Chapter 12 ●Chapter 5 Homosexuality-1

● Section 1 Sexual Inversion If the object of a person’s sexual impulse is a person of the same sex instead of a person of the opposite sex, then this becomes another phenomenon of sexual inversion, which some people call “sexual inversion” or “contrary” Sexual feeling) and "uranism", the more common term is "homosexuality", so it is different from the normal heterosexuality (heterosex11ality). Among these many terms, homosexuality is undoubtedly the most capable of summarizing all phenomena in this area, and the term sexual reversal is most suitable for all kinds of homosexuality with some innate tendencies on the surface but deeper roots.Of any sexual divergence, homosexuality is the most defined.It is also the expression of sexual impulse, and it is also the use of emotion, but the sustenance of emotion is fundamentally and completely transferred from one normal object to another. of.We say the word "same" again and again, because apart from the transformation of the object into the same sex, all other methods, processes, satisfaction, etc. of using emotions can be said to be completely the same as heterosexuality.Homosexuality is a very abnormal variation, but it seems to give a person greater satisfaction than any other variation.Perhaps this is a major reason why homosexuality or sexual reversal is important.

This importance can be seen from three aspects: ① it has spread widely, and it has played an important role in any stage of civilization throughout the ages; ② in today's civilized society, it is a kind of It is not uncommon; ③Many celebrities have shown homosexuality. The fundamental and, so to speak, "natural" basis of homosexuality is to be found in animals below man.Homosexuality was originally a fairly popular phenomenon in the animal kingdom.At least it is common among other mammals, especially primates, the closest relatives to humans.Dr. Hamilton, who has studied the sexual development of rhesus monkeys and baboons, said that "the immature male monkey usually goes through a period in which his sexual interest in behavior is almost exclusively homosexual, and once sexual At maturity, this period ends abruptly, and sexual interests and activities become heterosexual".Zuckerman has closely observed homosexual behavior in baboons and chimpanzees.This behavior is sometimes found to be more pronounced in females than in males.

He even felt that among apes, the behaviors of homosexuality and heterosexuality were basically the same thing, and no obvious difference could be found. Homosexuality is also a prominent phenomenon in many uncivilized and semi-civilized peoples.Sometimes it's in custom and status, and gay people tend to be respected by others.This is also the case in several ancient civilizations established by modern Western civilization.This phenomenon existed among the Assyrians, and the Egyptians also regarded male sexual sodomy as quite sacred almost four thousand years ago, and believed that Horus (Horus)

The gods and Set did this.Homosexuality is not only related to religion, but also to martial arts.The Carthaginians in northern Africa in ancient times, the Dorians who were part of the ancestors of the Greeks, the Seythians north of the ancient Black Sea, and the Normans in Northern Europe all once made comments on homosexuality from these standpoints. Some specially cultivated kung fu.Finally, among the ancient Greeks, homosexuality was revered to the highest degree.They believe that it is not only related to martial arts, but also related to rational, aesthetic, and even moral qualities, and many people think that it is more noble than normal heterosexuality.After Christianity was introduced to Europe, homosexuality still maintained its status, but its reputation has plummeted.Since then, the public has dismissed it as a psychologically abnormal phenomenon.Its purpose is nothing more than to put the emotions of love and respect on people of the same sex, and under this emotion, the behavior must be committed to adultery, so it will not be at a loss.To the Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian (Justinian)

Later, it was recognized again, but only as a "Sodom phenomenon" or sodomy.In other words, it is an unbearable obscenity, even a criminal act, worthy of extremely severe punishment by national and religious laws, even the death penalty of burning is not too much. In the Middle Ages, sexual reversal was also very developed. Of course, it goes without saying that in the barracks of the army, it may be equally popular in monasteries for monasticism.Otherwise, the penitential of Catholic confession would not mention it repeatedly.However, it was during the Renaissance that this phenomenon developed to such an extent that it attracted people's attention.Dante's teacher Latini (Latini) is reversed, and Dante also mentioned in his works that this kind of divergence was often encountered among the learned and famous people at the time.Because of this discrepancy, the French humanist Muret was almost always on the verge of death throughout his life.The greatest sculptor of the Renaissance, Michelangelo (Michelangelo), also had some homosexual ideals and passions, but we have no reason to infer that he had a physical relationship with the man he loved; Marlowe, one of the poets, clearly felt the same sentiment.We also have reasons to believe that Francis Bacon, the father of modern scientific methods, is also such a person.

