意思。所以古代一个知识分子，在写文章时，都不随便下笔，社会大家认为对，自己认为错了，就不应该随便跟大家的意见写，如果跟着大家人云亦云，就是“曲学阿世”，违反真理。拍社会、拍时代的马屁是不应该的，这是中国读书人的精神。）是一个知识分子应该的吗？《长短经》的作者，于是引证司马迁对这件事的批评，也就是他在史记上留给我们后人，对历史的看法。 刚才说过了叔孙通对历史的关键之举，如“朝班”的制度，自汉代由他建立以来，虽然历代各有不同的沿革，但一直到清朝末年，实行了几千年。我们再从文化史的观点来看，叔孙通是了不起的人物，自汉代以来，这几千年当中，实际上的政治体制思想，一直受他的影响。所以司马迁反对一般人对叔孙通小节方面的批评，他是从大处着眼下笔，他说叔孙通“量主而进”，从这句“量主而进”，我们就看到，王充说《史记》是一部“谤书”，毁谤汉朝的大著作，换句话说是毁谤历史的大著作，但在当时不大看得出来。如用的字句，司马迁是斟酌又斟酌，像“量主而进”这四个字，用得非常好。就是后世说的“良禽择木而栖，良臣择主而事。”好的鸟如凤凰，绝不随便落在一般树上，一定落在梧桐树上，否则宁愿停留在半空盘旋，绝不下来。一个人则择主而事，古代君臣、主仆的关系分得很清楚。“量主而进”就是测量测量老板，跟随他有没有意义，前途有没有希望。“前哲所韪”前辈的哲人——代表贤人、圣人、有道德学问的人，都认为这样是对，是应该的原则。这两句话八个字，已经把一般人对叔孙通的评论推翻了。 司马迁再为这个“生”字作申论说：叔孙生希世庶务——叔孙生的“生”字是“先生”的意思——就是说叔孙通在秦始皇这个时代，为了要继承文化，不致中断而留传下去，希望有个好的社会，执行正统的文化，等到好的时代来了，好做一番事业，制定文化精神的体制。进退之间，他看得很清楚，在秦始皇这个时代，他没有办法，只好跟着时代变，并没有完全依照古礼，所以他非常懂得适应时代的环境，以应变达到最后的目的，结果目的都达到了，他跟随汉高祖，最初在汉高祖忙于军事的时候，等于当个附员，闲的差事，拿一点薪水，维持最低限度的生活。到后来，他开创了汉朝的文物制度，成为汉代的儒宗。 司马迁更进一步引申，古代所谓君子之人，“直而不挺”，像一棵树一样，世界上的树都弯下去，只有这棵树是直的，但这棵树也很危险，容易被人砍掉，所以虽然直的，但有时软一点而并不弯曲。自己站住。站住以后，在这种时代也是很难处的，不愿意跟大家一起浮沉，就显得特别，特别了就会吃亏，还要配合大家，但配合大家，和大家一样又不行。在“致曲则全”的原则下，必须保持着一贯的中心思想。所以真正直道而行的人，就“大直若诎”，看起来好像不会讲话。“道同委蛇”，作人的法则，好像太极拳一样，跟着混，而结果达成他的目的，这就是叔孙通的作法，结果他不但开创了汉朝四百年的制度，更影响了中国几千年的制度。 这是说臣道的宗旨，一个人在时代的变化中间，为社会、为国家、为民族文化、为个人，要站住已如是之难，站住以后要达到一个为公的目的就更难了。 ... 议曰：太公云，吏不志谏，非吾史也。来去延诘张禹曰，尸禄保位，无能往来，可斩也。 这里又提出一个问题来讨论。朱云和张高两人，都是汉成帝的老师，当时正是王莽家族用权的时候，民间怨恨到极点，各处的报告，反应到朝廷的意见，都被张禹把它压下去，不提出来。所以朱云就当着皇帝的面，诘问张禹，说张禹对下面这么多意见，不提出来报告皇帝，像死人一样占住一个位置，只想保住自己的官位，什么事都没做，使上下的意见都不沟通，应该杀了他。