Chapter 7 -3

In a word, we can draw a conclusion from the above discussion. For those who are born healthy and well-adjusted, if masturbation is not excessive, there will be no serious consequences.It is even said that people who masturbate must have some signs or symptoms. It is said that there are many. We can agree with many experts, but we think that none of them is really reliable. We may again conclude that the reason why there have been conflicting opinions concerning the influence of masturbation is that the influence of heredity and temperament has been neglected or not fully acknowledged by writers of both sides.The mistake committed by one of the two parties is exactly the same mistake that many unscientific writers are still making about alcohol. Know that the main cause of such cases is not alcohol but a special constitution. If it were not for this constitution, alcohol would have no use and would not be a poison.

Our point of view is this. On the one hand, everyone admits that in the past, masturbation was said to be harmful. First, it was due to lack of knowledge, second, it was due to errors in traditional concepts, and third, it was due to the mere profit of quack doctors. I can't stand anymore.On the one hand, we do not deny that even in healthy people who are not seriously ill, excessive masturbation will produce some bad results to some extent.Some irregular changes will occur in the skin, digestion and circulation.Headaches and neuralgia are also possible disturbances.And in the same way as excessive sexual intercourse or wet dreams, it can also reduce the harmony and comfort of the nervous life to a certain extent.At the same time, and especially in persons of imperfect congenital health, one of the most important consequences is a very multisymptomatic set of neurological morbidities.Taken together, it can be called "neurasthenia".

Some people, after masturbation has become a habit and cannot control it, especially because the habit has started before the spring germinates, the result can teach him to lose the ability and interest in sexual intercourse, or make him particularly prone to sexual intercourse. Receiving sexual stimuli, but in fact there is no appropriate response power, the mild ones will ejaculate immediately after first intercourse, and the severe ones equal to impotence. Dickinson said that those who are consistently "cold" with regard to women are those who are habituated to automatic love.However, after all, those who become impotent due to masturbation are exceptions, especially those who are after the age when the habit has already begun to sprout.For these exceptional people, the function of sexual excitement has already formed a habit, that is, it does not respond to the various temptations expressed by the opposite sex in terms of eroticism, but exclusively to some external material stimulation or inner imagination. stimulus response.At the age of spring germination, as usual, the requirements of sexual desire should be stronger and more conscious, and it is more difficult to refuse the attraction of the opposite sex, but the final feeling of sexuality has embarked on an abnormal path and has become proficient , can no longer turn back.Therefore, this kind of person can only linger in a purely ideal and emotional realm for the normal sexual relationship after the germination period of the spring, and cannot feel the strong physical impulse, let alone an appropriate response. .For other people with normal development, this kind of physical stimulation and response ability is something that should be written during this period, and it can be fully matured in adulthood and the prime of life.Some women, often very knowledgeable women, like to distinguish the so-called spiritual and physical worlds of sexual life very clearly.During the development of this kind of women, we can probably find that the habit of masturbation not only starts very early, but also has a long-term tendency to persist.The reason why there is a big gap between the spiritual and physical worlds in her mind is not the only reason, at least it is the main reason.Premature masturbation also seems to have something to do with the development of homosexuality; the process of its formation is probably similar to what has been mentioned above. This kind of person lacks ability and interest in heterosexuality, but has a tendency to homosexuality. The opportunity to occupy the magpie's nest and replace it.As we have said before, these unfavorable results, although they are facts, are exceptions and should not be regarded as the rule.A large part of Dr. Davis's extensive research is on women's experience of masturbation. Since the study of female masturbation, it is undoubtedly the most detailed and most valuable research of Davis.Now based on her research, we also know that if masturbation does not start early and the habit is not too long, the above-mentioned exceptional consequences are unlikely to occur.Dai divides married women into two groups, one is happy in married life, the other is unhappy, and then compares the elements in the two groups who have masturbated or had other sexual activities (except sexual intercourse) before marriage. The purpose is natural. When it comes to distinguishing whether activities such as masturbation are an obstacle to marital happiness, the result of Dai's comparison is that the number of such women in the two groups is almost exactly the same.

