Chapter 4 -3

● Section 8 The main physiological functions of sexual selection and auditory organisms are periodical or periodic, so the principle of rhythm has been deeply imprinted on human individuals very early.The result is that whatever external things are sufficient to assist the rhythmic tendencies of the nerves and muscles, or to intensify or further develop them, has a definite power to make life more exciting and exalted.Although we can't accept Buecher And Wundt's opinion, think that human music and poetry have only one source, that is, when we do systematic work, we always have some guttural voices that beat the time, such as construction workers shouting when piling or carrying The worker's "number".We have to admit: something like beat, whether it is a simple shout or a complex music, does have a powerful exciting force for muscle activity.The Swedish phonetician Sperber believes that the phenomenon of sex is the main source of the development of language.We think there are good reasons to accept this level.Stuart's theory is this: There are two situations in primitive life, and in each of them there is always a call on the one hand and an answer on the other.One is the newborn animal's cry of hunger and the mother's response.

The second is that the calls and brains of males are affected when sexual desire is aroused.That is, music can directly stimulate the blood circulation of the cranial nerves.This is what Patrizi in Italy observed.A young man was injured in the head, and a large part of his skull was broken, so he became the object of Paschler's observation.The influence of music makes a lot of blood flow to the brain. It follows from this that music also has its own influence on the viscera of the abdomen and their respective functions.It also affects the skin and can increase sweating.It can trigger a tendency to tear up.It can arouse the desire to relieve, and sometimes it can really make people wet.In dog experiments, it was found that auditory stimulation can increase oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide excretion.In all kinds of animals, especially insects and birds, music does have its attractive power.Because we know that during sexual selection, both sexes can use their natural voices.Evidence for this was investigated by Darwin in his Theory of Sexual Selection.Spencer thinks that singing is an expression of "vigorousness" for birds, and singing is only a supporting role in the courtship relationship.Some people, such as Hudson, criticized Darwin based on this view of Stuart.But as far as more information is currently available, Stuart's view is untenable.Whatever the source of the tones of animals, it is always an established fact that the tones of animals in general, and the song of birds, play a large part in the phenomena of courtship.In general, it seems that the male always uses his playing to lure the female.There are also species in which the female attracts the male, but these are always exceptions.And we only find it in lower animals, as is the case with several species of insects.Whether the player is female or male, tonal genius is always restricted to one of the two sexes.That is to say, this end also fully proves that this kind of talent is not unrelated to the phenomenon of sexual selection.

The vocal power is used by the male members of many species of mammals, some at ordinary times, but especially during the breeding season, and others exclusively during the call of spring.Among the great apes, guttural sounds are in fact the chief instrument of courtship, and at the same time a common means of expressing excitement or fright. Darwin also pointed this out in his theory of sexual selection.When it comes to humans, the same is generally true.Moreover, compared with other senses, only the relationship between hearing and sexual selection seems to be the most normal.Ferry has studied the pathology of human sexual drive for many years, thinking that in terms of hearing, we have not been able to observe any serious abnormalities, at least in this regard, he could not find any detailed observation data to prove the existence of such abnormalities.

Humans and higher animals that have a close evolutionary relationship with humans have a developmental characteristic, that is, when the age of spring germination comes, the larynx and vocal cords will undergo a significant sexual differentiation.It is not difficult to imagine that this differentiation has something to do with sexual selection and the development of sexual psychology.In men at this age, the larynx and vocal cords develop rapidly, the larynx grows, the vocal cords thicken, and the laryngeal voice becomes calm.In women, too, the change is present, but to a lesser extent.As far as men are concerned, there is a big difference between the front and the back, and the interval can be lowered by an octave. Westerners usually call this change "broken voice".The enlargement of a woman's larynx is only a ratio of five to seven, while that of a man is a ratio of five to ten, that is, it is doubled.It is easy to show that this change is not without a direct relation to general development.It doesn't happen early, it doesn't happen later, but it must happen when the spring germinates. It is a simple proof, but a more interesting proof or counter-evidence is: a person who is a eunuch has testicles before the spring germinates. The guttural voice of those who have been cut off has always remained the state of childhood.

According to the previous research, it can be known that the relationship between throat sound, music and human sexual selection must be quite close; it can be known that throat sound and music must be an important method in courtship.On this point, we can agree with what Maurer said, that is, "The sexual stimuli conveyed from the ears are many and powerful, and the number and power are beyond our usual imagination."However, at the same time, the author also believes that although the power of this kind of stimulation is great, there are still some differences between men and women, that is, women's sensibility is stronger than men's.

This too is natural and needs no special explanation.Women's guttural voice always retains the characteristics of childhood guttural voice, and male throat voice is indeed very masculine and has its own school.But women's guttural sounds are not the same. When women listen to male guttural sounds, they know that the pronunciation is male, but when men listen to female guttural sounds, they are inconvenient to be sure of the nature of the person who pronounced it. How do they know it is not a child? ?Women's susceptibility to sexual stimulation comes from the easy identification of men's guttural sounds.This level has also been discussed by Ming Le.

