Chapter 2 ●Chapter 2 Sexual Biology-1

● Section 1 Sexual Material Basis Reproduction is a very ancient and basic function in the biological world, so the mechanism that performs this function is very complicated, even today, we still can't fully understand it.Reproduction is not necessarily related to sex, and sex is not necessarily related to reproduction, but the full development of sexual organs and sexual characteristics, like the development of the whole body, is based on the soundness of gametes or reproductive cells, that is, male sperm cells and female egg cells. Up.The so-called soundness refers not only to the reproductive cells of both parties, but also to the zygote or embryo produced after fertilization and the whole development of the subsequent embryo.What is sex?No matter how high the authority on sex research is, they dare not give a definition easily.But we might as well explain.The determination of sex is related to the so-called chromosomes in the cell.In the undifferentiated germ cells in the gonads, the chromosomes already have their sex-determining organization.When cells are in a quiescent state, the so-called chromosomes are not yet a body, but a part of the nucleus, which is called chromatin.When the cell divides, the chromatin condenses into a number of strips or sticks, and automatically arranges into an array, which is the chromosome.The number of chromosomes varies from species to species, but within a species, this number is constant.

In fact, all human beings belong to one kind, so whether they are yellow, white or black, or male or female, the number is the same.However, there is a pair of chromosomes that are different between men and women.On the female side, this pair is called XX cytologically, while the male side is called XY, and the Y is relatively short and can be distinguished. This is the key to gender.This is not only the reason for the difference between men and women in humans, but also the reason why the sexes of all mammals are different.What is said here is the situation of ordinary body cells and immature germ cells.When the germ cells mature and divide, some new tricks emerge.They undergo meiosis.The result of division is that the two daughter cells or gametes each get one of each pair of chromosomes, and which one they get is completely accidental.

Therefore, there is only one kind of female gametes or egg cells produced by female animals through complicated steps, that is, all egg cells contain tuner chromosomes, while male animals produce two types of male gametes or sperm cells through similar processes, one containing X , a type containing Y. When fertilization occurs due to sexual union, if the sperm cell containing the tone meets the egg cell, the two tone couples and becomes a female, and if the sperm cell containing Y meets the egg cell, it becomes a male; male and female That's how gender is determined.This is also the starting point for the lifelong development of the sexes of men and women.This question has been clarified by exhaustive studies by Evans and Swezy.According to the Mendelian heredity law recognized by everyone, there are often various variations in the determination and development of sex. Due to the limited scope of this book, the author cannot make a detailed description here.The knowledge of the Mendelian processes of inheritance, originally acquired by the study of lower organisms, exhibits more and more complex variations in man.

In short, sex is decided at the time of conception.It can be seen that all kinds of methods in society to influence gender during pregnancy are all aimless, so you can put it aside.However, the gap between men and women is not very clear.We have to assume that there can be some females among males, or males among females, and whether or not this percentage is manifested, or to what extent, depends on the situation.The geneticist Crew said it well: "In every fertilized egg, no matter whether its sex chromosome organization is XX or XY, there is always some material basis for developmental driving force. This basis and developmental driving force are There are many types, some of which will promote the differentiation of this individual into a male pattern, and some will promote the differentiation of this individual into a female pattern.”

To talk about the knowledge of this aspect other than sex chromosomes, we have to talk about the role of the so-called endocrine glands. The development of adenology is still a matter of this century, and its relationship with sexual psychology is very close. We can say earlier that sex is also determined by the combination of glands, that is, the sum of many endocrine glands. What we are going to say next can be said to be certain: in the glandular group, if the testis can really be in a central position and the activities of the glandular group are guided by it, this person is a man without any problem.

Otherwise, if the ovary is the center and leader, the person is a woman.Such men and women each have their normal primary sexual characteristics and the development of sound sexual organs.When the sexual development is mature, all the secondary and even the tertiary sexual characteristics are fully developed.The so-called primary sexual characteristics, including the fundamental differences in sexual organs, are the easiest to identify.Secondary sexual characteristics, such as beards in men and sharp guttural voices in women, can also be seen at a glance.As for the third sex characteristic, it is not easy to identify. We must do some statistical research on the characteristics of the two sexes before we can see clearly.Sexual characteristics at all levels can have greater variation.The gonads and secondary sex characteristics can move in the direction of intersexuality (intersexuality between male and female), and those who move so much can become like a person of the opposite sex, or even both, physically or mentally. Aspects are like.

We now believe that most of these features can be traced to the action of the glands.Glands have secretions, which are also called "hormone" (hormone), which are chemical messengers with stimulating functions.Endocrine glands do not have tubes leading to the outside, and secretions or hormones are directly transported to all parts of the body by the blood.The achievement of sexual characteristics is due to the stimulation or inhibition of hormones, and the variation of this characteristic is also due to the excess or too little of hormones, or the abnormal delivery.Not only sexual characteristics are like this, but also general physique, temperament, and interests are also dominated by hormones.At best, what turns out to be masculine can be made to look like a woman, or backfire.A malfunction of one hormone can also affect various other hormones.The various endocrine glands are originally a harmonious and balanced system, so this harmony and balance cannot be maintained.There have been many studies in this area recently, and they are also available in various countries.New facts and new perspectives are constantly emerging there.

In some recent discoveries, special attention has been paid to the front lobe of the pituitary gland, and its hormones are considered to have special stimulating power; the importance of the adrenal gland is also more obvious than before.It may be true that the gonads, like the testicles and ovaries, are more common than before.Bell (Blair Bell) has long advocated that the status of the ovary or testis is not superior to that of the pituitary gland, thyroid, etc., "We are all links in a chain. This chain is A system might as well be called the gametal system".Hormones secreted by the testicles are called "androgens"

(proviron), is specifically responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics, which has been made clear. There are two hormones secreted by the ovary, one is called "estrogen" (oestrin) and the other is called "progesterone" (progestin).The functions of these two hormones are not well understood.Knowledge in this area is still far from being systematized.However, people who are engaged in the research of sexual psychology should at least understand one thing about the many physiological and biochemical researches that are currently going on, that is, the results of this kind of research are increasing day by day. And biochemical journals, you can know the general idea.

Of course we can’t and don’t need to discuss these new developments in detail, but one thing we must know is a kind of physiological change. In the past, we thought that it was initiated by the nervous system. Now we should think that it is initiated by the endocrine system. Yes, at least the active force that we think of as the endocrine gland system is not under the nervous system.Sometimes, the activities of the endocrine glands are also subject to the orders of the nervous system, but sometimes they are not related to the nervous system, and even the activities of the nervous system and the nerve center are controlled by endocrine chemicals instead.

