Chapter 12 Research on Mentality and Behavior of Modern Huxiang Characters in Disposing of Hunan Congregational Party (Part 1)
Modern Huxiang figures have always attracted the attention of the world. They are all-powerful and galloping in various fields of modern society. "The prosperity of achievements is unmatched in the world." However, the author inadvertently discovered that the reason why these modern figures are "famous and shining" is that most of them have a more or less historical relationship with the party. This is what this article tries to do by thinking about some issues related to the history of the Chinese Communist Party.If it is inappropriate, please correct me by your peers.
1. The Partyization of Civil Society The reason why modern Huxiang figures have a close historical relationship with the Party is that it began with the Partyization of Hunan civil society in the late Qing Dynasty.It can almost be assumed that, since Daoguang, the civil society in Hunan has been a party society, at least it can be said to be party-oriented.Due to the fact that it is located in the confluence area of the Northern Church and the Southern Society, and due to the population migration since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the population structure has changed dramatically. As soon as the Hui Party appeared in Hunan, it showed a mixed confluence of the South and the North, with various names, and the integration of the Church and the Society. situation.Before the Taiping Army entered Hunan, there were generally Jianghua, Daozhou Tiandi Association, Lanshan Triad Association, Qingquan, Wugang, Shanhua, Xiangtan, Xintian, Linwu, Guiyang Bailian, Xinning Bangbang Association, The handle will wait for dozens of party organizations.During the Xianfeng period, there were Danzihui, Qingyihui, Firewood Binding, Hongheihui, Chuanzihui, Hongbojiao, Heibojiao, Grass Binding, Grass-cutting, Grass-knotting, Red and Yellow, etc.The party organization structure of these associations is very complete, and a very large underground secret network has been woven. "Every state, every county, every government, and every township has scattered party members."
Among them, during the period of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the issue of Hong Daquan had aroused decades-long discussions in the academic circles, the issue of He Liu was shared by people and wisdom, and the issue of Zhu Hongying has rarely been discussed so far.The author believes that regardless of He Liu, Hong Quanquan, Zhu Hongying, or Wang Xiaoshi, Yan Zhongwu, Liu Daiwei, He Jiangou, etc., the anti-government and anti-social energy displayed by them is huge. After the Taiping army entered Hunan, they "pasted false signs from Cantonese bandits, set up Taiping's rebellious flag, and even beggars stole in groups of three or five, and they dared to speak out and plot chaos. , without fear."The government exclaimed, "The bandits from the church and society harassed villages tens of miles away, and the poor people in the vicinity tied their hearts to death with kindness. And think of heroes... The bandits in the southern province are different from those in other provinces, and the gangsters in the treasures are even more important than those in other provinces."
After Xian and Tong, the Gelaohui flourished in Hunan.Before the Revolution of 1911, in addition to maintaining the basic characteristics of the Jia, Dao, and Xian periods, the Huidang also maintained the following development trends: First, it occupied mountains and began to develop in the direction of collectivization.