It is indeed a fact that those who have reversed are not willing to consult a doctor.Generally speaking, he is very content with his situation, he has his old self, and he is not willing to change it.Therefore, there is no need to seek medical advice.His intelligence is also quite high, most of which are not below the average level, or even above the average level.Therefore, he always has a way to cover up his characteristics, so as not to cause troubles, let alone legal troubles.Also because of these reasons, except for a few people who know where to find or how to find the reversal, most people don't know how popular the reversal phenomenon is.In Germany, Hirchfeld's understanding of the subject was unmatched.According to his combined estimates (that is, estimates made by many different writers for many different classes of the population), reversed people and people who are gay and straight make up about 1% of the population to 5%.In the UK, the author's personal observation, although far less extensive than Hirsch's, found that in the educated middle class, the prevalence is similar.Among the middle and lower classes, although there are fewer cases of homosexuality, they are not uncommon. Although such cases may not all have congenital grounds, when encountering homosexual incidents, they hardly show any disgust or surprise.The many examples of reversals in the lower and middle classes also speak of this from time to time.It can also be seen that it is not uncommon to say that it is a fact.Homosexuality is less easily detected among women, but in fact seems to be no less prevalent than among men.This is very different from the various divergences discussed above. For those divergences, we can find some differences in the distribution of men and women, but the distribution of homosexuality is very even.Instances of extreme homosexuality may be more numerous among men, but less marked and less rooted ones seem to predominate among women.In some professions, there are many examples of reversal.Among scientists and doctors, examples of reversal are not particularly numerous.But among writers and artists, especially entertainers, such examples are not uncommon.The same is true in the hairdressing trade, and in the special trades of men and women.Conversely, a large proportion of educated Reversals display various artistic interests, especially music.As far as the author's personal observation is concerned, such people can account for 68% of the total.

The same is true of the intellectual and professional classes in America, and more clearly than has been stated above.Peck (MwPeck), among the 60 university teachers in Boston, found that 7 were genuine homosexuals, and 6 of them admitted to having behavioral expressions or even physical contact with others after adulthood; The 60 teachers are not limited to one or two departments, but all departments are assigned. In addition to the 7 people, there are some people who obviously have homosexual emotions, but they are not consciously aware of it.Pace believes that as far as the university teacher class is concerned, 10% are homosexuals, regardless of whether there is any behavioral expression and physical contact.According to Dr. Hamilton's survey, out of 100 married women, only 44 did not admit to having a homosexual game life in their youth, at least they could not remember having such an experience.But at the same time, 46 men and 23 women admitted to having same-sex sexual relations, and they were so good that they stimulated each other's sexual organs.Davis female doctor also found that 31.7% of women admitted to having passionate feelings for other women; while 27.5% of unmarried women admitted to having homosexual games in childhood, but 48.2% of them also admitted that once they reached adulthood, such games just stopped.

Another proof of the prevalence and seriousness of homosexuality is the development of the "Xianggu" industry or the "Xianggong" industry.This was done in a special study in Berlin, the capital of Germany.In Berlin the police are as tolerant of girls as they are of prostitution, for they recognize that only by tolerance can they be regulated and restrained so that they do not disturb the peace of the city.Hirschfeld estimates that there are about 20,000 elephant gus in Berlin.But later Picton (Werner Picton) more accurately estimated that there were only 6,000 people.More than one-third of them can be judged as psychopathic.And less than a quarter not only satisfy the homosexual desires of customers, but also have the same desires themselves.Unemployment is generally recognized as the reason for the emergence of the prostitute industry, just like the prostitution industry, but in fact the reason is not limited to unemployment.

Sexual reversal is such an important phenomenon that it was not until modern times that it became a subject of scientific study or was considered worthy of study.This was first started in Germany.At the end of the eighteenth century, two examples were published by German academics.Later, Horsley (nbssli), Caspar (Caspar) and especially Ulricchs (Ulricchs, who coined the term "Ulang Phenomenon") did some work to clean up the palace, but these Neither is important.It was not until 1870 that the foundation of research in this area was laid after the publication of the examples observed by Westphal.Webster observed a young woman, and he described her characteristics and the reasons for this characteristic in great detail. He proved that this characteristic is hereditary rather than acquired.Therefore, we should not regard it as a sign of immorality.He also pointed out that although there was an element of insanity in the woman's life, it was not a case of madness.Since then, our knowledge of sexual reversal has rapidly increased day by day.Kraft Epping, the first great analyst of reversal phenomena, collected many examples of reversal in his "Sexual Psychopathology".Needless to say, this "Sexual Psychopathology" is also the first scientific work to arouse the attention of ordinary people in terms of sexual perversion.Maul is also a relatively latecomer. His judgment is stronger than Kirschner's, and his scientific training is also wider than Kirschner's. His book was published not long ago, and his admirable book on "Sex" The monograph "Reversal" was also published.