If we accept Langdon Brown's view, we may say that the endocrine glands are the organized and systematized refinements of the various chemical apparatuses of the lower animals.Back then, low-level animals adapted to the environment by relying on these institutions.Their history thus predates the development of the nervous system.Endocrine glands have a long history.There is a very interesting proof that the organs from which various secretions or hormones come out are some very ancient or even degenerated structures in the evolutionary history.Examples include the pituitary gland and the pineal gland. At the same time, we must also remember that although endocrine has a long history, the characteristics produced by its stimulating or inhibiting power are some human characteristics.This point was specifically raised by Bolk a few years ago.Moreover, in the eyes of anthropologist Keith (Keitlh), the differentiation and composition of the human race may not be due to the role of endocrine.Later, the nervous system gradually developed, so that it occupied the peak of each system, and it had a relationship with these long-existing chemical institutions, especially its lowest part in the viscera area, the so-called sympathetic system (sympathetic system) and Parasympathetic system (para-sympathetic system).The sympathetic system is generally related to the "metabolism" aspect of metabolism and physiological excitatory activities, so it is related to the pituitary gland, thyroid gland and adrenal gland; while the function of the parasympathetic system is related to the "metabolism" of metabolism. The aspect of "is related to the inhibitory activity of physiology, stool and pancreas (pancreas) There is a connection.At the same time, indirectly, there is also a connection with the parathyroid glands (parathyroid).The functions of metabolism and metabolism are confrontational, and the rhythm of life is established on the balance of power between the two sides.The gonads, that is, the secretion of the testes or ovaries, are related to the role of "generation" on the one hand, that is, they stimulate each other with the sympathetic nervous system and the thyroid gland.As for the pineal gland and thymus (thymus), although they are not true endocrine glands (as far as we know, they don’t have any secretion), the effect on the entire gland system is generally another, that is, it inhibits sexual development influence, and for the development of the body, there is a promotional influence. Among the glands, the pituitary gland is really a master brain.Some people have said that if the gland group is a band, it is the captain.This analogy is not bad.This thing, which is like a bean and connected to the brain with a small stem, was regarded by ancient anatomists as a prototype brain. Now that I think about it, this view is not too wrong. Physiologist and endocrinologist Harvey Cushing said it well, "Here, in a well-concealed place, is hidden the only source of primitive life, which can drink, eat, and drink. Emotions, reproduction, and drinking water are all thanks to it. And on top of this source, when it comes to human beings, they try to add a layer of brain skin, teaching diet, emotion and reproductive life to be restrained, and this This effort has been more or less successful.” The influence of this gland on sexual development is now clearer than before.The studies of both Evans and Sinpson have found a causal relationship of the cells of the inner portion of the gland with regard to the development of sex, and to the general growth of physique. Some people call the thyroid gland a "gland with the same function and good fortune", which is also closely related to reproductive function.It was once believed that it was not only related to reproductive good fortune, but also to all creative activities, including intellectual and artistic creation.In fact, this view has gone too far.The essence it secretes is called thyroxine (thyrOxine).It also has a progressive effect on the general nutritional status.At the same time, we should know that this adenoid can already be synthesized artificially. Adrenaline can also be produced synthetically.It has a very rapid effect on the heart, blood vessels, liver, salivary glands, intestines, pupils, and spleen.Although adrenaline has a wide range of control, it is strictly controlled by the nervous system when it is secreted. A scholar, Tournade, has thoroughly studied this aspect. Each endocrine gland also has its mutual influence.As a result of removing the thyroid gland, the pituitary gland will grow abnormally large.Conversely, early ablation of the pituitary gland can stop thyroid development halfway. The thyroid also stimulates the adrenal glands, which in turn stimulate the liver, causing it to store glycogen It is transported to the blood, and the transport of glycogen promotes the secretion of insulin in the pancreas.The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland seems to produce three different hormones or secretions. One is to promote physical growth, and the other is to stimulate the ovary to mature the graafian follicle and produce estrogen. The function of