这是引述的一段历史故事。 班固曰：依世则废道，违俗则危殆，此古人所以难受爵位。由此言之，存与死，其义云何？ 班固是依照司马迁着《史记》的路子而着《汉书》的，他讨论历史，提出这个意见，认为作人处世很难，跟着社会时代走，就违背了传统的道，违背了自己文化的精神，可是硬不跟着时代走，违背一般世俗的观念，本身就危险，至少这一辈子没有饭吃，会把自己饿死，这是事实。像电视节目，我们认为不好的，可是广告收人好，我们认为好的，可没有广告了，电视公司就要喝西北风，也就是这个道理。所以中国的古人，想要请他出来做官，他不要，为什么不要？为什么清高？他既然出来，就要对国家社会有所贡献，估计一下如果贡献不了，又何必出来？所以就不轻易接受爵位了。这是古人，若是现代的人可不管这许多了，有人给一个顾问名义，也就挂上，尽管不拿钱，还可出名哩！Times have changed!古人传统文化的观念，如果担任了名义，而无法有贡献，就宁可不接受。那么由这个道理看起来，推论下去，一旦面临生和死之间的抉择，有时候连这条命也要交出去了，就是说生与死之间的哲学的意义，该怎样讲法？ 对曰：范晔称夫专为义则伤生，专为生则赛义。若义重于生，舍生也可；生重于义，全生可也。 作者于是引用刘宋一位学者范晔说的话，他说一个人一天到晚，专门讲文化道德义理之学，那么连饭都吃不饱，谋生的办法都没有。但是如果专讲求生，就会亏损义理。我们看看现在的人，为生活、为前途，什么事情都可以干，只要钱赚得多，都可以来。古人往往以义作为行事的准则，如果认为死了比活着更有价值，就可以一死！但有时候，做忠臣并不一定非死不可，中国的老话“留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。”硬要留住这个青山。譬如被敌人包围了，在生死之间，事实上生重于死，忍辱苟生，将来能够做一番比死更重大，更有价值的事情，那么不一定要死，全生可也。相反地，就非求死以全节不可了。 这个问题还没有讨论完，又提出一段历史故事： ... 或曰：然则窦武、陈再，与宦者同朝廷争衡，终为所诛，为非手？ 汉代最有名的祸乱是宦官，明朝的祸乱也是宦官。我们中国历史上的祸乱，差不多都离不开外戚、宦官、藩镇三大原因。在汉朝就亡在外成、宦官两个因素上。王莽就是外戚。唐朝亡于藩镇（权臣），明朝亡于宦官，魏忠贤这些人都是宦官。只有清朝对于这三个祸乱因素都防范得很严谨。宦官干涉了政治非杀不可，多说一句话都要被杀。清朝的实录，雍正遵祖宗的规制，他有一个最喜欢的戏子，有一天这个戏子问雍正皇帝，扬州的巡抚是哪一位。雍正一听发了火：“你怎么问这个问题！”就把这个戏子推出去杀了！看起来雍正的手段毒辣，事实上问题很大。一个平常玩玩的戏子，居然问起地方的首长是谁，可见有人在暗中拜托了什么事情。这还得了，固然处理得很严厉，但是看了历史上这些关于宦官为害的可怕事情，非这样办不可。 事实上何必要当皇帝才如此，许多人都会有这类经验，就是当上一个小主管，这类问题都来了。太大娘家的人，来说说话托个人情，你说怎么办？不答应，太太天天和你吵，难道为此和太太离婚吗？这是内威之累。或者跟了你很久的人，有事总要替他安顿安顿。这情形也和“宦寺”差不多。另外藩镇，好比下面的科长、股长，做得久了，公事又熟，出些问题，真没办法。个人尚且如此，何况大的国家？