The Hunan secret society originated in southern Hunan, with Chenzhou, Yongzhou, and Baoqing as the biggest hotbeds.During the Xianfeng period, they had a long-term cooperation with the Tiandihui in northern Guangdong and western Guangxi provinces in the name of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.He Liu Uprising, Zhu Hongying and Hu Youlu Uprising are typical representatives. After the middle of the 19th century, Western powers pushed forward to the hinterland of the Yangtze River, ethnic and class conflicts became increasingly prominent, and the Gelaohui's anti-Qing and anti-foreign religion activities were extremely active.According to relevant statistics, from the third year of Tongzhi to the eighteenth year of Guangxu, there were 47 uprisings recorded in Qing history and local chronicles. They occupy mountainous land and use the deep mountains adjacent to traffic arteries and commercial distribution centers as their bases of activity, posing a huge threat to the government.For example, Youluo Mountain, with a surrounding area of more than ten miles, is majestic and majestic. It is the only way to travel between Hengyang, Shaoyang and Xiangxiang.Peng Shiwu, Zhao Guilian, and Zhu Congba, the leaders of the Gelaohui, gathered more than a thousand people in the party, "built bamboo sheds, captured craftsmen, made weapons and flags...Peng Shiwu claimed to be the commander-in-chief of the governor, posted notices, and talked a lot. Madness".In addition, Baiyunling in Hengshan, Gaozhentian in Huarong, Da'anli at the junction of Liling and Pingxiang, Shisong Bridge and Wawu in Wuling, Zhupo Valley in Changning, Zhuting in Xiangtan, Legu Mountain in Linxiang, Lion Mountain in Yiyang, and Hunan, Zi, Yuan, The four major water systems in Li and Dongting Lake are the main activities of the Gelaohui.They range from dozens to hundreds to tens of thousands, and the internal division of labor is very detailed.For example, Chen Beihai's Tongshan Hall has the positions of president, hundred chief, chief security officer, sentry officer, deputy dragon chief, and leader, as well as internal marshal, sitting hall, accompanying hall, execution hall, and auditorium.The government said that they opened the church to let go and train the gang, "forming a party to preach and inciting foolish people, which is a serious local disaster."
Secondly, attacking states and plundering counties dealt a heavy blow to the rule of the Qing government.
As mentioned above, in the second half of the 19th century, there were 47 Gelaohui uprisings recorded in Qing history and local chronicles, of which 3 occurred in southern Hunan, 6 in western Hunan, and 3 in eastern Hunan. The other uprisings occurred in Hunan. Central and northern Hunan.In Xiangxiang, Zeng Guofan's hometown, from 1854 to 1855, the leaders of the Gelaohui Long Zhibiao, Li Sanyuan, Xie Taiping, Wang Qingyun and others rebelled.During the Tongzhi period, Zeng Guangba and Lai Rongfu's uprising was even more famous.In order to make readers understand this kind of uprising, the author takes Liao Chengcai uprising and Shu Haitang uprising as examples (these two important uprisings have not been discussed in the historian circle) to give a brief explanation.
Liao Chengcai was from Qingshuijiang, Baojing. During the Tong and Guang years, Liu Yuebin and Jiang Huanzhang, members of the Sichuan Gelaohui, came to Baojing to advocate the establishment of the Gelaohui, "calling on the disciples, teaching them the formulas of the rivers and lakes, and luring them to write official posts. Within a few months, it became prosperous. "
In 1897, Liao Chengcai led the crowd to storm Jing and joined forces with You Guangtai, another Gelaohui team.Jingzhou sent spies, and "the sounds of battles were heard very vividly." Xu Peiyuan, the magistrate of the Phoenix Hall, also "written letters to inquire about bandits."During the battle, You Guangtai was captured and executed by the Qing army, and Chengcai was furious, so he set off to attack the city.Song Wuchen, Wang Laohei, Zhang Shiyuan, Sun Xi, Yongshun Zhang Yushan, Liu Yuebin and other leaders of the Gelaohui around Tingcheng responded and went to the road to help, but Chengcai was eager to attack the city. God fanned the drum, but unexpectedly, it rained heavily, "bandits from all walks of life came, blocking the rain halfway", and the incident failed.
During the reign of Emperor Guangxu, Wen Zihou and Hu Lianbiao, the leaders of the Gelaohui, came to Xupu successively to develop the congregation.
Hu Qiao lived in a guest house, and there was an endless stream of people who made money with him, including officials and relatives, and servants. In 1891, the new county magistrate searched and arrested Huidang in the whole county. "The interrogated were suffering and asked for help day and night." Shu Haitang made an appointment with various Huidang to attack the city, and decided to enter the city at night from Tieniu Mountain and set fire to it. When the county magistrate heard that the police had escaped, Shu contacted the party in the neighboring county to make a big uprising, but the township police prevented it from happening.
Finally, Hunan Province is very active because it communicates with each other inside and outside.