Finally, Hirschfeld follows, his sympathetic understanding of reversed people is unparalleled in quality and quantity, and his "On Homosexuality" (Der Homosxualiat, 1914) is not only the title An encyclopedia, unfortunately no one has translated it into English.Italy seems to be the birthplace of the term "inversione sessuale" (inversione sessuale).There, scholars such as Ritti , Tamassia (Tamassia), Lambroso, etc. put forward several examples very early.In France, in 1882 Charcot and Magnan first started research in this area, and later some famous researchers worked hard on this phenomenon, making it easier to understand.These researchers include Ferry, Serieux (Serieux), St. Paul (pen name Luo, Dr, Laupts) and so on.In Russia, it was Tarnowsky who first discussed this phenomenon.In England, John Addington Syinonds, as the son of a famous doctor and a literary genius himself, once privately published two pamphlets worth noting, one about the reversal of ancient Greece and one about modern homosexuality.Carpenter (Edward Carpenter) also wrote a pamphlet (originally printed privately), and later published a monograph called "The Intermedia ate Sex", originally published in German , which was later available in English.Rafarovich has also published a book of considerable value in French.And the author's own book on this aspect was originally published in Germany (the title of the book is "Anti-Sensuality", the original German name is Das Kontrore Desch1echtsgefiihl, 1896), and later it was published in Britain and the United States.In the United States, however, Kiernan and Lydston had paid considerable attention to the facts and theories of sexual reversal before the author's book came out.The most notable work in English in recent years on this subject is the translation from Spanish of Maranon's book (translation, 1932).

In recent years, although there have been many studies in this area, the opinions of various scholars have not yet fully converged.The first and most fundamental difficulty is in determining whether sexual reversal is hereditary or acquired.Before the influence of Kraft-Epping spread, the general opinion was that homosexuality was acquired and habitual. In short, it is a "vice habit" which is, in general, an inevitable result of excessive masturbation or sexual intercourse so that the penis does not lift and cannot be humane.It is also thought that it was caused by hints in the early years (Binet and Schlenk-Nozin advocated this).Kraft-Epping admits that there are two types of homosexuality.Since then, the theory of innate has gradually become dominant, while the importance of the theory of acquired has gradually diminished.This tendency is evident in Maul's work; Hirschfeld and Maranhão think that in any case of homosexuality there is always some congenital element; and Block and Aletrino (Aletrino) and so on divide those who have homosexual behavior due to acquired reasons.Another category is called "pseudo-homosexuality".The same goes for Naik's insight.He believes that what we need to distinguish is not homosexuality from birth or homosexuality from birth, but real homosexuality or virtual homosexuality.He also believed that homosexuality discovered after the prime of life was not acquired but inherited, but it was discovered later or "later mature".Several experts who started out entirely or with an emphasis on nurture (such as Naik and Bullock) later adopted this relatively novel view.Although many psychoanalysts still believe that homosexuality is an acquired phenomenon, they also admit that this phenomenon can often be in a stalemate or fixed state.Therefore, there may be a congenital relationship between them. With this kind of leeway in view, even if the opinions of psychoanalysis and other schools are different, it is irrelevant. In the views of various schools, apart from the point of innate or acquired, there is also a very basic point that has undergone some changes, that is, even if the sexual reversal is admitted to be innate, is it a pathological condition, a "degenerate" state, or just What about a pervert?On this point, Kraft and Epping were conservative at first. He accepted the conventional view that reversal was a manifestation of neuropathy or psychopathy.But in his final writings he carefully corrected its status, convincingly admitting that reversal is a perverted phenomenon rather than a pathological or "degenerate" phenomenon.This is also a consistent trend followed by the views of