It is true that men are often able to associate the earliest childhood notions of love with a woman singing or playing a musical instrument.However, if we think about it, this idea, this momentary "obsession", has only romantic and sentimental flavors, not exactly sexual love.As for adults, men are often moved by music, and think that this kind of moving is obviously sexual, but this is not the case. This seemingly sexy emotion is caused by two other forces.One is that there must be a story behind the music, often a sex story.While listening to the music, while thinking about the plot of the story, I feel that the music is also full of sexual meaning.

The second is that when listening to music, the intellectual side always seems to be comprehending the composer's effort to express passion in the tone, and this passion seems to the listener to be more or less sexual.In fact the music may not be sexy at all.Someone once did such an experiment: Under hypnosis, let the person being tested listen to the music that is usually thought to be the most sexy, and observe whether he has a sexy reaction, and the result is no. It has been found, however, that the music of second-rate composers, especially Massenet, does have some sexual influence.The German psychologist Helmholz (Helmholz) took the most extreme view. He believed that the sexual hunger expressed in music and the religious hunger expressed in music are really the same thing.I think this point of view is exaggerated.

Ferry mentioned a very special example. There was a man suffering from acute arthritis in a certain hospital. As long as he heard the voice of a girl in charge of the quilt and shirt in the ward, he found it interesting, and his penis erected involuntarily. It's very painful when getting an erection.If it weren't for the pain, maybe he didn't tell the doctor at all, and Fischer would have no way of knowing.However, this phenomenon seems to be rare, at least not very obvious. As far as the author's personal research results are concerned, I always think that only a few men will have sexual feelings after hearing music.

The reason why men are not easy to be sexy in hearing is also the reason why women are easy to be sexy in this respect.Physiological changes during the germination period of puberty make a man's guttural voice clearly a kind of secondary sexual characteristic.At the same time, in general mammals, males always have particularly loud throat sounds, and although the use of this throat sound is mostly used in calling spring, it is not limited to calling spring. Facts such as these can allow us to infer that One consequence is that, on the female side, there is always a capacity for feeling for the sexual significance of the male guttural voice.Some of this ability has been revealed to the outside, and some are hidden, but its existence is different.We can make a further inference, that is, this ability to feel, when it comes to educated human beings, it is transferred to music in general.In other words, what I felt at the beginning was just a man's guttural voice, and then I added general music.The French novelist Boncourt said it well: music is equal to "the Mass of love" for women.In novels written by women, we often find that the author pays special attention to the characteristics of the hero's guttural voice and the heroine's emotional reaction to it.At the same time, in real life, women often fall in love with a man's guttural voice at first sight, and even though they have never met, they fall in love the first time they hear it.These facts are also worthy of the world's attention.

Wahid and Vurpas also tell us: music does not cause any special effect on women, but it is very similar to sexual excitement and is not easy to distinguish.The vast majority of healthy and educated women always feel a certain degree of sexual stimulation after listening to music. Although the music they listen to is not limited to a certain category, the stimulation they feel is the same.For women with perverted nerves, this kind of stimulation will inevitably appear particularly powerful.As for women who have become sick, what Wahid and Wolba said is that when they have sex, they must be accompanied by music to be successful. It is also worth noting that after the age of spring germination, young people will always express some special interests in music and other arts.The children of the intellectual class, especially girls, always have an impulse for art during this period, some only last for a few months, and some last for a year or two.According to a study by a family, almost five out of six youths showed a particularly enthusiastic interest in music at this time. If a curve is used to describe it, the peak of this interest is at the age of fifteen. At the age of sixteen, it slipped quickly. ● Section 9 Sexual Selection and