Chapter 11 Regional Research on the Development Trend of Youth Gangs in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China——Taking Shandong as an Example
The predecessor of the Qing Gang was the Jiangsu-Zhejiang Grain Ship Sailor Gang formed in the Qing Dynasty, which was engaged in water transportation on the Grand Canal and took Luojiao as the link of belief.Since its formation in the Jiangsu and Zhejiang areas along the canal in the late Qing Dynasty, the Green Gang began to operate in northern Jiangsu, and then developed in two directions, one was to develop in southern Jiangsu and northern Anhui, and the other was to spread to Henan, Shandong and other northern China.There are not many academic studies on the regional development trend of youth gangs in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China.This article intends to take Shandong as an example, using relevant archives and historical materials and secret books of the Qing Gang, to conduct a preliminary discussion from the two aspects of the region and occupational distribution of the members of the Qing Gang, in order to get a glimpse of the whole leopard, and understand the development of the Qing Gang as a gang group in modern society. The track of change and development and spread.
The canal was the lifeline of grain supply in the Gyeonggi region during the Ming and Qing dynasties.
It spans Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Shandong, and Zhili provinces, with a total length of 2,665 miles.From Qingjiangpu, Jiangsu to the south to Hangzhou, Zhejiang is the Yangtze River section, from Nanwang Town, Wenshang County, Shandong Province to Qingjiangpu is the South section, and from Nanwang Town to the north via the Yellow River, Tianjin to Tongzhou, Beijing is the North section.Shandong is the place where the canal must pass, and its location is very important.The Shandong section of the canal connects Jiangsu in the south, Hebei and Tianjin in the north, and has 18 flood and drought wharves. From north to south, there are Dezhou, Zhengjiakou, Wucheng, Youfang Town, and Linqing; from Linqing to the northeast, there is Xiajin on the tributary From Linqing to the south, there is Dongchang; from Dongchang to the northeast, there are Guantao, Guanxian, and Tangyi on the tributaries; from Dongchang, there are Acheng, Yanggu, Shouzhang, Yue Fuhe River, to Anshan, Nanwang, Jinan, through the middle of Dushan Lake and Zhaoyang Lake, crosses Weishan Lake, and goes straight to Hanzhuang and Taierzhuang.
In the Qing Dynasty, there were 10 copies of the Shandong Cao Gang: Jining Front, Jining Back, Dongchang Front, Dongchang Back, Linqing Front, Linqing Back, Dezhou University, Dezhou Second, Dezhou Third, Yizhou First, and Lanshan Banban.There are 819 tank boats.After the canal water transportation stopped in the third year of Xianfeng, most of the sailors, boatmen, and trackers in the Shandong Caobang lost their jobs.
It is unknown when the Green Gang entered Shandong.Archives and historical data from the Yongzheng to Daoguang years of the Qing Dynasty show that there were a large number of refugees from Shandong among the sailors transporting water from Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and some of them joined the gang of grain boat sailors who believed in the Luo religion.After the disbandment of the Inland River Cao Gang, the sailors lost their jobs, some of them returned to their hometowns, and some became the Green Gang in northern Jiangsu.The entry of the Green Gang into Shandong is probably related to these Shandong sailors.In addition, some Shandong people served in the military or worked as inspection officers on the Zhejiang Canal. Some of them also joined the Qinggang, and they were also the disseminators of the Qinggang to Shandong and even North China.Here is an example: Chen Wanyou, a native of Teng County, Shandong Province (by the Lu Canal), moved to the large wharf by the Jiangsu Canal, worked as a boat operator, taught Luojiao, and later joined the army.He joined the "Jiabai Gang" as the "li" generation (twentieth generation).During the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty, he went to Shandong and Beijing to teach Luojiao.In the twenty-fifth year of Guangxu, Qian Baoheng, a Beijinger, was accepted as an apprentice, and he was ranked in the "big" generation (the twenty-first generation). In 1916, Qian Baoheng went to Jinan and became the most famous leader of the youth gang in Shandong in the early Republic of China, with tens of thousands of disciples.Judging from this example, at the latest during the Guangxu period, the Green Gang had spread to Shandong and Beijing.
According to Zhang Yinghua's "Qingbang Tongcao Huihai" list of old predecessors' titles, "Jianghuai Four", "Jiabai", "Xingwu Fourth", "Xingwu Six", "Huzhoutou", "Shuangfeng" , "Jiahaiwei", "Hangsan", "Ningbo Front", "Ningbo Post" and other gangs with the "Yuan" character (the 17th generation among the 24 generations of the Qing Gang), 7 from Jiangsu, One of them moved from Anhui, two from Zhejiang, three from Guangxi, one from Guangdong, and none from Shandong. 8 of the 14 people run boat companies or boats.
