Chapter 13 Research on Mentality and Behavior of Modern Huxiang Characters in Disposing of Hunan Congregational Party (2)
In order to wipe out the Hui Party, Zeng Guofan recruited "talents" Taqibu everywhere. He was a genius who was discovered by him.Apparently, Zeng and Zuo’s behavior was undoubtedly to support the local gentry’s suppression of the party. Therefore, with the encouragement and support of Zeng and Zuo, “more and more bandits came to the province from various counties and counties. In the death case, more than 200 people were killed before and after, and the gangsters in central Hunan disappeared after hearing the news. Li Gonghanzhang was selected for the imperial examination in the west, and he went out of the palace. When it was summer in Yiyang County, Hunan, he wrote a letter to the public, persuading him to probation, but the public did not It follows from it."He successively sent Liu Changyou, Li Fuchao, and Wang Zhen to suppress the Leiyang and Changning Hui Party uprisings, Jiang Zhongji to suppress the Hubei Tongcheng Hui Party uprising, and Zhu Sunzhi to suppress the Ping'an Hua Chuanzi Hui Party uprising.Soon, there was an incident of fighting between the standard-raising soldiers and Xiangyong in Changsha City, but Zeng still did not stop the massacre of the party because of this. Instead, he asked to move to Heng and Bao counties to continue the massacre.At the same time, he also warned all localities not to be mere formalities when organizing regiments, and not to be soft-hearted when massacring the party. Hunan regiments have sprung up because of this, such as "Chen Yong", "Chen Yong", "Pingjiang Yong", "Bao Yong", "Heng Yong" Zhouzhou Yong" and "Shaoyang Yong" are all known for their fierceness and strength.Some Hunan Army generals also practiced the ability to kill without blinking in the contest of participating parties, and Wang Zhen is one of them.He went to suppress the uprising army everywhere in southern Hunan.The He Men Uprising, Zhu Hongying, and Hu Youlu's uprising failed under his own suppression.Others such as Li Xubin, Liu Changyou, Chu Jiugong, Chen Shijie, Wang Jiamin, etc. are also "famous" because of this.For example, Chu Jiugong, together with Wang Zhen, suppressed the uprisings in Guidong, Yongxing, Lanshan, Daozhou and other places.Jiang Zhongji suppressed congregations in Jiahe, Ningyuan and other places, and used them as Taoists.Luo Zenan and his disciples Wang Zhen, Li Xubin, and Jiang Yili initiated group training to suppress the Hengshan Society. In 1853, he assisted Zeng Guofan in suppressing the Yongxing Society.Deng Shaoliang participated in the suppression of Guangxi Tiandihui and Li Yuan's incident.Hu Linyi participated in the suppression of Li Yuan's incident.
However, we have seen that after the Hunan Army withdrew from the camp, the behavior of the Zeng and Zuozhi Associations changed a lot.Wei Juxian's "Chinese Gang" once told such a story: In the early years of Guangxu, Zuo Zongtang led troops to Xinjiang, and saw his army line up to meet the big leader. As the leader, he asked the guest what to do, and the answer he got was: "Our army, from soldiers to generals, is all brothers and elders." Of course, Zuo can't kill such an army and party.why?If you pull one hair and move the whole body, punish one person and punish the whole army, you will not be able to protect yourself.Zeng Guofan’s attitude changed faster than Zuo’s. He repeatedly instructed Governor Liu Rong of Hunan Province and Zeng Guoquan at home: “You don’t need to search for the matter of the elder brother’s meeting...that is, knowing that the elder brother’s meeting is called to the secret room, earnestly persuade them regret."
He also reprimanded Zeng Guoquan, "Seriously interviewed and wanted to search for all the roots. Brother didn't take it seriously, Gai Yingyong was ignorant, and there were thousands of people who joined the association. They were too searchable to search and too much to take. Brother's intentions were all relaxed."His principle is "no approval will be given to those who report to the gangsters, and no arrest will be made to anyone who confesses to the gangsters".After several years of resignation, Zeng Guofan's attitude towards the party has undergone a 180-degree change.what about this?After a little speculation, it can be seen that it was driven by self-interest, and it was also to protect the Zeng family status.