this hormone is It is changing the inside of the uterus so that it can accept a fertilized egg.As for the function of the third hormone, it is to make further adjustments inside the uterus so that the fertilized eggs can live safely.Estrogen is a hormone secreted by the ovaries. It has special effects on reproductive function. Estrogen in a woman's urine is a proof of pregnancy.The zondek-aschheim pregnancy test is based on this. The chemical action of endocrine is closely similar to the action of drugs.Sharpey-Schafer (Sharpey-Schafer) insisted on dividing the hormones into two types, and gave them two different names, the excitatory ones are called "hormones" or stimulants, and the inhibitory ones are called "chalone". ) or inhibin, and the two together are called "autotransmitters" (aulacoid), so they are almost drug-like substances produced by the body itself. In summary, we know the physiological phenomena we analyze.We have to go back not only to the regulation of nerves, but also to the regulation of chemistry to understand.We also know that the mental or psychological phenomenon is not only supported by the nervous system, but also by the chemical mechanism, and the latter seems to be more important.We should also understand that in our own body, there are many substances, although the quantity is small, there are many kinds and great power. For example, various hormones, vitamins, various serum substances and vaccines obtained from the outside world can all be called biochemical drugs in general.The more advanced our knowledge of these drugs is, the more significant they will become.But despite this fact, there is no reason for us to import terms or terms from biochemistry into the field of psychology.We have seen people introduce the terminology of histology into psychology before, and think it is a mistake. We should not make this mistake again. An emotion is always an emotion. It is still a kind of excitatory hormone, or a kind of inhibitory hormone. ● Section 2. The Nature of the Sexual Drive We can now pass from the purely physical aspect of sexual development to the psychological or spiritual aspect. In terms of spirit or psychology, we have not yet had any generally accepted theory.In the West, a very old and popular view is that sexual impulse is simply regarded as an expression of a need for defecation, which is the same as defecation and has a periodic nature, which is of course incorrect and easily misunderstood. the opinion of.A man's semen is not garbage that has to be cleaned up.Furthermore, as far as women are concerned, not only do they have nothing to defecate, but they also have no desire to defecate at all.A more grandiose set of theories is to explain the sexual drive as a "reproductive instinct".Strictly speaking, however, such an instinct does not exist.And, in the case of sexually differentiated organisms, it is unnecessary.In fact, all that is needed and sufficient is a single impulse to teach the sexes to approach and touch each other so that fertilization does not fail.As long as this point is in place, the child's birth protection will be guaranteed by the loving impulse of the parents.In short, the instinct of reproduction is needless to be assumed. The most forceful speaker on the instinct theory in recent times is the psychologist Professor McDougall.His "Introduction to Social Psychology" is also the most popular.It is strange, however, that in a book of this size there is absolutely no room for the sexual drive, except for the "reproductive instinct"; it is not until the eighth edition of this book that we find out Find an additional chapter called The Sexual Instinct.In this chapter, the author gives the following definition of "sexual instinct": "Sex is a complex, innately organized tendency that is related to both body and mind. It includes three parts. One is the consciousness. , the second is sensory, and the third is dynamic. From the perspective of nerve function and structure, one belongs to the afferent nerve or sensory nerve, the second belongs to the nerve center, and the third belongs to the efferent nerve or motor nerve.” Mai Shi also pointed out: On the perceptual side, there is an inherent tendency to perceive and constantly discriminate between things, and such perception and discrimination are necessary for the safety of the race, and we cannot fail to respond appropriately.In other words, we have an ability to distinguish the opposite sex, and once we distinguish, a set of appropriate responses follows like a shadow, and finally achieves the ultimate goal of sexual intercourse. Maxwell's definition, even he himself said, is actually applicable to all instincts, not limited to sexual instincts at first.At the same time, he has a definition of general instinct: "Instincts are some internal special psychological tendencies, which must exist in the coexistence of individuals belonging to the same species." The process by which proximity leads to intercourse cannot be invented and our understanding of this process cannot be improved. There has long been a trend in the field of psychology to abolish the concept of instinct, and the author has been in favor