later generations.This trend is undoubtedly correct.The reversed person may be very healthy, except for a special abnormality of the reversed, the rest may be normal.The author's personal position has always been that reversal is an abnormality, not a pathological condition.Of course, the author also admits that the reversal state is often closely related to mild neuropathy.Hirschfeld (who found that under 25% of reversal cases had a genetic root cause) argued that even if there was some neuropathic basis in the reversal phenomenon, the pathological component was generally very small.We can agree with His view. At this point in the discussion, we might as well explore the biological basis of homosexuality.Our main object is the psychology of homosexuality.However, the realm of psychology is within the larger realm of biology, or psychology has its own biological basis, and the discussion of comparative root-seeking exploration cannot but be considered.Homosexuality has its innate roots, and we cannot fail to refer to them.Ordinarily, it seems easy for us to explain that there are two distinct and unchanging sexes in the world of higher organisms, one is the male with sperm cells, and the other is the female with egg cells.But from a strictly biological standpoint, this view is no longer correct.What sex is, we may not know. But we know that it is subject to change, that it is possible for one of the two sexes to become the other.The genders cannot be clearly divided, and the middle line is often not very clear.That is, between a complete male and a complete female, there are many intermediate states with different degrees of development.In some species of living things, the distinction between male and female is not very clear.Sexual origin is one of the methods used by good fortune (there are many such methods in nature), so the continuation of species is guaranteed, but it is also theoretically allowed to study the phenomenon of sex regardless of reproductive function.The ultimate goal of good fortune is reproduction. "The great virtue of heaven and earth is life, and the relationship between life and death is all about breastfeeding." It is true, but there is more than one method of breeding and breastfeeding, and the method of both sexes is just one of them. It is also undeniable of.Since it is only one of the methods, it is also reasonable and reasonable to allow some discrepancies when it is used. We have to assume that in each pair of sex chromosomes, whether it is XX or XY, there is a dynamic material base in the middle, and the result of its activities is destined to become a female if a developing individual does not become a male. of.The result of the mating of individuals of two different species, such as moths of two different species (this phenomenon has been specially studied in moths), the offspring are often not normal, and the offspring of the male can develop towards the female or, in other cases, the tendencies of the offspring of the female towards the male.In the impression of the researcher, the blood relationship of the former seems to be "turning from strong to weak", while that of the latter is "turning from weak to strong".In such a species of lower animals we can already see a state called "inter-sexuality."From the above, so that human beings enter the scope of psychology, some people often use similar terms, intermedia sex, etc., to refer to this type of intermediary sex type, but in fact this Class nouns are incorrect. The actual phenomenon is probably like this: There is a quantitative relationship between the factors that determine maleness and femaleness. If the relationship is harmonious, if it is not male, it will be female, if it is not male, it will be female, otherwise it will be male. Into a state of intermediary and mixed. The factors that determine sex are part of the individual's genetic temperament, so they are innate, and will become more and more prominent during the development process. The so-called development process does not only refer to the development of the individual, It also refers to the development of the race. When the race develops to the stage of human beings, this intermediate and mixed state is then manifested in the realm of psychology and spirit. When biologists study moths, they find that the intersexual state can be obtained by crossing individuals of the same species but different races, and this state is also simpler than that shown by higher animals.As far as