Chapter 11 -4

The term sadomasochism is very useful, because it can not only summarize the two opposite tendencies of sadomasochism and masochism, but it can also incorporate some phenomena that cannot be classified into these two tendencies.Both Kraft Epping and Mower, for example, refused to admit that whipping is a form of masochism, and they believe that it is just to get more physical stimulation and excitement.It may be; but in many cases the behavior is indeed masochistic and whipping is sadistic.Regardless of whether the two families are right or not, and whether it is themselves or the object being whipped, there is an undeniable connection between sexual emotion and pain; even if the phenomenon proposed by the two families is not masochism, it is at least Always a kind of sadism.Therefore, the term sadomasochism is particularly convenient to use.

From the standpoint of strict definition, this merger of sadomasochism and masochism has its inconveniences, but from the standpoint of psychology, this merger is justified.According to Freud, masochism is sadomasochism turned on oneself, and we can also say that sadomasochism is masochism turned on others. It is especially reasonable to summarize it under a general term. From the medical point of view, the two tendencies have inherent reasons for their separate existence, but in fact there is no clearer boundary between them.Although it is not easy to find some elements of sadism in a pure masochist, we can often find some elements of masochism in a sadist.Even as far as Marquis Shard himself is concerned, he is not a pure sadomasochist, and we can clearly find many elements of masochism in his works.Therefore, the active and passive elements in sadomasochism can have a very close relationship, maybe the two elements are really the same, and it is unknown.A generally sadistic man, who saw the whip as a provocative fetish, wrote: "My reaction is biased toward the active side of the act of whipping, but to the On the passive side, I have also developed fewer interests, but the establishment of this kind of interest is due to some psychological twists and tricks between the conscious and subconscious.

The result is that although someone else puts the whip on me, my subconscious imagination thinks that I am beating others with the whip. "It is also worth noting that, on the one hand, although some masochists are generally strong and strong in temperament, on the other hand, the sadistic person is often very timid and cowardly. And flexible performance. For example, the case of Riedel studied by La Cassagne. Riedel was a sadistic youth who once killed another youth. From the age of four, when he saw blood or thought of Xuexue feels sexual excitement, and likes to simulate the scene of massacre when playing games. His physique always shows a childish character, very thin, timid, and shy when he meets people (for example, he doesn't care if someone is around) Dare to defecate), full of religious zeal, hating profanity and immoral behavior, looks and expressions like a child, looks very unpleasant. However, this is only one aspect, on the other hand, the scene of bloodshed and enough to cause the The act of slaughtering such a scene, but very fond of it, has become an unrestrained paranoid behavior tendency (the person finally ends up in a madhouse). This tendency is of course very harmful to people. But he was the most free emotional release. Marley (A. Marie) studied a French boy, the situation is similar.

This person is also very timid, blushes easily, bows his head when he sees a child, and dare not look him in the face, let alone seduce a woman or drown in a place with other people.This person also ended up in a madhouse. The definitions of sadomasochism and masochism are not easy to determine because of various difficulties, which have been briefly mentioned above.In view of this, Hirschfeld proposed a new concept and term called "metatropism".The so-called diversion refers to the translocation of sexual attitudes between men and women, and it is an intensified translocation, that is, men have intensified feminine attitudes, while women have intensified masculine attitudes.Men have sadomasochism, which is an intensification of the sexual attitude that men should have, and women have masochism, which is an intensification of the sexual attitude that women should have.Therefore, the same sadistic love or the same masochistic love is completely different for men and women.From Hitch's point of view, male sadomasochism and female masochism are nothing more than the excessive development of normal sexual impulses into the realm of erotomania, but if a man has masochism or a woman has sadomasochism , then it becomes a divergence of the steering and is completely opposite to the normal state.However, His conception of this turning phenomenon has not been recognized by general psychologists.Such a concept, instead of reducing the difficulty of the problem, clumsily increases its complexity.Because the view of the so-called normal sexual impulse on which it is based is not acceptable to everyone.He also admits that the general temperament of a sadistic man is often the opposite of toughness, while that of a masochistic man is often the opposite of tenderness. Applying the concept of turning to this kind of person can be helpful. Saying it is far-fetched.Therefore, the author thinks that the most convenient way is to use the general term of sadomasochism, and admit that it has two opposite and often related manifestations, one is sadomasochism and the other is masochism, regardless of whether they occur in men on or on a woman.