Vision In the process of human evolution, vision has gradually replaced other senses and has finally become the primary channel for us to receive external impressions.Vision has the widest and almost unlimited range, and it has tangible as well as abstract uses.There are many kinds of art that use the visual as a basis to exert their power of fascination.At the same time, the functions of human diet and nutrition also rely more or less on vision.From the standpoint of sexual selection, it is not surprising that vision is the supreme sense.Human lovesickness in the narrow sense is always born for an object of the opposite sex, but lovesickness in the broad sense is always a constant deep thinking and longing for beautiful things. How the idea of ​​beauty comes about is a question of aesthetics, not of sexual psychology.But even in the field of aesthetics, the opinions of experts are not uniform.As for how did the standard of sexual beauty come about, did it develop under the influence of general and more basic laws of beauty, or did it already have a sexual basis under our general concept of beauty?We are not prepared to give a definite answer at the moment.As far as the actual experience of human beings and their ancestors is concerned, the sexual and non-sexual elements of beauty are mixed together from the beginning, like light and shadow.A thing that is beautiful from a sexual point of view certainly begins with a force, a tendency to strike a basic physiological response.But an ordinary beauty can also have this power when it is gone.We always have a pleasant feeling when we see something beautiful, whether it is an ordinary thing or a sexual thing.In other words, although there are differences between sexual and non-sexual things, our reactions are always the same.Didn't we have a similar situation when we discussed the sense of smell?Some fragrances contain sexual influences, while others do not.But fragrance is always fragrance, and as far as the feeling of fragrance is concerned, the two are also indistinguishable.In short, the word beauty is a very rich one. It is the sum of many intricate impressions, and all of these impressions reach consciousness by one path of vision. If we survey briefly the standards of female beauty in the less civilized peoples, and compare them with our own, you will find that these standards are often not very different from those of civilized societies.What they think is beautiful, we also think it is beautiful, at least it does not conflict with our standards.We might even say that the standards of the so-called barbarians have more resonance in us than the bequeathed ancestors of Europe in the Middle Ages.It can be said that modern Europeans are particularly particular about aesthetics, and they are particularly sensitive to beautiful things, but they can still find beauty in the women of so-called barbaric nations.This is the end, which proves that no matter how much the degree of civilization is affected by embellishments, beauty and unbeauty are generally an objective matter.The less civilized peoples sometimes express more passionate admiration for European women than for their own.This point is more than enough to prove this objective statement. The same is true of living things in general.All the most beautiful things in nature that humans consider most beautiful are related or causally related to sexual phenomena or sexual impulses.The blooming and fading of flowers in the plant kingdom is an example.There are more facts about the animal kingdom.British zoologist Pulton (ku1ton) said: "On the one hand, the singing or coat color of the rooster can certainly impress the hen's courtship impulse, but in the eyes of humans, it is also considered the cutest in all likelihood." Few people have explained or even paid attention to this kind of fact that humans and animals are interlinked before, but after reading the objective statement above, it is not surprising. Sexuality has long been an important ingredient in standards of male and female beauty.This is virtually unavoidable.From the point of view of a primitive man, a lovely woman is a woman with particularly developed sexual characteristics, or a woman who is particularly conspicuous due to artificial modification.Such a woman is best able to take on the tasks of childbearing and breastfeeding.In the same way, masculine beauty in the primitive woman's eyes includes all the strong features that ensure that he can be a healthy spouse in terms of sexual ability.In terms of general physical strength, you can also be a woman's protector. Among so-called savage peoples, therefore, the primary sexual character is often the object of admiration.In the dances of many primitive peoples, the man's display of sexual organs is sometimes a very vivid show.Primitive dances are often rich in sexual meanings, and this