As regards the psychological aspect, one of the clearest results of prolonged and excessive masturbation is a grotesque, or almost pathological, development of self-consciousness or self-awareness, without the development of a self-esteem psyche which goes hand in hand with a conscious psyche.A man or a woman, after being kissed by a lovely and pursuing opposite sex, can always feel a kind of satisfaction that can be proud and self-satisfied; this kind of psychology will never exist after the activity of automatism.This is imperative.Even if people who masturbate ignore social attitudes, and are not afraid of people discovering such secret activities, the psychology just mentioned is still very real.People who use sexual intercourse as a substitute for masturbation try to do it according to their own principles. Of course, they may also have the fear of "although no one sees it, it seems that someone is coming", but their actions are based on their own principles. Talking and masturbating people's wrongdoing involves both social and natural aspects. Since there are many wrongdoing aspects, the psychological unrest will inevitably go one step further.After the masturbation habit is deep, they have to forcefully cultivate a sense of self-esteem, and they have to put on an air of pride that can be used as a blow to others in front of others.A kind of self-righteous psychology, some mantras of benevolence and morality, and a sympathetic religionist's superficial skills have finally become a set of cover tools. Under the cover, he does not need to regret his actions in the dark room.The full development of these characteristics is of course not possible for all people; some morbidity in the psychological aspect of congenital physique is a necessary condition.An ordinary person with a bad habit of masturbation certainly does not have these many characteristics; he is probably a person who likes to live in isolation and is afraid to show himself.Conversely, we can also say that only people with this kind of temperament are most likely to develop various bad habits of automatism, so that they linger on.And after this kind of person reaches this situation, they will inevitably be insulated from foreign things, become more and more suspicious of people, and will inevitably treat the lively society like a snake and a scorpion. Innate temperament and acquired habits push and pull, and each other is a cause and effect.Once it reaches such a point, there is no doubt that it is pathological.In addition, there are some extreme examples: as a result of masturbation, it can reduce the mental capacity, if it is difficult to accept and coordinate external impressions, it can weaken the power of memory, it can reduce the level of emotional vitality, or if it does not, it can also make the general The nerve function has gone all the way with abnormal sensitivity.Kraplin is convinced that these outcomes are possible.

Excessive automatism during adulthood, in spite of the absence of serious physical impairment, will inevitably encourage somewhat perverted psychological development in men and women of extremely high intelligence.And one of this kind of development is to develop all kinds of specious high-profile life ideals of "talking about what you can get, doing what you don't have".Krepplin also mentioned that when masturbating, a person often has all kinds of proud ideals and enthusiasms in his mind.And Ansktie long ago discussed the relationship between masturbation and immature and seemingly great literary or artistic creations.However, we have to add that there are some bisexual writers and artists whose works cannot but be regarded as mature and true, but they are not necessarily people who have excessive masturbation habits.

Masturbation cannot be said to be without harm, but at the same time we should also remember that if a person cannot have a normal sexual intercourse experience and has to think second, masturbation is not without its benefits.In the medical literature over the past century, there are also many cases of patients confessing by chance that they think that masturbation is beneficial to them.The author thinks that these examples are reliable, and if we do not regard such examples as strange, but are willing to discover them and record them, the total number must be considerable.We have to admit that the main purpose of a person's masturbation is to quiet the restless nervous system.For healthy and normal people, if the age is already past the period of spring germination, and they still maintain a cautious celibate life, they will never engage in more automatic love activities unless they are to relieve physical and mental tension. Masturbation once, also has its own benefits.

Based on his many years of medical practice and referring to what he just said, Dr. Robbie from the United States has a more positive opinion on the benefits and harms of masturbation.In his book "Rational Sex Ethics" (Rational Sex Ethics) published in 1916 and later monographs, he not only admitted that the behavior of automatism was not only harmless, but also had positive therapeutic value, and he did not hesitate to introduce it solemnly.He believed that masturbation was not as effective in improving physical and mental health as normal sexual intercourse, especially for women.The author thinks that this theory has a lot of room for revision.The problem of the sexes in modern times, even on the one hand, is already an extremely complicated problem. If you say that masturbation can solve it, you will inevitably be afraid of being ridiculed by simple minds.In the past, some people advocated to solve sexual problems by promoting pornography, and some people advocated strict male chastity to deal with sexual problems negatively. Isn't Roche's proposition as simple as them?Same thing?