species that are close to human beings and human beings themselves, there are various forms of intersexuality, but they are not obvious in appearance, or even completely invisible. , because there are many individual variations and divergences, and at the same time, external influences, in any stage of development, are often active there, helping the establishment of this intersexual state. However, the generation of intersexual state, although the relationship between sex chromosomes is basic, it is relatively indirect, and the role of endocrine is more directly related.We may have such a view that the development of sex is initially led by sex chromosomes, but the influence of sex chromosomes is sometimes exhausted, and when it is exhausted, its guiding position is replaced by endocrine.There is more than one kind of endocrine, and each kind is more or less related to the determination of sex, and various endocrines have their own special complexes.The organization of the constitutional part of the body (so different from the germplasm) is constantly receiving the activity and stimulation of this complex.Thus activated and stimulated, these tissues have the potential to develop and express male or female sexual characteristics.Let us note that the word or, male or female, male or female, is possible.In addition to producing egg cells, the ovary also has its own sexual endocrine, but according to experts' opinions, the role of this secretion will not have a significant impact on the body in the early stages of development.Therefore, the development of women seems to be completely innate and inherent, but after it has been developed, its subsequent maintenance, that is, the maintenance of all female sexual characteristics, also depends on the power of the sexual endocrine complex.But the development and differentiation of men is not.Of course, it also has its inherent inherent foundation, but its development seems to have to rely on the endocrine provided by the seminal vesicles.Therefore, biologists in this area believe that the so-called female or female is actually a sex type that does not distinguish between male and female. Only when the male endocrine comes into play can it begin to take effect, and this physique acquires the male sex type, and differentiates from the original type that does not distinguish between yin and yang, so as to become the so-called male.Therefore, if the male endocrine is delayed or postponed, the result is a certain degree of intersexuality, and the delay is not much. Although the male component is not up to the normal standard, it is not too little, and the delay is too long. Then the female component will dominate, and the length of the delay is directly proportional to the amount of the female component.Grue said: "The degree of metamorphosis is determined sooner or later when the male endocrine starts to act." This can help explain why an individual looks female or female at the beginning of life, but appears male at the age of sexual maturity. or masculine sexual characteristics. The adrenal glands (the outer layer of the adrenal glands) also produce an endocrine whose activity, as a result of its activity, also has a masculinizing effect as does the endocrine of the seminal vesicles.This exacerbated result is now called "masculine phenomenon" or "virilism". The former medical term was "adreno-genital syn-drome". state (hypertrichosis) There is a relationship. In men, there is more hair, and there are more sexual development and general physical development. In women, there are atrophy of the uterus, changes in the ovaries, and development of the labia and labia. Insufficiency, overdevelopment of the clitoris, regression of the breasts, narrowing of the pelvis, widening of the shoulders, with changes in sexual characteristics such as special development of muscle or fat.The sexual function is thus disturbed, even to the point of being unable to conceive.According to the time of occurrence, we can divide the masculinity into four types: one is the congenital type (emphasis on female pseudo-yin and yang, the gonads such as ovaries are normal, but the secondary sexual characteristics are male); the other is the stereotype (Occurs near the age of spring germination, hairy, irregular menstruation); the third is the adult type (roughly the same as the second type, but the change in sexual characteristics is relatively insignificant); the fourth is the postpartum type (occurs after menopause , too much