of this trend for a long time. Of course, there are still many people who are reluctant to bear it today, such as Metogue, Pieron (Pieron) and many other psychologists.Perhaps the term instinct is not necessary at all.The origin of the term is not very clear, as Bohn has said before.Furthermore, it does not have a meaning that everyone can recognize. Originally, Spencer (Spencer) once explained it as "synthetic reflection".As far as ordinary usage theory is concerned, this kind of explanation is not impossible, but in academics, it is always a problem; for example, whether instinctive actions have conscious functions, those who advocate the use of the term instinct take this issue lightly. Put it aside lightly, think it's irrelevant. Psychologists in general of the biological school, including those not influenced by Jacques Loeb's mechanistic school, are generally in favor of returning to the original Condillac's proposition.That is, the noun of abandoning instinct is not used.They say that our task is to analyze the automatic psychic processes, and that is difficult enough.Isn't it even more difficult for us to use a term whose meaning is unclear and whose history is extremely complicated when we analyze it nowadays?It is not their duty to ask them to do the most difficult thing.As far as the author is concerned, I always like to use the term "impulse".There are relatively few problems with this term, and Freud said: "Impulsivity is the central element of 'instinct'." So in the following discussion, we are not going to regard sex as an "instinct", let alone Be prepared to confuse it with the "reproductive instinct". People who love to talk about the "reproductive instinct" may mean to teach the phenomenon of sex to be more tame, but this is always superficial; at the same time, stating the purpose of an impulse does not mean its nature. The analysis is clear, not to mention that this goal is indirect and can be achieved but not necessarily achieved?Our object is only the analysis of sexual impulses and sexual impulses, and nothing else. Many people have done the analysis of sexual impulse before, but it was not until 1897, after Moll's theory came out, that this kind of work entered a higher level.Mao believes that there are two parts in the sexual drive: the first part forces the genitals in a narrow sense to perform a function, which is the ejaculation of semen in men, which is indeed comparable to the bladder’s urination function; the second part is Therefore, people of the same sex are forced to have physical and mental contact with people of the opposite sex.Mao called the former "impulse of detumescence" (im pulse of detumescence), and the latter "impulse of conrecta tihn". Both of these components can be derived from the gonads.The first part is more primitive, the second more later, but they are clearly distinguished from each other and may be independent of each other.A normal intact sex drive is due to a combination of both. Mao's analysis is very scientific and exquisite.Therefore, it has been recognized by everyone up to now. But Mao's theory also has its difficulties.For example, the theory of libido applies to men, but not so much to women.At the same time, it is a bit far-fetched to divide a whole process into two by the theory of parts.Regarding the latter difficulty, many researchers have seriously pointed out, such as Mueller (Robert Mueller) and St. Paul (Saint-Paul).How can these and other difficulties be avoided?Several years ago, the author used the most incontrovertible part of Darwin's theory of evolution, that is, using the part of sexual selection to revise Mao's claim.If we carefully observe the sexual function process of ordinary animals and uncivilized people, it is easy for everyone to realize that we must not take "liberation" as a starting point.If you want to solve it, there must be a process of accumulation in advance.Before liberating one's desires, one must "accumulate one's desires" (tumescence).Among domesticated animals and among civilized human beings, desire is a prone process.In the state of nature, it is often not so easy.In the natural state, the sexual desire is to be accumulated, and on the male side, a lot of activity and display are put into it.On the female side, it takes a lot of time to watch and think.The process of wrestling mentioned by Mao, whether it is physical or mental, its effect is nothing more than increasing the degree of desire.So the process of grinding together is rather a part of the process of accumulating desires.This completes the analysis of the sexual drive. Sexual selection decisions take place in the slow process of desire.The crystallization of love, as Stendhal calls it, and various individual sexual symbols, whether normal or perverted, are also deduced in this process.Although accumulating desires comes first, liberating desires is the purpose and climax of drama after all.Liberation is a process of anatomy and physiology, but at the same time, there is no doubt that it is also related to psychology everywhere.Desire relief is also the key to accumulating desires.The point is not clear, and our psychoanalysis of the sexual