The idea of ​​chastity is on the side of prohibition, while Roche's idea is on the side of indulgence. Indulgence and prohibition are equally extreme, and I can't see anything more brilliant.The author believes that in these places, the doctor's attitude should be based on sympathetic understanding, or it may be limited to sympathetic understanding. As for what action the patient should take, it is best to ask him to make his own decision according to his own temperament and the current situation. But there is no need to go beyond the Zu and conspire. The attitude of the writer Wolbarst is a little more refined than that of Roche.Wo Shi believes that masturbation should not be encouraged, but he also admits that if the sexual impulse has developed to a certain extent, it is not appropriate to impose restraint. On this point, Wo Shi quoted a Chinese proverb: "It is better to let the body fade than to teach the mind to fade. Satisfaction" ("Rather than suffocating and hurting the mind, it is better to indulge in lust and refresh the mind").Wo Shi believes that it is inappropriate for people to condemn those who admit to masturbation. If the person is already complaining about himself, then any tone of condemnation should be avoided as much as possible.Wo Shi is quite right. Some "moralists" agree to use masturbation to maintain the superficial "sexual morality". We really dare not agree with this kind of false morality and hypocrisy.A person who can frankly embrace the natural impulse of sex without being ashamed, who can calmly deal with the impulse when it comes, and deal with it by occasional masturbation without seeking decoration, the morality and morality of this person , although it is not perfect, it must be above this generation.

In conclusion, masturbation is one of the countless phenomena of automatism, and all phenomena of automatism are more or less inevitable in nature, and masturbation is of course no exception.The smartest way is to fully acknowledge this somewhat inevitable nature.The multi-faceted restrictions of a civilized society are the same as that, and the pursuit of sexual desire is also the same. How can various disguised ways of satisfaction be completely spared.If we can hold on to this attitude, on the one hand, we should not encourage the activities of automatism and prevent them from further developing, but on the other hand, we should not hate them deeply, because the result of hating them can not only teach those who hate them It hides the real facts, does not give us the opportunity to observe and diagnose, and is enough to breed all kinds of diseases that are more heinous and more incurable than the most hated.

● Section 6 Shadow Love Shadow Love or "Narcissism" is best regarded as a type of automatism, but among all kinds of love phenomena, it is actually the most extreme and well-developed A sort of.In the eyes of various gender psychologists, the concept of shadow love has always been somewhat different and changed, so I might as well briefly describe its history.More than forty years ago, there was no trace of this concept in the field of science.But in novels and poems, we can go back very far.In the mythology of ancient Greece, it can be found that its central position also has a symbol of "half of man and god", that is, the god of Narcissus, who is called Narcissus in mythology.Since the invention of psychiatry, scholars have found a state similar to that of Nesha Shishi in patients, which is certainly the next example.However, it was not until 1898 that we had a more comprehensive account of this state.That year, when the author briefly introduced the phenomenon of automatism in a short article published in the journal "Medical Scientists and Neurologists", the author described an extreme example of automatism in the conclusion On the one hand, this extreme and Neshashishi-like state can sometimes be found in the case of automatism, and perhaps more easily in the case of women.