Pain and happiness are generally considered to be completely different things, but in our lives, there are often experiences where pain is pleasure.This layer also adds a lot of difficulty to our current problem.But in the phenomenon of sadomasochism, what we think of as pleasure is not the painful experience itself, but the emotions aroused by this experience. People with sadomasochistic tendencies, as far as most say, are relatively weak in performance, and his situation is just the opposite of that of people with strong performance.Therefore, the same stimulation is needed to stimulate sexual activity, and his stimulation must be stronger than usual to be effective.In the eyes of ordinary people, strong perceptions and strong emotions are completely incompatible with sexual life and are unexpected, such as anxiety and grief, but they can become sexual stimulation for him, knowing that these stimulations are painful in themselves , but with them he can obtain sexual pleasure.Cullerre has collected not a few examples in this respect, both of men and women, most showing symptoms of nervous exhaustion, most of them also being very moral persons, all of whom could not stand a serious case of anxiety. or intensely dire, sometimes religious events or situations.For example, if you encounter it once, and the result is not automatic arousal by pornography, you need to masturbate once to promote arousal.Jushi's example had nothing to do with sadomasochism, but after looking at these examples, we can know that seeking pleasure from pain is a basic fact, and it can have far-reaching implications.However, people with sadomasochistic tendencies grasp these meanings consciously or unconsciously, and use them to supplement their lack of performance.

We must never forget that lesser painful experiences (together with the associated emotions of horror, worry, disgust, contempt, etc.), whether seen in others or felt in ourselves, are important to many People, especially those with weak nerves, are not enough to arouse real sexual feelings, but at least they can arouse some pleasure.The natural response to pain is an emotional sadness (as in the person), or sympathetic grief (as in someone else).If the pain is on himself, a person will naturally feel sad, and if it is on someone else, he will also feel sad, but the pain is lighter. As for how light it is, it depends on the depth of his relationship with this person.But at the same time, some elements of pleasure and satisfaction are also possible.The Roman poet and writer Lucretius had a passage (see the second of his collection of poems)

It can best express this mentality: people who stand safely on the shore have a special feeling for those who are struggling in the water and are about to die.Lu Shi said: "It is sweet to witness an unfortunate sailor wrestling with death in the waves from the shore. This is not because we take pleasure in other people's misfortune, but because we are beyond the calamity, we can't help but feel grateful." Modern Times Newspapers always put up a poster in front of the newsstand, with the headlines of the day's news written in large characters on it. The most common adjectives in these headlines are "surprised, strange, horrified, strange", etc., and most of them contain painful elements. The power of propaganda not only does not decrease because of this component, but increases instead, which shows that it has its own attractive power.There is a school of Chinese opera that specializes in horrific scenes, while many popular novels written by high-class writers like to make sad scenes into gags and poor characters into ridiculous.It can be seen from this that a small amount of sadomasochism and masochism (the Germans also call it "Schadenfreude") that can be said to have nothing to do with sexual phenomena is quite widely spread among the general population.

Based on the considerations above, we can understand why the motive of sadistic behavior is not necessarily to abuse others.What he asked for was not so much the pain of others, but the emotions that this pain aroused in his own predecessor.Another statement from the example of active sadomasochism cited above is a good proof of this.This person is quite intelligent, and he has the air of a scholar, and his sadism is not very strong. He said: "The most fascinating thing, nothing else, is the act of whipping itself. I definitely don't want to make people suffer. She must feel the pain, which is good, but this is nothing more than to show that I am strong when I hold the whip." I don't feel happy just to make people suffer. I actually hate this kind of gloating behavior. Except for the sexual perversion on my part, I hate all abuse of others. For animals, I have only issued a warning once in my life, and I still regret it."

When discussing sadomasochism, our attention is easy to focus on the pain, that is because we have not fully considered all the psychological phenomena involved.A metaphor may help us.We might as well assume that a musical instrument is sentient, and that the musician can cause pain to the instrument when he blows and fiddles it.We hope that people with a scientific spirit and a love for analysis will finally understand: the pleasure of music is the pleasure of inflicting pain on the instrument, and the influence of music on emotions comes from the pain inflicted on the instrument.I think this analogy is reasonable.The musician originally didn't want to teach the instrument to feel pain, but in order to obtain the pleasure of music, he had to play and fiddle with it, and he played and fiddled very hard.The same is true of sadistic lovers.

Within the sphere of sadomasochism we find some of the most insane manifestations of perversion.The tendency of sadism, at its best, can produce the most absurd behaviors against human nature; while the tendency of masochism, at its best, can teach human nature to experience the most unexpected humiliations.Because of these extreme manifestations, we need to remember that both sadomasochism and masochism are based on normal human impulses.Of course, the extreme of a thousand miles of absurdity did not come out of thin air. As for the slight sadomasochism with a slight mistake, it is strictly within the range of biological variation, so it is not surprising.