kind of ostentation is unavoidable.Not to mention the original situation, in the Middle Ages of Europe, men's clothing sometimes had to pay special attention to the genitals.In several semi-civilized nations, women's reproductive organs, such as the labia and clitoris, are artificially enlarged, and the larger the enlargement, the more enviable it is. However, this kind of naked and common phenomenon of showing off with reproductive organs is limited to minority nationalities with very backward civilization.In Japan, the genitals of both sexes are often drawn very large in sex pictures, so it can only be regarded as an exception.In addition, there are many ways to attract attention, and in fact they are much more common: one is to paint the sexual organs, the other is to add ornaments, and the third is to add some features to this part of the clothing.The intention, which sometimes seems to be concealed, is actually attracting attention.Replacing the beauty of the body with the beauty of clothing is also a principle that appeared very early. And we know that in a civilized society, it becomes a natural and inevitable trend.After this trend occurs, in fact, sometimes our aesthetic concepts and traditional aesthetic concepts are completely different from each other, and we can't take care of each other at all.Our artists are short-sighted and often confused and at a loss.German Stratz (Stratz) has repeatedly reviewed, and their portraits are often based on some very unsound models of living people, and they think that the beauty of the world lies in this, isn't it ridiculous. As mentioned above, one of the main purposes of decoration and clothing in primitive times is not to cover up the body but to attract attention and envy.At the same time, we have to admit that decoration and artificial mutilation of limbs have another function, that is, from the standpoint of magic, they can isolate and guard the physiological functions that primitive people consider dangerous.These two motives are largely intertwined.In the age of ignorance, the sexual organs began to become a sacred thing, and the sexual function thus acquired religious dignity.Primitive people knew very early on that the matter of reproduction and the virtue of endless creation are the greatest principles worshiped by primitive civilizations.In order to express this worship psychology, primitive people set up various symbols, the main one of which is the genital itself.The genitals are thus inviolable and must be specially adorned.On the one hand, it cannot be violated, and on the other hand, it is impossible to ask it to perform sexual temptation.Worship of the penis can be said to be a common phenomenon, that is, it can also be found in highly civilized races, such as the Roman Empire and today's Japan. Apart from magical and religious reasons, there are other reasons why the sexual organs cannot become, or remain so, the immediate stimulus to ordinary sexual temptations: one is unnecessary and the other is inconvenience.Even among animals, it is extremely rare for sexual organs to be beautiful enough to impress the opposite sex.Its tendency to impress the sense of smell is another matter.The area where the genitals are located is also particularly vulnerable and needs protection, especially in erect humans, and this need for protection inevitably conflicts with the motive for showing off.It is not good-looking, but also needs to be protected. It is "inconvenient".It was ugly, but later there was another way to make up for it, that is, to make some seductive points of the front and upper body more vivid and lovely.This has long been very common in lower animals, and it goes without saying when it comes to humans.This is the "needless" statement. There are other explanations for the unattractiveness of the sex organs.It is different from other organs, because of its function, the penis is inserted into the birth canal, and the birth canal accepts the penis. In fact, it cannot but retain the original state of the animal kingdom. The modifying power of sexual selection and natural selection is necessarily limited in this respect.Therefore, under the drive of lust, no matter how lovely the sexual organs are to the opposite sex, it is not easy for us to praise them from the standpoint of calm aesthetics.Under the influence of art, we cannot help even despising it.Therefore, under the influence of counter-selection, our reproductive organs may have a tendency to shrink.In our civilization, when an artist wants to represent standard masculine beauty in a work, he never includes an erect penis. Women's genitals are not considered beautiful, but they are more hidden and invisible in normal naked postures. Therefore, the general view is that women's bodies are more natural and beautiful than men's and are worthy of appreciation.Ordinary people