Instances of this kind always express most or all of her sexual emotions in acts of self-admiration. It can also be said that her sexual emotions can be largely or completely absorbed and destroyed by self-admiration activities.Self-admiration was originally the only characteristic of Naisha Shishi, so this kind of example has a state or behavior tendency similar to Naisha Shishi.When this article was introduced to Germany, Naik immediately gave a brief introduction in German, and directly translated the author’s “Naishaxishi-like tendency” into “Naishaxishi phenomenon” (narcismus, which is equivalent to the English Tiarcissism); ④ At the same time, he made another statement expressing his agreement, and saying that this is really what I call "the most classical form" of automatism.But he also said that this phenomenon can also lead to a state of sexual arousal, which the author did not say.The author does not admit that this phenomenon can reach this level.Roy Reid also observed several striking examples among men, and gave this phenomenon a term called "automonosexualism".This term is also used in Hirschfeld's work.By 1910, Freud also accepted the terms and concepts defined by Naik.But he sees it as just a stage in the development of male homosexuality.At this stage, he believes that a homosexual man cannot help identifying himself with a woman (usually his mother). Therefore, although he loves a woman in spirit, he is actually in love with himself.By 1911, Ranke, on the one hand, based on what the author discussed in 1898, on the other hand generally accepted the views of Freund’s school, and also believed that this phenomenon was not only within the range of normal variation, but not a kind of abnormality, but also a A fairly normal stage in sexual development.The theory within the scope of variation was originally the author's argument, but the theory of stages was added by Freud's school.Lang's research attracted Freud's attention. In 1914, while accepting Lang's opinion, Freund made a further elaboration: He believed that everyone, regardless of gender, had a primitive tendency to love in the shadows.Everyone has the instinct to preserve their own lives. The psychological manifestation of this instinct is egoism, which is opposite to altruism. egoists.When Shadow Love chooses a partner, sometimes it is also the most powerful force that can control everything. It can choose the person at that time and place as the object, or choose the person who has changed, or choose the future and ideal person instead of the real person. You can choose a part of yourself in the past, but this part no longer exists; the concept of shadow love is most suitable for ordinary purposes. After 1914, Freund himself continued to revise and supplement the above views, and many other psychoanalysts, both Freudian and non-Freundian, pushed it to an extreme, thinking that each All kinds of religions and schools of philosophy are all manifestations of shadow love.Finally, to Ferenczi, it is believed that the creation is also dominated by the motive of shadow love when it reproduces and breeds!In the folklore of savage peoples and all nations, there are also examples of shadow love, and there are many writers on this subject, such as Roheim.Ranke pointed out very early on that in the works of folklorist Sir James Frazer, there are many materials for psychological research in this area. ●Section 7 Sex Education We have seen earlier that among the various manifestations of life in infancy and childhood, sexual manifestations sometimes do not seem to exist; sometimes they exist, but are often very vague; Nor is it appropriate to explain them in the same way that adult sexual expressions are explained. As a result of this circumstance, the attitudes expressed and the policies advocated for the sex life of this period are often very inconsistent among people who are more observant.As for those who are not good at observing and observing mistakes, and those who will turn pale when they hear that babies and children also have sex, we can put it aside; fortunately, today, such people are becoming less and less.Among the so-called observant people, some feel that no real sexual expression can be found in normal and healthy children; Yes, but in very variable ways; there is a third group of people who, while acknowledging the existence of sexual life at this age, say that such premature manifestations are abnormal, at least, according to the psychoanalysts. This is the recent position of Ranke.He said in the book "Modern Education": "Phenomena are unnatural to children. We can regard sex as a natural enemy of a person, and it exists from the beginning. The