Chapter 32 Chapter 7 Speech Classification: Specific Types and Specific Treatments

As an art of speech, although it also focuses on "speaking", this kind of "speaking" must also reflect "acting".It not only needs to explain things and reasons clearly so that people can understand them, but also makes things and reasons vivid, vivid and touching through intuitive speech expression on the spot, which has both emotional stimulation and voice And make the aesthetic appeal.In speech activities, the identity of the speaker is different, the purpose of the speech is varied, the content of the speech is all-encompassing, the way of the speech has its own characteristics, the venue of the speech is very different, and the audience of the speech is varied, resulting in a wide variety of speeches. diverse.

In order to fully and profoundly understand and master the essential characteristics and social functions of speech art, so as to better organize speech activities and deliver speeches smoothly, first of all, speeches can be divided into military speeches, economic speeches, academic speeches, and legal speeches. , moral speeches, etiquette speeches, etc. Secondly, it can be divided into the following three categories in terms of form. A topical speech is a speech that is prepared and delivered after the topic or scope of the speech is drawn up by others.It contains two forms: full proposition speech and half proposition speech.The topic of a full-proposition speech is generally determined by the speech organizing department.A certain unit held a keynote speech on "Let Lei Feng's spirit shine on the job". In order to let the speakers have their own focus, they respectively drafted "Send Love to the Heart of Every Customer", "Practice Your Skills and Serve the People", " "Start from Bit by Bit" gave three topics to three speakers, and asked them to organize materials and prepare speeches.A semi-topic speech refers to a speech in which the speaker draws up a topic according to the scope limited by the organization of the speech event. In 1986, CCTV and "Speech and Eloquence" magazine jointly organized the "Ten Cities Youth Speech Invitational Contest" with the theme of "Four Educations" as the scope, and the specific topic was drawn up by oneself.The characteristics of a propositional speech are: clear theme, strong pertinence, stable content, and complete structure.

Impromptu speech, that is, a speech given by the speaker on the scene, situation, things, and characters in front of him without prior preparation.Such as wedding speeches, welcome speeches, funeral mourning, party speeches, etc.Its characteristics are: expressing feelings, strong sense of context, and short length.It requires the speaker to stick to the theme, grasp the beginning, quickly combine, and be concise. Debate speech refers to a face-to-face language confrontation between two or more people who have different opinions on a certain issue.Its purpose is to uphold the truth, refute fallacies, and distinguish right from wrong.For example, court debates, diplomatic debates, arena debates that are common in our lives, and life debates that everyone has experienced.Its characteristics are: tit for tat and close combat.Argumentative speeches are more difficult than propositional speeches and impromptu speeches, and require speakers to have correct thinking, noble qualities, strict logic, and strong adaptability.

Thirdly, in terms of style, there are passionate type, deep type, rigorous type, and lively type.From the perspective of development trend, impromptu speeches on social occasions and academic thematic speeches are two types that have attracted much attention. Finally, from the functional division, it can be divided into the following categories. "Make People Know" speeches.This is a speech whose main function is to convey information and clarify things.Its purpose is to make people know and understand.For example, the speech "Talking about Composition" by esthetician Zhu Guangqian talked about the preparation before composition, as well as the style, conception, and material selection of the article, so that the audience could understand the basic knowledge of composition.It is characterized by strong knowledge and accurate language.

"Believable" speeches.The main purpose of this kind of speech is to make people trust and believe.It developed from the "make it known" speech.For example, Yun Daiying's speech "How to be a good person" not only tells people who is not a good person, but also puts forward three standards for measuring a good person. Through a series of moral statements, people's old ideas in the past have been changed.It is characterized by unique and correct views, detailed and convincing arguments, and reasonable and rigorous arguments. "Inspiring" speeches.This kind of speech is intended to excite the audience, to resonate with you in thought and emotion, so as to cheer and jump for joy.For example, Martin Luther King Jr.'s "Speech Before the Lincoln Memorial" used several "dreams" to inspire the black audience's sense of self-esteem and self-improvement, and inspired them to fight for "born equal". .

"Moving" speeches.This goes a step further than a "motivational" speech, which creates a desire in the audience to act with the speaker.Former French President Charles de Gaulle delivered a speech "A Letter to the French People" in London, England during World War II, calling on the French people to take action and join the anti-fascist ranks.It is characterized by strong agitation, and mostly ends with appealing and appealing language. "Enjoy" speeches.This is a kind of speech whose main function is to activate the atmosphere, regulate emotions, and make people happy. It mostly uses humor, jokes or ridicule as materials, and it usually appears on festive occasions.There are many examples of such speeches, and most people can hear them.It is characterized by humorous material and witty language.

Political speech refers to a kind of speech that people express their positions, clarify their views, and publicize their opinions on major domestic and foreign affairs and historical changes.It is an important weapon in political struggle, with rich connotations and wide adaptability. Political speeches such as campaign speeches, policy speeches, inaugural and resignation speeches by the head of government, speeches by leaders at all levels to promote major policies and implementation plans, and speeches made by individuals at political rallies on behalf of certain classes, political parties or individuals are all political speeches.A good political speech always has a huge ideological capacity, incisive political insights, and a clear-cut standpoint.Not only that, good political speeches always have advanced and healthy views, conform to the law of historical development, and play an active role in promoting social progress.

For example, on February 22, 1848, Marx gave a speech "On the Polish Question" at the meeting commemorating the second anniversary of the Krakow Uprising held in Brussels. The same approach, and pointed out that this has set a shining example for Europe, and also pointed out the direction of future revolution for European civilization. Gentlemen: History often has striking parallels. The Jacobins of 1793 are the Communists of today. When Russia, Austria, and Prussia partitioned Poland in 1793, these three powers used the 1791 constitution as an excuse, which was said to have the principles of the Jacobin party and was unanimously opposed.