When the new type of intellectuals carried out the anti-Qing revolution, we can still see them seeking allies everywhere and contacting the society party everywhere. Therefore, the political influence and role of the society party are not the same as before.For example, Lin Gui studied in Japan after the 1898 coup, advocated revolutionary practice, assisted Tang Caichang in contacting the provincial capitals of the Yangtze River, organized the 7th Army of the Independent Army, and served as the commander of the Chinese army; Cai Zhonghao, assisted Lin Gui in organizing the Chinese army, and went to the Changde Games Party; Yongnian had a deep friendship with Tang Caichang and Lin Gui, and was engaged in party activities; He Laibao, a writer for "Xiang Bao", went to Changde with Zhao Bizhen to respond to the self-reliance army uprising; Wang Tianshu sold his property to help Tang uprising; Tan Fei was very helpful in plotting an uprising in Changsha.It was under such circumstances that Tang Caichang established the Zhengqi Association in Shanghai and organized an independent army. However, the revolutionaries of Hunan origin did not give up their efforts to contact the party. Compared with Tang Caichang, Huang Xing, Song Jiaoren, Liu Kuiyi, Chen Tianhua, etc. had more careful plans and preparations. At the same time, we should pay attention to transformation while uniting, so the effect will be greater.In order to contact the Huidang, they organized the Tongqiuhui, relying on the deep friendship between Liu Kuiyi's father and the Huidang, and relying on the hard work of Liu Daoyi and others, the participating parties established extensive contacts, so there was the famous Xiangtan Huang in history. , Ma meeting, Liuyang Puji city conferring ceremony, and the Ping, Liu, and Li uprisings that shocked China and the world. This is just as Mr. Li Shiyue said: "If we say that the way of combining revolutionary intellectuals with the masses is the main It is to join the new army, and in Hunan it is mainly to join the party."
After the Wuchang Uprising, the recovery of Hunan was realized under the leadership of Jiao Dafeng, the leader of the Hui Party, who made indelible contributions to the recovery of Hunan.The members of the party affectionately call Jiao Dafeng Brother Jiao, but in the eyes of the Hunan constitutionalists, Jiao is just a "grass thief". Quick, therefore, was not ambiguous or uncivilized at all when massacring Jiao Dafeng.
Since then, the fate of the Hunan Party has been another miserable scene.The party actually ended like this, why is that?
3. The basic mentality of modern Huxiang figures towards Huidang How to understand the relationship between modern figures and Huidang is a relatively weak link in the study of Huidang history.Historians have paid more attention to the Party participating in the 1911 Revolution, and paid less attention to other related issues, such as the Party participating in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, except Luo Ergang, Rong Mengyuan, Cai Shaoqing, Jian Youwen, and Zhou Yumin who have done systematic research , Others have not done much research, even for scholars like Lu Baoqian who have monographs on party history, the degree of positive research is not too sufficient.For another example, even in the study of the relationship between the revolutionary party and the party, although there are many arguments in the academic circles, just as Mr. Rao Huaimin pointed out, "there are many new fields that need to be further explored."In the study of the party involved in the 1911 Revolution, there were mainly debates on the nature of the party and the role of the party in the Revolution of 1911, but there was a lack of review of the mentality and behavior of the revolutionaries towards the party.The author believes that this kind of research is inevitably biased. Looking at the party from the perspective of the bourgeoisie, any conclusions drawn about the party can only be full of bourgeois sentiments.When we look at the mentality and behavior of the bourgeoisie, gentry, figures in the Hunan Army, and scouts in dealing with the party from a different angle, we will find another world.
