Chapter 6 -2

● In the second section of autoero tism, our discussion does not involve the sexual phenomena in childhood. Otherwise, in the most naive years, the various manifestations we encounter can already be described as "autoero tism". nouns to summarize.This term was coined by the author in 1898.Sexual activity that arises naturally in children when they are alone can be called automatism, and sexual excitement during sleep can be said to be the paradigm of this kind of sexuality.For thirty or forty years, the term has been used everywhere.However, when others use it, they don’t necessarily adopt the original meaning of the author. Sometimes they only use it to refer to all sexual activities with themselves as objects.This is too restrictive of its use, and in fact is inconsistent with the meaning of automatic.When we call an action automatic, we mainly mean that the action is produced by itself without being stimulated by direct external forces, and it does not mean that it must have any influence on itself.To put it simply, automaticity means moving "by" itself, not necessarily "toward" itself.If only sexual love that is “directed” to oneself is called automatic love, then the world has no other term to describe all sexual love that is “acted by” itself.

Be aware that the range of sexual behaviors initiated by oneself is relatively large, and it can include sexual behaviors initiated towards oneself.What we need now is a more general term. Therefore, according to the author's point of view, all spontaneous sexual emotions that cannot be stimulated by others can be called automatism.Automatism in a broad sense can also include all disguised manifestations of suppressed or forbidden sexual impulses, which can be pathological (perhaps a part of hysteria) or normal, such as art and poetry. The result of being suppressed is one, and the same is true for the style that can affect a person's life.

Dickinson (Dickinson) said: Automatism in the broadest sense includes self-love implied in all self-expressions. Automatism is not limited to people with abnormal or pathological sex life, but also includes scientists, explorers, and sportsmen. With climbers included. Understanding automatic love in this way, we can understand that automatic love is by no means "heterosexuality", that is, sexual love caused by a lover of the opposite sex.It is not "homosexuality", nor is it any kind of "fetishism".Heterosexuality is the most normal.Homosexuality has gone astray, while fetishism means that the focus of sexuality is no longer placed on people, but placed on things.People are masters, things are guests, and fetishism is a phenomenon in which the guest usurps the host, or the incense burns out the monks.Putting all this aside, however, automatism has a very wide field of its own, and it includes many types of sexual phenomena, especially: (1) erotic daydreams; (2) erotic sleep dreams; (3) Shadow love, including erotic emotions caused by self-pity or self-meditation; (4) Masturbation.The last category includes not just masturbation in the narrow sense, but all phenomena of self-animalism or narcissism.In terms of tools and methodology, it is not limited to hands; in terms of object theory, it is not limited to reproductive organs, but also involves various hair belts.It does not use external objects as tools, but the phenomenon of masturbation aroused entirely by imagination may also be regarded as a kind of masturbation.

● Section 3 Daydreams of sex Daydreams of sex (also called sexual fantasies) are a very common and important type of automatism, and sometimes they are also the first step in masturbation.There is not only one way of day dreaming, but the main way can be called the "serial story" way.MabeI Learoyd of Wellesley College in the United States has long studied this kind of daydreaming.The so-called serial story is something like an imaginary novel, and the plot probably varies from person to person.A person always takes special care of his own serial stories, and often regards them as part of the sacred spiritual assets, and never discloses them easily, even to friends who have deep friendships, it is rare to disclose them.

Serial stories are shared by both men and women, but there are more girls and teenage girls.A study found that among 352 men and women, women accounted for 47% of all women with serial stories, while men accounted for only 17%.The beginning of the story is always an accidental thing seen in books or encountered in personal experience, and most of them are encountered by oneself. From then on, I gradually deduced, and finally created a story that must always be "listen to the next chapter to decompose", and the most important thing is that 99 out of 100 protagonists in the story are myself.The development of the story is especially related to the quiet life. Just after the pillow and before going to sleep, it is the most sacred time for the person who arranges the serial story, and no one else should disturb it.GE Partridge has made some interesting observations and accounts of the physiological changes which accompany daydreams, paying special attention to girls in normal schools from the age of sixteen to twenty-two.Pick (pick)

My observations are limited to some men who are more or less morbid, and their daydreams probably have some basis for sex. The so-called morbidity refers to the kind that is almost hysterical.Smith (Theodaie Srmith) has studied almost 1,500 examples (more than two-thirds of which are girls or adult women), and he found that there are not many people with serial stories, accounting for only 1%.In the daydreams of healthy boys before the age of 15, sports and adventurous work take an important part; while the daydreams of girls are often related to the novels they especially love to read, that is, Treat yourself as the heroine in the novel, and live an imaginary life of joys and sorrows.After the age of 17, love and marriage are common topics in the day dreams of men and women.Girls develop this slightly earlier than boys, sometimes by as little as 17 years.Although it is not easy to examine the subtle plot and sexual elements of daydreams, it is a very common phenomenon in the lives of young men and women, especially in the lives of girls, and there is no doubt about it.

Every youth has his or her special dream world, and it is constantly changing and developing there.But the range of this change and development is limited, except in the case of the most fertile imagination.Generally speaking, the dreams of day dreams are often based on interesting personal experience, and their development is always based on this experience.In dreams, sometimes there can be some perverted or so-called "evil" elements.But in real life, dreamers may be quite normal.Daydreams are also related to sexual chastity. Most of the young people who keep themselves as good as jade are prone to have daydreams. As far as the most common situation is concerned, dreams are always dreams, and the dreamer knows that it is a dream. environmental attempt.The dreamer does not necessarily go on to seek the pleasure of masturbation, but a daydream can cause a hyperemic effect in the sexual organs and even automatically induce erotic excitement.