drive remains vague and incorrect. As far as the usual situation is concerned, accumulating desires and liberating desires are closely linked.Accumulating desires is like building blocks, and liberating desires is like the rise of the flame after the building blocks are lit. This flame is an unusual flame, but the flame of life. Once ignited, life can be passed on from generation to generation.The whole process seems to be two sections, but in fact it is consistent.It's like driving a wooden pile on the ground. The very heavy hammer that drives the pile, after being lifted up vigorously, is suddenly lowered, and it hits the top of the pile, driving the pile several feet deep.The stage of desire is like the stage in which the sledgehammer is lifted aloft by the force of steam, and the stage of libido is the stage in which it is suddenly released.It is not until the stake is in the ground that the accumulated force is fully released.It's like pushing the sperm to the destination before ending the stage of libido.The lust we are talking about here is also called courtship in literature or sociology.When a man approaches a woman because of the force of his sexual impulse, he is courting.Among the unmarried, courtship is often a long process. But don’t forget that even for married people, every sexual intercourse must go through these two stages and a consistent process. Only then can it be considered legitimate, effective, and satisfy both parties; In the past, more or less had to go through some courtship process. This shortened courtship procedure, although shortened, has its function.Sexual intercourse will lead to boredom over time. To avoid boredom and increase the accumulation of desire, this procedure is indispensable.Much of the shortened courtship falls on the tactile side.When the accumulation of desire caused by touch and other perceptions reaches a certain level, the phenomenon of accumulation of desire will gradually concentrate on the reproductive organs, and then reach the peak, and the phenomenon of liberating desire will follow one after another.In the beginning of the whole process, the nerves and spirit accounted for the majority, but in the late stage of desire accumulation and when it is about to be liberated, the most active organs are the many blood vessels.The so-called skin-mediated sexual relationship in the history of evolution still has its status here.At the later stage of accumulation of desire, the blood in the whole body seems to flow to the skin and perfuse completely, thus causing congestion in all parts.The face turns red, and the genitals undergo the same change.The engorgement of the genitals, in men, causes the erection of the penis.The predecessors said, "an erection is the shame of the penis", although it is a metaphor, it makes sense.However, the shame of the face is somewhat different from the shame of the genitals. In the latter, the engorgement is a definite and special function, namely, the penetration of the genitals of the opposite sex during coitus.Therefore, the blood vessel mechanism in the penis is a very special kind, which is composed of a large number of connective tissue, arteriopulmonary vessels and smooth muscle fibers. The combination of the three is called erectile tissue.Erectile tissue erection can be aroused by the nerve center or by touch. These characteristics are not only found in male reproductive organs, but also in females.She has the same phenomenon of erectile tissue and hyperemia and swelling in the process of lust, but it is not as obvious as that of males.In the African gorilla, for example, among the great apes, the clitoris and labia minora of females are recognizably engorged when sexually aroused.In humans, because of the underdeveloped clitoris and the newly evolved mons pubis and labia majora, the phenomenon of allowing blood is almost invisible.However, the sense of touch can still detect what cannot be seen by sight. It turns out that these parts have their own sponge-like elasticity.The entirety of a woman's vagina, including the uterus, is in fact vascular.Therefore, when the sexual desire occurs, it can also show a high degree of congestion, which can be compared with the erection of the penis. When a woman's vagina is congested, a liquid is secreted, which spreads to and infiltrates around the vaginal opening.It is a colorless and somewhat odorless slime.It is usually there, so moisturize the internal and external parts of the female vulva.But when the sexual desire attacks to a certain extent, this kind of mucus can be secreted in a large amount, and it can even be said to be emitted.This function is naturally to further moisten the vaginal opening, so that the penis is easy to enter and exit during mating.During childbirth, the fetus must rely on the lubricating effect of this liquid to come out of the vagina. Most of this mucus comes out of the glands, which are located just a little inside the opening of the vagina.In the process of accumulating desires, the emission of this mucus is an inevitable part, which also proves that accumulating desires has an active relationship with the brain nerve center.At the same time, the