Among the 29 members of the "Ming" character generation (the eighteenth generation), there are 7 people from Shandong, accounting for 24.1%. Among the 62 members of the "Xing" generation (nineteenth generation), there are 14 people from Shandong, accounting for 22.6%. Among the 111 people with the word "li", there are 27 people from Shandong, accounting for 24.3%.Among the 202 people of the three generations, there are 48 people from Shandong, accounting for 23.8%.Almost all of them joined the gang before the first year of Xuantong (1909).
There are a total of 7 people from Shandong in the "Ming" generation, and their native places are all on the canal line.There are 5 people from southern Shandong, accounting for 71.4%; 2 people from northwestern Shandong, accounting for 28.6%. 3 people are related to the shipping industry, 1 is academic, 1 is military, 1 is political, and 1 is teaching.Those related to the shipping industry accounted for 42.9%; military, political (business) circles accounted for 28.6%.
People from Shandong of the "Xing" generation (continued table) There are 14 people in Shandong, except for 2, all of them were born in the Canal River Basin.There are 10 people from southern Shandong, accounting for 71.4%; 2 people from northwestern Shandong, accounting for 14.3%; 2 people from the Yellow River Bank (Jinan) in central Shandong, accounting for 14.3%. 6 people are shipping companies (accounting for 42.9%), 1 person is from business circles, 1 person is from military circles, and 4 people are unknown.The shipping industry accounted for 42.9%; the military and business (political) circles accounted for 14.2%.
There are 27 people from Shandong in the "Li" generation (continued table), all of whom were born in the canal basin, 19 from southern Shandong, accounting for 70.4%, and 8 from northwestern Shandong, accounting for 29.6%.There are 7 people in the shipping industry, 2 people in the dock bureau, 2 people in the military field, 1 person in the academic field, and the remaining 15 people are unknown.The shipping industry accounted for 25.9%; the military, political (business) circles accounted for 7.4%.
Analysis 1: In terms of region, among the 48 people from Shandong of the three generations of "Ming", "Xing" and "Li" listed in the above three tables, there are 13 people from Teng County (near the wharf Taierzhuang), 6 people from Yi County, and 6 people from Wen County. 2 from Shangxian, 4 from Jining, 2 from Caozhou, 3 from Yanggu County, 3 from Dongchangfu, 2 from Jinan, 2 from Liaocheng, 2 from Yutai, Lanshan, Feixian, Sishui, Qufu, Linqing , Ziyang (today's Yanzhou area), Guantao, Dong'e, and Tangyi each have one person.These county capitals are all in the canal basin.A total of 34 people belonged to counties in southern Shandong (Tengxian, Yixian, Wenshang, Yutai, Jining, Ziyang, Lanshan, Feixian, Sishui, Qufu, Caozhou), accounting for 70.8% of the total number in Shandong; There are a total of 12 people from West and North Shandong prefectures (Dongchang, Yanggu, Linqing, Liaocheng, Guantao, Dong’e, Tangyi), accounting for 25%, and only 2 people from Jinan in Central Shandong, accounting for 4%.Among the 34 people in southern Shandong, the three counties of Teng, Yi and Yutai in the southernmost part of southern Shandong along the canal accounted for 21 people, accounting for 61.8% of the total in southern Shandong.This fully shows the development direction of the Qingbang in the late Qing Dynasty along the canal, from northern Jiangsu and northern Anhui to southern Shandong, and then from southern Shandong to central Shandong and northern Shandong.
Analysis 2: In terms of occupation, among the 48 people from Shandong, 10 are active in Jiangsu, Shanghai and other places, and 38 are active in Shandong. Among the 48 people, 28 people indicated their occupations.Among the 28 people, 4 are military figures (2 are related to water transportation) accounting for 14.3%; 2 are political figures, accounting for 7.1%; 2 are academic figures, accounting for 7.1%; 2 are business figures, accounting for 7.1%; There are 16 people in the shipping industry, accounting for 57.1%.This shows that at the end of the Qing Dynasty, the Shandong Green Gang took root along the Shandong Canal based on the traditional Cao Gang relationship.It also shows that at the end of the Qing Dynasty, the main component of the Shandong Green Gang was still the shipping gang, but it also began to infiltrate into the academic, military, and business circles (the military, political, and business circles accounted for 28.5% of the total). Qing Dynasty archives and historical data show that during the Xuantong period, from northern Jiangsu , Anhui, and the Green Gang, which was introduced to the south of Lunan, has developed into the most powerful party in Shandong, and its composition has long been no longer the simple water transport of unemployed people on the canal. Its roots have gradually spread from the canal and its tributaries to more wide social space.In the third year of Xuantong (1911), there was a memorial saying: "The names of the most bandits vary, but the Green Gang is the most important. From Lanshanfang, Guojifeng, Taiqing, and Tanzhi Great Wall, there are no less than tens of thousands of people who joined the association, and they threatened the neighboring villages. Small households will be robbed by those who do not follow them, and those who report to officials will burn their residences and slaughter their homes, so as to attach themselves to the Japanese people."