enemy cannot but resist, and it must use personality Use your best efforts to deal with it.” Lang’s insight echoes a very common attitude in civilized society and even in primitive culture, but if we talk about children’s sex life, whether this view is applicable is not clear. is another question. The author thinks that the proper attitude towards children's sex life is a healthy attitude.Health is the goal, and protection is the means. Adults need to pay attention anytime and anywhere, but when paying attention, they should be careful not to let children notice that you are observing him.Childhood sexual urges are often unconscious and unconscious.Adults can turn unconsciousness into self-consciousness if they don't pay attention properly. This kind of self-consciousness is of no benefit to children.Children have their own involuntary sexual activities, and the task of health care is not to reprimand, prohibit or punish such activities, but to prevent such activities from causing physical harm to themselves or other children.The task of health care is undoubtedly the task of mothers. Mothers, in addition to the above, seem to have one more thing to pay attention to, that is, it is not advisable to express too much physical affection, because such expressions will inevitably arouse some excessive sexual emotions for children with weak nerves.It is especially important to have a careful understanding of the general nature and individual character of the child.Generally, adults do not understand the relationship between age and psychological development, and often like to think their own feelings as children's feelings, that is, when they have a certain feeling on a certain occasion, they also think that children will have the same feeling on this occasion. This is a big mistake.Children engage in many activities that, in the eyes of grown-ups, have base or dirty sexual motives, but in fact often have no motive at all, let alone base or base judgments.The reason why children have this activity is partly due to the very simple impulse to play, and partly due to the desire for knowledge.This kind of error in opinion has also been greatly influenced by the psychoanalytic school in recent years. Some unscrupulous scholars of this school talk about the consequences of childhood sexual phenomena, which inevitably makes this error more indestructible. It is a very unfortunate thing that all the knowledge and experience of scholars who study child psychology are often obtained from the study of neurotic patients.Ranke said it well in "Modern Education": "All the general conclusions drawn from the study of modern neuropathy can only be accepted after serious consideration. Because in other cases, people's reactions are different. The same." Lang also said that today's children are not equal to the original adults.When we implement education, the method and content of education should not be too conventional. It is true that the enlightenment of sexual knowledge is not easy to discuss, but some of the best experts in the field of education have admitted at least two points: First, this kind of enlightenment should start very early, and the general basic elements of sexual knowledge should be very early. Let children have the opportunity to know each other early; second, the most ideal teacher who presides over this kind of enlightenment is the child's own mother. A mother who understands and can really love her children should also regard this kind of work as the most practical way of motherhood or mother education. part.We might as well go further and say that only the mother is worthy of this part of the work, and she can do it without regret. Therefore, the mother's own training becomes a prerequisite and necessary condition for the healthy development of the child. Dissenters sometimes say that this kind of enlightenment work is dangerous. Children's attitudes towards sexual phenomena are naive and unconscious. There is some truth in this statement, but we also have to understand that children's psychology has its own natural activities. Of course it is wrong to overthrow the child's growth, and it is dangerous to completely forget this natural activity.A child wants to know how a child is born. Such a desire does not indicate that there is already sexual self-consciousness or sexual consciousness, but it indicates the progress of its intellectual life. The origin of the baby is a scientific fact, and he wants to know this. Facts are what should be within reason.A little older, he would like to know how different people of the opposite sex are different from him in terms of body shape.This desire is just as natural, just as