secretion of mucus also echoes the changes in mood.The "Ripple of Spring" as mentioned in literature books When the mucus radiates.Therefore, the effect of this mucus has special significance for the art of love to be studied in the future. After the erection of the man's penis and the congestion of the woman's vagina are completed, the conditions for sexual intercourse are met. So far, if the woman is a virgin, there is still a problem of the hymen that we need to discuss a little bit.In the past, we regarded this small membrane as extremely important, and a virgin's name was attached to this membrane. However, we now know that this view is not true, at least not true.First of all, women's chastity is not entirely based on anatomy.Secondly, the size and thickness of the hymen often vary from person to person, and it is not surprising that this difference is within the range of natural variation.Plus, a childhood fall or other accidental injury can ruin it early.Of course, women's masturbation can also have the same result.Conversely, there are also cases where the hymen is not damaged after sexual intercourse, and intact hymens can even be found among prostitutes. During the first sexual intercourse, the damage of the hymen will inevitably cause pain and discomfort.Assuming the membrane is exceptionally thick and tough, copulation may not be possible at all.In this case, the doctor should be asked to use some minor operations; otherwise, the woman can use the pressure of her fingers to gradually stretch it out, which is also a kind of guidance from the doctor and has been proven to be effective.Among some ethnic groups with pure culture, mothers often perform this kind of operation without knives on their daughters very early. The purpose is to improve hygiene at ordinary times and increase the convenience of sexual intercourse after marriage.Although this habit comes from a nation with a pure culture, we cannot say that it is unreasonable. Among all higher animals, including those closest to humans in the history of evolution, the way of sexual intercourse is always from the male side to the female side's back.When it comes to human beings, the normal way is that the man advances in front of the woman, that is, face to face.In the West, some people call it "Venus obversa". This so-called Eros-looking style can certainly be regarded as a unique way of sexual intercourse for human beings, but there are many other ways. , or even the most reasonable form that has been approved by the national society for a long time, these are all out of the usual range of variation, and it would be a big mistake to assume that we must regard them as obscene and unwholesome. Now it's time to talk about muscle action during sexual intercourse.Although muscle movements sometimes involve some voluntary muscles, they are generally not voluntary.When the muscle action begins, it is also the beginning of the process of libido.At this time, unless one makes special use of what the moralists call manipulative effort, it may be said that purely volitional actions are almost completely put on hold.Finally we reach a juncture, which is the ejaculation action.The ejaculation effect is like this, the friction between the penis and the vagina causes a continuous stimulation; the response to the stimulation is that the semen is transported to the urethra, and after instilling to a tense level, the radiation center in the lower part of the spinal cord and the bone The pelvic plexus in the disc portion is stimulated.In response to this stimulation, the bulbo-cavernosus muscles around the urethra undergo strong rhythmic contractions, forcing the ejaculation of semen. Taken together, the phenomena of sexual intercourse can be divided, directly or indirectly, into two groups: the first group pertains to the circulatory and respiratory systems, while the second group pertains to muscular actions.It is true that the two groups are in fact inseparable.The breathing during sexual intercourse is shallow and intermittent. This breathing will make the blood purple, even if the blood in the veins increases, thereby stimulating the vasomotor center and increasing the blood pressure of the whole body, especially the blood pressure of the erectile tissue.Therefore, in the process of libido, high blood pressure is the most prominent feature.According to Poussep's observation, when animals are mating, the conversion of the contraction and relaxation of blood vessels is the fastest, not only in the brain, but in the whole body.At the same time, the heartbeat increases and speeds up; the arteries on the surface of the body become even more swollen, and the conjunctiva of the eyeballs or the eyelids (Conjunctivace) also turn red.The function of the glands also tends to be fully intensified at this time.The amount of various secretions increased sharply.There is a lot of sweating, and all the skin tissues are working hard invisibly. Some of them are sweating and various secretions mixed with sweat, such as the smell of sweat under the armpit, which is produced and excreted in large quantities. .The source of saliva in the mouth was also touched.In the late stage