always pay attention to the beauty of curves, and artists like to create nude figures, and this is one of the main reasons.If we put aside this obvious difference and speak from a strict aesthetic standpoint, we have to admit that the physical beauty of men is at least not inferior to that of women.The beauty of a woman's body can easily climb over a peak and slide down, but it is not the case with a man's. After the development of civilization, the various methods which at first attracted attention to the genitals finally changed their use and became tools for concealing the genitals.We have discussed it here, so we can put it aside.After all, various methods of using secondary sexual characteristics to seduce sex are much more common. Not only have they been very popular in the animal kingdom since the beginning, but even now, in a society with great civilization, the vast majority of the population still use this method. Use effort.In the well-developed man, the dominant secondary sex characters are indeed very beautiful.We might as well describe it separately as follows: Most of the indigenous peoples in Europe, Asia, and Africa recognize that women’s fat buttocks are beautiful. This secondary sexual characteristic is originally the one that is most clearly different from the male type in structure. A condition necessary for female reproductive function.Since beautiful things are admired by people, they have a relationship with sexual selection. Since reproductive function is the prerequisite for the survival of a race, they have a relationship with natural selection.So in this respect, natural selection and sexual selection have the same effect, and the result is that women's buttocks are getting fatter and fatter.This trend of fatness, to a certain extent, is inconsistent with aesthetic standards.However, this is always Chen Yi's exaggerated words. For example, from the general point of view, a big butt is always more beautiful than a small butt.Men's buttocks are very tightly organized, just the opposite of women's.This size comparison, coupled with the impression that the buttocks are related to activities, and the sound development of the buttocks are the basic conditions for fetal care and motherhood.Taken together, these facts make the standard of beauty with a big butt more and more unbreakable.At the same time, we must not forget that the advanced races in the world all have big buttocks.A big butt means a big pelvis.Only a large pelvis can allow the passage of large heads, and the heads of advanced races must also be large. Some black people are very envious of the large pelvis of some races, and then add acquired cultivation to their pelvis, and become the so-called "steatomata of the buttock or steatopygia". This part of the black pelvis is originally The smallest, small pelvis is the cause of such admiration and the fruit of artificial cultivation efforts, it can be seen that it is not accidental.The so-called fat swollen buttocks, as the name suggests, is caused by fat. There is a thick layer of fat under the cortex of women's buttocks and upper thighs. The abnormal development of this layer of fat can become a fatty tumor, that is fat swollen buttocks .The real fat and swollen buttocks are only available to the women of the Bushman and Hot tentot tribes in Africa and the tribes related to them.In other African nations, although the pelvis is small, the buttocks are also extremely developed, but not to the extent of fat swelling.Sometimes a nation that praises big butts also tends to praise general body fatness.This is also very natural. A woman's obesity, if not too much, can also be said to be a secondary sexual characteristic, which has its own attractive power.This penchant for general obesity is also a feature of some African peoples.The penchant for big butts is also somewhat associated with the admiration of big bellies during pregnancy.An example is the Europeans in the Middle Ages who drew pictures of pregnant women as the pinnacle of female beauty. Apart from a woman's buttocks, in a relatively advanced society, the most attractive secondary sexual characteristic is a woman's breasts.Among the Europeans, there is a very simple proof that breasts are especially valued, that is, social life strictly prohibits physical nudity, but on the other hand allows women to expose their breasts to some extent in elegant and well-dressed occasions.On the contrary, in the so-called savage races, the breasts are not paid much attention to, and some even think that the bulging breasts are ugly, and try to suppress them.This view is sometimes shared in modern Europe.In medieval Europe, it was quite popular.In the Middle Ages, slenderness and frailty were regarded as the standard of female beauty. Of course, bulging breasts were not welcome, so women's clothes at that time also tended to