The basis of sadomasochism has its own part of normal psychological facts, but this fact is also multifaceted and quite complicated.There are two components we should pay special attention to. ① Painful experience, whether inflicted or experienced, is a by-product of the courtship process, which is true of animals below humans, and it is also true of humans. ② Painful experience, especially for people with congenital or acquired neurasthenia, is like a dose of stimulant, which has a refreshing power.Whether it is the pain suffered by the body or the pain imposed on others, it has a great stimulating effect on the sexual nerve center.After we understand these two points, although there are many forms of sadomasochism, it is easier for us to understand its general mechanism, and we have a clue to the psychology of sadomasochism.The reason why a person's sexual impulse takes the path of sadomasochism, regardless of the method for the time being, there are two explanations: (a) the tendency of sadomasochism was originally a part of all the courtship process in primitive times, and in later generations this kind of inclination Tendency to show sudden flashes of light (sometimes this show may be based on distant inheritance); desired purpose. A senior British writer and philosopher Robert Burton (Robert Burton) said very early: "All love is a phenomenon of slavery." The lover is his lover's servant: he must be prepared to deal with all kinds of things. Difficulties, encountering various dangers, completing various embarrassing tasks, in order to serve her and win her favor.We find evidence of this everywhere in romantic poetry.The farther our history goes back, to the uncivilized peoples, to the primitive state of life, in general, this kind of domineering by the lover, all the humiliation and all the sufferings of the lover in courtship, the It becomes more and more obvious.In animals below humans, the situation is similar, but it is more rough to look at. If a male animal wants to possess a female, he must exhaust his entire life in advance. Often, he is exhausted and fails. It was taken over by other males, and he was only left with bruises and blood stains all over his body.In short, in the process of courtship, experiencing pain and inflicting pain on others are so linked that they are absolutely indispensable elements.And why not with regard to women and femininity?To express sympathy for the pain of the opposite sex is itself a kind of pain; as for the time of courtship, to endure the retaliatory abuse of the opposite sex is even more traumatic.Even if not, during the courtship, she can always dominate the opposite sex, and she can always stand on the sidelines and be complacent about the fierce competition between the two males because of her. Once she is possessed by the winner, she is not subject to her spouse. To endure some of her deserved pain?In the future, when the sexual function enters the reproductive function, she will be subject to her children. Doesn't the painful experience have to be further advanced?Sometimes, even in the courtship stage, the female is often unavoidable to suffer pain. In some birds, the male will enter a manic state at this time, and among the females who are more willing to be female, they will not be able to avoid suffering: for example The male of the Peng class is a very rough suitor, but it is said that as long as the female expresses submission, he may turn to be gentle and considerate.During courtship or sexual intercourse, the male will bite the female's neck or other parts (called love-bite in English, which can be literally translated as love bite).This is a sadistic expression shared by man and other animals.Animals such as horses and donkeys all have this behavior during mating. Joining in pain may not be a sign of love, and it is a very common concept in ancient and modern times.The Greek satirist Lucian asked a woman to say in "Dialogues of a Prostitute": "If a man has not fisted his lover, broken his hair, or scratched his clothes, he has not really Experience what love is." The famous Spanish novelist Cervilntes (Cervilntes) also described in "Rinconete and Cortadillo" (Rinconete and Cortadillo) to this level.A woman treated by the French psychiatrist Janet said: "My husband doesn't know how to make me suffer a little bit." A man who can't make a woman suffer a little bit won't get her love.Conversely, in the book "Way of