Therefore, the author takes the attitudes of modern Hunanese figures towards the Huidang as the research area, in order to get a glimpse of the psychological trajectory and realistic attitudes of representatives from all walks of life towards the Huidang, as well as the historical significance displayed thereby.Based on a rough analysis of 1,300 modern figures recorded in the "Dictionary of Personal Names of Past Dynasties in Hunan", the author can roughly divide them into seven categories: scholars, Qing military officials, Qing officials, generals of the Hunan Army, celebrities, party figures, and revolutionaries.Most of these Huxiang figures, except Tang Peng, Wei Yuan, He Changling, Zheng Guohong, and other figures from the Jia and Dao periods, have a certain historical relationship with the party (except the party figures). For example, the recent compilation of Xiangxiang City "Xiangxiang Military Chronicles · List of Generals of the Hunan Army from Xiangxiang in the Late Qing Dynasty" recorded 54 people who were battalion officials, generals, and prefects, and all of them were stained with the blood of the party.As we all know, Zeng Guofan is a well-known "shaved head" and "butcher". Wang Zhen was called "Tiger King" because of his brutal massacre of the party. kill ring.As for Zuo Zongtang, Jiang Zhongyuan, Liu Changyou, Liu Kunyi, Chen Shijie, etc. who are not from Xiangxiang, they are also merciless towards the party.The so-called "the prosperity of the Hunan Movement started from the Hunan Army" is more appropriate to say that the prosperity of the Hunan Movement began with the suppression of the killing party.As another example, the above-mentioned bourgeois revolutionaries Tang Caichang, Bi Yongnian, Qin Lishan, Huang Xing, Liu Daoyi, Liu Fuji, etc. all made great efforts to carry out work in the Hui Party. has an irreplaceable place in his political life.Some scholars believe that "Even if Huang Xing was not a party figure at the time, he was at least a revolutionist who knew the party's internal affairs very well." The author believes that such a conclusion is also applicable to the revolutionaries at that time.Some party figures such as Lei Zaihao, Li Yuanfa, Hong Daquan, Yan Zhongwu, Zhu Hongying, He Jiangou, Chen Xuyu, Yao Xingjie, Ma Fuyi, Gong Chuntai, etc. also made the Qing court, gentry, Hunan army, revolutionaries, missionaries, etc. look sideways.The Qing government even directly called the Huidang a "local harm". Therefore, the author believes that taking Hunan as a typical research area should be quite representative.
Since Dao and Xian, Hunan civil society has actually experienced a process of becoming a party (the so-called party-forming among the people means that the number of people joining the association has reached a considerable scale and has a considerable mass base. This has been done before. There are discussions; one is that civil society is restricted and influenced by the party in terms of consciousness, behavior, and moral norms. It is possible to understand this in this sense, when civil society is gradually becoming partisan, and it is impossible for the representatives of the propertied class not to look sideways at it.The so-called representatives are actually the political spokespersons of the propertied class (although they represent different classes and classes). Generally speaking, these representatives despise and hate the party from the bottom of their hearts. From Huang Zhaolin to Zeng Guofan, From Zeng Guofan to Tang Caichang, Huang Xing, Tan Yanhe, etc., as long as we read the relevant memorials, letters and anthologies, the minds of the bourgeoisie will be clearly displayed in front of readers.
Although Wei Yuan and others advocated learning from barbarians to control barbarians, they did not hesitate to stand on the side of the Qing government when it came to dealing with folk religions and associations, and together with Huang Zhaolin, Jiang Yunkuan and others criticized religions and associations as "bandits". "It is advocated to learn from its situation to suppress it, "the law of defense is: close to prevent idleness, to contain it, and to intercept it."The situation of Tiandihui in Hunan was basically known by later generations after some feudal officials such as Huang Zhaolin reported to the Qing court.It is not difficult to see from the memorial that they are full of hatred for the Tiandihui, so there is no need to say much here.During the Xianfeng period, Zeng Guofan was known as a "butcher" to the Huidang. Case".During the anti-foreign religious movement, Zhou Han, He Jinsheng and other feudal gentry frequently used the Hui Party to stir up troubles, but they still despised the Hui Party in their hearts and cursed the Gelaohui as "ignorant people who made up uprisings and confuse people's hearts in order to sell and let go. It is a pity to be born a fool and die a ghost, and it is a pity to fight. Please don't think about yourself , It should also be considered for parents, wives, and nine families and six relatives. Otherwise, if the uprising is said to advocate the cause of chaos, and the chaos will return, how can disaster be avoided?"Tang Caichang was a person with new ideas and concepts, and a person who wanted to make great troubles and advocate great reforms. He had a lot of similarities with Kang Youwei and Tan Sitong. According to common sense, his attitude towards the party was comparable to that of Zeng Guofan and others. There is a big difference, but unfortunately, he still despises the Huidang. The failure