What exactly did the Polish constitution of 1791 declare?At best, it is nothing more than a constitutional monarchy, such as declaring that legislative power is in the hands of people's representatives, declaring freedom of the press, freedom of belief, public trials, abolition of serfdom, and so on.All this was called downright Jacobin at the time!You see, gentlemen, that history has moved on.The Jacobin principle back then, in the present view, even if it is liberalism, has become very moderate. The three powers and the times go hand in hand. In 1846, by annexing Krakow to Austria and depriving Poland of what remained of its national independence, they called communism everything that used to be called the Jacobin principle.

What exactly was the communism of the Krakow Revolution?Was it a communist revolution because its aim was the revival of the Polish nation?In this way, the war of the European League against Napoleon for the salvation of the nation cannot be said to be a communist war, and the Congress of Vienna cannot be said to be composed of crowned communists?Perhaps the Krakow Revolution was a communist revolution because it sought to establish a democratic government?But no one would ascribe communist intentions to millionaires in Bern and New York. Communism denies the necessity of classes; it abolishes all classes, all class distinctions.The Krakow revolutionaries only hoped to eliminate the political differences between classes, and they wanted to give different classes equal rights.

At what point is the revolution in Cracow a communist revolution? Maybe it's because this revolution wants to smash the feudal chains, liberate the feudal labor ownership, and turn it into free ownership, modern ownership?If one were to say to a French proprietor: "Do you know what the Polish democrats want? The Polish democrats are trying to adopt your present form of property," the French proprietor would reply: "They have done a very good job. Good." But if you go again with M. Guizot and say to the French proprietors: "It is the property that the Poles want to abolish that was created by your revolution in 1789 and still exists with you today," they will cry: " So they were revolutionaries and communists? These villains must be suppressed!" In Sweden, the abolition of guilds and trade associations and the implementation of free competition are now called communism. The Daily Debate goes a step further, saying: "To deprive 200,000 voters of the proceeds of selling their votes means to abolish sources of income, to abolish rightfully acquired property, and that means to be a communist. Needless to say, Carat The Cove Revolution also wanted to abolish a form of property. But what kind of property? This is something that cannot be abolished elsewhere in Europe, just as it is impossible to abolish the Separatist League in Switzerland, because neither no longer exists." No one will deny that in Poland political and social questions are linked.They are always inseparable from each other. However, it is best for you to ask the reactionaries for advice!Were they fighting only under the heavy pressure of political liberalism and Voltaireism, the corollary of liberalism, during the Restoration? A very well-known reactionary writer confesses, regardless of de?Meister's or Bernard's highest metaphysics can ultimately be reduced to money problems, and isn't any money problem a social problem?Activists in the Restoration period did not shy away from saying that if we want to return to the politics of the good old age, we should restore the good old ownership, feudal ownership, and moral ownership.It is well known that without paying a single tax, without performing servitude, there can be no devotion to the monarchy. Let's go back to an earlier period.In 1789, the political question of human rights contained within itself the social question of free competition. What happened in England?On everything from the Reform Act to the repeal of the Corn Laws, why did the parties not fight for a change in property relations?Aren't they just fighting for ownership issues and social issues? Right here, in Belgium, is the struggle between liberalism and Catholicism not the same as the struggle between industrial capital and large landed property? Aren't these political issues that have been discussed for 17 years actually social issues? So no matter what your views are (liberal, radical, even aristocratic), how can you accuse the Krakow Revolution of linking political and social issues? Those who led the revolutionary movement in Krakow were convinced that only a democratic Poland could achieve independence, and that Polish democracy would not be possible without the abolition of feudal rights, without an agrarian movement to transform the serfs into free proprietors, modern proprietors. possible.If you replace the Russian absolutist with a Polish nobility, you are only changing the nationality of absolutism.Even in foreign wars, the Germans only replaced one Napoleon with 36 Metternich's. Even if the Russian landowners no longer oppressed the Polish landowners, the Polish peasants were still riding on the landowners, indeed, free landowners and not enslaved landowners.This political change did not in any way alter the social position of the Polish peasantry. The Cracow revolution set a shining example for all of Europe by equating the national question with the question of democracy and the emancipation of the oppressed classes. Although the revolution was temporarily suppressed by the bloody hands of hired murderers, it is now surging with great force in Switzerland and Italy.This revolutionary principle was vindicated in Ireland, where the narrow nationalist party died with O'Connell, and the new national party was to be, above all, a party of reformers and democrats. Poland has once again shown initiative, but this is no longer a feudal Poland, but a democratic Poland, and its liberation will henceforth be the glorious cause of all democrats in Europe. Generally speaking, an economic speech refers to a speech with the nature of economic and trade content. This kind of speech can be roughly divided into public relations type, that