Daydreams are an absolutely personal and private experience, beyond the prying eyes of a second person.The nature of the dream is originally like this, and the dream is composed of many mixed images. Even if the person is willing to disclose it, it is extremely difficult to convey it in words.Some examples of daydreams are full of drama and romance novels. The hero or heroine always has to experience many joys and sorrows, and then reaches a critical juncture of sex.What is the critical moment depends on the degree of knowledge and experience of the dreamer.Maybe it's just a kiss, maybe it's the satisfaction of sexual desire, and the methods of satisfaction can have various degrees of delicacy.Day dreams can also be experienced by anyone, regardless of whether a person is normal or abnormal.Rousseau described his daydreams in his "Confessions": Rousseau's psychological life is somewhat perverted, so his daydreams are often associated with masochism and masturbation.

Raffalovich (Raffalovich) said that people with homosexual tendencies, even in the theater or on the street, when they daydream, they will also imagine an object of the same sex and produce a kind of "spiritual self-eroticism". It can also reach the level of excitement and cause physiological changes in libido. Erotic daydreams are such a private and secret phenomenon that until a few years ago they were rarely noticed or considered worthy of scientific investigation.In fact, it is a very important manifestation within the scope of automatism, and it is of great research value.Some mild-mannered young men and women with particularly developed imaginations, on the one hand, are unable to get married due to the environment, and on the other hand, do not want to get into the bad habit of masturbation, so they often use kung fu in daydreams.In such persons, and in their circumstances, we cannot but regard the occurrence of daydreams as an absolutely normal state and as an inevitable consequence of an active sexual drive, although if developed too much it can undoubtedly lead to What starts as normal often ends in a pathological state, and young people with rich imaginations and artistic talents are especially prone to this danger.

The temptation of daydreaming for this kind of people is very great, and it is also extremely hidden.We say erotic daydreams, because although there are many daydreams without sexual emotion, the source of daydreams must always be found in sexual phenomena, regardless of whether they are colored or not.According to many young men and women I know, the tendency of their daydreams, no matter what the sexual component of the dream is, even if there is no sexual component, it often stops abruptly after marriage, which is a good proof up. A recent study by Dr. Hamilton in the United States further proves the importance of daydreams.He found that 27% of the men and 25% of the women he studied affirmed that they had had sexual daydreams before they knew anything about sex; 28% of men and 25% of women said they had had such dreams at least before the age of spring.At the same time, he found that only 1% of men and 2% of women still do not have sexual daydreams after the age of spring germination. Daydreams often linger psychologically, as many as 57% of men and 51% of women.In addition, 26% of men and 19% of women are often haunted by such dreams even after marriage, which hinders their daily work.

For those who are born with an inclination to be an artist, the status of daydreaming and the consumption of energy and time are particularly high, and it is easy to know that novelists are especially important among artists.Isn't the serial story often just an unwritten novel?For a mortal, if he has a lot of daydreams and cannot get rid of them even at the age of adulthood, it is of course an unhealthy state.Because for him, dreams inevitably replaced reality, and from then on, he gradually lost the ability to adapt to real life.For the artist, however, this danger is less, because in the creation of a work of art, he more or less finds a way to return from dream to reality.Seeing this situation, Freud once mentioned that in the talent of an artist, there is naturally a kind of ability that makes him sublimate and makes him restrain.As a result of repression, daydreams, at least temporarily, become a powerful pleasurable force, whose pleasurable degree dissipates and counteracts the pain of repression. ●Section IV Sexual Dreams Dreams are rich in psychological meaning, which is always recognized by the world.What exactly is the meaning of a dream?What kind of explanation or what kind of "detailed" method should be made?Although people say different things, it's another question.In the traditional culture of ancient humans, dreams are a very big topic, and dealing with dreams afterwards is also a big