of the Reform Movement of 1898 made it impossible to advocate major reforms through reforms.At that time, this people's power was the party, so Tang Caichang's contempt for the party had to be concealed.However, we consulted the history of "Tang Cai Chang Ji" and still exposed his feelings in front of us.Tang Caichang advocated the establishment of local security bureaus to clear household registrations to prevent party associations. He believed that "this bureau will be full of ruffians, and gangsters' latent breeding...all cleared up."He also showed special concern for his hometown Liuyang, asking, "There are rumors of bandits provoking troubles, who is the cause of the initiative? Where is the cause of the disturbance? Is it peaceful now?"Tell the elders in my hometown, "There is no other way to make me look like the Great Wall, although thousands of bandits are no better than me. What is the plan? I can only raise more than a thousand dollars in a hurry to buy two hundred excellent German post-boring guns. One or two hundred people, practice proficiently, and when there is something to do, recruit another one or two hundred people to form a battalion... Although thousands of bandits break into our territory, they will be wiped out in a breath, and there is no complete enemy." .During the Revolution of 1911, there was a trend of members of the revolutionaries joining gangs.From the perspective of the mentality of dealing with the party, some of them no longer regard the gang as a bandit, so compared with Zeng, Zuo and others, it has to be said that it is a leap in thinking and concept, but we have studied them. It is not difficult to find that they still cannot get rid of their contempt for the party in their hearts. Therefore, in their social practice, this mentality is still expressed through their behavior all the time and everywhere. Outstanding leaders like Sun Yat-sen and Huang Xing still cannot erase this psychological trajectory.On the one hand, Huang Xing spoke highly of the self-reliant army uprising, "It can be called a revolutionary army with integrity."During the revolution, "the brothers who contacted were mostly the parties in Lianghu and other places", and firmly believed that "the revolutionary army launched an attack, and it is the best policy to use the army and the parties at the same time."And with "Bi (Yongnian) Su speculation...while Qin Lishan and Tang Caichang both rely on heavy prosperity and constant capital to draw".On the other hand, with the establishment of the Gongjinhui, discordant voices among him and the leaders of the party emerged, showing strong dissatisfaction with the leaders of the party.After the Revolution of 1911, Huang Xing's attitude towards the party became indifferent, and he expressed dissatisfaction with Sun Yat-sen's re-use of the "green and red gang leader" Chen Qimei. In Nanjing in April 1912, Huang Xing even announced that "if there is any clique formation among the soldiers, once it is found... only the law enforcement will do it."Why did Huang Xing do this?This is just as some scholars pointed out, because he was "eager to get rid of the relationship with the participating parties."The Hunan Constitutionalists played the role of picking peaches in the Revolution of 1911. These so-called high-society figures fully displayed their tricks of maneuvering in the recovery of Hunan in 1911. They united with various anti-Jiao Dafeng forces and partnered with Jiao Dafeng. for the murder of a revolutionary party leader.After that, the Constitutionalists went on a killing spree against the Congressional Party. In early February 1917, Tan Yanhe sent a special telegram to the governor and governor of Guangxi, requesting to send troops to the Hunan Association to suppress the "bandits" on the border of Hunan and Guangxi. The source and the place are calm."Not only that, Tan Yanhe also contacted the provincial armies of Guangxi, Guangdong, and Guizhou many times to negotiate and jointly send troops to attack, and agreed on specific methods for the suppression.
4. A brief analysis. It is not worth making a fuss that the propertied class despises and hates the party.At the right time, they will always express this kind of contempt for the people at the bottom in an "appropriate" way.In politics, they are all utilitarians, political businessmen who are more shrewd than cunning businessmen in the business field. This has been fully reflected in Zeng Guofan, He Jinsheng, Tang Caichang, Huang Xing and others.Zeng Guofan has gone from killing to "applying" the party, except that in his hometown, the civil society has become elders, and the suppression is invincible. The main reason is to protect the prosperous Zeng family.Therefore, he stipulated that for the Xiangxiang Gelaohui, "it is not allowed to kill a person without authorization" and "the bureau gentry is not allowed to arbitrarily break a prison".Obviously, this kind of utilitarianism reflects the incomparable selfishness of the landlord class, and there is no need for historians to pay attention to it, but in a sense, it also tells us the message of the "separation" of the Han landlords from the Qing rulers.Anti-foreign religion is a rare meeting point between the feudal gentry and the party. Cai Shaoqing, Zhou Yumin, Shao Yong, etc. have extensive discussions in their respective monographs.From Cui Lai's "Gelaohui Shuo", we can see that the squires had a good understanding of the situation of the Gelaohui before, but what the feudal squires could agree with in anti-foreign religions was