innocent.Natural curiosity of this kind should and can have simple and reasonable satisfaction.If you don't get satisfaction, but what you get is an adult's eyes or a reprimand, the result is really enough to arouse unhealthy consciousness.Has the child obediently refused to seek answers to such questions since then?of course not.He openly couldn't get an answer, but secretly tried to answer it.By the time you try to think about it secretly, regardless of the success or failure of the idea, and whether the answer you get is right or wrong, an unhealthy sexual consciousness has already been developed. The sexual knowledge imparted by mothers to their children should be completely devoid of any formal and special meaning.As a rule, the relationship between mother and child is natural and intimate.Under this relationship, all physiological functions can become the subject of questions and explanations, and a wise mother will naturally adapt to the situation and respond appropriately.The so-called randomness refers to answering or solving doubts when there are questions.The so-called appropriateness refers to the weight of the speech is determined according to the age and curiosity of the child, and there is no need to hide it or explain it in too much detail.Questions like sex and excretion should be answered as simply and frankly as other questions, and when answering, there should be no expression of disgust or contempt.Of course, the servants in the family are not enough to say this. They despise sexual things, and their disgust for common things is even more unavoidable.But a wise mother does not dislike her child's excrement; and this distasteful attitude is extremely important, because excretory organs and sexual organs are close neighbors in form, and the disgusting attitude towards the former will inevitably involve the latter in the same way. Inside.It has been said that we should develop an attitude towards these two organs: we neither hate them as filthy nor worship them as holy.However, it is inappropriate to treat these two organs as equals. Both are natural, and neither should be evil. It is true, but the meanings of the two are quite different.Improper functioning of the sexual organs can lead to great tragedy for an individual and a very bad fate for a race. Therefore, although we do not use words such as sacred to describe the sexual organs, we need to use some Another sharp adjective. The value of early sex education for adulthood can be seen from several studies.Dr. Davies' extensive research is an example.Dai divided married women into two groups, one thought that their married life was happy, and the other was unhappy. She found that in the happy group, 57% had received some sexual guidance in childhood, while in the unhappy group, 57% had received some sexual guidance. In one group, only 44%.The results of Dr. Hamilton's research are not completely consistent with Dai's, but Han's research data are much less than Dai's, so I'm afraid we can't make a conclusion yet.But in Han's research, one point is very meaningful, that is, as far as girls are concerned, the best source of sexual knowledge is their mother; for those who have received some instructions from their mothers in childhood, after marriage, 65% of their sex The relationship is "appropriate", but in the "inappropriate" group, less than 35% have received this instruction; if the source of sexual knowledge is not the mother but the partner, or other improper sexual discussions, The cases of "appropriateness" are reduced to 54%; there are also a small number of women whose sex education comes from their fathers and brothers instead of their mothers, and their married life is mostly unhappy. The main point of the previous discussion is that children's simple and natural questions should not be asked, and once they are asked, they should be answered in the same simple and natural way.In this way, sex will not become a mysterious topic in his mind, and the development of his thoughts will not be hindered, and his emotions in this aspect will not be inspired too early.If you don't answer questions, delay again and again, and delay your childhood, problems will inevitably arise.You must know that during childhood, it is very natural and easy to do this kind of question and answer occasionally. When childhood is almost over, not only parents find it difficult to speak, but children also find it difficult to talk about it. Ask another question, and go elsewhere for advice. As for the awareness of nudity, it is advisable to obtain it as early as possible.If a child has never seen the naked form of a child of the opposite sex during his childhood development, it