be narrow, making the bulging breasts flat.However, in today's more advanced civilization, this view is gone. Again, it is the same as among semi-civilized peoples, in which the development of the breasts is quite natural.Because they pay more attention to the breasts and also pay attention to the fat buttocks, this kind of people also use the method of corseting the waist to make the two parts more prominent. The leggings handed down from ancient times are one of these methods.The use of leggings is the most common among Europeans, and in some eras it is almost universal for all women, and it is also found in other national costumes. There is also a significant secondary sexual characteristic, which is the man's beard.It is different from women's breasts and buttocks. Although its development is not unrelated to sexual function, this relationship is not obvious and cannot be used as an indicator.Therefore, we can only regard it as a purely sexual ornament, which can be compared with the feathers on the head of many male animals, such as the mane of a stallion.The cultivation of beard and beard varies with the times and the degree of civilization, but among uncivilized peoples, the cultivation of beard and beard is the most meticulous.This kind of nation even regards personal beards as related to the sanctity of personality, which cannot be violated.Once in a civilized society, the general value of beards gradually diminishes, and no one cares about the significance of sexual selection.This was already the case in ancient civilizations.The early Romans paid great attention to the beauty of beards and long hair, but in the later period, the atmosphere changed, and beards became a patented ornament for scholars.Only those who read books are equipped with such a solemn logo, and people in other industries do not have it.At the same time in Rome, the plucking of women's pubic hair has also become a fashionable custom.Of course, we can't find pubic hair in the female statues sculpted by the Greeks, but this is just a habit in art, which obviously has nothing to do with actual life.In the vase paintings of the same period, all the women are covered with pubic hair, and even the pubic hair is still present on the nude geisha.Helen of Troy (Helen of Troy) is a typical figure of Greek female beauty. Her portrait also has pubic hair, and the rest can be imagined.In short, human beings' valuation of hair varies from nation to nation.But within a nation, it often varies from time to time.Regarding points, Stool once had some detailed discussions.Sometimes its value is very high. For men, it represents the dignity and luxury of personality. For women, it is a supreme symbol of beauty.But sometimes it is unavoidably rejected by people, so that it is amputated, culled, or even plucked. The chief reason for this inconsistency is not difficult to find.All hair systems are of course related to sexual phenomena, but although they are related, they have no definite biological value. If there is less, there is more, and if there is no lack, there is less.Therefore, the psychology of likes and dislikes can be played freely, thus forming various customs.The ascetic element of religion is obviously against hair.This was the case in ancient Egypt. Remy de Gourmont said a sentence that can well understand the psychology of politicians and educators: "The immorality of the human body must be sustenanced, and the biggest nest owner is the hair system." Christianity is full of asceticism, and of course it can't help but go against hair, so it strongly opposed growing beards in the early years, and later advocated the removal of pubic hair.As far as Britain is concerned, and down to Queen Victoria's time, most people think that depicting pubic hair in portraits can make people sick for three days.In short, the existence of hair is originally an inelegant and indecent phenomenon in the eyes of a civilized society. Since religion takes the responsibility of maintaining morality, it is inevitable to spend more effort on this aspect.Today, men shave their beards, women pluck their armpit and pubic hairs, and both men and women work hard to reduce the general hair system. They have learned from each other and spread more and more. In fact, it is the result of this knowledge. As mentioned earlier, the standard of beauty is more or less objectively based, so regardless of ancient or modern things, at least as far as the most intellectuals are concerned, the experience in this area can be shared.However, common standards do not fundamentally exclude the local colors of various ethnic groups.In different nations, or in different times of a nation, there is always a tendency as a result of sexual impulse activities. On the one hand, this secondary sexual characteristic is brought out, and on the other hand, that secondary sexual