is, entrepreneurs discuss trade, explain the company's foreign policies, publicize the company's development situation and product characteristics, etc.; summary type, that is, business leaders report to the authorized conference and analyze and evaluate Work achievements, etc.; mobilization type, that is, the leaders of the enterprise explain the production plan and the meaning and benefits of the implementation of the plan to the employees, so as to mobilize the enthusiasm of the employees to the greatest extent; experience introduction type, the scientific research carried out around economic activities such as product quality, sales, and management Discussion etc. Economic speeches serve the economy, and the economic concepts and information it conveys play an increasingly important role in the economic field. Therefore, every part of the speech and all arguments must be well thought out and rigorously demonstrated. The suggestions, concepts, and information should be well-founded. Except for certain strategic considerations, the quoted data must be accurate and convincing. In addition, the goal will be quite clear and specific. For example, on January 27, 1962, Liu Shaoqi’s speech at the enlarged Central Work Conference, that is, the famous 7,000-person meeting, was able to analyze the reasons for the difficulties caused by the Great Leap Forward, or to summarize the achievements and mistakes in the work. Telling the truth, telling the truth, citing various data, raising questions concretely and clearly, exposing contradictions, shows the noble quality of a Marxist theorist. Comrades: On behalf of the Central Committee, I submitted a written report to this enlarged Central Work Conference.Now, on the basis of this written report, I will address a few more questions. Regarding the current domestic situation, speaking truthfully, we are facing considerable economic difficulties.We should admit it.The current difficulties are manifested in: the people do not have enough grain to eat, not enough non-staple food, not enough meat, oil and other things; not enough to wear, too little cloth; not enough to use.That is to say, people's food, clothing, and use are not enough.Why not enough?This is because in the three years of 1959, 1960, and 1961, our agricultural output did not increase, but decreased.The amount of production cuts is not small, but quite large.Industrial production also decreased in 1961, according to statistics, by 40%, or a little more. Industrial production in 1962 was also difficult to increase.That is to say, both last year and this year's industrial production decreased.Since agricultural production and industrial production are all reduced, the needs of all aspects are not enough.This situation is unexpected for many comrades.Two or three years ago, we originally thought that there would be a great leap forward in the past few years in terms of agriculture and industry.In the past few years, there has indeed been a period of great leap forward.However, not only did it not advance, but it retreated a lot, and a large saddle shape appeared.Should this be admitted?I think, to seek truth from facts, we should admit that this is the case. What is this difficult situation like?Why is there no increase in production, no increase in food, clothing, and use, but a decrease?There are two reasons.One is natural disasters.Three consecutive years of natural disasters have reduced our agricultural and industrial production.There is another point, which is the shortcomings and mistakes in our work since 1958.Which of these two reasons is the main one?Are natural disasters the main reason?Or are the shortcomings and mistakes in the work the main reason?The situation varies from place to place.It should be explained to the masses in a realistic and realistic manner according to the specific conditions of each locality.The reduction of agricultural and industrial output in some places is mainly due to natural disasters.In some places, the main reason for production reduction is not natural disasters, but shortcomings and mistakes in work.Last year I went back to a place in Hunan, where great difficulties also occurred. I asked the farmers: what is the reason for your difficulties?Is there any natural disaster?They say: there are natural disasters, but they are small, and the reason for the difficulties is "three parts of natural disasters and seven parts of man-made disasters."Later I investigated and found that there were several ponds in that place. I asked them: Did this pond dry up in 1960?They said: It is not dry, the water in the pond is not dry.There is water in the pond, which shows that the natural disasters there are indeed not that serious.As far as the overall situation of the country is concerned, I put it this way in my written report: The reason why we have encountered considerable difficulties is, on the one hand, the impact of three consecutive years of natural disasters, and on the other hand, to a large extent, the Due to the shortcomings and mistakes in our work and style.As for what is going on in a certain province, a certain region, or a certain county, you can discuss it according to the situation and make a judgment based on facts. ... After these shortcomings and mistakes are corrected, bad things can be turned into good things.The problem is that we must be good at summing up experience and learning.For things to transform in the opposite direction, certain conditions must be met.To turn bad things into good things, as far as shortcomings and mistakes are concerned, its condition is that we can sum up experience and learn from experience and lessons well.In doing so, shortcomings and mistakes become good things.Therefore, if these mistakes are made, there is no need to be pessimistic and discouraged.In the past few years, we have stumbled in some areas, and the fall has hurt. Now we have to get up on our own, see the road clearly, and move forward.Who hasn't stumbled while walking?The important issue is to admit shortcomings and mistakes realistically, to sum up experience, and to be good at learning.If you do not admit that you have shortcomings and mistakes at all, or you only admit some of them