The reasons for the development and spread of the Youth Gang mainly come from economic and political aspects.When the Qing Dynasty was about to perish, the government's control power declined, the rural society was economically depressed, the society was chaotic, and the people's lives were miserable. Not only the homeless and the poor joined the Youth Gang, but also the wealthy such as scholars and government servants joined the Gang to protect their families.What the Green Gang reflects is no longer just a special group of unemployed sailors, but a serious social problem involving the living conditions of many classes of people.The poor social living environment of the people in the late Qing Dynasty provided the soil and foundation for the expansion of the Qing Gang, a gang group, from the canal to the hinterland of North China; Chaos is everywhere, and social problems are becoming more and more serious.
Look at the situation in the early years of the Republic of China.The "big" generation of the Qing Gang was the top leader of the Qing Gang in various places during the Republic of China.Some of them joined the gang in the late Qing Dynasty, and some joined the gang in the early years of the Republic of China.According to the "Great Character Generation Inscription List" in "Qingbang Tongcaohuihai", the situation of the Shandong natives of the Qingbang gangs is as follows:
(Note: Some members of the Qinggang are in the "Shuangli", that is, they are in the family of the Qinggang and in the Limen (Limen Office), so there are those who run the "gang" and those who run the "management".) The "big" of each gang in the above table Although the total number of characters does not necessarily fully include the "big" characters from all over the country, this table still reflects the development of the Youth Gang in Shandong in the early Republic of China: First, in terms of numbers, the "big" characters , the Hang San Gang has the largest number of people in Zhongshan, followed by the Jiabai Gang, followed by the Jianghuai Gang, Xingwu Sixth, Xingwu Fourth, and Jiahaiwei, each occupying fourth, fifth, and sixth place.There are only a few people in the other gangs, which is pitifully small.The "big" generation in Shandong accounted for 82% of the Hang San Gang, 58.5% of the Xingwu Gang, 51.5% of the Jiabai Gang, and 40.8% of the Jianghuai Gang.The total number of "big" characters in each gang is 460, and the total number of Shandong people is 195, accounting for 42.4%, which is not a small number.It shows that after the development in the late Qing Dynasty, in the early years of the Republic of China, Shandong has become an important communication base of the Youth Gang, occupying almost "half of the country" of the Qing Gang. Among them, 192 had specific native places.Yi County has 51 people, ranking first; Jining has 20 people, ranking second; Liaocheng (Dongchang) has 18 people, ranking third; Linqing has 15 people, ranking fourth; Teng County has 12 people, ranking fifth; 7 people from each valley, ranking sixth; 6 people each from Jinan, Licheng, and Dong’e, ranking seventh; 5 people from Dongping, ranking eighth; 4 people from Yutai, ranking ninth; 3 people each from Dezhou, Tai’an, and Linyi, Ranked tenth; Caozhou, Puxian, Chengwu, Yuncheng, Shouzhang, Yishui, and Wudi each had 2 people, ranking eleventh; others such as Lanshan, Tancheng, Shanxian, Juye, Heze, Surabaya, Wenshang, Tangyi, Chaocheng, Chiping, Gaotang, Yucheng, Wucheng, Lingxian, Pingyin, Jiyang, Dongling, Qidong, Haifeng, Laizhou, Dengzhou, Penglai each 1 person, row twelfth place.