can arouse a kind of morbid curiosity.Another example is that once you suddenly see the naked form of an adult of the opposite sex, sometimes a very painful blow can occur mentally.In short, it is a very good thing that children of both sexes can recognize each other's naked form from an early age.Some parents, when taking a bath by themselves, always let their younger children wash together, which is also a good way.This kind of simple and frank treatment can not only slow down children's sexual consciousness, but also prevent the development of unhealthy curiosity on the one hand, and can indeed avoid danger.The author says that this kind of treatment can slow sexual self-consciousness, because we know that in families where younger brothers and sisters bathe together, children often do not pay attention to any obvious differences in shape from each other.The author believes that any self-conscious influence that can slow down sexuality will have a good influence on future development, and any practice that can induce mystical ideas will not achieve this purpose.This is something that the smarter sexual hygiene scholars of today know. However, everyone should remember that it is not easy to come to a conclusion at the moment as to how to treat children is a truly wise attitude.A recent educator has said about the psychology of children: It is not so much that parents mold their children according to the needs of life as that children mold their parents according to their own needs.This is certainly true, but we must know that it is not easy for children to cultivate their parents. On the one hand, children certainly have their own individual needs, and on the other hand, the various living habits of social traditions always have their own needs. The power that cannot be obliterated regardless.Therefore, how to correctly view the status of children is by no means a simple matter.Although child-centered education is imperative, it is indeed difficult to implement, especially today.On the one hand, the previous fixed set of collective education is neither suitable, but on the other hand, the child's development level is not enough to teach him the ability of self-discipline like an adult. The so-called difficulty is because of this.Lanke said in "Modern Education": "The childhood that children must experience today is actually more dangerous than that experienced by children in any era in human history." So don't be surprised, that is, under the generally improved conditions, we can still meet the so-called "difficult" or "problematic" children. At present, educational psychologists simply call such children problem children.Unfavorable heredity and environment can still produce such children.Some of the more enlightened views which are about to come into fashion on the whole may be sufficient as a guide for dealing with such children without special reference to specialists.But for some special cases, experts are still indispensable.Therefore, in recent years, the various efforts made by British and American societies on children's issues are worthy of our attention.This kind of effort gradually regards children's problems as the objects that doctors, psychologists, psychiatrists and social workers should work together to pay attention to, instead of describing them with words such as "naughty" and "evil is not good". It is also very satisfying to turn around and ignore it. "In 1909, because of the noble and generous public spirit of the philanthropist Mrs. WF Dummer, the city of Chicago established a Juvenile Psychopathic Institute (Juvenile Psychopathic Institute) and hired Healy, an expert in this field, as its director. .In 1914, the Institute was converted into a juvenile court (Juvenile, Court) a part of.This can be said to be the germination of social movements such as the Children's Life Guidance Institute.Afterwards, such institutions were gradually set up in big cities in various countries. There are always three experts in the institutions working together, one is a psychiatrist, the other is a psychologist, and the third is a social worker.Sometimes a doctor who understands psychopathology, child psychology, and social workers may be enough and much easier.However, it is not easy to find such an all-round doctor. Even if he finds him, he has his busy medical work and refuses to abandon him.In any case, the cause of the children's guidance center is currently in the midst of continuous development and in the ascendant.It is likely to end up in the knowledge of psychology and pathology, not attached to any school creation, and if it is so, no matter how it develops, we always welcome it.The size of the