deal.The ancients believed that dreams had the function of witchcraft, religious significance or the effect of predicting good and bad, so there was the saying of dream omen.In the customs and habits of civilized societies, such functions still exist.As for uncivilized races, the status of dreams is even more important.Since the dawn of modern scientific psychology, the phenomenon of dreams has rapidly become a subject worthy of special study.Up to now, there are many people engaged in research, and there is not only one research standpoint.Recently, the study of dreams has become more and more detailed, and from the perspective of psychoanalysis, dreams are a very important psychological phenomenon. The general universality of dreams is also recognized by the world.However, the reason why dreams are phenomena is also very legitimate, constant, healthy and natural.Regarding these, the opinions of various parties are not very consistent. Freud believed that dreams are a phenomenon that is constantly changing and mixed, that is, it is a healthy state and a neurological abnormality at the same time.The author thinks it is most reasonable to regard it as a completely natural phenomenon.Animals also dream, and we can sometimes see a dog in a sleeping state making running gestures and movements.Of course savages also dream. Although many people think that they have never had a dream, as long as they pay attention, they can also find many traces of dreams.We believe that the mental activities of such people are always very slight and slow during sleep, so it is often difficult to recall them when they wake up.But it is not completely inactive, that is, not completely dreamless. Regarding sexual dreams, regardless of whether they reach the level of sexual excitement or not, that is, whether the man has no sperm or not, the opinions of different schools are not the same, just as the opinions about ordinary dreams are not the same.In the state of self-defense, healthy people will have the performance of automatism even when they are awake. We have discussed it before, and we think it is possible in theory, and it seems to be true in practice.When this kind of person is asleep, the result of active automatism will cause sexual excitement, and men will have nocturnal emission, which is undoubtedly a very normal phenomenon.In the naive crowd, this phenomenon is often attributed to ghosts, and they are considered to be the result of the temptation or stimulation of ghosts.The Catholic Church regards wet dreams as a very unholy thing, and even gave it a special term, which means "pollutio" (pollutio).But Martin, the patriarch of the Reformation.Martin Luther also seems to see erotic dreams as a disease requiring immediate diagnosis and treatment.And the right medicine is marriage.Not to mention the opinions of religious scholars in the past, even the famous modern medical experts, especially Maul and Eulenburg, can't help but treat wet dreams, peeing and vomiting, etc., as normal physiological behaviors.In the original state of nature, there is indeed a considerable reason for this kind of generalization into the same species, but it is a bit strange in modern times with advanced knowledge. However, most medical scientists or physiologists now admit that nocturnal emission is a phenomenon that cannot be regarded as normal.We must know that in the current state of society, abstinence within a certain limit is unavoidable, that is, for some people, celibacy and late marriage are an unavoidable fact.Since there is such a cause of abstinence, there cannot be no effect of nocturnal emission. The so-called non-normal is here.What medical scientists care about is not the presence or absence of nocturnal emissions, but the number of times of nocturnal emissions. Paget (Sir J. Paget) pointed out that he has never met a person who is celibate and does not have nocturnal emissions, as much as once or twice a week, as little as once a quarter.No matter how much, it is not beyond the range of health.At the same time, Sir L. Brunton (Sir L. Brunton) thinks that every two weeks or once a month is the most common situation.But the so-called one time often spans two nights, that is, there are nocturnal emissions for two consecutive nights, and there will be a half month or a month of rest after that.And Rohleder thinks that there are also people who stay for more than two nights without harming their health.Hammond agrees that about once every two weeks is the most common.The same is true of Tchlenoff's survey of more than 2,000 Moscow students.Ribbing thinks that once every tenth to fourteenth is the most normal.Hamilton's study, however, found that once a week to two weeks was the most common (19% of all cases). .Loewenfeld considered the weekly wet dreams to be the most common.A week's distance is probably the closest.This is true of many healthy young men, and the author himself has had some correct records of several healthy men approaching the prime of life, and has come to the same conclusion.But there are also healthy youths who are completely free from wet dreams (as much as 10% in Cherenov's survey, but only 2% in Hamilton's study).There are also a small number of relatively healthy young people, unless the brain is used too much, or something that can cause sadness or anxiety is encountered, it is rare to have a wet dream. Nocturnal emission during sleep is usually the result of a dream, but there are exceptions.At the time, the dreamer felt more or less someone was with him or her, and it was often a person of the opposite sex.However, the scene at that time was always a bit fantasy, a bit trance, which cannot be described by ordinary words.Generally speaking, the more vivid the dream and the more intense the erotic component, the greater the excitement caused physiologically, and the more significant the peace of mind felt after waking up.Sometimes there are only erotic dreams without nocturnal emission; and often times, nocturnal emission occurs after the dream and the person has awakened.Sometimes in the half-asleep state, although there are dreams, the sexual excitement is suppressed and does not take place; Naecke called this phenomenon "interrupted nocturnal emission" (pollutio interrupta). The Italian Gualino (Gualino) has done a rather extensive and general study of sexual dreams in northern Italy.His materials were collected from 100 normal people, including freelancers such as doctors, teachers, and lawyers.And these people, needless to say, have had sexual dream experience. He shows us that the phenomenon of nocturnal emissions (whether semen or not) can occur very early, even before physical development.This age has already been determined by Marlowe in the population of northern Italy, and even in the part of the population studied by Gorson, and many of the people consulted by Gorson had sex before this age. dream.In the 100 cases of Goldilocks, the first occurrence of sexual dreams is naturally different sooner or later, but by the age of 17, these people have all had the experience of sexual dreams.According to Marlowe's survey, although at this age, 8% of young people have not yet begun to develop sexually, some of them have begun to develop at the age of 13, and some have already done it at the age of 12. sexual dream.These young men generally experience penile erections during sleep several months before their first sexual dreams.In Goldman's case, 37% had no real sexual experience (referring to sexual intercourse or masturbation) before! 23% had ever masturbated.The rest had some sexual contact.Most of these people's sexual dreams are visual ones, followed by tactile ones.The object in the scene is often a woman who has never met before (27%), or a woman who has met once (56%), and in most cases, the object is at least in the first few dreams. Always a very ugly person, only to meet a more beautiful object in the later dreams.But no matter how beautiful or ugly, the object in this dream is by no means the same as the woman you love in reality when you wake up.This layer is no surprise.It is a general psychological tendency to hide emotions during the day during sleep, and this is nothing more than an example.This interpretation has also been mentioned in Gorbachev's own discussions, as well as in writers such as Lowenfeld mentioned above.Goldsmith also found that in the sexual dream of the germination of spring, the emotional state felt, in addition to pleasure, some are mainly worry (37%), some are mainly longing (17%), and some are mainly fear Mainly (14%).When it comes to adult dreams, worries and fears drop to 7% and 6% respectively. 33 out of 100 people, either because of general health problems, or because of sexual physiology problems, have had the experience of nocturnal emission, and this kind of nocturnal emission is always the most exhausting.In each case, 90% admitted that in the dream, the scene of the sexual dream is always the most vivid. The person of 34% says, the happening of sexual dream often often is after sexual intercourse falls asleep for a time.Many examples also mention that during the period of courtship before marriage, there are particularly many sexual dreams (three times in one night), and most of the behaviors such as hugging and kissing during the day will have sexual dreams.After marriage, this dream is gone.The occurrence of sexual dreams does not seem to have any obvious causal relationship with the sleeping position and the amount of urine in the bladder.Gossler believed that the main factor was the accumulation of semen in the seminal vesicles. Many scholars, such as Lowenfeld, have mentioned that in all sexual dreams, the objects in the dreams are always other unrelated people, and it is rare to be the objects of ordinary love.Even before falling into the dream, I tried my best to figure it out in my thoughts, hoping to meet in the dream, but it was in vain.There is an explanation that is correct. When sleeping, the most used part of the emotions during the day is always extremely exhausted and needs to be rested. We know that the sad experience during the day is also rarely dreamed. The dreams are often irrelevant and trivial things. , Sad emotions are like this, and probably joyful emotions are also like this.Many scholars such as Hall and others have also noticed that no matter how irrelevant the object in a sexual dream is, a smile or some imaginary contact of this object is enough to arouse sexual excitement. Sexual dreams have their own diagnostic value, that is, the nature of dreams can more or less express the characteristics of a person's sexual life in reality. Many scholars have also expounded on this level, such as Moore, Naike, etc. It is different from person to person, what kind of special qualities are needed in the subject to be able to arouse a person's sexual desire, this kind of character that is most capable of arousing sexual desire in reality often seems to be a gourd in dreams The presentation, and even intensified presentation.Generally speaking, these observations are good, but they need some corrections or additions, especially for the sexual dreams of people with homosexual tendencies.No matter how normal a young man is, if he has never seen a woman's body in reality, he probably will not see it in his dream. Even if the dream is a woman, the impression of this woman is probably very vague.This is a layer, a dream, which is made up of many intertwined images, complex and messy.This messy scene can easily cover up the difference between the sexes, making it difficult for the dreamer to recognize them.Therefore, although the dreamer has no tendency to pervert or "evil" psychologically, the object of the dream can still be an inexplicable person, which is another layer.There are two layers, so very normal people can sometimes have very abnormal sexual dreams, and even the sexual dreams they have are usually abnormal, while normal people are rare, but this kind of people, in terms of their reality , it can be said that they are flawless, and we absolutely do not allow us to suspect that there is any potential abnormality or pathology in their psychology.Although sexual dreams have their own diagnostic value, we should keep this in mind, so as not to make a false diagnosis sometimes. Generally speaking: there seem to be some differences in the automatism between men and women in sleep, and this difference has some psychological significance.In men, this kind of performance is quite simple, and it probably first appears in the first few years of the germination of spring. If the person is not married and the sexual conduct is very simple, it can continue forever.It will be performed once every certain time, until the end of sexual life.The time interval can vary, but it can range from a week to a month and a half, as discussed above.When expressing, there will probably be sexual dreams, but not necessarily sexual dreams.The critical moment of the dream, that is, the critical moment of sexual excitement, is not always attainable.There are many opportunities for sexual dreams to occur, such as physical stimulation, psychological excitement, emotional stimulation (such as drinking alcohol before going to bed), sleeping position (sleeping on the back, lying on the back), the degree of urine storage in the bladder, etc.; Some people will have nocturnal emission when they change the bed; at the same time, the sexual phenomenon of men also has its rhythm of one year or one month.The existence of this rhythm is also partly related to the performance of nocturnal emission.In short, as far as men are concerned, nocturnal emission is a fairly specific and regular phenomenon.After awakening, most of them don't leave any obvious traces in consciousness, at most, they are just a little tired and occasionally have some headaches, and these traces are often limited to some men. But in women, the manifestations of automatism in sleep seem to be much more complicated and disorderly by comparison.It is much more erratic and looser. It seems extremely difficult for young girls to experience clear sexual dreams when they are in the age of spring germination and adulthood. If they have any, that is an exception.This is very different from men.It is an example for a man who guards his body like a jade at this age that the excitement of sexual desire depends on the way of sexual dreams (Hamilton's research found that 51% of men between the ages of 12 and 15 experienced the first sexual dream and The first excitement can be proved); but in the same woman, this is an exception.We have already said this when discussing the initial presentation of the sexual drive. In women, the phenomenon of sexual excitement must first have occurred in the waking state (it does not matter under what circumstances) before it can be expected to occur for the first time in the sleep state.Therefore, even for single women with strong sexual desire and strong suppression on weekdays, such sexual dreams are rare, or even not done at all (in Hamilton's figures, this kind of women is as many as 60%).In other words, only women who are used to sexual intercourse can have real, clear and fully developed sexual dreams. The so-called fully developed, of course, includes the hyperactivity of sexual desire and the spiritual comfort after liberation; For women who have sexual intercourse, this kind of dream and post-dream mental state is not impossible, but it is always rare.But in some women, even if they are quite used to sexual intercourse, they can still have more realistic sexual dreams, and there will be secretion of mucus during dreams, but these can not cause the effect of libido, but only indicate the existence and activity of sexual desire. . There is another very interesting and most important difference between the sexual dreams of men and women, and even ordinary dreams, that is, as far as women are concerned, the nighttime dreams are more likely to have an echo in the daytime reality.This is extremely rare for men, and even if it happens by chance, the impact is minimal.The occurrence of this kind of reaction is not limited to perverted or sick women at first, but it is especially severe for women with unsound nerves. Nervous women can even treat dreams as real ones, and do not hesitate to gamble and curse. Shen said that the repercussions could cause serious legal problems.This kind of woman can slander others by treating sleep as a state of anesthesia after taking Mongolian sweat medicine, and sexual relations in dreams as rape. This reverberation from dream to reality is especially powerful for women suffering from hysterical neurosis.Therefore, there are a lot of psychological research in this area.Germany.Sanctis (Sante de Sanctis) de.Gilles de la Tourette and others have specifically described the echoes of such women's dreams, and considered them extremely important, and the echoes of sexual dreams are the most important.In the Middle Ages, when the West believed in ghosts and ghosts, there were various names of obscene demons, such as incubi who only had intercourse with women, or succubi who had intercourse with men. In fact, they were all echoes of such people after their sexual dreams product of.The sexual dreams of people suffering from hysterical neurosis do not necessarily have pleasure, and often there is even no pleasure.For some people, dreams of sexual intercourse can cause excruciating pain.The witches of the Middle Ages, as well as the neurotics of modern times, almighty testify to this.Sometimes this is mostly the result of a psychological conflict: on the one hand, there is a strong physical sexual impulse, and on the other hand, the emotion and reason are so disgusted that they are afraid of the occurrence of sexual impulse, and their will is not enough to restrain it. If it does not happen, this painful experience will inevitably result.Originally, this type of conflict in consciousness, that is, the conflict caused by one end having a stimulus and not wanting to respond, while the other end has to respond, can cause unpleasant feelings, but this is an extreme type, and sometimes a People's sexual organs and sexual emotions are already tired due to constant reactions, and they are constantly stimulated to force them to continue to react. The result is similar to this, that is, psychological disgust and physical pain. But besides the psychological one, there was probably a physiological one, and Sollier, in his careful investigations of hysterical conditions and causes, paid special attention to the perturbation of perception, and the change from the normal Various phenomena that occur when the state of consciousness turns into a state of loss of consciousness.He thinks that we must do some physiological research in this aspect, so that we can understand the mechanism behind the contradictory state of "drunk and strong alcohol" exposed by hysterical people in the manifestation of automatism. There is something wrong. However, we must also pay attention to the fact that hysterical people may not have much pleasure when they have automatism, but the above-mentioned unhappiness and pain have always tended to be exaggerated.Originally, psychologists had another view on this phenomenon. They believed that hysterical neurosis itself was a subconscious expression of sexual emotion.So, I thought it wasn't worth looking into.Under this view, this topic is unscientifically shelved by everyone.The above-mentioned talk about unhappiness and pain is a reflection of this view.With reason, we might as well admit that the repercussions were unavoidable.Ultimately, however, we agree with Freud's more eclectic view.He believes that the sexual requirements of hysterical people are basically the same as those of ordinary women, who have their own personality and require changes.The difference is that it is more difficult and more painful for her to meet this requirement than ordinary women. The reason is that she has to have a moral struggle. In fact, it cannot be denied. At most, it can only be driven into the background of consciousness, and a way of satisfaction is found in the dark.The author thinks this explanation is the most reasonable recently.In many other hysterical or other neurotic women, automatist and even sexual activities in general have their pleasure, no doubt.And the level of this kind of pleasure is not necessarily low, but in this kind of woman, although she feels pleasure, on the other hand, she may innocently understand the sexual meaning of this pleasure.Once this kind of understanding is added, and moral restraint is added, the degree of pleasure may be a different matter. ● Section 5 Masturbation In the initial presentation of sexual impulse in the first section of this chapter, the author has already discussed the phenomenon of masturbation.As we said at the time, strictly speaking, any behavior that uses hands as tools to obtain sexual excitement in oneself is called masturbation.But in a broad sense, the term masturbation is applicable to any self-initiated behavior. We can even illogically call this kind of behavior that does not use any material tools but only thinking "spiritual masturbation". Some mental masturbation is also called "Onan phenomenon" (Onanism), but this is not accurate.Because what Onan did at the beginning was actually not related to masturbation at all, it was handover without ejaculation, which is called "interruption of handover" (coitus interruptus).Hirschfeld created the term "ipsation" to distinguish it from the term automatism. He believed that any act of using one's own body as a material object to obtain sexual satisfaction is called ipsation. Automatic love is also satisfied.And when one's body is regarded as a spiritual object, it is called masturbation. Masturbation in a broad sense is a very widespread phenomenon in the human and animal worlds.Because it has spread so widely, strictly speaking, we cannot use words such as "abnormal" and "abnormal" to describe it.We might as well say that it is a phenomenon between normal and abnormal. When the sexual function is restricted by the outside world and cannot be exercised naturally, it will inevitably emerge as the times require. In a state of domestication or isolation, higher animals will have various forms of lonely and automatic excitatory behaviors, both females and males are the same, and most males will make a back and forth turbulent and whipping movement of the penis on the abdomen Females tend to rub their genitals against things outside their bodies.This behavior can occur even in wild animals, but it is less easy to observe. In humans, the occurrence of this phenomenon is by no means limited to a part of civilized society.In a civilized state it has a better chance of development, which is true, but masturbation, as Mantegazza says, is a moral feature of Europeans, as if it were an act that Europeans are good at. Yes, that's wrong. In fact, masturbation can be found in any race of people, at least in all races that we know relatively well, no matter how natural or unnatural their lives are, and In some groups of people, both men and women, masturbation is almost a natural habit, and it is often recognized as a custom of childhood and youth.In ethnic minorities where the culture seems to be relatively low, we even find that women use some artistic tools in masturbation, especially artificial penises. This is also used in Europe today, but only a small number of people. However, among the population in a civilized society, it is quite common for everyday objects to be turned into tools for women's masturbation.虽属十分平常，而一般人并不察觉的缘故，就是因为这是帷幕以内的行动，除非出了乱子，非请教外科医生不可，才会暴露出来。女子手淫时利用或滥用的东西有些什么呢？蔬果是比较常用的一类，尤其是香蕉。这些是不容易引起什么创伤的物件，故比较不容易让人觉察。但就外科手术的体验而论，从阴道和尿道里所钳出来的物件，其数量之大，种类之多，却已足够惊人了。特别普通而值得提出的有铅笔、封蜡火漆、棉纱卷子、夹发针、瓶塞、蜡烛、软木塞、细长形的酒杯等。在女人阴道与尿道中取出的物件，十分之九是手淫的结果。 经过这种手术的女子，大概以十七岁到三十岁之间的为最多。外科医师并且往往在膀胱里找到夹发针的踪迹，因为尿道普通是一个强烈的发欲的中心，一经刺激，便很容易把供给刺激的外物“吸引”到里边去，而夹发针的形状，全部细长，一端圆滑，偶一失手，就极容易滑落进去。同时在女人的装饰品里，夹发针是最顺手的东西，在床上休息的时候，它也是惟一顺手的东西。 还有一类外科医师的注意力所达不到的手淫工具，就是许多身外的物品，例如衣服、桌椅与其他家具，随便可以拿来和性器官发生触磨。我们又不妨提到体育馆里或运动场上的各种活动，也可以偶然地或故意地引起性的兴奋，例如爬杠子、骑马、骑自行车，又如踏缝纫机或穿紧身内裤，也未始不可以用作手淫的方式。自然，这一类的活动与活动所产生的压力或动荡磨擦的力最可以唤起性的兴奋，而不一定非唤起这种兴奋不可。换言之，兴奋的发生，若不是偶然的，便是因为活动的人有几分故意。 紧接前文所说的一类手淫的方式，而事实上很难划分的又一类，便是大腿的挤压与磨擦了，这方式男女均用，不过在女人中间更普通。甚至于女婴也懂得这方法。这也是散布得很广一的一个方式。在有的国家里如瑞典据说这是女子手淫时所用的最普通的方法。 手淫的活动也不限于性器官的部分，凡属发欲带所在的肌肤上，都可以用磨擦或其他刺激的方式，而觅取兴奋，例如屁股的鞭笞或乳头的揉搓。在某些人身上，几乎肌肤的任何部分都可以变做发欲的中心，而成为适合于手淫的地带。 另外还有一类自动恋的例子，就是只要把念头转到色情的题目上，甚至与色情无关，而只是富于情绪的题目上，性的兴奋便自然而然地会发生。或者，在有的人只需故意把想象力集中在交合的行为上，而一心揣摩着对方是个可爱的异性的人，也可以唤起兴奋（哈蒙德称这种自动恋为精神的交合，可参见前文）。这一类自动恋的表现就和性恋的昼梦分不大清楚，从精神交接的境界进入性恋的白日梦的境界，其间是没有什么界址的。女医师戴维斯发现，阅读可以引起性意念的图书是手淫的一个最平常的原因，和异性厮混的关系比这要小得多，而跳舞的关系则尤其小。 前文说的全都是属于手淫一路的各式自动恋，有的虽不是严格的手淫，而严格的手淫仍不妨做它们的代表。关于这些，各家的意见是相当一致的。但若我们进而探讨这一类性恋行为散布的切实情形以及这一类行为的意义，我们在将来就会遇见不少的困难以及许多莫衷一是的意见。 在男人方面，如把各家的观察综合观看，我们可以说90％是手淫过的，尽管有许多人的次数极少，或只不过是生命的极短的一节里有过这种尝试，我们都得把他们计算进去。在英伦，杜克斯（C. Dukes），牛津大学瑞格壁学院（Rugby School）的校医，说住校学生的90％到95 ％是手淫的。 在德国， 马库斯（Julian Marcuse）根据他的经验，也说92 ％的男子在青壮年时期是手淫过的，罗雷德的计算则比他似乎还要高一些。在美国，西尔莱（Seerly）在125 个大学生中间只发现8个，即6％，断然否认曾经手淫过；在神学院的学生中，勃洛克曼（ESBrockman）发现，未经盘问而自动承认手淫的，多至56％。在俄国，契伦诺夫说，在他调查的莫斯科学生中间，60%主动承认曾经手淫过。 这一类自动的报告是最有意义的，我们因而可以知道实际上有手淫经验的人数一定要远在这些数字所能表示之上，由于有许多人总觉得这是一种难言之隐，决不肯直说的。 两性之中，究属哪一性中手淫的散布更广，以前各家的意见也很不一致。大体说来，约有一半的专家认为男子中散布得更广，而另一半则所见恰好相反。至于通俗的见解，则大抵以为男多于女。不过到了最近，这方面的确切数字的渐多，我们在上文讨论性冲动的初期呈现时，也多少已经参考过，而究属男多于女或女多于男的问题，也无需乎再事争讼了。手淫的性的分布，以前之所以成为问题的缘故，是因为当初似乎有种倾向，就是把我们的注意全部集中在一小部分自动恋的现象上，也多少有些挂一漏万的倾向。所以如果我们把一切自动恋的事实很合理地分类归纳清楚，再进而看它们的分布，问题就比较简单了。就专就童年时期而论，所有的事实都证明女子的手淫经验比男子的散布得广，这似乎也是理所当然的，因为女子发育比较早，春机萌发期来临得特别快的也以女子为多，而这方面的早熟又常常和性习惯的早熟不无联带关系。到了春机萌发期以内以至于成年的阶段，手淫的经验，无论其为偶一为之的或积久而成习惯的，则男女两方面都很普通，但普通的范围，依笔者看来，并没有许多人所想象的那般大。究竟男的多抑或女的多，却也不容易说，但如一定要作一个比较的话，怕还是男的多些。 有人替这年龄的男子说话，认为他们的生活习惯与女子个同，比较自由，比较活跃，因此，手淫的倾向虽大，多少可因分心的缘故，而得到一些限制；而女子则不然，因而手淫的倾向便不免比较自由地发展，这话固然不错，可同时我们应知道，女子的性冲动的激发，要比男子为慢，也比男子为难，因此，手淫倾向的唤起，也就不免迟缓些与困难些了。到了成年后，女子手淫的要比男子为多，那是没有疑义的，男子一到这个年龄，至少就比较不修边幅的大多数男子说，多少已经和异性发生一些接触，且多少已经找到了一些比较成熟的性满足的方法；而女子则狃于传统的生活，这种性满足的出路是没有的。即或有很小一部分女人，性的发育比较特别早，这种女人的性冲动却往往未必有很大的力量，及有力量而女子自觉其有力量的时候，那成年的阶段已经过去，而不在这一节的讨论范围以内了。有不少很活泼、聪明而健康的女人，平时虽然守身如玉，偶然也不免手淫一二次，尤其是在月经的前后。比如这种女人先就有过正常的两性交接的关系，而一旦因故不能不把这种关系割断而回复到独身的生活，则这种偶然为之的手淫更是在所难免。但同时造成不要忘记，另外有一部分女人，性的方面的先天禀赋，本来比一般女人为薄弱， 在性心理学上叫做“性觉迟钝”（ sexuiil hyop -esthesia）（这种人，在一般的健康上，也往往不及一般女人， 不是这方面有缺陷，就是那方面有变态），这种女人的性的冲动也许始终在一个休止的状态以内，她们不但不想手淫，并且也根本不寻求什么正当的满足。此外，还有很多女人，一样寻求满足，却不走手淫的路子，而另找一些消极的方法。手淫以外的自动恋的方式还多，例如做昼梦，是最不容易受外界的干涉的。因此，这一大部分的女人就会走上这条路子；女人做昼梦的要比男人为多，也是不成问题的。 至于手淫对于健康的影响，在数年以前，各家的意见也大有出入。少数专家认为手淫的习惯没有什么特别的恶果。要有的话，也不过和性交过度的结果差不多。大多数的专家则以为手淫的影响是极坏的，即或行之有节，也不免酿成各式各样的病态。最可怕的是疯癫，等而偶之的症候，便不知有多少了。不过近年以来，各家的见解比以前温和得多了。一方面，他们相信对于少数特例，手淫是可以引进到各种不良结果的，但另一方面，他们认为对于身心健康的人，即或行之过度（身心健康而犹不免行之过度，只好算是理论上的一个假定，事实上怕没有这种人，详见下文）也不至于发生严重的病态。 这种见地的转变，我们如今推本溯源，似乎不能不大部分归功于德国格里辛格（Griesinger）医师。十九世纪中叶，格氏最先发表这一类温和而比较有鉴别的看法。在那时，格氏虽没有能完全摆脱医学界相袭的成见，但他已经能辨清，手淫是有害处，那害处并不由于手淫的本身，而在于社会对手淫的态度以及这种态度在神经敏锐的人的心理上所引起的反应。社会的态度使他感觉羞愧，让他仟悔，使他再三地决心向善，立志痛改。可是性冲动的驱赶并不因此而稍杀其势，终于教他的向善之心随成随毁，教他旧忏悔的热诚犹未冷却，而新忏悔的要求接踵已至。这种不断的内心的交战挣扎，与挣扎失败后的创伤才是手淫的真正的恶果。格氏又说，经常手淫的人，从外面是看不出来的，即并没有什么变态或病态的符号。格氏的结论是，手淫自身是变态或病态的一个符号，一个症候，而不是变态与病态的一个原因。七八十年来，开明一些的竟见与此种意见的进步，一方面既证实格氏这番谨严的说法是正确的，一方面也已经把这种说法发挥得更透辟。 格氏本来认为手淫的习惯，若如在幼年便已养成，就或许会引进到疯癫的恶果。 但后来贝尔康（Berkhan）在他关于幼童期的精神病研究里，发现到的病因虽多，却没有一例是可以归咎到手淫的。沃格尔（Vogel）、乌弗尔曼（Uffelmann）、埃明霍乌斯（Emminghaus）和冒尔等，在作同样的研究之后，所下的结论也都几乎完全相同。埃明霍乌斯重说，只有在神经系统先天就有病态的人身上，手淫才会产生一些严重的结果，否则是不会的。基尔南也说，所谓手淫的恶果实际上不因为手淫，而由于青春期痴呆（hebephrenia）或歇斯底里的神经症， 这种精神病或神经病也就是手淫所由成为癖习的原因，而非其果。倒果为因，是前人的失察了。克里斯欣（Christian）就二十年在医院、 疯人院以及城乡中私人行医的经验，也没有能发现手淫有什么严重的恶果。不过他以为要有更严重的影响的话，也许在女人方面，而不在男人方面。不过那洛利斯（Yel1owless）则所见恰与此相反，他以为一样手淫，“女人也许比较不容易感觉疲乏，因而比较不容易吃亏”。哈蒙德与古德塞特（Guttceit）的见解也是如此，古氏虽发现女子手淫的程度之深要远在男人之上，其结果也不见得比男子更坏。奈克对于这一点也特别注意到过，他发现女人患疯癫的例子中，没有一例是可以切实地推到手淫上去的。柯克（Koch）也有同样的结论，且以为这结论同样适用于男性。不过，他又承认手淫或许可以造成一些近乎病态的精神颓败。然而，柯氏又特别指出，手淫如不过度，这种精神上的亏损也是没有的，即或有也不像众人所相信的那般确切不移，那般一无例外。同时，他指出：只有神经系统早就有亏损的人才最易手淫，又最不容易制裁自己，使其不至于过度。柯氏也认为手淫的主要的害处是不断地自怨自艾与对性冲动的心劳的挣扎。 莫兹利（ Maudsley ）、 马罗、 施皮茨卡（Spiizka）和舒尔（Schuele）在他们的作品中，依然承认一个特种的疯癫，叫做“手淫性的疯癫”。不过克拉夫特一埃平早就否认这一点，而奈克则曾经坚决反对。克雷普林（Kraepelin）说：过度的手淫只会发生在先天不足的人身上， 也只有在这种人身上，过度的手淫才会发生危险：沃雷尔（Forel ）与洛温费尔德也这样说，杜罗梭（Trousseau）也这样说，并且说得更早。总之， 数年以来，对于手淫不是疯癫的原因一层，专家们的意见几乎完全一致。 至于手淫并不能产生其他各式的精神病或神经病，专家的见证同样也是肯定的。自惠斯特（Char1es West）以来，医学界不承认手淫是儿童的白痴、痉挛、羊痫、歇斯底里等等的源头，也已历经多年。不过这是医学界一般的看法，只有少数的医师承认羊痫和歇斯底里的发生也许和手淫有关。莱登（Leyden）讨论到脊柱神经的各式疾病与病源时，也没有把任何方式的性行为过度网罗进去。厄尔布（Erb ）也说：“有节制的手淫对脊柱神经所能发生的危险并不比自然性交所能发生的为更大，事实上它是不会有什么不良影响的，一样是性欲兴奋，至于到达亢进的道是正常的交接，抑或暗室的手淫， 是没有多大区别的。 ”图卢兹（Toulouse）、富尔布林格（Fuerbringer）、格尔希曼（Gurschmann ）与大多数的专家也持这种意见。 不过，依笔者看来，如说手淫可以完全和交接等量齐观，认为手淫的危险并不大于交接的危险，未免有些过分了。假若性欲兴奋是纯粹的一个生理现象，这等量齐观的说法也许是站得住的。可是，我们知道，性欲兴奋不只是一种生理现象，交接时节所到达的亢进现象是和异性的对象所唤起的一大堆有力的情绪纠缠牵连在一起而分不开的。交接给与人的满足，事实上有两方面：一方面固然是兴奋之际所得的宣泄，而另一方面便是这些情绪在交光互影之中所产生的种种快感。 比如没有可爱的对象在前面，而不得不由自动恋的方式取得兴奋，宣泄的功用也许一样，但在心理上总觉得有一番满中不足，也许一番抑郁沉闷，甚至于觉得异常疲惫，并且往往还不免添上一些羞愧，一些惆怅。单就事实论，一样不免于过度的话，手淫的过度要比交接的过度为易。有人说，手淫所费的神经的力量比交接所费的为大，这个说法也许不对，但因为手淫容易走上过度的路，其实际上所耗费的神经力的总数量也许比交接为多却还是有可能的。所以笔者认为这些专家的等量齐观的看法有令人误入歧途的危险，但如说不过度的手淫和性梦中的兴奋与遗精差不多，有如沃雷尔所说，那是很近情的。