characteristic is suppressed. Therefore, behaviors that are heavy or light may not all meet the aesthetic standards. In addition, there is another trend that can cause greater changes in the common aesthetic standards than the above-mentioned, that is, the influence of racial or ethnic types.A race or a nation always has its physical peculiarities, and the psychology of cherishing these peculiarities can easily become a psychology of admiration and exaltation.In the eyes of ordinary nationalists, those who best represent the national type, that is, those with the most and most developed characteristics, are probably the most beautiful.The purpose of damage and shape distortion of some artificial limbs is often to exacerbate the original characteristics.Oriental women already have large and distinct eyeballs, but the Orientals still think that such large and distinct eyeballs are not enough, and they have to exaggerate them artistically.Ezo in Hokkaido, Japan is the nation with the most hair, so in the beauty standard of Ezo, hair is the most important ingredient.Tight and full breasts are indeed a beautiful feature. But in African black women, the breasts are loose and sagging very early. Therefore, African people often think that sagging breasts are the most beautiful.The concept of beauty of the Africans is inevitably far from the common standard.The racial types of men and women are not the same, it is not easy to attract each other sexually, and the perception of beauty is different, which is one of the reasons. To analyze the concept of sexual beauty quite thoughtfully, we have to bring up another factor, that is, personal hobbies.Every man, at least every man in a civilized society, has, within certain limits, alone an ideal of feminine beauty.This ideal often has two grounds, one is his personal organism and the needs of this organism, and the other is the experience of some chance and sexual attraction in his life.The existence of this factor is known to both men and women in a civilized society, and everyone knows how to use it when making choices, so we don't need to explain it.However, this factor can have many disguises. Men and women in love will praise each other's ugly features and praise them.So far we are approaching the realm of sexual mutability or sexual pathology. In addition to differences in time and place, races, and individuals, we have to admit the existence of another factor, that is, the psychology of curiosity and love for different things and things that are far away and exotic.In the eyes of ordinary people, all rare things are always beautiful.Strictly speaking, this is true, unless the thing is not too little.They may see a new kind of patchwork, or they may find some characteristics in a thing they have never seen before. But these generally have to be not far from the things that we have long considered beautiful in our experience, otherwise they are still not beautiful, but just rare.The ancients said it well: "Only things that are refurbished are interesting." The hustle and bustle of modern civilized life, love the new and dislike the old, makes this kind of mentality develop even more, even for people with artistic talents.Therefore, in the metropolises of various countries, the aesthetic standards of the nation have to some extent undergo some changes due to the influence of foreign imports, and even foreign standards and foreign fashions have replaced the original standards as if they were overwhelming. In short, in the relationship between sexual selection and vision, the concept of aesthetics is certainly a major component.But it is not the only ingredient, it has always been like this no matter ancient or modern, Chinese or foreign.The same is true everywhere.In the process of courtship, in the various efforts to promote desire, aesthetics and vision have more than one purpose, and there are many other supporting forces. We might as well cite one or two uses of this kind of vision: there is a phenomenon called "sexual scene love" (scoptophilia or miixoscopia), that is, like to spy on sexual situations, so as to obtain sexual excitement; or just spy on the sexual organs of the opposite sex to get the same reaction.Within certain limits, this is not abnormal.People who have this kind of behavior have to do it out of spying, not necessarily because the person is fundamentally abnormal, but because the social habits are too crude, and the sex life and nakedness are usually too secretive.It is a very common psychology that the more strictly prohibited things are, the more we have to find out.There are many well-behaved men who in their youth visited women's bedrooms, and women too.But no one wants to admit to this kind of behavior.It is not surprising that this kind of behavior has almost become a habit, such as the hostess of the inn and the maid.Those who specialize in spying and cultivate this so-called sexual love are called "peepers" in the West.Such people often like to stay around public toilets and are caught by the police. 