of the lust process, men, like women, but not as many, also have a kind of mucus that drips out from the urethra.The source of this mucus is also small glands called the Litire and Cowper glands or the bulbourethral glands (giands of Litire and Cowpcr), all next to the urethra and directly connected to the urethra.The ascetic theologians in the past also knew the existence and significance of this mucus, knew that it was not the same as semen, and knew that the outflow of mucus was a proof of desire in the heart.This Greco-Roman era has also been known to everyone; in later generations, some people confuse it with semen. This mistake can cause a lot of unnecessary anxiety for people with weak nerves.At the same time, the work of the kidneys and the secretion of various glands in the whole body have all increased. As for the part of the second group of movements, it is really the focus of the liberating process.Because, without it, a man's sperm cells cannot advance into the uterus and get close to the egg cells.The muscular movements during coitus are pervasive and specifically related to sexual function.这种动作也多少是个能随意的，随意肌肉的活动力量，到此非但不加多，反而减少。此种不随意的肌肉动作扩散得很广，也很乱，是显而易见的。解欲的过程中，膀胱会收缩起来，即是一例。男女的膀胱到此都均会收缩，但由于情况下同，其表现恰好相反：男人阴茎勃起通常总会压迫尿道引起排尿故障，使暂时不能泌尿；但在女人，到此不但增加泌尿的欲望，而且真有不由自主而便溺的。另外，如全身的擅抖，喉咙的收紧，打嚏，放屁及其他类似的非自主的动作倾向都是明证。 前文说的是一般的个随意的肌肉动作，不过更要紧的终究是那些与性交特别有关的动作；这些动作虽一样的不自主，总多少有些意志的成分在内。在解欲过程最初发韧的时候，肌肉动作就可以感觉到，这在男人是相当的清楚，也是相当的简单的。当时的形势是要逼使精液从精囊（vesiculae Semiuae）中出来， 压进至于尿道，在那里和前列腺液（prostalic fiuid）混合后， 再从尿道里喷射到外面。这些都是需要动作的力量的，尤其是最后喷射的一段。至于当时的局势是如何造成的，其间牵动什么神经，什么肌肉，上面已经阐述过。前列腺液是精液中同样重要的部分，目前暂不细说。 在女人方面，这些特别的肌肉动作不易观察到，比较隐晦、复杂，且不易捉摸。在解欲的过程真正开始以前，产道的四壁也时断时续地有些节律性的收缩动作，好像是对男子阴茎在射精时所要发生的动作，加以进一步的刺激而互相与先后呼应似的。这种节律性的张弛的动作，也是平时本来有的一种现象，不过到此更变本加厉罢了。别的器官也有，例如膀胱。这种变本加厉的趋势，到接近解欲之际， 就更进一步来得显著， 而当时活动得最有力的是阴道口的括约肌（sohinctr，cunni）（相当于阴茎的球海绵体肌）。 解欲之际与解欲以后，精液从阴道进入子宫，这其间女人的生殖器官是否有些导引的活动，在从前是一个问题。西方古代的人以为此种活动是有的。希腊人也曾经把子宫看作一种身体以内的动物。但到了近代，比较精密的观察似乎不能证明这一点。并且这方面的观察也不易有。女人子宫有病，请妇科医生观看，因为一时的刺激，以致引起性欲的冲动，甚至于性欲亢进，在这种时候，问或可以观察到一些，但这些是极偶然的，往往不足为据。到现在为止，所能下的定论的是：在解欲或性欲亢进之际，子宫似乎变得短、宽、软些，它在骨盘里的部位，更下降些，同时子宫口也有些忽启忽闭的活动。这在女人，和在母马、母狗及其他曾经观察过的动物都是一致的。 子宫在这些活动之外，同时也放出一种浓浓的黏液来。向这种黏液显而易见是另外一种，不是性交前期的清淡的一种，并且这种黏液的流出，女子在性交以后，自己有时也能感觉到。这些似可证明，女子的性欲亢进大约就发生在此时。 女子的性欲如何才算解除，专家的意见到如今还不能统一。有的认为只要有大量的黏液出来， 就是解除了； 有的认为总需阴道的四壁， 尤其是子宫的颈部（cervix）发生了节律性的张弛动作，才是解除了。笔者以为这种观察是不对的，黏液可以放出得很多，外阴可以浸淫在黏液之中，并且浸淫了很久很久，常常女子的欲才解；而节律性的张弛动作也发生得较早，并且真正到了解欲或性欲亢进之际，这种张弛的动作和黏液的数量也不见得会增加。一样解欲，一样到达亢进，而男女所表示的静躁大有不同，足证女子此时在神经上用的功夫要比男子为少。 就上述方面说，女子所感觉到的身心上的舒适，当不在男人之下。但就客观方面而言，这最后的时刻是很不容易形容的。有时，女人和男人一样，一般的肌肉动作多少也呈一种痉挛的状态，但这在男人是一个必然的常态，而在女人则不是。 解欲之际，子宫自有它相当的活动，已如前述。但我们不要因此忘记：在精子方面，也未尝没有它的活动。有的专家相信，精子入女人生殖器官以后，可以保留活力至一周或一周以上之久；要是这种见解对，那么，精子尽有活动的余地了。一周之说，也许不足以概括全部的精子，其间总有夭折的；但精子自能活动，是不成问题的。同时，我们要知道，即使精子不自活动，再即使男人近门即泄，把它们射在阴道口外，它们事实上还有办法子到达子宫内而和卵细胞结合。原来在解欲之际，不但子宫动，阴道也动，并且至少在有的女人，这种活动有时候不但一直牵涉到阴道口外，并且有一种向心的趋势，即向子宫的趋势。这样，精子即不自动，也同样有被推进到子宫里去的希望。反过来，阴道在分娩的时候，是有力量可以把胎儿向外挤出的。所以有人确信，它也就有向外排挤精液的力量。 这种力量任何女子应该都有，尤其是比较在自然状态中的原始民族的女人。此说可信，则自然的避孕方法又可以多添一种了。言归正传，无论射精的深浅，甚或完全射在女阴外面，因为精子与阴道双方活动的结果，精子到达子宫的可能性总是不会没有的。即使处女膜不破损，这可能性还是存在。因此，射精在外面，并不是一个妥当的避孕方法，女人这样怀孕的尽有。假设男子不叫此理，那时候一口否认曾和妻子真正性交过，而把妊娠的责任推到或怀疑到另一男人身上，那就不免引起一桩错案了。 解欲过程中女子特殊的肌肉动作，虽如复杂隐晦而不易捉摸，区别于比较明显的性兴奋时的一般肌肉动作，可是这种近乎痉挛的动作，功用所在，总是把积蓄己久的一股神经的力量释放出来，这在男女都是一样的。这种动作还有一特别的目的，就是精液的输送。在男子是施予，在女子是承受，施受不同，而目的还是一个。因此无论肌肉动作的隐显明晦，解欲或性欲亢进的过程与其所唤起的快感和满足，根本不能不建筑在这种动作即性领域以内的特殊动作上面。 积欲的过程将近完成的时候，在男人，面部表情往往见得特别的奋发有为，而在女人，则觉得特别的鲜艳可爱，到了解欲的过程一开始，双方的表现就不甚美观了。瞳孔是放大了，鼻孔也张开了，唾沫禁不住要流出来，舌尖也不由自住地要求回翻动；这些综合起来，无非表示一种官觉的欲望的满足快要来到，且有迫不及待之势。有的动物到此时连耳朵都会竖立起来，也是同样的道理。同时还有一种自然的倾向，就是说出一些支离破碎、半吞半吐、无意义的话眼。瞳孔的放大引起怕光的现象，所以进入解欲的过程以后，时常眼睛就会闭关。当性欲发动之初，眼部肌肉的紧张性（tonicuy）是有增无减的， 专司上睫皮开张的肌肉也收缩了。所以眼球变得特别的大，特别的流动，特有光芒；再进一步，肌肉紧张性过分增加以后，将会发生斜眼（Strabismus）。 解欲的过程是深入四肢百骸的一种过程，它的震憾力有时候可以引起严重的影响，人类如此，在其他高等动物里，这种影响也有人观察到过。其在人类，男人所受的影响较女人为大，女人解欲的过程来得迟缓，也许这迟缓就是一种保障。 所谓严重的影响，最大的是死亡。其次是各式各样的身心的失常，无非是神经、血管、肌肉过度兴奋而精神体力不足以支持的结果。初婚男人性交之后，有昏晕的，有呕吐的，也有遗尿或遗屎的。患羊痫的人，首度交合之后，羊痫可以大发。 有时内脏可以破裂出血，有的人连脾脏都出过毛病。年纪大的人，动脉血管经不起高度的血压而破裂的也时有所闻，其在脑部的就可引起脑溢血，而成中风或半身不遂的病症。老年人娶少妇或宿娼，有时候也可以致死。 不过这些影响终究是些例外。除非一个人的神经特别脆弱，经不起有力的刺激，也除非一个人太不自爱，连最普通的性卫生规矩都不肯守，这种影响是不会发生的。解欲的过程是一个十分自然的过程，它是生物个体的一种十分亲切的功能，所以就是对于一时不很健康的人，也是不会有什么不良的影响的。只要环境适宜，举止有度，解欲的结果可以说是有利而无害的，对于男了除子消释积欲过程所蓄聚的紧张的状态而外，除了减低血压与恢复肌肉系统的休息以外，它可以取得一种精神上的满足，一种通体安闲的感觉，一种舒适的懒散的心情，一种心神解放、了无被挂，万物自得、天地皆春的美感。在这种情形之下，解欲不会产生痛苦，增加疲乏，触动愁绪或引起情绪上的厌倦。在女人，其影响也正相似，所不同的是那种懒散的心情比较不容易觉察，除非在短时内，有过不止一次的交合；但是安闲、愉快、解放以及此身得所寄托的感觉是完全一样的。女人经过一次满足的解欲以后，也往往有像饮酒适如其量后的一种感觉，即相当的醉而不至于迷糊。这种感觉可以维持数小时，并且也是没有什么不良。 总之，积欲与解欲个是两个分明的过程，而是一个过程的两个阶段。这是造化的一个不二法门，一面让生物个体多多地把力量积蓄起来，一面紧接着又让它快快地把这力量释放出去，而这释放也不是徒然的，生殖细胞的输送与结合，种族的弈世蝉联，历久而越不替，均是此这种力的解放的结果。即或因受阻而达不到生育的目的，此种力量的由张而弛，对于个体的身心健康也自有其维护与培养的功用。 ● 第三节发欲带什么是发欲带（erogenic zonc）？这个名词首先需要介绍一下。 当积欲的过程中，人类身体有几个区域特别容易接受性的刺激，即遇有性的刺激时，它们特别有一种敏感。这些区域就叫做发欲带。这“带”字的用法是和地球上寒带、温带的用法差不多的，有几个区域是凡属健康的常人都具备的；不过就个别与特别的情形而言，这种区域还多。我们甚至于可以说，身体的任何部分都可以成为这样一个区域，这种特殊区域的敏感程度当然也因人时而有所不同，大抵有先天根据或幼年习惯的根据的人，这种程度总要深些。生理器官的部分如口与舌，女人的乳头，都可以说是普通的发欲带。耳、颈、颈的背部、腋、手指、肛门、大腿、男人的乳头，有时也常成为发欲带。 发欲带这观念的历史也可以讲一讲。它和西方古代对于“交感”（sympathy） 一字的看法有关系。身体的甲部分受刺激，向乙部分发生应，好像首尾呼应似的，这在当时称做“交感”。在医学的病理学方面，最先在这方面有所论列的是法国人夏尔科（Charcot）。夏氏研究女人歇斯底里式的神经病时， 发现身体上有若干特别区域如最初是卵巢所在的区域，后来又推广到其他部分是和歇斯底里时发作时有联带关系的，只要在这些部分一按，歇斯底里就可以突发，或可以戛然而止。