that the Gelaohui charged forward and fought bravely. It was adopted by the gentry in foreign religions to vent their strong dissatisfaction with the spread of Western learning to the east. We can find this striking similarity in Zhou Han's anti-foreign religions, Yu Dongchen's uprising, and He Jinsheng's army uprising.The author believes that this kind of utilitarianism occurred in the process of opposing foreign aggression, so we have to admit that it has desirable historical value, because the pursuit behind this kind of utilitarianism is very different from that of Zeng Guofan.However, once this foundation is lost, the gentry's nature of wanting to get rid of the "bandit" will return to its original state. He Jinsheng's "Participating Bandit Essays" has fully demonstrated this point, and no further explanation is needed.As representatives of the new type of intellectuals, it is understandable for Tang Caichang and others to be dissatisfied with the Gelaohui, because after all, they have just completed the transition from the "old" to the "new". When it is difficult and advocating major reforms, they will take great righteousness at the expense of small interests, put the interests of the country and the nation first, and can temporarily put aside their suspicions about the party. In this point, it just reflects the essential difference between the landlord class and the emerging bourgeoisie .Therefore, it should be said that this is a leap of the times.The bourgeois revolutionaries have a clearer understanding of the Huidang, so they are more effective in organizing, utilizing, and reforming the Huidang than Tang Caichang and others; therefore, whether Tang Caichang or Huang Xing, they use, unite The purpose of the party is completely different from Zeng Guofan, He Jinsheng, etc.; therefore, the utilitarianism of the bourgeoisie and the landlord class using the party itself cannot be regarded as the same.
What needs to be emphasized is that although the two cannot be considered equally, it is still necessary for us to conduct a deep review of the utilitarianism of the revolutionaries.It seems a bit of a misnomer to say that the revolutionaries adopted a utilitarian attitude towards the Huidang, but as long as we compare the two radically different attitudes of the revolutionaries before and after the 1911 Revolution, we cannot but draw this conclusion.The behavior of the Communist Party was not much different before and after the Revolution of 1911. Why did the Revolutionary Party adopt a different attitude?
The reason is very simple, that is, before the revolution, the CCP was useful for the revolutionaries to overthrow the rule of the Qing Dynasty, but after the revolution, it was not beneficial for the establishment of the rule of the bourgeoisie.Contact and exercise if it is useful, and suppress it if it is not beneficial. This is naked utilitarianism.For this reason, Sun Yat-sen can forget the close relationship with Huang Sande overseas for many years.Revolutionaries can massacre confederates in the provinces they control.In Hunan, we also don’t know what position Tan Renfeng, a party figure who is emotionally inclined to revolution, is in the Jiao and Chen incident. Is he standing on the sidelines and doing nothing, or is he eager to get rid of his relationship with Jiao and Chen?Or did this mentality already have a certain market among Hunan revolutionaries at that time?On the eve of the revolution, they were still singing praises for the party. After the revolution, their voices were exactly the same as those of the former Qing government. What a big change this is, and what an obvious utilitarianism it is!In their eyes, the social situation of the people at the bottom is insignificant. Why do people in gangs form gangs?What are the deep-seated reasons for forming gang groups?Questions such as these do not need to be asked at all. If, as some scholars pointed out, the Communist Party is only their mercenaries, then the "universal nature" of the 1911 Revolution will be a big question mark.Yesterday's ally has become today's enemy, and the bourgeoisie never thinks that there is anything wrong with itself.In their subconscious mind, this is not a question of whether the bourgeoisie is right or wrong, what to do or not to do, and the whole problem lies with the party.Surprisingly, some people in the history world think so too.Is there anything wrong with the bourgeoisie carrying out the anti-Qing revolution?After the success of the anti-Qing Dynasty, the Hui Party should bow its head and ears, abide by order, be content with the status quo, let the revolutionaries get closer to the upper class, and compromise with Yuan Shikai and foreign powers.Under the domination of this way of thinking, many disgraceful things of the bourgeoisie have been covered up and concealed, and the bourgeoisie can no longer find other faults except for the incomplete weakness of anti-feudalism and anti-imperialism mentioned in classic works.In the eyes of some scholars, the Hui Party was an ally before the Revolution of 1911, and then the mob and rioters. I don’t know what kind of logic this is.You must know that during the modern democratic revolution, the national bourgeoisie had not matured to the point of perfection, because Chinese society itself was very deformed at that time, and the bourgeois leaders who emerged from this deformed society would inevitably show the characteristics of the times. This is true of Sun Yat-sen, as well as Huang Xing and other modern Huxiang figures.
Notes:
Notes: