Chapter 3 -2

● Section 6 Sexual Selection and Tactile Sensation Tactile sensation is the most primitive way of grinding.Sexual intercourse itself is a kind of rubbing action, and the most critical part of it is the sense of touch.Among children, huddling together, kissing, and hugging are nothing more than some playful activities, using general affection or special affection with sexual desire.These activities are equally useful for adult lovers. Although the sense of touch is closely related to sexual selection, there is nothing special or specialized about the sense of touch.The skin is the basis of all sensory faculties, and sexual perception is one of the oldest.In general, the perception of sex must be a modification of the common sense of touch, and there is nothing very special about it.The sense of touch is both primitive and occupies a large area, loose and vague.Therefore, once aroused, its emotional foil is always particularly strong; therefore, among all the senses, the sense of touch is the most irrational, and at the same time, the most emotional.The sense of touch has these qualities, plus it has an early and indissoluble relationship with the mechanisms of desire and libido.So, find a way to arouse sexual activity.It is the most convenient one, and also the most powerful one.

When the lower animals are courting, the sense of touch is often the avenue that prevails.According to the above, we can also imagine this layer.The courtship of shrimp and crab is determined by the sense of touch.In spiders, touch is often the primary courtship function.When deer, cows, horses, dogs and other higher animals court, the action of licking plays an important part.Neumann once saw a pair of elephants courting. The male elephant first stroked the female elephant with his trunk.Secondly, two elephants stand side by side, their noses are entangled, and each other puts the tip of their noses in each other's mouth. After the human courtship reaches a certain level, this kind of involuntary similar action is also common.

For some people, especially women, this kind of tactile activity is enough to provide proper pleasure and satisfaction before there is no or temporary inability to have full sexual intercourse. In a woman's emotional life, the sense of touch is a particularly prominent element, and in her sexual life, this level is especially clearly seen.Martin (Lilian Martin) studied the aesthetic emotions of female college students, and observed that emotions based on touch are more prominent than other emotions.Pcarce Clark (Pcarce Clark) described a 9-year-old girl with epilepsy who said that she only liked one kind of person, the person she felt most comfortable with when she had skin-to-skin contact, and that she classified all the people she knew into categories Sometimes, it is based on how she feels when shaking hands or kissing.When women reach the age of sexual intercourse, the sexual desire expressed is mostly not in sexual intercourse, but in relatively pure tactile behaviors such as kissing or hugging.Sadger said: "The Buddha-like light of chastity in which many young women shine is such that there is little or no impulse in the genital part, but in the skin, mucous membrane and muscles of the whole body The system is full of powerful sex." In fact, this is not only the case with young girls who are in spring, but also with married women and women who have had sexual intercourse experience.In other words, this kind of overflowing sex love always exists from the beginning of spring to the time when the sexual desire is about to be relieved or hypersexuality.A erotic novel in the eighteenth century wrote: "Although she tried her best to resist, struggle, and want to get rid of his arms, she could tell at a glance that her purpose was nothing more than to bring him to her point of contact, Surfaces and lines should be increased as much as possible." The poetess Renee Vivien said: "The art of touch is weird and complicated, and it stands on an equal footing with sweet dreams and the miracle of sound." This sentence The words come from the mouth of a woman, especially worthy of everyone's attention.The importance of the sense of touch to love is also a kind of conscience in the understanding of ordinary women, which is enough to prove that the sense of touch is the most primitive and primitive compared with other senses in sex life.

What I have said above are all about normality. The relationship between touch and sexual life can also develop abnormalities and allergies. The types of such developments are different, and in some cases both men and women are present.For example, all kinds of fabric love or animal fur love (like touching and playing with animal fur, velvet, silk and satin, etc.), in some cases, women are more affected.It is often related to social security, such as secret love.Another kind of abnormality may be called frottage, which is more common in men, at least, the degree of its manifestation is particularly obvious in men.Men suffering from crowded love like to squeeze and rub with completely unknown women in public places to obtain sexual satisfaction. Although the friction occurs mainly on the part of the genitals, it is not limited to this part.It goes without saying that on such occasions even men seeking sexual gratification are always well-dressed.There are many women who sometimes stand in crowds (for example, in the back rows of lively theaters, or even in churches) and suddenly feel this kind of unexpected and annoying contact, which is for such people.This kind of abnormality can cause problems in law and even forensic science, and people with this kind of abnormality may be normal people in other respects, not only very dignified, but also very sensible.

Tickleness is more of a by-product of the sense of touch.It is based on some reflexes, some of which are developed early in the womb.There is also a close relationship between ticklishness and sexual phenomena.For example, tickle is a game of accumulating desire, while laughter is a game of libido.If there is sexual stimulation before, this stimulation has already caused some sexual desire to some extent.But in fact, this kind of desire cannot be satisfied, or it is right to be dissatisfied, so I use the method of cracking and smiling to dispel this desire.This behavior is often seen in sexually conscious and shy girls.Although ticklishness is a game of desire accumulation, it can also be faked and brought into the realm of desire accumulation.So once you reach adulthood, the age at which sexual relationships usually start, it fades away.This is the reason why adults are not very ticklish.

But being ticklish means more than one thing.The above is regarded as a kind of shyness of the skin, which will inevitably disappear sooner or later, but it is just one of the aspects.The origin of ticklishness, we can be sure, has nothing to do with sexual phenomena.Its basic function is probably related to the protection of the body.Bouis Robinson was quite right when he said that in young animals the areas most vulnerable and most in need of protection are also the most ticklish.Even so, the ticklishness of the corners of the sexual organs and the various hair belts is different from what Lu Shi said.The nerve cells in the skin of the sexual organs and the erogenous zone have a special ability, which is what the neurologist Herrick said, they can accumulate many continuous stimuli together, the more they accumulate, the nerve center The more cortical cells are involved, the more power they accumulate.For example, half-dissolved ice on a hillside rolls downhill, and the more it rolls down, the more unstoppable its momentum becomes.This accumulation of power is the process of accumulating desires that we have discussed above, and its ultimate is the liberation of power, that is, the process of liberating desires.Taking an ice cube as an example, even if it slammed down and finally hit the flat ground at the foot of the mountain with a bang, the tactile cells in the normal skin are not.Their response to stimulation is nothing more than a twitch of a muscle or a burst of laughter.In any case, all sexual encounters, especially sexual intercourse itself, have an intimate relationship with ticklishness.The philosopher Spinoza's famous definition of love is built on this point: being in love is "an itch which at the same time has an external impression as its cause" (Amoresttitillalio quaedam concomitante idea causre externco).Gorewers also said: The act of sexual intercourse is ultimately a reflection of the skin.

The status of tickle also changes with the degree of civilization.In the sexual life of savage peoples, ticklishness has a place.Even in the early life of European peoples ticklishness was still very important.In modern civilized society, although some young women sometimes use the method of tickling to seek sexual pleasure, but generally this method is irrelevant.Among civilized and simple peoples, tickling is often a sign of courtship, and sometimes tickling and copulating are the same verbal word.The Tu people of Tierra del Fuego at the southern tip of South America are an example. The Germans call a woman's clitoris Kitzler, which means "a ticklish thing", and it also means a kind of understanding in language.There are similar examples in Latin. A word Pruritus in Latin is interpreted as "itch", which is still commonly used in medical terminology, but this word also has the meaning of "greedy".Modern medicine says that there are some special itchy spots on the human body, and the areas where these ticklish spots are located can often cause sexual pleasure due to automatic scratching at the age of infancy and near menopause. It can be seen that the word in Latin is dual-purpose It is also very meaningful.B. Stein said: In the eighteenth century, a Russian empress had a strange quirk. She kept a group of maids in the palace, who usually pinched her feet to tickle her, and at the same time said some obscene words. Sing some porn.Sometimes, fatigued by this excessively promiscuous life, she had to perform a special relief and refreshing method for her, that is, sucking her ass.Needless to say, the people who took on this mission were some noble women in Russia at that time.There was a physiological explanation for the empress of Russia's eccentricity, Ferry had demonstrated, that tickling, in moderation, was a refreshing and energizing stimulus, but in excess it was tiring. .

There is also some factual evidence for the relationship between ticklishness and sexual sensation.A woman told her sexual experience that if a man touched her genitals when she had no desire for sexual intercourse.She only itch, but when the desire arises, the itch disappears.We might therefore say that the itching sensation is a substitute for the sexual sensation, and the sexual sensation is a disguised form of the itching sensation.The phenomenon of ticklishness is like a guard at the gate, designed to reject contact from outsiders, but later changes its appearance and becomes a herald of an outpost, to welcome and invite contact from outsiders.

The skin is closely related to sexual life. In addition to the phenomenon of being afraid of itching, it can also be seen from the behavior of the sebaceous glands.Sebaceous glands are the degeneration of hair glands.Human ancestors had hair all over their bodies, and the sebaceous glands are the remnants of body hair shedding.When the age of spring germination or when the sexual system is disturbed, the sebaceous glands tend to restore hair growth, but the result is not hair, but a large number of acne.After a woman reaches menopause, the sebaceous glands really have hair or mustache. So not only the skin and the sexual system are closely related, but also the hair and its perversions.Sabouraud found that if a woman suffers from partial baldness or alopecia areata, it is probably at the age of spring germination and at the age of fifty.But there is no such age limit for men.Another example is that women have their ovaries removed due to illness, so that menstruation stops midway, which often causes a large amount of hair loss.The same phenomenon sometimes occurs when menstruation stops during pregnancy.

Sexual intercourse is generally a special skin reflex, although there are as mentioned above, but between the general skin touch and this special reflex, there are also many secondary centers of sexual touch.The regions where these centers are located, as we have introduced before, are the desire zones. These secondary centers have one thing in common, that is, they are all related to the entrance and exit of the body.That is, they are all arranged at the junction of the skin and the mucous membrane.After long-term evolution, the sense of touch in these places is particularly sensitive and delicate.Generally speaking, after the marginal zone of this kind of person comes into contact with the same or similar marginal zone of the opposite sex, for example, if the environment is suitable, it can arouse the process of lust, so as to produce strong sexual stimulation.It can be said that the reflexes caused by the contact of these zones with each other, or directly with the genitals, are exactly the same as the reflexes caused by the contact of the genitals with each other, and the power of the nerves aroused is the same.This is why they are centers of secondary sexual touch.

We should keep in mind: these phenomena, these contacts in the entrance and exit zones, are basically normal.It would be wrong for some to regard some of this phenomenon as evil or obscene.In any case, if such contact is used as some help and some means for accumulating desire, but not an end in itself, everyone should always regard them as within the normal range of variation, rather than abnormal or pathological.From an aesthetic point of view, it may be unsightly, but this kind of judgment is another matter.But we also have to be aware that standards of beauty often change with sexual emotions.Many things that an unrelated person does not think are beautiful, a person in love thinks is beautiful.The more passionate his love, the more easily his usual standard of beauty will change.If we don't speak from the perspective of sex, the whole phenomenon of sex is actually very ugly.Except for the initial activities in the process of accumulating desires, none of them can be called beautiful. It is not abnormal to use the desire belt to obtain sexual excitement.There is also the simple reason that it is a very common phenomenon in many animals other than humans.In short, if the purpose of this kind of excitement is not only to promote desire accumulation, but also to obtain relief from desire, that is, as mentioned above, it is not only a means, but also an end, then it is unavoidably a bit extravagant.However, this kind of extravagance is still suspected. Since the popularity of contraception, many people often change their way of sexual intercourse, or use some special contraception. Means-to-end sexual behavior cannot be regarded as excessively beyond the law. Kissing is an example of this type of sexual behavior.Lips are a large fringe of the human body, an opening connecting the skin and mucous membranes, and have extremely sensitive tactile effects.In many respects it can be compared with the vulva or the vaginal opening, and one thing is more flexible than the vulva, that is, it also has a more sensitive tongue as its backing.Therefore, the close and long-term contact of the lips can cause a very strong stimulating effect under the right environment that can induce lust.Although its intensity is inferior to the direct contact of the sexual organs, it is always considered to be second to none among all the desire zones.There are also many ways to introduce the power of the nerves into the sexual field, only this is the first big way.This is true of kisses in general, but especially of the so-called columbine kiss.There is a kind of kiss popular in a certain area of ​​southern France called maraichinage, which is a kind of turtledove kiss.But in the eyes of some theologians, this kind of kiss is a sin beyond redemption.Kissing and kiss-like expressions abound in other animals as well.For example, the antennae of snails and insects meet, the beaks of birds meet, and dogs and other animals lick and bite each other during copulation.When it comes to humans, kissing has two components, one is tactile and the other is olfactory, but the tactile sense has a longer history than the smell.And among European nations, it occupies a position far above the sense of smell.But olfactory kisses were actually more widely distributed than tactile kisses.The olfactory kiss is prevalent in most countries outside Europe or the Mediterranean region; it is most fully developed among the Mongolian races. Although kissing is a major means of lust, there are other lesser means belonging to the sense of touch.Any other contact between opposite sexes is a means of sexual desire, and its effectiveness is sometimes not inferior to that of kissing.These methods actually belong to the category of kissing, but kissing is the most representative.Both licking yin (that is, licking a woman's genitals with the tongue, cunnilinctus in English) and licking (that is, licking a male's penis with the tongue, fel1atio in Western) can be said to belong to the category of kissing.And it should not be considered against nature.For among other animals and savage peoples we find similar activities of the same kind.Think of them as some ways of sex and some foils for lust. They are natural things, and, in the experience of some people, they are the supreme conditions for obtaining sexual pleasure.As for whether this kind of activity conforms to the standard of aesthetics, that is another question, maybe it is not considered beautiful.But such activities can go astray.If the deformity develops to a stage where it becomes obscene and replaces normal sexual intercourse, it will inevitably be ridiculed as "evil" or obscene. It should come as no surprise that the nipple is also a marginal zone with outlets and an important center of sexual sensation. Because it is fundamentally related to the upbringing of children and the reproduction of the race. As for its relationship with sex, it is the result of later evolution.This is undoubtedly a very important one.The two-phase contact between the baby's lips and the mother's nipple can be said to be the origin of all sexual contact.The sexual sense of touch in the lips of adult men and women evolved from the sense of touch in the lips of babies during breastfeeding. Since the nipple is the organ that secretes milk, its relationship with the sexual organs is also bound to be very close.When a baby is born, it needs the nutrition of milk. If it is not for this intimate relationship, the handy breastfeeding function of the nipple would not be possible.Objectively speaking, nipple sucking can cause the uterus to contract reflexively.On the subjective side, it can make women feel very strong sexual emotions.This kind of subjective influence has never been discovered theoretically before.It was not until the early years of the nineteenth century that the French scholar Cabanis first recorded this.He said that several mothers had told him that this feeling must be evoked when breastfeeding a baby.It is easy to have an explanation for this very normal relationship.This relationship is also necessary for the maintenance of the life of the mammalian race.If there is no such pleasure, why should a mother take on the industrious responsibility of breastfeeding?The secretion of milk can certainly reduce the swelling of the mammary glands, thus causing a sense of relaxation.But this is not enough, so the most ready-made method is to remove the source of sexual emotion and let it provide a greater amount of pleasure.Fortunately, this path has already been opened.During pregnancy, the sexual organs have already had an effect on the mammary glands. After a woman conceives, the ovary sends a special messenger, that is, a kind of hormone, to the mammary glands in order to make it prepare milk. However, although the relationship between mammary glands and sex organs is very intimate, this relationship may not be very special. In addition to mammary glands, there are other organs that can have the same relationship with sex organs.Kurdinovski experimented with rabbits and found that stimulation of other openings on the body, such as the ears, could also induce powerful contractions of the uterus, and by extension, perhaps any stimulation of the periphery of the body. All can follow the path of reflex to arouse the contraction of the uterus.Such a hypothesis involves both the general sexual touch of the skin and the specific tactile phenomena of the erogenous zone. There is an important relationship between nipples and sexual interest, and there is a historical story to prove it.That is, Catholic theologians have also done a lot of work on this topic.In the eighteenth century, these theologians had a fierce debate on the sin of fondling the nipple.The general opinion of the Church and the Inquisition is that such conduct is sinful.Yet eminent Jesuit theologians held that even touching a monk's nipple was a pardonable sin as long as one had no obscene motive.In a Jesuit reformatory they went a step further, arguing that anyone who denied that such conduct could be fundamentally innocent was in danger of being apostate, and placing himself in the position of a Jansenist. ) is listed. ● Section 7 Sexual Selection and Olfactory Selection In terms of animal evolution, the sense of smell and the general sense of touch were not clearly differentiated at first.After the gradual differentiation and specialization of the sense of smell, and the addition of the more developed sense of taste, animals finally have a chemical sensory faculty.In vertebrates the sense of smell has always been the most developed of all senses.Animals can perceive things at a distance, first of all rely on it.It also depends on it to have an accurate understanding of things at close range.Most mental activities rely on it as a precursor, and the emotional impulses of these activities rely on it to reach the realm of consciousness.In reptiles, as in later mammals, not only is all sexual mental activity in the main connected with the sense of smell, but also all external impressions pass through the olfactory faculty for the most part. In other words, the number of impressions received by the sense of smell exceeds that of the other senses.From the stimulation of the sense of smell, an animal can not only get a considerable sexual arousal, but the power of this stimulation is often enough to overcome the special stimulation of other senses.This is not surprising.Because we know that in the brain nerves of animals, the area occupied by the olfactory center is very large.Experts and scholars in this field, such as Edinger and Elliot smith, have long pointed out to us that the cortex of the brain is almost entirely a center for receiving the sense of smell and a commanding organ for the sense of smell to influence behavior.At the same time, we also understand that the impression of smell can go directly to the cortex of the brain, and does not pass through the diencephalon.In short, the status of the sense of smell in psychology is very special, it can be said to be "the seed of all advanced psychological functions".At least it has the power to tie them all together.Primitive vertebrates live in water. In the water environment, the sense of smell is very useful. It controls almost all the behaviors of an animal. It goes without saying that it has far-reaching significance.However, the sense of smell and taste were more similar at that time, and were more easily affected by stimuli than other senses. When it came to the higher apes and humans, the situation changed completely.The sense of smell is, of course, still generally preserved, and still exceptionally fine, but we rarely use it.No doubt it still has many uses. But this use has been relegated to an auxiliary status.It is often commented that uncivilized peoples do not know smell and smell, at least they are indifferent and do not know how to avoid smelly things.This seems to be the case.However, this kind of people is also often very able to recognize all kinds of odors. If it is said that their sense of smell is definitely inferior to ours, or superior to ours, it is not necessarily true.In a civilized society, all kinds of smells have always had their place in people's emotional life, especially in places with hot climates. But, whether in practical or emotional life, whether in the sphere of science or art, the sense of smell is, in general, an auxiliary faculty.Therefore, the academic circle has always been extremely indifferent to the study of smell.It was not until 1888, when Zwaardemaker of Utrecht University (Utrecht) in the Netherlands invented the olfactometer and published his research results, that this part of the knowledge was restored to its original state. status.After a few years, Heyninx in Brussels, the capital of Belgium, made further research, and he wanted to place it on a strict physical basis.He defined a light band-like odor band, and arranged various odors on it according to the length of their wave lines.According to him, the reason why the odor can move the sense of smell and become part of consciousness is due to the power of a molecular vibration, not due to the power of chemistry.At the same time, other experts such as Parker (G.H. Parker) always believed that chemical perception is different from physical perception, such as the sense of touch due to pressure, the sense of hearing due to sound, and the sense of vision due to the stimulation of light, while the sense of smell is actually a Chemical perception, and is the most important of chemical perception.Chemical perception has a long history, dating back to the early aquatic era.In addition to the main sense of smell, it also includes taste, including the organ of Jacobsown that leads to the nasal cavity function and a common chemical perception.Regarding the sense of smell, although there are studies of this kind, there are still not many reliable conclusions. The sense of smell is differentiated from the sense of touch, so the knowledge it conveys is somewhat vague.However, the emotional effects involved in it are often very strong.Because of this characteristic (that is, although it is vague, it has its special function; although it is useless, it is very closely related to the survival of animals).There are many writers who hold that, of all the senses, the sense of smell deserves the name of the imagination.Indeed, the power of the sense of smell to receive suggestions is the strongest.It is also the most abundant in evoking distant memories and adding strong emotional rendering.At the same time, the same sense alone furnishes impressions which are most apt to alter the intensity and tone of the emotions, and to correspond to the prevailing attitude of the person aroused at the time.Therefore, all kinds of scents and odors are often particularly easy to control or be enslaved by emotional life. In a civilized society, the various associations with smells cultivated by the emotional life of the primitive age inevitably tend to disintegrate, but at the same time, part of the relationship between the sense of smell and imagination is more developed than before; The strange pain is also manifested on the imagination side. The smell of fragrant smell has some strong stimulation to the whole nervous system.Like many other stimuli, they can increase vigor in moderation, and fatigue the mind if overdone or prolonged.Therefore, the medical community has long discovered that all volatile oily spices can be used as anesthetics and spasms.These spices can also enhance digestion, promote blood circulation, and stimulate the nervous system, but if the weight is too large, the effect will be counterproductive.Ferry's experiments, in which people inhale various aromas and use instruments such as ergometers and myographs to measure their strength or fatigue, are of great importance for studying the various effects of olfactory stimuli. contribution. We can now discuss the relationship between human sexuality and the sense of smell.The first thing we need to note is that, regardless of gender, there is always some smell on the body.This odor often varies with age and race.As for the difference that occurs due to age, the founder of Western medicine, the Greek Hippocrates (Hippocrates), recognized it more than 2,000 years ago.That is to say, all odors related to sexual phenomena will not acquire mature characteristics until the age of spring germination.In fact, babies, adults, and the elderly each have their own stink.Mourning (Monin) even said: To a certain extent, we may be able to discover a person's age based on his smell.Regardless of men and women, from the period of spring germination, middle-menstrual youth, the early stage of mature men or the early stage of mature women, they all have to go through a process of gradual development of body odor, and the maturity of the odor can also be obtained from the skin and excrement. It can be smelled inside, and this gradual development goes hand in hand with the development of secondary sexual characteristics such as hair and pigment.In fact, the Italian Venturi once classified body odor as a kind of secondary sex characteristic. Although the sense of smell is important, when human beings practice sexual selection, there are not many people who really rely entirely on the power of smell.This is not because the impressions obtained by the sense of smell don't matter, but because the body odors that make people feel comfortable are always not strong enough, and the sense of smell is too dull, so the position of the sense of smell has to take a backseat to vision. Having said that, the body odor of many people, especially the body odor of healthy and sexually attractive people, is not offensive, and even smells quite pleasant.If the source of this body odor is a love object, then not only will it not be annoying, but it will also have a greater attractive magic power.There is another point that can increase the alluring power of this kind of body odor, that is, many of the odors mentioned above have an excitatory effect on the nerves, and some body odors today happen to belong to this category. Regardless of whether it is a man or a woman, the enamel film in the nose that controls the sense of smell also has an intimate relationship with the entire reproductive organs, and some sympathetic effects often occur.This layer also seems to have been fairly established and beyond doubt.Therefore, external influences on the reproductive organs sometimes also involve the nose, and external stimuli on the nose also affect the reproductive sphere through reflex action. In the emotional life of some people, the unusual sense of smell occupies a particularly transcendent position. There are not many such people, but in other aspects of life they are quite normal and no different from ordinary people.These few people, the Frenchman Binet (Binet) called "olfactory types" when he studied fetishism.Although the olfactory type is not as numerous and important as the visual, auditory, and psychomotor types, it is also a type of its own and can be compared with them.Compared with other types or mortals, people with a sense of smell not only pay special attention to all kinds of odors, but also tend to express favor or dislike in this regard.Such people can even obtain sexual satisfaction from the sense of smell. Kiernan (Kiernan) once coined the term "ozolagny" (ozolagny) to refer to this characteristic of sexual psychology.There are many women who cannot be said to be unusual to have strong sexual desires due to special odor stimulation, and some of them have reached the level of hyperactivity without relying on other forces.Such peculiar odors include the general body odor of a loved male, or a mixture of this body odor with tobacco leaves, or various leather odors.And the smell of leather, after all, isn't it just the smell of skin?Such women sometimes think of the body odor of the man they love, or suddenly have hallucinations similar to this type of body odor in the sense of smell, which will also cause a hyperactive reaction. Even in ordinary people, body odor has a lot to do with sexual communication.It is also common for the sexes to get close because of similar smells, or alienate because they don't.This phenomenon is called "olfactory phenomenon" (Olfactionism).However, since the human sense of smell is slower than that of other animals, the activity of the sense of smell, generally speaking, always occurs after the courtship process has passed the initial stage.Therefore, the significance of its sexual selection is not as far-reaching as that of other animals.In any case, the sense of smell still has its place in human sexual selection. Although the degree of civilization of human beings is different, the sense of smell has its own influence on the success or failure of sexual selection.This level can be said to be determinable.Unfortunately, this effect is very insignificant, and we can only have sporadic and occasional observations. Kiernan, who was quoted earlier, believes that the sense of smell has a great influence on the sexual life of civilized human beings, but the consistent point of view inevitably underestimates its value.The author thinks this view is correct.But we don't have to follow Gustav Jager to the other extreme and think that human sexuality, like that of other animals, is mostly or entirely a matter of smell. Human beings are different from other animals in that not only the sexual significance of the sense of smell has decreased, but also the objects of the sense of smell in the body have changed.This object was originally in the sexual area of ​​the lower body or the back half of the body, but when it comes to humans, it moves to the upper body.The same is true in this respect of objects of vision.In the eyes of the opposite sex, the reproductive organs of men and women are usually not considered very beautiful things in the eyes of the opposite sex. Therefore, they will never be exposed easily until the courtship is quite mature. In fact, they can be exposed and attractive. The value is also the various parts of the upper body.After civilization, human beings have the habit of hiding their reproductive organs. The changes in the parts of the attracted objects are undoubtedly related to this habit.Therefore, the sexual temptation of body odor does not start from the crotch when it comes to humans.And starting from the armpit, the so-called axillary gas is.In addition, such as skin, hair, etc., of course, also have their breath.But as far as the common situation is concerned, the armpit is always the main source.According to history and theory, body odors such as armpit gas should have positive sexual effects, but in terms of ordinary experience, their effects may be counterproductive, that is, not only cannot attract the opposite sex, but can also attract people's disgust, unless It is after the process of accumulating desires has entered a considerable stage.However, this is still talking about the general situation.For some people, at this stage, body odor such as underarm gas can still cause disgust and become a serious obstacle to sexual life.In this regard, we think that the human body's olfactory experience can be compared with the tactile experience, but not with the visual experience.In human beings, the sense of smell is no longer the first channel of rational curiosity, but the status of this first channel has given way to vision.All kinds of body odors also have their seductive power, but it is mostly limited to emotional imagination, etc., and it must be among people with very close relationships, let alone intellectual aspects.即使在情绪与想象等方面，体臭有时候也似乎只有拒人于千里之外的效力，而唤起美国心理学家詹姆斯（James）所谓的“反性的本能”， 即与性欲相刺谬的一种本能。 在动物里，两性似乎彼此都容易受体臭的影响。要是雄性的方面在生殖器官部分往往有它的臭腺，雌性在交尾的季节里也往往有她的特殊的体臭，而其诱惑的力量也不在雄性之下。到了人类，男女两性对于臭味的一般感受力并不相等，女子的感受力要比男子的大。德国学者格鲁斯（Groos）告诉世人， 就是在少儿中间，女孩对于香味的兴趣要比男孩力强。同时其他学者的研究，尤其是意大利的加比尼（Garbini）发现女孩不但感受力强，辨别力也大。其它在美国， 塞那（Alice Thayer）也证明女孩的爱恶心理所受臭味的影响，要比男孩的大得多。 意大利马罗（Marro）的调查还要进一步， 他对于春机萌发期前后的女子做过一番长时期的观察，终于发现女性一到春机萌发的年龄，在广意的性生活开始的时候，臭味的感受力便会增加，而在其他官觉方面，则不如此。此外，我们不妨再补充一些类似的观察，就是有的女性在怀孕的时候，嗅觉会变得过分的灵敏。女人即使到了晚年，这种超越男子的嗅觉， 也还可以维持下去。 这一点瓦希德（Vaschide）的试验可以证明。总之，就大体而言，对于嗅觉的印象，更容易受它的影响而受得更多的，是女人而不是男人，这是范。德。弗尔德和许多妇科专家现在已经公认的。 臭味的种类虽然多，来源虽然不一，但化学的成分往往很近似或根本相同。 因此文明社会里香水香粉一类的化妆品或许也有它们的性的效力，和原始时代体臭的效力正复相同。这种香品的由来似乎很久，布洛克（Iwan BlocU 特别注意到这一点，认为原始的女人很早就知道利用它们。不过她的用意和文明女人的有些不同。文明女人的用意往往在掩盖身体上自然气味，而原始女子则在增强她原有的体味。倘若让原始的男人对于体臭微薄的女人不免存鄙薄之心，这种女人总得设法来补救她的自然的缺憾，好比近代的女人喜欢在身体的曲线方面特别地下功夫一样。这种情形倒不是凭空想象的。太平洋中波利尼西亚群岛即西太平洋上诸岛的总称的上人（Polynesian）到澳大利亚悉尼游览，见了白种女子便赶快躲开，称：“她们没有女人味！”“看到这种情形，布洛克就替我们找到一个解释，为什么近代以前女人所尤其喜欢采用的香品并不是一些最细腻的、最幽雅的，而是最强烈的、最富于兽性与肉味的、最充满性的含义的，例如麝香、海狸香、麝猫香和龙涎香。在这几种香品里，麝香无疑是最具以代表的，瑞典植物分类学家林耐（lin naeus）所作的香料的分类里有汞草香的一组， 麝香与龙涎香便是这组的主要分子。如就其性的效力而言，则这组的地位仅仅次于山羊臭的一组。同时，我们应当知道，麝香的气味往往与人体的气味最相近似。雌性的应答，两种局面之中，大概第二种的发展在先，所以说语言大概是渊源于性的现象了。这种呼应的发展，大概在脊推动物进化的初期就有了。 不要说节奏音调，就是单个的音符在生理上也可以发生一些刺激的效力。这是费瑞所早已证明得很清楚的。至于音调对于肌肉工作的影响，研究的人不止一家了。不论用测力计来衡量短时期的用劲，或用肌动描记计来衡量长时期用力后的疲乏，音乐上场以后，都可以造成一些兴奋的影响。塔查诺夫（Tarchanoff） 的试验是用肌动描记计的，他发现轻快的音乐对于神经锐敏的人，是可以暂时抵消疲乏的影响，而弛缓与低调的音乐则适得其反。费瑞的研究发现不协调的音声可以增加疲倦。大部分的高调或长音键是兴奋的。但不是全部的高调，大部分的低调或短音键是抑郁的，但也不是全部的低调。不过假如疲乏的状态已经确立，则低调比高调反而显得更有兴奋的力量。这些结果是很有兴趣的。当我们研究虐恋时，发现在疲乏的状态里，各种痛苦的情绪反而有兴奋的功用。低调的影响大概也是这一类的了。总之，不论细腻的或粗放的肌肉活动，更不论随意肌肉或不随意肌肉的活动，音乐部可以刺激得到。 神经与肌肉系统直接或间接受音乐刺激时，循环作用与呼吸作用也有其反应。 关于音乐对于心肺的影响，已经有人做过不少试验。有用人做对象的。也有用其他动物做对象的，最早的一位是俄国的生理学家杜奇尔（Dogiel）。他在1880年就发现动物的心脏可以因音乐而增加跳动的力量和跳动的速度。后来的种种研究证明：不但心脏受到刺激，循环系统与呼吸系统全受音乐的影响。 总结结上文，我们可以说，嗅觉到了人类确实是退化了。不过，在人类远祖的生活里，它是性的诱惑的首条大道。到了人类，甚至于在猿类中间，这种优越的地位已经多少让视觉进占了去。这种退化固然是一个事实，但即使在今天，嗅觉仍然有相当的力量，使我们浸润在各种气味之中，而演为种种喜怒哀乐的情境；而就它比较细腻的一部分功能而言，我们非但没有忽略它，并且始终在下些培植的功夫。