in a trifle and hesitantly, and then cover up some of them, instead of acknowledging the past and existing shortcomings and mistakes in a down-to-earth manner, there is no way to sum up experience. , There is no way to learn, and bad things cannot be turned into good things.When such a person falls, he will not be able to get up by himself, and of course he will not be able to move on.This kind of person is bound to fall into a passive position, and it is bound to need the help of others to stand up and move on.Therefore, in order to turn bad things such as shortcomings and mistakes into good things, there must be one condition, and this condition is very important, that is, to be good at summing up experience and learning. Military speeches refer to various forms of speeches centered on war. They are often used to swear an oath before a war to introduce war situations, tasks, strategies, tactics, etc.; Celebrate after the war, publicize achievements, commend combat heroes, promote combat experience, etc.For example, after the Japanese imperialists attacked Pearl Harbor, US President Roosevelt received the news, and on December 8, 1941, he delivered the famous speech "A Day That Will Notoriety" at the joint meeting of the House and Senate.This concise and powerful speech, which took only 6 and a half minutes, not only stated the facts, but also analyzed the nature of the war and the conditions for victory and defeat. Powerful arguments, every sentence is a scorching fire, which has produced huge repercussions. The Senate and the House of Representatives respectively passed a joint resolution on the existence of a state of war between the United States and Japan with absolute majority votes. Mr. Vice President, Mr. Speaker, Members of the House and Senate: Yesterday, December 7th, 1941 - a date that will live in infamy - the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. The United States of America was at peace with that country at the time, and, at the request of Japan, was still in dialogue with the government of that country and the emperor of that country, expecting to maintain peace in the Pacific.In fact, the Japanese Ambassador to the United States and his colleagues submitted to our Secretary of State the formal reply to the latest letter from the United States to Japan, just one hour after the Japanese air squadron had begun to bomb the American island of Oahu.While the reply stated that it seemed futile to continue the ongoing diplomatic negotiations, it contained no threat or hint of war or armed attack. It should be on the record that, because of Hawaii's distance from Japan, the attack was clearly planned days or even weeks in advance.During the planning process, the Japanese government deliberately deceived the United States through false statements and expressions of desire to maintain peace. Yesterday's attack on the Hawaiian Islands caused serious damage to United States naval and military forces, and I regret to tell you that many American lives were lost.In addition, U.S. ships were reportedly torpedoed on the high seas between San Francisco and Honolulu. Yesterday, the Japanese government launched an attack on Malaysia. Last night, Japanese troops attacked Hong Kong. Last night, Japanese troops attacked Guam. Last night, Japanese troops attacked the Philippine Islands. Last night, Japanese troops attacked Wake Island. This morning, Japanese troops attacked Midway. Therefore, Japan has taken a sudden offensive throughout the Pacific region.The facts of yesterday and today speak for themselves.The people of the United States have formed their opinions and know full well that the security and very existence of our nation is at stake. As Commander-in-Chief of the Navy and Army, I have directed that all measures be taken for our defense. But our entire nation will forever remember the nature of this attack on us. No matter how long it takes to defeat this premeditated invasion, the American people will definitely win an absolute victory with their righteous forces. I assert now that not only will we do our best to defend ourselves, we will ensure that this form of treachery never again endangers us.When I say this, I believe it expresses the will of the Congress and the people. The hostilities already exist.Needless to say, our people, our territory and our interests are at grave risk. Trust in our Armed Forces--on the firm faith of our people--we will surely win--God help me! I ask Congress to declare that since Sunday, December 7th, 1941, when Japan launched its unprovoked and cowardly attack, there has been a state of war between the United States and the Empire of Japan. Academic speeches are high-level speeches, usually held in academic seminars, academic reports and academic lectures. Academic speeches play a positive role in spreading culture, popularizing scientific knowledge, and promoting academic development. Academic speeches require that the content be highly scientific, that is, the theories expounded correctly reflect the internal connections and development laws of objective things, forming a complete, A comprehensive, coherent and systematic system.This requires proceeding from reality, seeking truth from facts, having correct viewpoints, detailed materials, sufficient and powerful evidence, and rigorous and thorough arguments. It can be said that the scientific nature of the content is the life of academic speeches, and academic speeches are worthless without rigorous and scientific content.All one-sided, fragmented, and inconsistent subjective assumptions cannot be considered elegant.Mr. Lu Xun's speech "Hooligans and Literature" at Shanghai Tongwen Academy in 1931 can be described as a model of academic speeches. What is a hooligan?A hooligan is equal to a rascal plus a strong man, plus three hundred endorsements.There are roughly two kinds of hooligans: one is the followers of Confucius, which is Confucianism; the other is the followers of Mozi, which is chivalrous men.These two things were good at first, but later when their minds degenerated, they slowly turned into so-called hooligans. Sima Qian once said, "Confucianism breaks the law with literature" and "Xiamen breaks