the World" by British dramatist Congreve, a female character named Millermont said: "A person's cruelty is a person's authority. .” The previous article said that the various manifestations of sadomasochism are normal courtship manifestations, a deformed development traced to the inheritance of distant ancestors, but in fact it is not limited to this.This kind of performance, especially in thin people, is a sign of striving to make progress, and they want to make up for the lack of sexual impulse.The various incidental emotions involved in courtship, such as anger and fear, are sufficient in themselves to add excitement to sexual activity.Therefore, if the strength of the sexual drive is not strong enough, a person may deliberately stimulate such emotions to restore the decline.And the most convenient way is to use the feeling of pain: if the pain is imposed on others, it is sadomasochism; if it is applied to oneself, it is masochism; I just witnessed it from the side, it is a state between the two, the emphasis may be on the side of sadism, or the side of masochism, it depends on the sympathy tendency of the sadomasochist I witnessed up.From this point of view, the sadist and the masochist are of the same species, and they also use the feeling of pain to draw its reserves from the primordial reservoir of emotions; Pain feels like a water pump. After clarifying the biological and psychological basis of sadomasochism as divergent, we can understand that its connection with sadistic behavior is accidental rather than inevitable.The sadist doesn't really want to abuse his partner, however brutal the fact is, and how deeply the victim suffers is another matter.The sadistic man desires nothing more than to cultivate his faltering emotions.In many cases, this can only be achieved by means of arousing the emotions of the subject, and the easiest way is to make her suffer.That is to say, in a normal love situation, a man would not hesitate to let her suffer and suffer for the woman he loves. At the same time, he is deeply in love, and he hopes that she can bear it willingly and even feel happy.The sadist just goes a step further than that.There is a documented instance where he liked to stick needles in his subject while at the same time making her smile all the time.It was obvious that he didn't want her to suffer, and he'd love to teach her some pleasure if possible.Of course, as far as the facts are concerned, as long as she puts on a smile on the surface or shows other forced laughter, he doesn't ask.Even in the most extreme case, even if the sadism reaches the level of murder, the heart of sadism is never killing but seeing blood.It is almost universally recognized in ancient and modern times that a higher degree of emotional excitement is obtained because of the stimulation of blood, and the stimulation of blood is particularly strong; Leppmann (Leppmann) made a very fine observation. In criminal cases of sadomasochism, a lot of blood is always found in relatively common traumas, such as the neck or abdomen. Similarly, the heart of masochism is not suffering or suffering.According to writers such as Kraft-Epping and Mower, a lesser degree of passive sadomasochism is nothing more than a higher development of normal sexuality, and can be called "sexua lsubjection" (German The text is called Hoerigheit) Therefore, severe pain, no matter in physical or mental aspects, does not necessarily exist.What this kind of person endures silently is nothing more than some strong suppression and willful teasing by the other party.There is no clear line between sexual submission and masochism.The masochist, like the sexual submissive, finds pleasure in accepting the other's abuses.And in the masochist, it's even utterly pleasurable.The difference is that in the sexually submissive, the normal urge to have sex is always there, while in the masochist the experience of suffering and suffering becomes a substitute for sex.At best, there is no need for intercourse at all.There are many kinds of abuse suffered by the masochist, and the nature of them is also different.Some are very real, and some are simulated, for example: the whole body is bound, the hands and feet are shackled, the body is trampled, the neck is strangled or strangled, resulting in partial suffocation, all kinds of slavery that ordinary people and the other party regard as extremely disdainful, extremely Obscene swearing and so