Existing studies have shown that wherever the Hunan Army went, there were activities of the Hunan Society.
"All over the states and counties, or dozens or hundreds of people for a meeting, but their voices are omniscient."
With their invitations from various places, the scale of the Gelaohui organization has also grown, and the relative and absolute number of Gelaohui leaders has increased day by day.Historical data show that most of these leaders were from Hunan or were mostly related to Hunan people.For example, in Long Songnian, the Qing government determined that he was "the chief culprit of the Changjiang Brothers' Association. He conspired against the bandits and businessmen everywhere, and he has long cherished love and hatred, and heard that some outside party members were sneaking in to spy on the situation, so he believed that he was the leader of the bandits, and his support was widespread."In the eighteenth year of Guangxu, the Qing government interrogated Long Songnian and learned that this man, also known as Qing Yansong, was born in Yiyang, Hunan. The area is making friends with the same party and preparing to "raise the flag and call chaos."Yu Daodian, also known as Li Wei, was born in Xiangxiang County, Hunan Province. He was invited by Li Faxun to join the Jianghu Brotherhood and was promoted to the head of the Jianghu Brotherhood.When the Changsha incident occurred, Jesuit missionaries stationed in Jiangsu Province also reported that a group of Hunanese were active in several cities in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Everywhere they went, the incident occurred.Zhou Yumin and Shao Yong's "History of Chinese Gang Guilds" provided a list of more than 50 gang leaders. The author found that Hunan natives accounted for about 60% of the gang heads. Xu Ankun, a Taiwanese scholar in "The Origin and Development of the Gelaohui", gave a report on the leaders of the Gelaohui. According to the statistics on native place and native place of members, the figures from Hunan rank first in these two statistics, accounting for 42.5% and 34.2% of the total respectively.According to relevant materials such as "Zhu Criticism Memorial in Guangxu Dynasty", "Yuhe Huicun" and the local historical records of Tong and Guang Hunan, the author found that the more famous leaders of the Xiangji Gelaohui at that time were (in no particular order of time) Zeng Guangba and Lu Changlong , Lai Rongfu, Qiu Zhiwei, Xiong Bingxun, Liu Daomei, Liao Manjing, Liao Xingjie, Long Laojiu, Chen Qiyuan, Xu Shutang, Jiang Dianchen, Hu Lian, Cao Xiaohu, Liu Fuyuan, Mao Jinfa, Tan Jingchen, Long Haiteng, Chen Beihai, Liao Chengcai, Shu Haitang, Peng Shiwu, Li Jinshan, Deng Shien, Yi Kaixuan, Fang Xueao, Zhou Wanyi, Ma Fuyi, Guo Shengyun, Wei Maochang, Li Guilin, Deng Haishan, Hu Yuexu, Zhao Jifa, Lu Zuxin, Yang Hanchen, Kuang Shengming, Wu Youchu, Xia Xianming, Meng Jinjie, Long Songnian, Wu Shanghao, Luo Yucheng, Li Chunpu, Liu Shuyazi, etc.
Of course, this list cannot include all the leaders of the Gelaohui in Tong and Guangnian years, but it is enough to show that the activities of the Hunan Hui Party have covered a very wide area.These leaders either came out of the rivers and lakes and received special attention from the Qing court;
The expansion of the Gelaohui's influence has had a profound impact on society. They "start fires and rob, kill and injure civilians", "loot bureaus on their own account, strike down officials and threaten officials", "conspiracy against others, form a lot of cliques", and "gather party members at every turn" , took the opportunity to incite chaos, even spread rumors to confuse the public, and conspired against the law", while "villagers and book servants made troubles, often threatening with words such as rumors of bandit parties and troubles", while local officials "hide disasters and hide robbers, and learn from each other".