the law with martial arts".This shows that Confucianism and chivalry have become poisonous.Why did Tai Shigong say such a thing?Because he is a Taoist, and Taoism advocates "governing by doing nothing".This kind of thinking can be said to be "a toad wants to eat swan meat", which is simply fantasy, and it is impossible to achieve in practice. The ideas of Confucianism and Mohism happened to disturb the Taoist doctrine of "government by doing nothing".Sima Qian stood on the standpoint of Taoism, so he wanted to oppose them.However, the rogue should not be underestimated too much, because a rogue can be very powerful if he has the opportunity.In any era, when politics is weak, hooligans will take advantage of the opportunity to create chaos and chaos, and often even overthrow and replace the government.Like Liu Bei, who used to be a rogue, but later he was also called the First Lord. Liu Bang was also a rogue, and later conquered Qin and Chu, and became Han Gaozu.There are also Zhu Hongwu (Ming Taizu) and others, all of which are the same. All of the above are hooligans.But what does it have to do with literature?In other words, as soon as hooligans gain power, literature will go bankrupt.Let's see, after the successful Northern Expedition of the Kuomintang, will new literature still exist?perish long ago.why?It is because they have no new plans, and I am afraid that they have "no time to do this".Since it is not new, it must be restored.The so-called "if you don't advance, you will retreat" means exactly this. Originally, its purpose was to gain its own status.When you have a position, you have to use the old method to control everything.For example, the current advocacy of boxing and the examination system are all old.Now we want to promote broadness. Isn’t this going back to the old days?Why, when the revolution was unsuccessful, did Zhenri Price promote a new culture and overthrow all the old systems, and after the revolution succeeded, he wanted to restore the old ones instead?Let's give an example now. For example, when a person has no money, he says that it is wrong for others to eat big dishes, smoke big cigarettes, and marry a concubine. Once he has money, he will do the same thing. This is because his purpose is originally the same.The methods he used were nothing more than "Confucian sophistry" and "Xiamen's threats." In the past, there were three publications, "Pioneer", and "Sprout Monthly", all of which were a bit left-leaning and red in comparison, but now they are all banned.I heard that before the ban, authors were secretly arrested, secretly shot, and one was buried alive.You see, this is several times more powerful than Qin Shihuang! My brother used to make a book, and the book cover was red to express the meaning of vernacular and common sayings.Later, a student came to the south with this book, but was checked out by the officials on the way, who insisted that he was suspected of being red, so he was executed.This is the same as Liu Bei's prohibition of alcohol.Liu Bei said that anyone who found out that there were brewing utensils would be killed.A minister told him that all men should be killed, because they all have tools for committing adultery.But why did he practice such barbaric means?It is because of his humble background that he is afraid that others will look down on him, so he uses this method to prevent others from ridiculing and slandering him.This kind of situation still existed in the past. For example, Ming Taizu was also born in a humble family. Later, when he became emperor, he was afraid that people would despise him, so he often read other people's articles.There was a man who had a sentence in his article "under the light of the sky". Taizu thought this sentence meant "under the bald emperor". Because Taizu of the Ming Dynasty was a monk, he said he wanted to insult him, so he dismissed this person. to kill.Can it last long like this?Therefore, it is said: "To win the world immediately, you cannot rule it immediately." Legal speeches are various forms of speeches with law as the content, including court speeches, legal consultation and arbitration activities, as well as other reports and lectures on the popularization of legal knowledge. Legal speeches play an important role in educating citizens on law, morality and communist ideology.Especially the court speech, it is a necessary means to realize various litigation functions, and has a direct impact on the quality of litigation activities. Different from general speeches, legal speeches should use logical reasoning, arguments and arguments extensively, and the speech should be accurate, clear, rigorous and impeccable.For example, in 1953, Castro's speech "History will acquit me" in a small court in San Diego was aggressive, sharp and sharp. A series of rhetorical questions with rigorous logic and accurate words pierced the enemy's heart like a dagger. . Mr. Judges: Never has a defense attorney worked under such difficult conditions; and never has a defendant been subjected to so many serious illegalities.In this case, the defense attorney and the accused are the same person.As a defense lawyer, it is impossible for me to even read the indictment. As a defendant, I have been locked up in a single cell completely isolated from the outside world for 76 days, which violates all humanitarian and legal regulations.The speaker absolutely abhors childish conceit, is in no mood and is not naturally good at bombast and sensationalism.I was compelled to act as my own advocate in this court for two reasons: first, because my right to be defended was virtually completely deprived; Only those who have suffered catastrophes and justice trampled upon by those who have worked hard on such occasions can speak words that condense the truth.Not without generous friends willing to defend me.The Havana Bar Association appointed me a lawyer of caliber and courage—Jorge?Dr. Paglieri, he's the president of the city's bar.But he couldn't carry out his mission.Every time he wanted to visit me, he was turned away from the prison. Only after a month and a half, due to the intervention of the court, was he allowed to see me for ten minutes in the presence of