fat, obesity all over the body, hair loss or increased intensified, unsound mind, general functional weakness).What kind of activity is the secretion of the adrenal glands to cause such changes? The opinions of experts are still very different. In general, intersex states, according to Hirschfeld, can be divided into four categories: one is the hermaphroditism of the reproductive function (the mixed existence of male and female sexual organs); The third is the mixed existence of psychological yin and yang (the phenomenon of mourning or the mixed existence of male and female psychological characters); the fourth is the yin and yang of sexual psychology. Therefore, the study of homosexuality can in fact go beyond the scope of the intersexual state, and we undoubtedly cannot put aside the role of endocrine.However, we have actually entered the psychological field, and once we enter the psychological field, many physiological and pathological syndromes are generally not easy to investigate.There is no doubt that this syndrome does not exist, but most of it is quite mild, and even if it is more obvious from time to time, it is also insignificant.Of course, we also admit that many years ago, Weil and other experts also looked for examples of homosexuality, looking for some slight but innately measurable qualities, in order to show that they are somewhat different from ordinary people .But these distinctions are, after all, limited.In addition to this quantitative difference, we do not doubt that some people do have a special tendency to behave towards people of the same sex because of their organic temperament indirectly or directly or because of abnormal endocrine abnormalities. Sexual satisfaction can be experienced.There may not be many such people, but daily experience tells us that there are more people who may be normal at ordinary times, but if they are in a special situation and cannot communicate with people of the opposite sex, they can also be in same-sex couples for the time being. Get some sexual satisfaction.This is not only the case with human beings, there are also examples of this in higher animals below human beings. If we say that each individual is a mixture of male components and female components, and the components of the two sexes are very different, and the way of putting them together is also very inconsistent, thus resulting in various sexual types.A reversed man is due to a lot of female elements, and a reversed woman is due to a lot of masculine elements-although this statement is simple, it is somewhat dangerous, because it is close to stereotypes, and stereotypes are difficult to explain. reversal phenomenon.However, if we leave aside the many occasional homosexual behaviors of ordinary people, we also seem to have good reason to say that reversal is an inborn abnormality, or more correctly, a abnormality based on innate conditions in man.If this abnormality is also a sickness, there is nothing wrong with it.But the so-called morbidity, we should rely on Wei Huo (Virchow) view.Westerman's definition of pathology is: pathology is not the science of studying various diseases, but the science of studying various abnormalities.This view is the most reasonable. Haven't we already said that a reversed person can be very healthy, just like the health of a colorblind person.Therefore, the reversal of congenital sex is a variation in the biological world.The origin of this variation is doubtless due to sexual incomplete differentiation, and this variable state is often not necessarily implicated in any pathological condition manifested in an individual. Such a theory of sexual reversal has been gaining in popularity lately, and is gaining strength every day.But in fact, it is not too new. If we trace it back, the history is not too short.Ulrichs had long said in 1862 that reversals are "a kind of yin and yang". In 1888, Kiernan also stated in the United States: In the early stages of the evolutionary process, there was a phenomenon of bisexuality, and since the human race belongs to the same evolutionary process, it is naturally related to the principle of both sexes .Chvalier's explanation of the reversal phenomenon is based on the fact that the fetus is at least apparently ambivalent or unfeminine up to eight weeks after conception, which was in 1893. .The following year, Madrid-based writer Letamendi He also put forward the term "panherinaphroditism" (panherinaphroditism).According to him, in the male there must