Penglai, Dengzhou, and Laizhou belong to the coastal counties of the Jiaodong Peninsula; Puxian, Pingyin, Jinan, Chengcheng, Jiyang, and Qidong belong to the Yellow River connected to the canal; Hanzhuang, Taierzhuang (2 wharves), Jining, Shouchang, Yanggu, Dong'e (with Wharf Acheng), Wenshang (with Nanwang Wharf), Liaocheng (Dongchang), Linqing, Wucheng, Dezhou, or It is located in the canal and its connected rivers (such as Yishui, Sishui, Tuhai River, Majia River).There are a total of 107 people from the "big" generation in the canal basin of southern Shandong, 64 in the canal basin of western and northwestern Shandong, 17 in the Yellow River basin, 4 in northern Shandong, and 3 in Tai'an in central Shandong. Southern Shandong accounts for 55.7% of the total in the province , still ranks first, accounting for 33.3% in the northwest of Shandong, 8.9% in the Yellow River Basin, and Yixian County on the bank of the southernmost canal in southern Shandong accounts for about 50% of the entire southern Shandong. Yixian County plus Jining, Tengxian, Yuxian The canal-adjacent counties of Taiwan account for 81.3% of the total in southern Shandong.
The regional distribution of the origin of the "Da" generation of the Qingbang is consistent with the distribution of the "Ming, Xing, and Li" generations, and it is caused by the succession of masters and apprentices.This distribution further confirms the conclusion that the Qingbang first spread from northern Jiangsu and northern Anhui along the canal to the bank of the southern Shandong canal, and then expanded northward along the canal. The percentage of "Da" in the south of Shandong, where there were more in the "Ming", "Xing, and Li" generations along the canal bank, decreased (from 70.8% to 55.7%). The increase in the percentage of Zhongdi shows that during the "big" generation, the Qing Gang not only developed from south to north along the canal, but also spread in multiple directions, and also moved eastward to Luzhong and Luzhong along the Yellow River, Tuhai River, and Majia River that communicated with the canal. Infiltration in the north. To the north of Jinan and Licheng are the Yellow River and Xiaoqing River. The Yellow River flows to the Bohai Sea. The Luokou Ferry is on the south bank of the Yellow River. The northern suburb of Jinan is one of its throats.
The Xiaoqing River on the south side of Luokou flows to Laizhou Bay in the Bohai Sea.Both rivers are important waterways in Shandong.Among the 17 people in the 6 counties along the Yellow River, Jinan and Licheng combined have 12 people, accounting for 70.6% of the total number of 6 counties, which is comparable to Teng County, which is the fifth largest in the province along the canal.As for the three generations of "Ming", "Xing" and "Li", there are 2 people from Jinan.This shows that at this time the Green Gang is penetrating into the Yellow River and the Xiaoqing River on a large scale.The same is true.According to members of the Jinan Youth Gang in 1951, in the 1920s and 1930s, most of the boat owners on the Xiaoqing River belonged to the Qing Gang.
Third, in terms of occupation, among the "big" generation in Shandong, there are 99 known occupations.Among them, 28 people are engaged in the shipping industry, accounting for 28% of the total, ranking first; 21 people are doing business, accounting for 21%, ranking second; 19 people are doing business, accounting for 19%, ranking third; 15 soldiers or police officers accounted for 15%, ranking fourth; 14 were politicians, accounting for 14%, ranking fifth; 2 were farmers, accounting for 2%; 1 was a worker, accounting for 1%; 1 person is a scholar, accounting for 1%.The military, government, and business combined accounted for 48%, and the total of agriculture, industry, and education accounted for 4%.The proportion of those engaged in the shipping industry has dropped from 57.1% in the late Qing Dynasty ("Ming", "Xing", and "Li") to 28%. Line expansion, but its main component is no longer the shipping industry, it has moved towards a wider social field and has greater social influence.Some members of the Shandong Youth Gang continued to dominate the shipping industry or used gangs as their careers. At the same time, they absorbed a large number of figures from the business, military, police, and political circles, or some people entered the business, military, and political circles from gang leaders.The leadership of the Youth Gang is no longer mainly in the hands of the shipping industry, but has been transferred to the urban business community and the military and police circles. Its activity center has been transferred from the canal basin to the city.The Youth Gang has begun to no longer be a gang organization for lower-class laborers and lumpen proletarians, and its upper class has gradually become a powerful middle- and upper-class figure in society, merging with the upper class.
Changes in the composition of the Youth Gang, especially those at the top of the Youth Gang, will inevitably lead to changes in the political orientation of the Youth Gang. Beginning in the late 1920s, the center of the Southern Youth Gang—the leader of the Shanghai Youth Gang, Du Yuesheng ("Wu" character generation, that is, the 23rd generation) and others defected to the Kuomintang regime and used it as a tool to oppress the people and suppress the revolution.Qian Baoheng, the leader of the Shandong Youth Gang, and others also became vassals of the Shandong Kuomintang regime.
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