a sergeant from Military Intelligence.It is common sense that a lawyer should speak privately with his client, a right that is respected everywhere in the world, except here, where a Cuban prisoner of war fell into the hands of a hard-hearted authoritarian regime , They don't talk about legal principles and human relationships.Neither Dr. Paglieri nor I will tolerate such sordid probing into the defense strategies we intend to use when we appear in court.Do they want to know in advance how we will smash the unfounded lies they have thoughtfully fabricated about the incident at the Moncada barracks, and how we will reveal the terrible truths they have tried so hard to conceal? So, we decided at that time that I would use my lawyer qualifications to defend myself.The Sergeant of Military Intelligence heard this decision and reported it to his superiors, which aroused unnatural horror, as if some mischievous monster had played tricks on them and made them feel that all their plans were going to fail.You, gentlemen, know best how much pressure they have exerted to deprive me of the accused's sacred right of self-defense, which has a long tradition in Cuba.The court cannot give in to such an attempt, which leaves the defendant in a position of insecurity.The defendant now exercises this right without reservation for any reason whatsoever.I deem it necessary in the first place to say what was the reason for the savage seclusion imposed on me, what was the purpose of keeping me from speaking; why, as the courts knew, there was a conspiracy to kill me; What is the mystery of all the strange things that happened in this case.That's all I'm prepared to articulate. ... I think I have made my point well: I have more reasons than Mr. Prosecutor used to ask for my 26-year sentence.All these reasons are in favor of those who fight for the liberty and happiness of the people, and none of these reasons are in favor of those who ruthlessly oppress, trample, and plunder the people.So I had to give many reasons, and he couldn't give any.Batista came to power against the will of the people and broke the laws of the Republic with rebellion and violence. How can he legitimize his power?How can a regime that oppresses its people, bloodied and disgraced, be called legitimate?How can one call a government revolutionary if it is filled with the most old-fashioned people, the most backward thinking and the most backward bureaucracy in society?And how can it be considered legally valid for the greatest infidelity of a court entrusted with the defense of our constitution?Who has the right to send citizens to prison who have given their blood and lives for the honor of their country?In the eyes of the people of the country, this is a shocking thing; according to the principles of true justice, it is a shocking thing. But we also have one more reason than all others: we are Cubans, and as Cubans we have an obligation, and failure to fulfill this obligation is a crime, a treason.We are proud of our country's history; we learned it in elementary school and grew up hearing people talk about liberty and justice and rights.Our elders have taught us from childhood to admire the honorable examples of our heroes and martyrs.Cespedes, Agramonte, Maceo, Gomez and Marti are all names we've grown up with.We have heard the words of the Titans: freedom cannot be prayed for, it can only be won with a sharp sword.We know that our forerunner, in order to educate the citizens of a free country, said in his "Golden Book": "Whoever is willing to obey wrong laws and allows someone to trample his country There must be a certain amount of honor in the world for the righteous... as there must be a certain amount of light. As long as there are villains, there must be others who bear the honor of all. It is these who rise up with violence against those who He who takes the liberty of the people, that is, the honor of the people. Here the man stands for thousands of men, for the whole nation, for the dignity of the human race.” . . . We are taught that October 10 and February 24 are A day of honor and national rejoicing; for this is the day when Cubans rose to break the shackles of a notorious tyranny; we were taught to love and protect the beautiful flag of the Solitary Star and to sing the national anthem every night, the song that tells us that life in To live in chains is to live in humiliation, to die for one's country is to live forever.We have learned all this and will never forget it, although today in our homeland people are killed and imprisoned for practicing the ideas taught to them from the cradle.We were born in the free country handed down to us by our forefathers.We will not agree to be anyone's slaves, unless our country is sunk in the bottom of the sea.How shameful it seems that in this year of our pioneer's centenary the reverence for him seems to be fading, and the memory of him seems to be fading away forever!But he is alive, not dead, his people are rebellious, his people are noble, and his people are loyal to his memory!Some Cubans fell to defend his claims, and some young people willingly died beside his tomb, offering their blood and lives so that he could continue to live in the hearts of the motherland.Cuba!What would become of you if you betrayed your pioneers! I will close my plea, but I do not demand liberty for the accused, as lawyers usually do; and I cannot demand liberty when my companions are already in heinous confinement at Matsushima.You let me share fate with them!In a republic where criminals and robbers are president, righteous people are understandably killed and imprisoned. I sincerely thank you gentlemen for allowing me to speak freely without meanly interrupting me.I don't hold any grudges against you. I admit that you are humane in some respects. I also know that the president of this court, who has been innocent all his life, may be forced to make unfair judgments due to the status quo. The disgust cannot be concealed.The court had a more serious problem to deal with, and that was the murder of 70 people—the largest mass murder we know of.The murderer is still at large with weapons in hand, which is a constant threat to the lives