on.From the perspective of masochists, these can become substitutes for sexual intercourse, and their value is exactly equal to that of sexual intercourse, while the view of abuse, even the view of pain, is out of the question. When we understand this layer, we can Knowing that many of the theories that several psychologists (even Freud) have worked so hard to create in this area are completely useless. The various manifestations of being abused obviously do not have great social significance due to their nature, and will not cause great harm to social life.Because of its low risk, masochism has a very long history.Although it can be found at any time in the history of culture, it is very recent to regard it as a definite sexual perversion.Its divergent status has only been fully established since Kraft Epping, in his The Psychopathology of Sexuality, first characterizes it as it is.Not so with sadism.In biology and psychology, although it is closely related to masochism, in sociology and forensic science, its meaning is very different.There are also various degrees of sadism. The mildest of them, that is, the "emotional biting" mentioned above, is of course irrelevant, but some of the most serious forms can often cause extremely dangerous reactions. social tragedy.The light ones can hurt people, and the serious ones can kill people. For example, the "Jack the Ripper" (Jack the Ripper) mentioned above is the most appalling criminal case of fornication and homicide.There are not too few examples of this kind of sadomasochism that lead to criminal cases. Although not all of them go to the point of killing people, they are often heard of hurting people (for this kind of examples, La Cassagne has a special Research).Another class of examples involves schoolteachers, housewives, and other people who can dominate children and servants. The cruel and inhumane abuses of these people are mostly motivated by sadomasochism. Sadism and masochism are differences that both men and women can express.Masochistic love is more manifested by men.There is a reason for this.One may be because a considerable degree of so-called sexual submission or initial manifestations of masochism can be said to be a normal part of women and cannot be counted as divergence; moreover (Mauer once pointed out) there is no such need in women , because women's sexual activities are relatively passive and submissive, such as masochism, so the stimulation or substitutes to enhance performance are not very useful. As I said before, sadomasochism and masochism are only part of sadomasochism, not enough to cover all the various manifestations of sadomasochism.From a general point of view, sadomasochism is a branch of the symbolic phenomenon of sexual love. All sexual pleasure is related to psychological states related to pain, anger, terror, worry, fear, bondage, grievance, humiliation, etc. Whether it is Active or passive, real or simulated, even imaginary, can be grouped under this branch, since all these states of mind draw upon the great reservoir of primordial emotion mentioned above to replenish it. Donation of sexual impulses.The act of whipping is an example.Such behavior, whether experienced or inflicted, witnessed or imagined, can become a stimulant to sexual activity in persons born with perverted tendencies from a very early age.In most cases, this behavior involves many qualities, both mental and physical, and thus constitutes another school of sadomasochism in which relationships are important and wide-ranging.There are also some examples, as long as witnessing a scene or event that can be frightening, such as an earthquake, a bullfight, or even the funeral of a close relative, there will be a sexual response, and this response is obviously related to sadomasochism. Or masochistic tendencies are pretty irrelevant. Therefore, looking at the big picture, the field of sadomasochism is really very wide.And at the border between this field and other divergent fields, there are still some phenomena that look like sadomasochism rather than sadomasochism. For example, some examples that should be considered as fetishism also have a hint of sadomasochism.Garnier wanted to classify these examples into another school, which he called "sadistic fetishism".However, the example he gave does not confirm his claim, because it is a relatively clear example of foot fetishism.Abraham, while acknowledging the decay of the