be the seed of the potential female, and in the female there must be the seed of the potential male.Finally, by 1896, Kraft-Epping, Hirchfeld, and myself (the three seem to be in unison) all adopted similar explanations to those put forward by the previous ones. The popularity of the idea of ​​sexual reversal of this type certainly has its implications for the therapeutic classification of the reversal phenomenon, Kraft.Epping admits four different kinds of first-kill reversals and four different kinds of acquired reversals.Maul rejected such a complicated classification and recognized two other categories, one is the phenomenon of psychosexual hermaphroditis (psychosexual hermaphroditisin), which is commonly called bisexuality today; the other is the phenomenon of complete reversal, that is, non- The phenomenon of homosexuality.This division method is roughly the same as the division method recognized by most experts at present.In other words, in addition to non-heterosexual people, we can only have two kinds of people, some are non-homosexual people, and some are gay and heterosexual people.In addition to this simple classification, there are of course infinite individual examples, but because of their individuality, it is not easy to summarize them into exact categories.The so-called bisexual category is not very precise, because there must be some elements among them who were born reversers, but acquired a little heterosexual ability the day after tomorrow. If we look at the more prominent cases of sexual reversal, we can find several common or frequently recurring features.A large part of the family backgrounds (according to the author's personal experience, about 50%) are quite healthy, but there are also many people who are not healthy. About 40% of the family backgrounds are always somewhat sick or abnormal. For example narrow-mindedness, alcoholism, "neurasthenia" and so on.The heredity of sex reversal is very clear. Although some people deny this point, it is true that it must be finally admitted.In a family, there are brothers and sisters who are both reversed, mother and son who are both reversed, and uncles and nephews who are both reversed.Sometimes two people may not know each other to have the same characteristics, but in the eyes of a third party who is good at observing, it is undoubtedly.According to the author's materials, cases of family history reversal or genetic reversal account for 35% of all reversal cases, and the proportion observed by Roemer is exactly the same as mine.These facts are enough to prove that the reversal phenomenon is probably innate.As for the individual's physical and mental health, about two-thirds of the cases are good, and sometimes very good, but the rest are always somewhat deficient in nerves or unstable in temperament, and only a small part (according to The author's observation is 8%) Obviously morbid. In most cases, the tendency to reverse is revealed very early, probably at the age of spring germination, but it has been revealed before this age, and it also exists.Sexual development was apparently earlier than usual in a large proportion of cases.Sexual hypersensitivity is also a common tendency.Many instances of reversals admit to being "hyperesthesia" or "nervous".The influence of external hints can often be deduced, but in this case, some evidence of innate reversal can also be found. The innate reversal tends to be in the front, and the hint is easy to occur and affect the back.A large proportion of the cases are in the habit of masturbation, but in usually heterosexual people, the habit of masturbation is just as common.It is therefore obvious that masturbation is by no means one of the causes of the reversal phenomenon.The sexual dreams of those who are reversed are probably also reversed, but non-reversed sexual dreams are also possible, that is, people with a fairly clear reversal of innate tendencies can sometimes have normal sexual dreams, just like normal people can sometimes have reversed like a sexual dream. There are many ways to satisfy a reversed sexual drive.In the examples observed by the author, almost 20% have never had any sexual relations with others. 