of citizens.If, because of cowardice, because of obstruction, they are not brought to justice, and if the judges do not resign en masse, I am sorry for your honor, and I am sorry for the unprecedented stain upon the judiciary. As for myself, I know that I will be tortured as much as anyone in prison, that life in prison is full of cowardly threats and brutal torture, but I am not afraid, just as I am not afraid of taking the lives of 70 of my brothers as the wrath of the despicable tyrant. Judge me!It doesn't matter, history will acquit me. Moral speech refers to a kind of speech for the purpose of ideological and moral education. By analyzing, explaining and commenting on ideological issues in social life, the speaker promotes and praises the truth, the good and the beautiful, exposes and castigates the false, the evil and the ugly, supports progress and criticizes the backward, helps people to recognize the situation, distinguish right from wrong, understand the truth, cultivate the soul, Promote people to establish a correct outlook on life and the world, and cultivate people's noble moral qualities and beautiful sentiments. Moral education lectures have a long history in our country. This kind of education method is highly valued by all parties and widely used. In 1916, Cai Yuanpei made moral education, intellectual education, and physical education the foundation of school education in his speech "Patriotism Must Cultivate a Complete Personality" delivered at the Shanghai Girls' School, which aroused widespread repercussions in all walks of life. When the school was first established, it was in the Qing Dynasty, and it contained a revolutionary nature.At that time, ordinary people with lofty ideals, in view of the bad politics of the Manchu Qing Dynasty and the country's declining power, were like people suffering from serious illness, fearing that they would drown for a long time and become incurable, and they must find a good way to cure it, so they gathered together to seek revolution.The revolutionaries are the prescriptions for curing diseases.The revolutionary organization in Shanghai is called the China Education Association, where the revolutionary spirit lies; regardless of whether it is a man or a woman, it should be promoted, and education is the foundation.Therefore, there is a patriotic girls' school in girls' schools, and a patriotic society in boys' schools, and the members of the education association are responsible for the management. This is the origin of the school's name.After several changes, the boys' school was disbanded due to Su's report; the Chinese Education Association also dispersed within a few years; but the girls' school has survived to this day.During the Revolution of 1911, most of the students in this school were engaged in the battle of Nanjing, which can not be said to be the result of education.When the Manchu Qing government was not overthrown, with the spirit of revolution, they still strived to complete the ordinary courses. The Ju family still had to ignore the daily housework while seeking medical treatment for the sick.By the time the Republic of China was established, the purpose of the reform had been achieved. If the illness had been cured and there was no longer any fear of death, then the name of patriotism was not to be promoted. The spirit was not to advocate revolution, but to cultivate a complete personality.Being a citizen without a complete personality, wanting the prosperity of the country is not only impossible, but also has the worry of decline.Create a complete personality, make the country prosperous and not decline, this is really the so-called patriotism.Complete personality, male and female are the same, Zite described it in terms of women. The husband's complete personality is first in sports, and the most important thing in sports is sports.All our bodies and spirits contain a kind of latent power, which develops along with the surrounding environment.Therefore, whatever position you want it to develop, that is what position you can reach.If there are obstacles to prevent its development, it will shrink.The old custom is that women's feet are bound, and they are not allowed to go out without permission. They live in seclusion all day long and do not exercise. After a long time, their nature becomes cowardly.Time is spent day by day in decoration, and dependence is formed, and everything must be dependent on men.If you have no man to rely on, you will be afraid of even small things. If unfortunately there is a war, and the enemy soldiers have not yet arrived, the one who is afraid and commits suicide is more likely to be compared, and how can you expect him to resist?Because of lack of exercise and underdevelopment of the body, the pawns develop a cowardly nature in order to reduce their self-defense ability and courage.Women in Europe and the United States are not exempt from this, let alone China.I heard that our school has a specialized physical education department. Not only are all the disciplines complete, but we also pay special attention to boxing.That is to say, after graduation, those who work as gymnastics teachers should practice from time to time, even those who hold other careers should also practice from time to time.For such techniques, if you don't practice them, you will lose them. If you practice for a long time, you will get more proficient, and you will benefit a lot. ... 夫女子入校求学，固非脱离家庭间固有之天职也，求其实用，固可相辅而行者也。美国有师范学校，教授各科，俱用实习，不用书籍。假如授裁缝时，为之讲解自上古至现在衣服之变更，有野蛮时代之衣服与文明时代之衣服，是即历史科也；为之讲解衣服之原料，如丝之产地、棉之产地等，则地理科也；衣服之裁剪，有算法焉，其染色之颜料，有理化之法则焉，是即数学理化科也；推之烹饪等科，亦复如是。寓学问于操作中，可见女学固养成女子完全之人格，非使女子入学后，即放弃其固有之天职也。即如体操科之种种运动，近亦有人主张徒事运动而无生产，为不经济，有欲以工作代之者，庶不消耗金钱与体力，使归实用，此法以后必当盛行。益可见徒知读书，放弃家事，为不合于理矣。 礼仪演讲是指在公众节日或重要庆典上发表的演讲。它是调节人际关系的重要手段，也是表达观点的重要方式，有凭吊和庆贺两种类型，意在表达感情、表示礼节和表述观点。演讲者常常借对死者的哀悼或对喜庆的祝贺，以真挚感情打动听众，起到纪念和宣传的作用。 凭吊演讲不仅在葬礼上使用以寄托哀思，还常常在周年祭或纪念会上发表，借歌功颂德，激励后人。庆贺演讲的适用面则更为宽广，婚礼、寿诞、立功受奖、佳节纪念等都需要前往祝贺，可以发表热情洋溢、催人奋进的演讲。 历史上出色的凭吊演讲很多，感情色彩的表达则丰富多彩。郭沫若《在萧红墓前的5分钟演讲》，有感而发，饱含哲理，体现了对青年的热切期望，眷眷之情溢于言表。闻一多在李公朴追悼会上发表的《最后一次演讲》，悲愤交加，情绪激昂，字字句句似匕首投枪，势不可挡。林肯《在葛底斯堡国家烈士公墓落成典礼上的演说》，仅仅10个句子，感情却十分深厚，思想集中，措辞精练、朴实、典雅。列宁《在马克思恩格斯纪念碑揭幕典礼上的讲话》，话语不多但情深意切，充分表达出无限敬仰思慕之情。