sadomasochist's capacity already discussed, considers that this decline is not a primary phenomenon, but the result of an intense sexual capacity that has been suppressed or paralyzed.He also cited Freud's suggestion that stinky love and feces love are sometimes some factors that produce foot love, but the pleasure of smell, due to the relationship between aesthetics, later receded into the background, and the rest was only visual pleasure up.Aristotle's view also seems to think that in the development of stinky love, feces love and foot love, there are more or less elements of sadomasochism. There is also an uncommon hybrid of sadomasochism and fetishism called corset-fetishism.In this phenomenon, the corset is a fetish, but the reason why it is a fetish is that it can provide a feeling of pressure and restraint.Abraham analyzed a complex example in great detail: he was a twenty-two-year-old college boy, and his sexuality manifested in many ways, including foot fetishes, corset fetishes, and the power to restrain and oppress all There is also a love for stinky love, that is, a love for body odor. On the other hand, Aristotle believes that stinky love is an original manifestation, which can be seen from his relationship with his mother.He also exhibits intestinal and urethral love.Like the woman mentioned above in the discussion of foot fetishes, he liked to sit on his knees when he was young, and taught his heels to be tightly locked on the mouth of the intestine.In addition, he also has the tendency of eonism, that is, the phenomenon of a man disguised as a woman or a woman disguised as a man (see Chapter 5, Section 3 below for details). He hopes to be a woman so that he can wear a corset And uncomfortable, stiff high-heeled shoes.From the age of spring, he began to use his mother's worn-out girdle to tightly bind his waist.This development of his fetishism seemed so natural that Aristotle could find no sudden external event to explain it. Corpse love, or erotic love for corpses of the opposite sex, is another phenomenon that is often grouped under sadomasochism.The example of corpse love, strictly speaking, is neither sadistic nor masochistic, and in fact has nothing to do with sadomasochism or masochism. However, since the sexual excitement of corpse lovers depends on the emotional effect of fear caused by contact with corpses, we might as well generalize this example under sadomasochism in a broad sense, sometimes depending on the situation. It seems that it should be included in the phenomenon of fetishism.However, if we examine it medically, we can find that most of these cases are highly psychotic or very imbecile.They are often mentally weak, dulled in perception, and often have a defective sense of smell."The Vampire of Mui" by Epaulard (vampire du Muy) is a representative example.These sick or imbecile men were originally disdainful for ordinary women to accept, so they had to beg for dead bodies, which is actually a kind of masturbation, at least it can be regarded as equivalent to bestiality.Sometimes, corpse lovers not only mate with corpses, but also dismember them, such as the long-standing case of Sergeant Bertrand.This relatively rare phenomenon is also called sadistic corpse love (necro-sadism).Strictly speaking, there is of course no real sadistic element in this; Bertrand often had daydreams of abusing women at first, and later always imagined women as walking dead.In the development of this emotional life, the element of sadism also appears incidentally, and its motive is always not to maim his object, but to arouse strong emotions in himself.Any act of fragmentation is nothing more than an attempt to increase emotional excitement.Needless to say, this example is extremely perverted. ●Section IX Sexual Aging When a woman reaches the age of menopause, her sexual desire often has a tendency to explode, just like a dying fire bursting out some residual heat, and sometimes it can easily become a morbid phenomenon. There is also this tendency on the part of men.When Lao Jing is in the future, the sexual impulse can suddenly become very urgent.This can be said to be an instinctive reaction, and its manifestation, whether it is normal or not, tends to go beyond the scope of reason.And this tendency was not initially limited to persons who were particularly sexually active in adolescence.Even a person who has kept his integrity due to strict religious and moral