性景恋还有一种形式，就是看性恋的图画或裸体的雕像。喜欢看所谓淫书春宫画的心理属于前者，而所谓“雕像恋”或“皮格马利翁现象”（Pygmalionism） 则属于后者。相传古希腊有一个雕塑家叫皮格马利翁，有一次他雕好了一个女像之后，竟和它发生恋爱起来。“皮格马利翁现象”的名称就是这样来的。性景恋，包括阅读性恋的小说及观看春宫画在内，只要不到一个非看不可的程度，是自然正常的。但雕像恋却是一种病态，因为所恋的对象，已经代替了活人，而自成一个目的。患雕像恋的人以男人为独多，但希尔虚弗尔德也曾说到过一个女人的例子。一个很有社会身分且常在高等交际场中进出的女人，经常喜欢到美术馆里去，把陈列的男雕像胯下的无花果叶子轻轻举起，而在掩护的一点上不断地亲吻。这几年以来，性景恋表现得最多与最普遍的场合是影院。影片不比普通的图画，不止是栩栩欲活，简直就是活的，也无怪其魔力巨大了。许多人，尤其是青年女人，每晚必到光顾影院一次，为的是要对其崇拜的某一个名男主角，可以目不转睛看一个饱，因而获取一番性的兴奋。要不是因为这银幕的媒介，这还在千万里以外的男主角又何从看得见呢？ 视觉在性择方面还有另一个用途，不过这用途必须和身体的动作配合之后才发生效力，那就是舞蹈了。塞吉尔把舞蹈叫做“肌肉的性恋”（muscle erotism）。希利以为舞蹈是一种肌肉与骨节的享乐，又加上“皮肤的性恋”。 不过舞蹈的时候，视觉确也有它的任务。视觉的观看与肌肉的活动需双方合作，缺一不可。而在相当情形之下，两者又都可以成为性的刺激。有时候观看所引起的性刺激比动作还大。在许多所谓野蛮的族类里，舞蹈是性择的很重要的一个方法。体格健全、动作精敏的舞蹈家真可以接受女子的青睐而无愧。到了文明社会，舞蹈的影响究竟健全不健全往往成为一个辩论的议题。数年前，美国精神分析派心理学者布里尔（Brill）曾经在纽约调查过这个问题，他找了342个特别热心提倡所谓“新式”舞蹈的人，其中有他的朋友，也有神经上小有问题而曾请他分析过的病人以及其他可以供给可靠答案的人。其中三分之二是男人，三分之一是女人。他提出三个问题来让他们答复：①你跳新式舞蹈时感受到性的刺激么？ ②假如你只看别人跳，而自己不跳，你也感受到刺激么？ ③假如你跳旧式的舞蹈或者别人跳旧式的舞蹈，你也感受到同样的刺激么？ 对于这一个问题，做肯定答复的有14个男人和8个女人；对第二个，就有16个男人和29个女人；对第三个，有11个男人和6个女人。 对第二个问题作肯定答复的若干男女中间也包括所有对第一第三两个问题作肯定答复的那些人。做肯定答复的，绝对的数目虽然男多于女，但相对的，则女比男的略微多些。这些人都是布氏的相识，而在布氏的眼光里，他们在性的方面都是些神经过敏的人。在其他人里，大多数答复说，他们只得到一番高兴与舒服的感觉。无论如何，要说新式的舞蹈是一种粗野的舞蹈，足以煽动性欲，实在是不正确。布氏论文的结论下得很公正，他说新旧各式舞蹈多少都可以减轻一些性的紧张程度，无论它们所能减轻的分量如何，对于神经过敏与多愁善病的女子往往是大有稗益的。舞蹈的风气有时候可以弄得十分披靡猖狂，那固然是要不得的。但尽管有这种危险，文明社会还是值得加以培植引导，因为它是纵欲与禁欲两种势力之间的一个折衷，既然文明社会的生活锅炉里有到这两方面来的高压力，舞蹈便可以权充这座锅炉的一个安全阀了。 我们的讨论即将结束。不过还有一点应当加上，美根本是女人的一个特质，可以供男人的排徊思慕，就是女人所欣赏的也仍然是别人中间的一些女性的美。 反转来，通常的女人对于男人的美却不这样崇拜景仰。男子何尝不美，其美又何尝不及女子？不过男子之美所能打动的只有两种人：一种是美术家和美学家；一是有同性恋的倾向的男人。至于能打动性的兴趣，那就只有这两种里的后面一种了。无论在一般动物界的情形如何，也无论所谓野蛮族类的情形如何，在文明状况之下，最能搏取女子欢心的男人往往不是最美的，说不定是美的反面。斯登达尔站在女人的立场上说：“我们要求的是热情，只有热情是靠得住的。美不过供给一些有关热情的概率而已。”不错，女子所爱的与其说是男子的美，毋宁说是男子的力量，即身心两方面的力量。力量是多少看得见的，所以还在视觉的范围以内。但我们一想到力量的使用，众人便又牵涉到另外一个官觉的领域，即我们已经研讨过的触觉了。大家往往很自然地与不知不觉地把看得见的活力翻译成为觉得出的压力。我们赞美一个人有力，我们实在并没有直接觉得他有力，不过间接看出他有力罢了。所以，男人爱女人，是因为女人美，而美的印象是从视觉传达给意识的。而女人爱男人，是因为男人有力量，而有力量的印象，虽属于更基本的触觉的范围，却也需先借道于视觉以达到意识。 力的充盈在视觉方面发生印象，固然是尽人而有的一种能力。不过这种能力，在女人一方要比男人一方强大得多。为什么男女有这种区别，是很容易答复的。 女人不作性的选择则已，否则她总会选一个强有力的男人，因为只有这样的一个男人才有希望做健全儿女的父亲和保家之主。这固然是一个很普通的解释。不过，这种解释总还是间接的。我们不妨搁置一边。我们还有一个更直接的解释。男女的性的结合是需要体力的，不过比较主动而用力的总是男人一面，而女人则比较被动。因此，女人有力，并不能证明她是一个富有效率的爱侣，而男人有力，却多少是一个保证。这保证也许是靠不住的，因为一般肌肉的能力和性的能力并不一定有正面的关系。有时候肌肉能力的极端发达和性能的特别薄弱倒有几分关联，但无论如何，肌肉能力的发达多少可以供给一些上述斯登达尔所说的“有关热情的概率”，多少总是一个性欲旺盛的符号，不会全无效果的。这些讨论虽然很实在，一个正在择偶中的少女，即或她选上一个富有体力的男子而抛弃了另一个美男子，她当然不会有这一类精密的考虑。这是不消说得的。不过，性择多少是一个良知良能的举动，她自觉的意识里尽管不作这种计较，她一般的情绪的态度里却自有一番不自觉的辨别与抉择的努力，而这种努力总不会错得很厉害的。总之，一样讲性择，一样用视觉来做性择，女人所注意的始终是更原始的触觉的方面。 触觉原是最基本的性的官觉，前文早就讨论过了。 有人非常喜欢观看运动家那种敏捷、矫健与富有流线形的动作而获得性的兴奋。费瑞为这种心理起了一个特别名词，叫作“动作恋”（ergophily）。动作恋男女都可以有，但女人的表现往往特别显著。这种心理虽不正常，却还不是病态。另有一种人不仅喜欢观看动作，而喜欢观看残忍与惊怕的动作，因而得到性的刺激，那才是一种病态了。费瑞曾经提出过一个极端的动作恋的例子，我们不妨在这里转述一下。有一个少妇，对丈夫基本上没有爱情，但也没有什么特别的恶感。她从小就很柔弱，在4岁的时候，有人带她出去看走江湖的马戏，马戏班里有一个玩球的女孩，年纪比她稍大些，可是玩球的一套把戏真是高明。她看到高兴处，觉得生殖器的部分一阵发热，接着又一阵抽搐，不由自主地撒了尿。抽搐是解欲的表示，但幼年时的解欲时或出于遗尿的一途。从此以后，这马戏班里玩球的小姑娘就成为她的白日梦里的主角，夜晚睡梦之中，也时常有她的踪迹，而其结果也总是一阵抽搐与一次排尿。到了14岁，已在春机萌发后，她又有机会看马戏，戏班里某一个漂亮而技术纯熟的运动家又在她身上产生这一类的影响。 从此以后，那个小姑娘和这个运动家就在她的梦里轮流光顾。16岁那年，她登山游览，一阵饱餐之后，她睡着了。一觉醒来，好像那运动家就在她的旁边，而初次的经验到色情亢奋却已不再排尿。到此解欲的过程已与膀胱无关。她后来到巴黎居住，从此一切精熟而矫健的动作，如戏院里的表演、工厂里的劳作等等都成为她觅取性快感的源泉，真有取不尽用不竭。她终于结婚了，但婚姻生活并未改变她这种性癖，但后来她把这种情形对丈夫说明白了。这当然是动作恋的一个极端的例子，多少有些不正常，但轻的动作恋是不能算不正常的。 总结上述，我们可以说美的观念并不是一个飘忽不定的东西。有人以为飘忽不定，那是错误的。美的观念是建筑在非常稳固的基础上的。 ①它有一个客观的美学基础。古往今来的许多种族或民族，至少就其中最有见识的一部分人而言，对于女性美的标准，在微小处尽有出入，在大处却有一个不谋而合的共同看法。这一般客观的基础而外，我们又发现下列的几点。 ②民族与族类的特性上的歧异，对于美的观念的养成也有一部分力量，而使客观的标准发生变化。This is very natural.在各个族类自己的成员看来，总认为其所以不同于别的族类的地方，正是其所以美于别的族类的地方。族类的特点越是发达，美的程度也就越是进步。就客观的立场看，我们也至少觉得族类特点的充分发展多少是健康与活力的发展的一种指示。 ③美的观念又不能不受许多第二性征以至于第三性征的影响。很多地方的人所特别注重的，也许是女人的毛发，或许是女子的乳房，也许是女子的屁股，也许是其他更次要的性征。但无论一个性征的重要程度如何，一经被人注意，对于性择的现象都可以发生意义，发生作用。 ④各人的机体与经验不同，因而各人的兴趣爱好也不一样。这种个别的兴趣也势必影响到审美的观念。个别的兴趣又往往会集约化，而造成短时期的美的风尚，即始于一二人的好恶的，最后可以牵涉到许多人，虽然时过境迁，终归消灭，其足以影响美的标准则一。 ⑤最后我们还有那好奇爱异的心理。在近代文明里，尤其是对于神经质而生活欠安定的人，这种心理是十分发达的。他们所欣赏的美，常常不但不是本国固有的特点，如上文②以下所讨论的，而是外国人或远方人所表示的特点。 我们在前文又曾讨论到男女在性择上都发挥作用但彼此的依据有所不同，男人看女人的美，而女人则看男子的力。同一利用视觉，而女人则事实上又转入触觉的范围。 这番讨论我们当然不能穷究全部性择问题的底蕴。我们讲了不少关于标准的话，但事实上性择的结果，也许和我们所说的根本不相干。许既没有参考他人的经验，又没有照顾个人的脾气和僻性。或许一大半是碰巧，是童年时代一些性爱的印象和成年时实地的机遇牵扯在一起，是传统的一些观念和习惯染上的神秘的浪漫主义的色彩。选择的功夫一旦完成，当事者也许会发现他上了一个当，他的性冲动固然是被唤起了，但唤起它的种种官觉的刺激，大半不是他当初理想中所想象的，甚至于完全与理想相反。这是常有的经验。 另外，还有一点，性择的问题并不是简单的，我们早已讨论到的不过是一些心理的因素，其中也许还有更基本的生物的因素，为我们所计虑不到的。我们时常遇见有一种人对于寻找与选择配偶的勾当，特别能干，他的力量比别人大，成功也比别人多。至于理想上与事实上他是否真正中选，真正最宜乎配偶的生活，反而成为另一问题。这些人在身心两方面的先天气质，确乎有超人之处。他们在生活的其他方面，也比别人易有成就，也就难怪其对于猎艳一事也比较轻而易举了。不过他所以成功的理由，恐怕需向生物的因素里去寻找，这不在我们的讨论范围之内。 总之，人类的性择问题是极度复杂的，我们在前文有所叙述的，只不过是少许比较已经确定的资料，并且大体上和问题的真相大概不至于离得太远。我们当然更希望有些定量的研究，但如一时、只能有些定性的研究，则前文所说也许就是我门目前所能做到的了。不过，这些资料的切实的意义，我们还不敢说已经完全明了，倘若我们一定要有一个定论的话，我们不妨说：性择的时候，在族类品性与人类通性方面，我们追求的是相同。在第二性征方面，我们所追求的是殊异。 在心理品性方面，我们所追求的是相得益彰。 我们求的是变异，不错，但只是一点轻微的变异。