Children's Guidance Institute in New York is enormous.The Children's Guidance Institute in London was established in 1930. The future understanding of human behavior may be greatly enhanced by the research work arising from the child guidance enterprise. The medical community has long been interested in the so-called "consti tutionology" or "consti tutionology", that is, the special study of human body and mind, because this kind of research is not only beneficial to medicine, but also has great significance for ordinary life. Relationship.However, it was not until the last few years that the research materials in this area became solid, and the scientific status of the flow science was firmly established.We can even say that it was not until Prof. Kretschmer's epoch-making monograph "Physique and Character" (Physique and Character) came out in 1921 that the science of fashion was truly laid a scientific foundation; Although we also admit that this knowledge is still naive, it is still developing. From a broad perspective, we can say that sexual enlightenment and sexual education are of greater significance to the life of a civilized society today than in any previous era.Sexual enlightenment and its due etiquette within the period of springtime germination have always been recognized as having ethnic value.Among many peoples in Central Africa, as elsewhere, which we have mistook for "primitive," this ritual of initiation is not merely a sacred ceremony, but is indeed a practical preparation for adult life.At this age, children may already be familiar with what sex is, and they probably know exactly what sex is. Because in the past game life, sex has long been an important topic.In the minds of adults, this kind of game is also considered harmless and indulgent.But as soon as the germination of the spring machine comes, they have another serious view.Sex is not just a personal thing.It is also a matter of society and the nation. Individuals have needs, and society and the nation also have their responsibilities.Young men and women cannot be without considerable preparation for this responsibility.Therefore, a kind of training that may be called moral education is indispensable.This training tends to be fairly short and crisp. 受训的人一面也许在身体发肤上要受一些故意的毁损，也许生活上要受严密的隔离和多方的禁忌，一些长辈就把对于团体生活应负的责任以及部落流传的各种神秘事传授给他们。经过训练，一个孩子就变做一个成年的男人或女人，而从此也就有他或她的新社会地位、新权利与新责任。这无疑是一个很好的制度，至少在比较原始的生活状态下，这已经是没有再好的了。在信奉基督教的国家里，很不幸，此种制度的遗迹不是已经消散到一个无关痛痒的程度，就是已经等于完全消失，无迹可找。 到了今天，我们西方人忽然醒悟，感到这种制度方面的损失是不幸的，而正在想法挽救。不过，当然我们不能复古，而必须另外想些办法。而在想出办法以前，我们先要把我们目前所经历的文化的性质考察一下。 在当前文化的发展阶段里，我们的教育完全侧重在理智的一面，而教育家指认为重要的教学方法或凡人所认为时髦的教学方法，也无非是一些开发智力的方法。不过性的冲动，尽管到现在还是个人生活与社会生活的主要基础，是不易引进到智力开发的范围以内的。因此，到目前为止，我们的教育制度里就根本没有性的位置。性既然是一个不合理性的现象，又如何挤得进去呢？我们的教育制度与古代及原始民族的启蒙制度可以说完全两样，启蒙的制度里有些很值得称赞的东西。就当时的情形而论，在这种制度里也已经应有尽有，而这些特点，我们当代的教育反而却拿不出来。易言之，这些古代的启蒙制度是完整的，是以囫囵的人格做对象的，我们到今天才算有一个“完人”、“成人”或“通人”的自觉也未始不是这种制度之赐。不过近代的教育却反而不足以言此，它的对象不是生命的全部，而是生命的一部分，特别是挣钱吃饭的那一部分。 我们目前对于性以及和性有关事物的一种漠视的态度，或厌恶态度，甚或鄙薄的态度，无论浅深的程度如何，总有很大的一部分不能不追溯到此种专重理智的教育上去。今天教育制度下的人才里，表面上特别聪明而有成就的人才，即专门致力于一种狭隘的学科，而以为满足的人才，对于性与恋爱一类问题的态度，特别容易走上热讽冷讥的一途，是不为无因的。这是学校训练的一个自然与必然的结果。虽不在办学的人的意向和计划之中，而其为成绩的一种则一。在古代启蒙制度与方法之下，这种结果倒是没有的。所以，在我们建立新的教育制度的时，无疑这一类的弊病是要设法避免的。 不过原始社会的制度里，也有一点为我们所不取，即性的启蒙工作不应展缓到春机萌发的年龄，精神分析派学者的努力早就让大家知道性生活表现得很早，往往远在这年龄以前。这一点事实我们以前也未曾不知道。不过，如不是因为这一派的学者，我们的了解决不会有目前这样的清楚。我们有此了解，未来的启蒙工作便应照这了解做。性与种族的关系，无疑开始于春机萌发的年龄，不过性与个人的关系间接也未始没有它的种族的意义，这是很早就开始的，甚至在婴儿期内就开始的。 由于性生活的开始事实上是这样的早，因此启蒙的责任不能再像古代似的归之于部落或社会，而应归之于家庭和父母。在家庭的情况下，启蒙工作也当然不是短期的、正式的一套仪节所能概括而需是一种比较长期的、自然演进的、以至于几乎不知不觉的一个过程。主持这过程的人是父母，最好是妈妈，一个贤明的妈妈，一个在这方面不受传统忌讳拘束而光明坦白的妈妈。以前做妈妈的人因为拘忌太多，坦白不足，一面既不容易认识儿童也可以有性的生活，一面即使认识，也不免冷若寒蝉。 我们希望课程方面，学校可以按照儿童发育的程度讲授一些基本的生物知识，中间当然包括人类生命的一些主要事实，连同性的事实在内，可不把性特别提出来，或特别地加以申说。这种讲授无疑也是男女孩子都应当听到的。笔者想我们这种希望并不过分，而是情理内当有的事。英国著名的生物学家盖茨（R.Ruggles Gates）指出：“每一个学校里的孩子，不论男女，应当接受一些讲解，让他们明白动植物的本质、结构、功能以及物类之间所有的血缘上的关系和功能上的交相感应，这些是他的教育的一个主要部分，必不可少。同时，他们也应当有机会了解一些遗传的道理，知道每一个个体的遗传特点，即推而至于最微细的项目，没有一点不得淆于已往的先世，而将传诸于未来的后辈。” 再向前进展一步，前面所说的教育，就到达古代的启蒙制度所注意的实行礼教的阶段，至此，也就成为一种有种族含义的性教育，而不是个人卫生的性教育了。我们必得从有如上文盖氏所说的生物学立场来看性的现象，我们才可以达到古人所见到的那个性的神圣概念，并把它提高到现代的水平。有的人，因为深怕子女把性看得太玄妙了，故意要把性看得如何平淡，如何寻常，甚至于拿它和饮食排泄一类的作用等量齐观，那是错的。他们的用心虽有几分可恕，毕竟是一个愚见。了解生物学的人知道性的作用，在意义上要比饮食渡溺深长得多，它不只是种族所由维持缔造的因缘，并且是未来世界里一切理想局面所由建立的基础。 性的冲动尽管有它许多别的有关个人幸福的作用，但一切作用之中，方才说的一层无疑是最中心而颠扑不破的。 我们说性的其他作用也自有它们的重要之处。性的冲动，除了用在狭义性生活上以外，在一般生活上也有较大的推动力量，以往教育制度的漠不关心与存心鄙薄已经把这种力量的锐气磨损了不少。但惟其在以往横遭过磨折，今后便更有培养与发展这种力量的必要。要知道理智在生活上的地位虽属重要，终究是独阳不长，孤阴不生的，它在个体的心理生活里，是没有活力的，没有什么前进的锐气的。要有的话，总得靠性的广义的力量的协作。不过今天文明社会中，独阳不长，孤阴不生的倾向虽多，性的冲动幸而还没有受什么根本上的损伤，幸而性的元气是百折不挠、百折不曲的。我们甚至可以赞同朗克所说的一句话：“我们的教育虽多方面使生活理性化、理智化以至畸形的理智化，我们还留得最后一个枯竭不了的情绪源泉。那就是性源泉了。这源泉是取之不尽、用之不竭的，无论取用的方法是自然的表现抑或人为的升华这两者事实上是并行不悖的，完全抑止其一以成全其二是”清理所无法许可的，我们总会从这里取得巨力来把人类文明推向光明的未来。