training in his youth will suddenly change at this age, as if he subconsciously feels that he has suffered a loss in the past, and it will be the end of this day, and he has to try his best to make up for it.Because of this changing situation, the performance of this kind of person is sometimes more obvious than that of the first kind.The experience of many women tells us that the sexual aggression they experience early in life—the most brazen and often the most successful—is not from young men of their own age, because men of this age The attitude of women is always more polite, even more respectful.This kind of risky behavior is relatively impossible, but from the perspective of a mature and prudent married man, it is even more impossible to allow this kind of man's usual integrity and status. Yet it happened. As mentioned above, women's early experience is often very early, even in childhood.According to a judgment made by Lupman a long time ago: within the scope of sexual psychological phenomena, apart from the layer of sexual aging, there is no other congenital abnormality that can make a man have this kind of sexuality. sexual assault.On very rare occasions a suppressed unconscious urge can lead a man to make up his mind about an immature girl, but this is extremely rare.Most of the people who have such aggressive actions before the age of aging are reached are some low-energy molecules. While we admit this tendency in older men to flare-ups of libido, we must also admit that another change that comes with age, namely, a rather selfish temper and a lessened sympathy; Not an ancillary cause of sexual incontinence.From other perspectives, this change in temperament is not without its benefits, because the year of the wind and candle cannot withstand strong emotions, so as to restrain yourself in life, there is a self-defense function in it. in.But it is also dangerous. If it is discovered in terms of sexual desire, it will inevitably help the evildoers and even lead to bad results. It is also self-evident that the explosion of sexual desire is very dangerous if its object is an underage female, so that a girl who is still in childhood, no matter how indecent the action is.Old people usually have an emotional preference for young people, and this preference is somewhat sexual, but this cannot be said to be abnormal.Conversely, it is not surprising that young people can express themselves in this way towards adults of the opposite sex.But when an old man treats a young woman, this kind of expression can go on a perverted path; and because of the weakening of his sexuality, he only needs some superficial sexual contact, and he is often satisfied.The older he was, the more contented he was, and the more unscrupulous and shameless he was in seeking it. Hence, according to the observations already made by Brouardel some years ago, the age of the offender decreases as the age at which the offense is committed increases, and the tendency to increase and decrease is very neat.Of course, not all elderly people have this kind of behavior. As long as the body is quite healthy and the mind is quite complete, the impulse of this kind of behavior, even if it occurs, is easy to restrain; The expression has some sexual connotations, and it cannot be regarded as a morbid phenomenon.But if the body and mind are not very sound, various internal stimuli occur in the physiological aspect, such as the enlargement of the prostate gland, and in the psychological aspect, the power of mental control tends to be weak due to the weakness of the nerve center, then the barriers will be completely removed, a kind of It is unavoidable that the dangerous behavior of looting and checking at the expense of others is unavoidable.This is the case with some old people, who have not yet disintegrated intellectually, but have gradually degenerated emotionally and behaviorally, gradually showing symptoms of so-called senile madness (senlle dementia). Some experts in the past (such as Kraft. Pingping and Lupman) believed that sane older people can also sexually abuse girls.Then you have to seek another explanation, that is, this kind of person is tired of the normal sex life because of satisfaction, and has to find a new way.But this observation is probably inaccurate.Hirschfeld's experience in sexual psychology cannot be said to be extensive, but he said that as far as the criminals he met were concerned, none of them were sane.In any case, if we encounter such an example, we must first have a detailed psychiatric examination before making a conclusion. ● 第十节社会对性歧变的态度法国作家古尔蒙在他的《恋爱的物理》（Physique del Amour）里说过一句名言：“恋爱病理学是一个地狱，这个地狱的大门是永远打开不得的。”