2. The handling behavior of modern Huxiang figures towards the Huidang. We can see from the above that the Huidang invites to form everywhere and raises troubles everywhere, which has become a very important social aspect in the modern social changes of Hunan.They disturbed the society and people's lives, but more importantly, they resisted the oppression of the Qing government and the aggression of the foreign powers.This frequency of riots was not only seen in the history of Hunan, but also very prominent in Chinese society at that time. Therefore, people from all walks of life in Hunan naturally looked sideways at it. Under the social conditions at that time, they first revealed and expressed a kind of The mentality of the bourgeoisie's contempt and hatred for mass associations.Standing on the standpoint of the ruling class, Wei Yuan called the Hui Party "religious bandits" and "■bandits" and scorned them for "falsifying sutras and mantras in the name of fasting for sickness and mantras to confuse the masses to amass wealth" and "plagiarism for a living".He advocated "learning skills, learning steepness, learning paths, learning virtual reality, learning seedling feelings", and resolutely suppressed them.Huang Zhaolin, who used to be in charge of Li Ke, has always paid close attention to and worried about the "sabotage" activities of the Communist Party in his hometown in Hunan.Lao Chongguang, a native of Changsha, and his admiral Xiang Rong successively suppressed the Tiandihui Uprising of Li Yuan and Xiuren during his tenure as the chief envoy of Guangxi.Zhu Gubie followed the army to suppress Zhao Jinlong's rebellion with the Zhentan riding seat, captured the leader of the Tiandihui Hong Daquan, and gave him guerrilla warfare.Xie Xingxiao, a Jinshi in Jiaqing, suppressed the "red beard" uprising when he was the magistrate of Shaanxi.Peng Shue, Daoguang Jinshi, Ren Si'en magistrate Huang Zan, the leader of the Killing Party, suppressed the rebel army.Wang Zhipu, in 1853, was dispatched to lead troops to suppress the Dongguan congregation uprising, and was defeated.Jiang Qihua, along with Jiang Zhongyuan, suppressed Lei Zaihao's uprising.
When the Taiping Army entered Hunan, it received a positive response from the Hunan Hui Party. The bandits who never give up their evil intentions spy on the situation everywhere for the thieves, colluding with the five platoons of bandits. They have many shoulders and tall burdens, and there are little red embroidered shoes hidden in their luggage. The holy soldier's waist card is in the card in the underwear and other language books."As soon as the Taiping Army entered Hunan, "bandits from Heng, Shui, Chen, and Guangxi rushed to the bandit camps as guides."
The response of the Hui Party was a huge blow to the rule of the Qing government. The landlord class in Hunan felt the pain of this, so they rushed to the front to suppress the Hui Party.Zhu Sunzhi took the lead in organizing regiment training in Xiangxiang, followed by Luo Zenan, Wang Xin and other future Hunan army champions.Zuo Zongtang "helped Mr. Zhang to treat the officials with a single intention, and to catch bandits...to order the counties to organize bandits, thieves, and gangsters. If the prefectures and counties cannot self-government, the committee members will rule them."In "Book with Xu Shuren", he recalled: "Since Xianfeng entered Hunan in the second year, it was urgent to train rural soldiers to control bandits. Except for the two huge cases in Liuyang and Lizhou, he never used soldiers to arrest bandits. More than 3,000 real bandits have been killed, so far there have been few injustices, and there are few leaks in the sentences of Guizhou, Guangdong Yanyan lords and well-known bandits."
At the right time, Zeng Guofan, as a minister of regiment training, trained Hunan bravery and organized the Hunan army in Hunan. He was very anxious when he saw the Hui party rioting everywhere.On February 12th in the third year of Xianfeng, it was reported in "Strictly Handling Bandits to Calm the Place" that there are many names of "bandits" in Hunan, and there are divisions to cover them up.Therefore, he used Yutangkou in Changsha as his headquarters, set up a trial bureau, and appointed Liu Jiande, an alternate magistrate, to take charge of the trial. Once he captured the party, he would immediately interrogate him severely, use the governor's order flag to execute the law immediately, or kill him immediately. "Separately recognize bandits, religious bandits, bandits and ordinary ruffian bandits, and punish them according to the crime of love."
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