它就把这些区域宠统地叫做“激发歇斯底里之带”（hysterogenic zone ），也可以称做“发痫带”（epileptogenic zone），因为歇斯底里和羊痫发作的情形是很相似的。但夏氏并没有把这种区域与性的情绪联系起来。到1881年，巴黎医学家尚巴尔（Chambrd）发现，在普通人的皮肤上，尤其是女人，有若干区域，在某种情势下，不断地轻抚，不但可以唤起春情，并且可以造成性欲的亢进。有时性欲亢进的发生，非有这种抚摸的行为同时做陪不可。尚氏认为这种区域差可与“发痫带”相比，可就叫做发欲带。后来费瑞（Fere）也观察到这些，更进一步地认为发痫带与发欲带不但可以比拟，简直就是一回事。发欲带的名称到费氏手里也确定了，一直用到现在。常态下的发欲带就等于病态下的发痫带。这是费氏以来已经被人公认的。精神分析学家弗洛伊德对于发欲带的研究也是极深刻的。 弗氏分析“欲”（libido）的发展，认为在第一期里，即自动恋或自我恋的阶段里，性冲动是没有对象的，既没对象，力之所及，只好到发欲带而上，到春机发陈期后，更真实的性的对象出现了，于是这种力量才向外伸张。在幼儿时期曾经供给过性的“前期快感”（fore-plcasure）的发欲带， 到此便成进一步的快感的一个阶梯、一种陪与穿插。 由此看来，我们可以知晓，所谓发欲带实在是正常的性生活中一个十分正当而重要的部分。要讲求性生活的健全的满足、要教导人家如何可以得到此种满足，发欲带的一部分功能自不能抹杀的。每一个女人有她的一套发欲带，有的很显著，有的比较隐晦，尚有待于启发。做她的配偶的人，在求爱已到适当的程度而准备交接时，就得先寻找这种发欲带的位置，从而加以培植，更进而唤起积欲的过程，作为最后结合的一番自然而应有的准备。 人的先天素质各有不同。圆颅方趾一般的模式尽管相似，细节是很不一样的。 因为不一样，所以各人性选择与求爱时所依据的因素也就不宜一概而论。不过对于发欲带的探索，我们只需根据触觉的因素，就不难寻找，而是尽人可以适用的。 关于触觉的所以为性选择因素之一，可见下文本章第六节。 ● 第四节求爱的生物学要是我们了解得正确的话，求爱的现象，也是一个生物学的过程。凡是有两性区别的动物都有这现象。要是积欲的过程是生理的，求爱的过程便是心理的、行为的。两者实在是一个现象的表里两个方面，其在行为方面，求爱也是所以取得上文第一节中冒尔所说的厮磨的方法。 就低等动物中列举一例，雌雄同体的蜒蚰或蛞蝓就有一套细腻的求爱的方法。 起初是两条蜒蚰彼此缓慢地追逐，接近以后，便互相围绕，彼此的口部休止在对方的尾部上；双方都放大量的黏液，最后彼此的生殖器官渐渐地伸张出来，进而互相地纠缠不休，形成许多美丽的方式，同时还释放出珍珠色一般的光来，一直要到积欲完成才告一段落。这就是蜒蚰的求爱手续。这一套手续，等而上之，我们一直可以推到文明程度极高的人类。 求爱的现象在鸟类中是特别的显著。历来在这方面的研究，也以关于鸟类的最为细密，并且所研究的种类也最多最广。鸟的羽毛、叫声，这种声色的炫耀，或展翅，或翘尾，或趾高气扬的大踏步游行，或作种种舞姿，无非是雄性求爱的一些表现，无非是雄性的一些方法，一方面是自己作一种交配前的准备，一方面是以此刺激雌性对方，使它作同样的准备。这在今天文明的人类里也还可以找到一些相类的例子。据在海牙的一个荷兰人亲口对希尔虚弗尔德（Magnus Hirschfeld）说：当第一次欧洲大战的时候， 驻扎在荷兰境内的英军就和荷兰女人发生恋爱关系，结果是好数个荷兰少女变做了母亲。原来英兵走起路来轻快的步伐是很美观的，不想这种步履竟有很大的魔力，足令荷兰的少女颠倒。 不过这种例子不是很多的。在文明状态中，懒惰、奢侈以及过度的温饱，已经使性欲的发作特别来得容易，积欲的过程特别来得短促，以致求爱的现象变成一种无关宏旨的勾当。话虽如此，求爱还是有它的地位，并且还相当普遍，不过方式上很有变化罢了。文明人的求爱是改头换面了的，是较细微而不显露的，并且往往限于心理方面的表现。 求爱的现象又和另一种生物现象有联带关系。在动物及未开化的人类中间，尤其是在雌性的一方面，性生活是有时期性或季节性的，而不是常年性的。在开化的人类中间，这种时期性的表现也还可以找到一些，并未完全消失。假设没有这种时期性，即两性的性的机构随时随地可以接应外来的刺激，并且接应得很快，那么，求爱的手续可以减少到个最短的程度，而积欲的完成也不再那么困难了。 but it is not the truth.一年之中，大部分的时间里，性冲动是毫无声息的，所以，就有求爱的必要了。求爱可以看作一种精神气行为上的努力，目的是在唤醒静止中的性冲动再度活跃起来。 大部分的高等动物有它们的蕃育的季节，一年一度或两度，即在春季、秋季、或春秋两季。有的未开化的民族也有这种手候，世界上有许多分散得很远而很不相与的这种民族，在春季、秋季、或春秋两季，都有盛大的欢乐节气，让青年男女有性交与婚媾的机会。在文明的国家，结胎成孕的频数也有它的时期性，一年中的曲线，大抵春季要高些，有时候秋季也较高，看来就是这种节气的一些痕迹。 无论如何，这些现象的原出是同一个，不管这种原因究竟是什么。这种原因究竟是什么， 各家的观点到现在还不一致。有的，例如法国社会学家迪开姆（lurkheim）认为这种季候性大半是社会原因所造成的，好比犯罪与自杀的现象一样。有的，例如盖德肯（Gadeken）以为真正的原因是太阳的化学的光线， 这种光线在春天是最有力量的；有的，例如黑克拉夫特（Havcraft），认为和季候的温度有关。有的一面承认春初暖气的刺激，一面也承认秋末冬初的肃杀之气也未尝不是一种刺激。看来最后一说较为近情理。 近年来的研究，不但发现文明社会的女人有性的季候性，男人也有。而男人这种季候性的发现初和性交无关。独身与守身如玉的男子夜间不免有遗精的现象，这些有趣的意见便从研究几种现象中推论得来。 1888 年， 纳尔逊（ Julius Nelson）最先提出事实来，证明男子有一个二十八天的性的来复循环。 佩里。 科期特（Perry-Coste）的更精密与更长时期的探讨。也认为男人也有他的月经，并且指认这月不是寻常的月，而是太阴的月，每一来复占二十九天半。同时又说这二十九天半之中，又有两个顶点，即事实上有两个小的来复。但这种结论是有人加以非难过的。到了罗默尔（von Roemer）又把不由自主的遗精和自主的性交中的射精相提并论，他认为性交与射精也未尝没有一个来复。在已婚而性行为较自由的男人，这是看不出的。但我们如果就未婚而需寻觅性交机会的男人来研究，这按月的来复就看得出来了，并且这来复也有两个顶点，与佩里。科斯特所见的大同小异。罗默尔又进一步地观察到这两个顶点有大小，大的在月圆之时，而小的则在新月之时，这一点倒又是和原始民族的经验有些暗合。原始民族狂欢的集会也是和月的团圆有关系的。这些结论虽然有趣，恐怕一时还不能算做定论。怀疑这种结论的人并不少，例如法克斯（Munro Fox）。 还有一种不由自主的性活动的来复，就是每星期一度而以星期日为顶点的，也往往很明显。这种来复大概是由于社会的原因。但是以一年为期的来复是无法用社会的原因来解释的。这一层，笔者早在1898年就提出来过，而三四十年来，也曾多次地加以证实。所有的证据都指明，一年之中，性冲动自然而然的特别活跃的时期确实有两个，一在初春，一在秋季，并且往往秋季比春初还要见得活跃。 至于女人方面有没有这种常年的来复，世人现在还没有很多与很细致的证据。 不过，来复或循环的现象毕竟要在女人方面见得最清楚。女子性生活的一个正当的特点就是这种时期性。月经就是最明显的事实。月经的存在。证明在性的时期性方面，女人要比男人为原始得多。关于月经的起源的讨论是很多的。有人以前以为，受潮汐的影响的低等动物总要表示出一些太阴的时期性，但这方面的证据太少。海边的贝壳动物普遍并不受月亮的影响。不过苏伊士湾一带的海胆是受影响的。月亮上弦，它们就大些；下弦，它们就小些。它们所以大，就因为一肚子卵的关系，一到月圆，这些卵就扩散出去了。这种影响虽有，却和四足的走兽总嫌风马牛不相及。并且，就在哺乳类中间，一直要到一部分接近于人的类人猿，才有月经的出现。瑞典的化学家阿瑞尼乌斯（Arrhenius）提到过， 月经的来源可以推溯到空中的，前文引过的法克斯对这个题目有特别研究，认为他的说法是对的。他指出，空中的也是有变迁的，而此种变迁亦有其时期性，每二十七天又三分之一天达最高点一次，而这二十七又三分之一天的时光也正是月亮绕地球一周的时光。他在常年人口出生率的曲线里，也找到一个按月略有波动的节拍。 在类人猿中间，月经虽属初次出现，但它是和更原始的一年一度的来复同时存在的。所以月经尽管一月一次，生产还是只限一年中的某个时期以内。这在人类也还有一点痕迹。在人以下的高等动物，就一定要到所谓“叫春”（Oestrus） 的时候，雌性动物才容许雄的交合。在人类，女性性欲最强烈的时候大抵是在经期的前后几天。不过，这种性欲是比较分散而不容易确指的，尤其是到了文明大开的人类。但是大多数的专家全都承认这一点，例如，德国神经学家克拉夫特。 埃平（von Krafft- ebing ）就把女人这种顶点摆在经期的后几天。 阿德雷（Otto Adier）则说：性欲的增加是经前、经后与正在行经中都可以感觉到的。科斯曼（Kossmann）以为女人最需要性交的时候是月经刚过后的几天，甚至于月经快完的几天。居约（ Guyol ）说经后的八天是女子性欲最盛的时候。 坎贝尔（Harry Campbell）曾经说到伦敦某医院就医的工人， 调查他们妻子的性欲的时期性，他发现全数的三分之二中，有的经前欲旺，有的经后欲旺，有的逢经欲旺，有的在三个时期里都旺。即四者必居其一。 到最近几年，我们更有了些可靠的统计材料。 女医生戴维斯（ Katharine Davis）研究过2000多个女人的性生活，发现她们性欲最强烈的时候，几乎全部是在行经前两天到行经后七天里。不过她的发现里有一层和以前的专家不同，就是经前热烈比经后热烈者为多（69例对38例）。汉密尔顿医师（GVHamilton） 观察过100个知识阶层的女人，发现25人的旺盛期是在月经刚行以后，14 人是在刚行以前，21人在刚行前刚行后，11人在行经中及月经刚行的前后，19人完全没有时期性，其余10人没有说什么。 女子的羞怯也是演化而行的一个现象，它的原始状态在动物中就可以找到，并且是以性的时期性做依据的。性的时期性，加上羞怯的心态，也是求爱的一个重要条件。最初，羞怯可以说是雌性动物的一个拒绝的表示，因为叫春的时节还没有到来。不过叫春的时节来到以后，羞怯的心态还继续存在。到那时，和性冲动的力结合以后，就成为若接若离、半迎半拒的献媚的态度与行为。至此，雌的对雄的便时而接近，时而逃避，或虽属逃避，而走的路线是一个圆圈。所以羞怯这种心态，起初是拒绝性交的，后来很快地和别的冲动联合以后，就成为一个十分复杂的东西。到了人类，它就包括下述的四五种成分：①就是前文所说的由于时期不合而拒绝性交的表示。 ②一种深怕令人憎恶的恐惧心理，性器官的地位和排泄器官的出口处最密切，排泄物是无用的，惹人厌恶的。即在动物，似乎便有这种感觉。这种讨厌的心理后来不免转移到生殖器官上来。 ③原始人认为性的现象是有巫术的影响，令很可怕的，这种恐惧心理促成了种种礼仪的行为，进而又演变为若干维持男女有别的简单规矩，这种仪节与规矩最后又转过来成为羞怯心态的一种护身符。 ④装饰和衣服的发展，一方面所以培养羞怯的心态以抑止男人的欲念，一方面亦正所以充实献媚的工具，从而进一步刺激男子的欲念。 ⑤原始民族往往以妇女为男人资产的一部分，这种资产的观念难免不在女人原有的羞怯心态上，加上一重新的约束，认为不但本来如此，也是理应如此。这最后的一种成分也许没有前四种重要，但时常也有人主张把它加入。 无论成分如何，羞怯总是一个非常大的动力，初不问一个民族开化的程度如何，羞怯的心态和衣服也不一定有什么分不开的关系。最野蛮的民族有难得穿衣服的，有全裸的，但同样怕羞。到了近代，有人倡导裸体主义，如裸体运动、阳光浴运动、很流行一时的德国裸体文明运动（Nackl-kultur）等等，也没有让羞怯的心态丝毫受损失。不过，在文明社会里，羞怯的表现是分散的，是改换头面了的。我们在仪式里找到它，在男女应对进退之节里找到它。它在原始氏族里的那种不可抵抗的魔力是没有了，但羞法的心态毕竟是求爱的主要条件，时代有今古，这是没有新旧的。要不是因为羞怯，我们就缺少一种迁延与节制的力量。这种力量的缺乏，一方面使男女积欲