这样一句危言耸听的话是只有让古尔蒙一类的恋爱的哲学家说的。不过他毕竟是一个哲学家，在他的本行里无论他如何值得我们钦佩，但说起科学的训练，他是没有的。因此，他这句话居然有妇产科专家范。Germany.弗尔德一类的人加以赞许，是很可以诧异的。亚里士多德说过，行文措辞，能善用隐喻是一件难能可贵的事，但地狱之门在这里是一个错误的隐喻。应知我们目前所处的并不是一个表演剧本的场合，专演但丁所作《神圣的喜剧》一类的作品，而是生物科学的领域。在这个领域里所谓的生理状态是不断地在转入病理状态，生理与病理之间，找不到一丝接缝的痕迹。接缝既没有，试问那里还有什么门，探问地狱之门又从何开启。病理的成分在生理中原就可以找到，而病理的作用也始终遵守着生理的法则，根本无法划分。每一个常态的人，就性生活方面而论。如果我们观察得非常仔细的话，总有一些变态的成分，而所谓变态的人也并不是完全和常态的人不同，而是在常态的人所有的某一方面或某几方面发生了不规则或畸形的变化罢了。所谓常态与变态，把一切例子综合起来看，无非是各种程度不同的变异，可以在一根曲线上排列出来。一个在热恋中的女人，可以对男人说：“我想把你吃了。”这样一个女人和前文所已一再提到过“剖腹者杰克”未尝不是一条链子上的两个链环，中间所隔的链环尽管多，其为在同一链子之上则一。在我们自己中间，无论如何正常，谁都包纳着一些残忍酷虐的种子，并且不只是种子而已，而是多少已经发了芽或长了叶子的。 所以，一种性的活动使得我们憎厌，倒并不是因为它反常、因为它变态，从前流行的看法是不正就是邪，邪就是可恶。以前的人对所谓“自然的”概念是很狭窄的，而又认为凡是“不自然的”行为都应当大骂，甚至于应当责罚，应当重重地责罚，因为它即使在社会面前不是一种罪，而在神道面前一定是一种孽。 如今观念不同了。由于知识的进步，我们一面既把“自然的”范围推广了很多，一面又承认造物生材，各种程度的变异的存在几乎是没有止境的。所以，我们觉得有作进一步辨别的必要。我们要提出的问题不再是这种行动是不是反常而是这种行动是不是有害。人与人的性关系，方式尽管多，尽管繁变，社会大可以不过问，社会要问而要加以断定的是：哪些方式是有害的。这问题是很有几分重要的，因为很多经验丰富的医生相信，近年以来有不少方式，有许多种目前还有人所谓的“邪孽”是比以前更见流行了。流行既更广，它们有害无害的一层自更有确定的必要。何以有的方式，有的歧变现象，更见得流行了呢？这其问原因是很多的。妓女制度的范围缩小了。因为卫生的关系，嫖妓的风气也日见减少；嫖妓之风当然不是徒然减杀，而是有它的替代的，这替代是一般男女关系的比较自由与比较放恣；但放恣之中又不能全无忌惮，或因人言的可畏，或因怀孕的顾虑，有的女人可以容许男子任何方式的性的接触，而独独不许性交。这些，至少是原因的一部分了。 此外，文明进步之后，生活方式的更趋于繁变曲折与更趋于纤密细致，也未必不是原因的一部分。一般的生活如此，性生活自亦不能例外。因此，有许多觅取快感的方式，在原始社会认为是龌龊的，可作三日呕的，到此便流行起来了。 这许多方式，在文明社会里，纵然平时或在别人身上，也觉得不雅驯的，到了自己发生热恋的时候，也就无所忌讳了。我们同时又得承认，很多的人口之中，总有一部分人，因先天后天的关系，在性感觉方面，有比较根深蒂固的歧变的倾向，例如前面所已分别讨论的受虐恋或物恋，或下文将要讨论的同性恋之类，这些人的性欲的满足是有特别的条件的，就是性刺激的到达他们身上，一定得经过一些不太正常的途径。不过就在这里，即不学的人所称的“邪孽”里，只要它们不走极端，也还有它们的正常的成分。沃尔巴斯特说得很对：“在常态的人的品性里，我们也往往可以找到这种成分。在常态的人中既有它们的地位，也就不能算不正常了。弗洛伊德说得更进一步，并且也许说得很正确，就是：”在任何健康的人的生活里，这种“邪孽'的性倾向总有时候要表现一两次。 因此我们如今正慢慢达到的结论是这样的：性冲动的不正常满足，无论出奇到什么程度，也无论表面上可以教人憎厌到什么程度，除非是那些在医学上或法律上可以引起问题的例子，是无需乎责备或干涉的。第一类在医学上可以发生问题的例子是要干涉的。因为这种人的不正常的活动会侵蚀到本人的健康，所以，非经药物或精神的治疗不可。第二类的例子可以伤害到对方或第三者的健康或权益，因此法律就有干涉之权。这种侵害别人身体和权益的方式是可以很多的，各国各地方的法律对此种侵害行为的反应也各异其趣。至于法律究应如何反应，各种人士的观点自然也很不一致。不过对若干种的侵犯行为之所以为侵犯行为，与这种侵犯行为的应当惩处，各方面的见解倒也不大分歧。对未成年人的引诱成好，对已婚男女的奸淫，因性交而传染性病给别人，因获取一己的性的满足而虐使他人（不论此种虐待是有意的或无意的）等等，都是这一类应受干涉的侵害行为。 另有一种性的歧变有时也可以成为侵害行为，但对于它，各方面的意见还极不一致。而各国的法律习惯也莫衷一是，那就是同性恋，关于这个问题下章别有详细的讨论。 同性恋是古往今来始终存在的一个现象。它和许多别的现象一样，也是自然的与无可避免的变异范围以内的一个所谓间性（详见下章）的状态（intersexual condition）。离开这所谓间性的状态一点不说，同时，同性恋的人在早年的时候，性的兴趣也往往比较淡薄，这一点也抛开不说，在有的国家和文化里，同性恋可以成为一种很流行的风尚，甚至于成为一种性生活的理想。但在其他一些国家和文化里，它是受舆论及法律的干涉的。尽管无论舆论如何严厉，法律如何冷酷，同性恋依然存在，无法根除。在欧洲基督教流行的最早的几个世纪里，东罗马的君士坦丁大帝皈依基督教而使它成为国教以后，同性恋是一度受过国家极严厉的干涉的。当时多少是政教合一的，政府曾三令五申禁止，但终于无效。及至大革命前夕的法国，因犯鸡奸或男色而被烧的人，时常还有。大革命以后，自《拿破仑法典》的颁行，一切比较单纯的同性恋行为，只要双方元首系成年人，双方全表示同意而完全是私人的行动，不影响到国家的观瞻，是不构成罪名的。但若有些公开的性质，且行为的一方又属一个在法律上未成年的人判刑罚还是很重的。凡是《拿破仑法典》影响所及的国家，现在都通行这种比较开明的法律习惯。但其他国家就不如此，特别是英美两国。在这些国家里，旧时那种不放松的态度还存在，而原有的严刑峻法也似乎很难修正。目前所已做到的不过是使这种刑法不完全实施出来罢了。 社会对于这一类问题的态度越变越开明以后，我们还可以看见一些更多的成效。态度的开明化既属固然有理，这种成效也自势所必至。有些简单的事实我们早晚总会承认。性的活动和性的态度只要不公开地取罪于人，终究是一二当事人的私事，而其是非利害，应由私人自裁，与公众并不发生关系，此其一。这种活动和态度，虽与后天的教养有关，终究大半是先天气质的结果，根底极深，无由卒拔，此其二。因此，一个医生或性心理学专家遇到一个似乎有先天根据的性歧变的例子的时候，他总有一个疑难的问题要向自己提出来。他想用些治疗的功夫把病人弄成一个常态的人么？我们说弄成常态，而不说恢复常态，因为就病人而言，病态就是他的常态，而常人之所谓常态，即使能弄成的话，对他是横逆的，不自然的，即对他反而成为一种“邪孽”。这岂不是心劳日拙么？岂不是非徒无益，而又害么？所以笔者很赞成沃尔巴斯特的一句话：“倘若一种性歧变的行为对某一个人的性态，能一贯予以满足，而在给予满足之际，对当事人的身心两方并不引起什么损害，那种歧变对于那个人，名为歧变，事实上却一定得认为是正常的。如果我们从事性心理研究的学者能根据这样一个说法行事，大概虽不中也不远了。”沃氏这说法是很对的。不过我们得补充一句，即那个人的那种歧变必须同时对别人的身心健康也不发生危害才行。否则，无论对本人如何“正常”，如何有利，社会还是有权干涉。我们固然不赞成用强制禁绝的干涉方法，因为那是根本不生效力的，但我们应该在医学方面，甚至外科手术方面，开一些方便之门，教凡属自身感到此种先大或后天的歧变是一副极重的担子、而实在有些承当不起的人，得以休息，得以逃避。总之，我们干涉的目的，是求公允两个字，“公”对社会而言，是法律的责成，“允”对当事人而言，是同情心的表现。 我们在整个性问题上需要更大的宽容态度。固不仅为离开了正常的典型人物着想，也未始不是为全部的社会组织与道德制度图一部分长治久安之计。要知道把形形色色的性歧变当做不道德的行为看、当做罪孽看，不但是白费的，不但是要失败的，并且正因为徒劳无功，而越让大家对道德制裁的力量失去信仰，越发让种种歧变多得一些暗中滋长的机会。因为我们知道，这一类的问题越是受严厉的干涉，发展得便越快；名为禁止，实同鼓励。在禁酒的问题上，这一点已是大家公认明白的。专门研究希腊民族性表现的德人利希特指给我们看，在希腊人中，性的“邪孽”是极少的。同性恋虽发达，但希腊人但不把它当做一种“邪孽”，并且承认它是一种正常的事物，可以做婚姻制度的陪衬而补其不足。利氏为所以少的缘故就因为希腊人根本把性的问题看作道德范围以外的东西，如牵涉到儿童，或有残虐的行为，自然又当，别论。道德所过问的只是一切不公平的行为、危害国家的各种罪名以及一般的犯罪活动。“凡属正常的性关系能自由发展的地方，各种歧变及变异是很难矫饰滋长的，即使发生，也是自生自灭，不受人注意的。 沃尔巴斯特也正确指出：“近年来美国社会里种种性邪孽的发展与散布大部分是道德机关努力所培植和教唆而成的。这种培植与教唆，不用说是无意的。这好像是一种诡辩的议论，但事实确是如此。” 我们不希望也不愿意恢复希腊时代的道德观念，但希腊人“身心两俱健美” 的理想，我们轻易也不敢仰攀。不过不得已而求其次，至少下面要说的一些信念是不容摧毁的。我们要把许多虚伪的见解清扫一下，要把我们自己从许多舆论或法律的生吞活剥的教条中解放出来。在近古以来的西方，全部性生活的历史所以如此支离灭裂、恶浊混乱，为之厉阶的便是这些见解与教条。它们一日存在，性生活便一日没有澄清的希望。我们能做到这一步，也就可以把我们精神生活的空气更换成更新鲜的，把我们道德的习俗，补充为更巩固的。旧的种种见解与教条是一个软弱病的源泉，此种源泉涸竭以后，新的健康的力自然会应运而生。