30% to 35% have had sexual relations, but the degree is not deep, most of them are just some superficial physical contact, and the deepest degree is just mutual masturbation.In the remaining examples, the handover between the muscles of the two legs is a relatively common method, and "sucking yang" is also used occasionally.In the case of women, the ways to achieve satisfaction are kissing, close body cuddling, mutual masturbation, and occasionally "sucking vagina", but most of the reversed people are in an active position rather than a passive position.Examples of male reversals leaning toward the "sodomy" or "anal" methods (see also Active over Passive) are few and far between.Hirschfeld believes that such cases account for 8% of the total, and the author believes that 15% is less realistic. Male reversers tend to resemble women, while female reversers tend to resemble men.And this tendency exists both physically and mentally.There is not only one side of Xiangxiao's character, and some seem to be incompatible with other characters, but it is not necessarily true.但有的逆转的男人始终自以为富有阳刚之气；也有许多别的例子说不清楚究竟自己觉得像一个男人抑或像一个女人。女的逆转者，在态度与性情上很像男人，但此种相像外表上也不一定很明显。在身体的结构与生理的功能上有时也略有变动。无论男女，性器官的发展有时在寻常标准以上，但大多在普通标准以下者为多，即多少有几分幼稚的状态。不男不女或亦男亦女的状态（gy necomasty）有时也观察得到。在女人，喉头的发展会有几分像男人。多毛发的状态也可以有（据马拉尼昂的观察，男的品性倾向于在右半身发现，而女的品性在左半身发现）。逆转的男人有时不会作啸声。又逆转者无论男女，面貌及体态上总显得比较年轻，即实际已到壮年，看去还保持着不少青年之气。也无论男女，往往特别喜欢绿（通常绿色是儿童最喜欢的一种颜色，尤其是女童）。逆转的人也往往有些戏剧的才能。一种喜欢铺张炫耀和把自身打扮得妖艳的倾向也不算不普通。装饰品以及珠宝的爱好也是有的。许多这一类的身心特点可以说多少都是幼稚状态的一些表示，幼稚状态无他就是一个双性两可的状态。我们越是把一个个体的生命史向前追溯，我们便越是接近一个双性两可的时期。前文讨论性逆转的起源时曾提到双性两可的现象，到此，这一个溯源的说法就更取得了几分左证。 在道德方面，逆转的人大多接受普通正常的观念，而对于自己的地位总想设词以自圆。其对自己的本性作强力的挣扎，而始终不以自己的态度为然或对自己的地位发生怀疑的，为数不多，不足20％，逆转的人难得向医生或专家请教，这就是一大理由了。他们这种自圆与自是的地位多少也受外界舆论与法律的推挽、而益见其巩固，在法国以及其他受到《拿破仑法典》影响的诸国（意、比、荷等国），单纯的同性恋行为是和法律不发生接触的，但需不用强暴，不侵犯未成年的人，不伤公开的风化，此种行为是构不成为罪名的。主要的国家中，只有英美两国还保持着一部分旧时教会法律的影响，对此种行为还不免以比较严厉的看法准绳。不过，在英美等国，法律在这方面的行使也时常引起种种困难和争辩。因为要断定同性恋行为究竟是否一桩刑事的罪名实在是不容易的。在实际上，被发觉的同性恋的案件也不会多，也没有人故意去侦查索这一类案件。偶有发觉，警察当局也大抵装聋作哑，不加追究。我们也不要以为凡是这方面有法律制裁的国家，逆转的人就比较少、比较不显著，这推论是绝对错的。例如在法国，在旧时君主专制的时代，逆转的人是可以依法焚烧的，然而在那时代里逆转的现象不但发达，有时还很时髦，很受人注目。但在今天的法国，情形就完全相反。近人有鉴于这种历史的事实，所以发起了一种运动，主张凡属不违反社会治安与风化的同性恋行为应不受法律的惩处。这运动在开明的医学与法学界中已经取得了不少拥护的力量。一旦这一种主张成为事实，行见为了这题目而发生的社会上的骚动，包括开明人士为同性恋者的请命运动在内，即可无形消灭，而因此类骚动而对同性恋者所养成的一种妄自尊大或高自标置的心理也便可以下再存在了。对同性恋的行为一体加以压迫固然不对，同性恋者自身的此种心理，也是不健全的，甚至是有妨碍的，不过外界的压迫一天不去，这一种心理便多一日滋长的机会。关于同性恋的刑法有取消的必要，这可以说是最有说服力的理由了。 ● 第二节性逆转的诊断我们在前面很早就说过儿童时期的性冲动比成人时期的要来得散漫。也许正因为比较散漫，所以冲动的力量不会很准确地集中在异性对象的身上。德索瓦（Max Dessoir）甚至说就正常的情形而言， 男女孩子在满十四五岁以前性的本能是不分化的，即在对象方面不作男女的辨别。后来弗洛伊德（承美国心理学家詹姆士及其他专家之后）再三地说，在童年孩子的性生活中，通常总有一缕同性恋的气质。在理论上这见解是完全通达的。每一个人，在体质方面，既具有异性的种子，那在心理方面，自亦不免有异性种子的存在；而在儿童时期，一人固有的性别既尚未发展，异性特点的相对明显，也是情理内应有的事。 同性恋倾向的早年即表露与生理学家研究的结果是不谋而合且相呼应的。希普的结论里就说：我们所有的资料都证明“世上没有纯粹雄性或雌性的动物，任何动物多少都含有雌雄两性的成分”。生理学家所以有此结论的理由是相当显明的，而这样的一个结论也是心理学家久已认为最合理的逆转现象的解释。从这样一个结论，我们就更容易了解为什么在应占优势的性成分还没有充分发展的年龄里，其潜在的性成分自会有一番出头露面的机会，一旦应占优势的性的成分充分表露以后，这些潜在的成分始被抑制退藏于隐密。弗洛伊德在1905年写道：“在研究精神分析的经验里，我所遇见的男女例子的生活中全部可以找到不少同性恋的伏流，在分析之际，不能不加以郑重地考虑。没有这种伏流的例子，简直是一个都找不到。”弗氏的宏富经验以及分析功夫的周详，是我们早就知道的。他这番对有病态而需精神分析来治疗的人的话既属可信，则我们可知在比较正常的人，这样一个伏流无论多么细微，一定也是存在的。所不同的就是一到成年以后，其隐伏的程度更深而更不易寻探罢了。这样一个推论也是合理的。因为我们早就说过，在正常的人和有病态而需治疗的人中间，原只有些程度上的差别，而找不到什么分明的界限与鸿沟。 这样一个同性恋的歧流或伏流之说是很可以邀我们承认的。我们阅看前文之后，也可知这此种承认也不至于把我们陷进一种处境，非同时接受童年的性冲动完全不分化之说不可。童年的性冲动分化未到家则有之，完全不分化则不确。诚然，在有的范围大些的校园里，尤其是有几个大些的英国公立学校，同性恋是很流行的，有的且因学校传统观念的推动，骏骏然有成为一种校风的趋势。这种事实似乎是替不分化之说张目，不过这种事实似乎终究是一些例外。读者之中谁都有过早年的学校生活和交游生活，如果大家回想一下去追寻一些同性恋的经验，无论是自己的或别人的，笔者恐怕不容易找出很多清楚的例证来。偶然有些性的爱慕的事实，其爱慕的对象大多悉数是异性的人，而不是同性的人。 不过这只是说童年时期的性冲动并非完全不分化，而并不是说童年时期完全没有同性恋的趋向。这种趋向无疑也是存在的。一种多少有些浪漫性的同性间的爱悦是有的，男孩中间有，女孩中间或女孩和比较年长的女人之间、女孩和女老师之间往往也有，并且比男孩要多得多。这种爱慕也时常只是片面的。但即使不是片面，而是相互的，即使内心的爱慕演成行为的表示，以至表示到一个可以取得相当性满足的程度，我们也不必大惊小怪，或轻下断语，或妄加干涉，以为它是淫恶之源应严加惩处，或以为是一种病态，故作解人而强迫其治疗。这一类行为的表示，就大多数的例证而论，实在是很单纯的，实在是童年时期性发育过程中所不可避免的一个阶段。 这一类同性恋的表现，大都是属于纯粹的感情方面的，即使有些性的感觉存乎其问，也是很模糊隐约的，粗鲁以至于残暴的方式虽也未尝没有，但是很偶然的。所以，在应付它们的时候，我们要切需记住：我们所应付的，表而上虽有几分异态，实际上也许是多少不失为正常发展的一个初期的阶段。我们如果过于躁切，妄下断语，以为它们是病态的、淫恶的或发乎劣根性的，我们对一个该子的品格，在神经与其他心理方面，也许会遗留很大的创伤，至于这孩于在未来名誉上所受的不良影响还是一个次要的问题。遇有这种表现时，如果必须应付的话，适当的方法是让当老师的人或有其他负有监护之责的人，本着平时爱护的热忱，在授予一般的性的知识的时候，婉转地加以指示，让他一面知道尊重自己的人格，一面爱护别人的安全与健康。在女孩中，这一类的表现大抵不引起什么严重的应付问题，一则因为这种表现比较普通，再则因为同样是这种表现，如在女人方面发生，一般的态度比较放任，在女人自身看去，尤其是如此不仅这样，往往观察别人有此种表示的女人，自身也就有这种表示。 不过，暂时的同性恋的表示是一事，光大的性逆转的倾向却又是一事，当其初期，两者也许是一样，但一则及期而归于无形消失，一则可以暗示一个人一生的性冲动与性理想的特殊的趋向；起点虽同，而归宿则大异，是不容不细察而明辨的。在有的孩子中间，性冲动当其最初表现时，既不是毫无分化的表示，又始终不以异性做对象，而偏偏专向同性的方面去寻找出路，这其问就有问题了。不过，先天逆转的诊断是不容易的，一定要到成人期完成以后，才可以诊察清楚而加以断定，在此年龄以前，诊断是可以的，但误诊的机会比较多。例如，有一个大学的学生于此，天分既高，造诣也好，而风流蕴藉的程度亦在同辈以上，他所交游的人又大都是品格相同程度相等的同性学生。这样一个大学生，终其大学以至研究院的求学时期，也许一贯在同性人中寻求与满足他的情绪生活，而对于异性，则始终不感到兴趣。这样一个男人自省之余，也许会自己断定是一个生而逆转的人。但是，一旦脱离大学的环境而与社会接触，他终于会发现他和一般的世人在情欲方面，实际上可以说全无差别。这种例子虽不多，但也非绝无仅有。所以，一个人一定要满了二十五岁，甚至于过了二十五岁，我们才可以恰如其分地断定他的同性恋的冲动是先天性的一部分，而不单是正常发育的一个阶段。即远在成年以后，一个人的同性恋的冲动也还可以改变过来而转入异性恋的方向，或演成一种折衷的局面而变做一个真正的双性两可的人。