雨果《在巴尔扎克葬礼上的演说》，感情深挚，激情荡漾，撼人心魄，高度赞扬了巴尔扎克的作品、人品、性格和思想，表达了演讲者悲痛的情感，评价了死者的伟大。 Gentlemen: Those who have just been buried belong to those who have been mourned by the public.In our day, all fiction has disappeared.Henceforth, all eyes are not on the ruling figures, but on the thinking figures.A thought figure disappeared, and the whole country was shaken.Today, the people mourn the death of talented people; the state mourns the death of talented people. Gentlemen, Balzac's name will remain in our time forever, leaving a glorious line for the future. Mr. Balzac participated in the powerful generation of writers after Napoleon in the nineteenth century, just as in the seventeenth century a group of eminent writers emerged after Richelieu—just as in the development of culture, there is a law that promotes spirituality. Rulers inherited the same as rulers by force. Among the greatest, Balzac is the first; among the best, Balzac is the highest.His mind is magnificent and unique, and his achievements are beyond the present.All his books form just one book: a living, luminous, profound book, where we see our whole modern culture move, come and go, with what I can't say, and mingle with reality Feelings of panic and terror.一部了不起的书，他题作喜剧，其实就是题作历史也没有什么，这里有一切形式与一切风格，超过塔席特，上溯到徐艾陶诺，经过博马舍，上溯到拉伯雷；一部又是观察又是想像的书，这里有大量的真实、亲切、家常、琐碎、粗鄙，但是骤然之间就是现实的帷幕撕开了，留下一条宽缝，立时露出最阴沉和最悲壮的理想。 Whether you like it or don't want it, whether you agree or disagree, the author of this huge and peculiar work joined the powerful ranks of revolutionary writers without knowing it.Balzac went straight to his destination, grasping the hand-to-hand combat of modern society.He pulled something from all sides, there were phantoms, hopes, cries, and masks.He unearths vices and dissects passions.He explores people, soul, heart, viscera, mind and the abyss of each individual.Because of his natural free and strong nature, because of the privilege of reason in our time, after the revolution, he has seen more about the end of human beings and better understood what God's will is, so he smiled , open-minded, got rid of those daunting studies, unlike Molière, fell into depression, and did not like Rousseau, became world-hate. This is his work among us.这就是他给我们留下来的作品、高大而又坚固的作品、金刚岩层堆积起来的雄伟的纪念碑！Henceforth, his reputation shines at the top of his work.The great man mounts his own seat; the future assumes the responsibility for the statue. His death stunned Paris.He had been back in France for several months.He felt that he was going to die, and he wanted to see his motherland again, just like a person wants to kiss and hug his own mother before going abroad. His life is short, but full; his works are more than years. well!这强有力的、永不疲倦的工作者，这哲学家，这思想家，这诗人，这天才，在我们中间，过着暴风雨的生活，充满了斗争、争吵、战斗、一切伟大人物在每一个时代遭逢的生活。Today, he rests in peace.He came out of conflict and hatred.He passed into glory and into his grave on the same day.From now on, he is with the stars of his motherland, shining above the clouds above us. Are you standing here envious of him? Gentlemen, however much we may grieve in the face of such a loss, let us bear these heavy blows.No matter how sad the blow is, no matter how serious it is, let's accept it first.It may be expedient, it may be necessary, in our age, when a great death, from time to time, shakes minds full of doubt and skepticism to shake religion.God made the people face the highest mystery, think about death, and know what they are doing.Death is the great equality and the great freedom. Heaven knows what it is doing because it is the highest lesson.A sublime soul with a myriad of phenomena enters into another world. He originally flaps the visible wings of genius and stays in the sky above the crowd for a long time, but suddenly spreads out the other invisible wings and suddenly plunges into the unknown.At such times all a person's mind can have are solemn and serious thoughts. 不，不是不可知！我在另一个沉痛的场合已经说过了，我就不疲倦地再说一遍吧：不，不是夜晚，而是光明！不是结束，而是开始！不是空虚，而是永生！你们中间有谁嫌我这话不对吗？这样的棺柩，表明的就是不朽。In the presence of certain illustrious dead, man feels more clearly the divine destiny of the intellect to walk the earth in order to suffer and to purify himself.大家把这种理智叫做人，还彼此说：那些生时是天才的人，死后就不可能不是！ 就职演讲是演讲的一种，大多归属于政治演讲，但到目前为止，就职演讲稿还有严格的固定格式和内容要求，但一般由标题、称谓、正文、落款四部分构成。 就职演讲稿的标题有多种写法，一般由事由加文种组成。 和其他演讲一样，就职演讲在标题下顶格书写称谓。演讲者面对的听众一般有三种情况：一是主管单位领导与本单位员工，称谓用“各位领导、全体员工”；二是面对全体人民代表，称谓用“各位代表”；三是主管单位领导，所属单位员工代表，称谓用“各位领导、各位代表”。 新任领导面对其职权范围内的所有群众或代表而发表的施政演说，关系到群众对新任领导的第一印象。就职演讲稿的正文一般由开头、主体、结尾三部分组成，不同职位分别较大，只要演讲者在根据不同岗位工作实际情况而定其演讲具体内容的同时，把握好以下四个特征，获得演讲成功就不是一件难事。 对症。就职演讲稿的写作是在深入调查研究的基础上动笔的。是就职者面对现实生活中最需要解决的问题发表见解，其矛头所指必须是该单位的热点、焦点问题，这样才会引起听者的共鸣。 真挚。演讲稿中注入了演讲者强烈而真挚的感情，这种强烈的感情以适当方式表现出来，必将产生强大的感染力和号召力。 简洁。讲稿必须具有简洁性。要做到主题集中、突出、层次少而有条理，语言准确洗练，使听众一听就能够明白接受。 真实。就职演讲稿要比其他文章更给人以真实亲切之感。演讲内容要真实，要讲真话，讲实话，不能哗众取宠。 下面我们来欣赏一下美国第44任总统奥巴马2008年11月6日的就职演讲，并从中认真体会一下就职演讲的语言技巧和艺术魅力。 芝加哥的公民们，大家好！ 如果现在仍然有人怀疑在美国是不是真的任何事情都可能发生，怀疑我们开国之父们的梦想是否还留存在这片土地上，怀疑美国民主的力量，今夜，就是你的答案。 在这个国家的学校和教堂中人们曾焦急地等待着答案，一些人甚至从未像今天一样——等待了3～4个小时，但是他们知道这一时刻非同一般，他们的声音也同样非同一般。 在美国的土地上，无论是年轻人还是老人；穷人还是富人；无论是共和党人还是民主党人；无论是黑人、白人、西班牙裔、亚裔、美国原住民、同性恋、异性恋、残疾人还是非残疾人都发出同一种信息，我并非孤身一人。 我们是，而且永远都是美利坚合众国！ 这一天我们等得太久了，但是今晚，因为我们在这场竞选中、在这个地点、在此时此刻所做的一切，改变已经降临美国。 在今天晚上，我很荣幸地接到了麦凯恩参议员打来的电话。麦凯恩参议员在这场竞选中进行了长久、艰难的努力。而且，为这个他热爱的国家，他奋斗了更久、付出了更多的努力。他为美国做出了超乎我们大多数人想象的牺牲，因为这个无畏无私的领导人所付出的努力，我们才有了更好的生活。我对他表示祝贺，也对佩林州长所取得的成果表示祝贺。同时，我也期待着能在接下来的几个月内，和他们共同努力履行对这个国家的诺言。 我想感谢我在这个旅程中的搭档，一个全心全意参加竞选的男人，一个为同他一起在斯克蓝顿（宾夕法尼亚东北部城市）街道长大、一起坐火车到特拉华州的人们发言的男人，美国未来的副总统，乔？拜登。 在过去的16年里如果没有朋友们的支持和鼓励，那么我今晚将不会站在这里……我的家庭的支持、关爱，美国的下一位第一夫人米歇尔？奥巴马，还有萨沙和玛丽雅，我对你们的爱甚至超出你们的想象，你们将得到新的小狗，和你们一起到新的白宫。 我却再也不能陪伴我的外祖母了，但我知道她一直在守望着我们。我也十分想念我的家人和亲戚，我知道自己亏欠他们太多，太多。我要感谢马娅、阿尔玛以及我所有的兄弟姐妹，感谢你们对我无私的支持，对此我深表感激。还有，感谢我的竞选经理大卫？普劳夫。还有那些在竞选活动中的无名英雄们，他们表现得很棒，是他们给美国带来了一场最完美的大选，我想，这在美国历史上是绝无仅有的。还有我的首席战略师大卫？阿克塞尔罗德。他是我的伙伴，在我竞选的每个阶段都给了我极大的帮助，为我打造了美国大选史上最棒的竞选团队。是你让这一切发生了，我将永远对你为这一切做出的牺牲心存感激。但是最重要的，我将永远无法忘记这场胜利真正的主人，这属于你们，这属于你们。 我曾经是最不可能赢得白宫的候选人。在刚开始的时候，我们没有多少钱，也没有多少支持者，我们的竞选不是从华盛顿的大厅开始的，而是开始于艾奥瓦州得梅因的后院、康科德的客厅、查尔斯顿的前厅。是辛勤劳作的男人、女人捐给了我们他们微薄的积蓄，5块钱、10块钱、20块钱。我们从年轻人那里得到了力量，他们拒绝服从同龄人冷漠的神话。为了工作，他们离开了自己的家乡，并与亲人分别，可是他们拿很少的报酬，甚至连睡觉的时间也少的可怜。 那些并不年轻的志愿者却拥有一颗火热的心，为了大选他们在寒风中敲开善良的陌生人家的门，这就是为什么两个世纪以来，我们的政府没有从地球上消亡的原因。 我想说，这同样也是你们的胜利！我知道，你们不仅仅是为了赢得一个大选，也不仅仅是为了我。 你们这样做，是因为知道我们面前任务的艰难。即使我们今晚在这里欢庆，我们仍然知道明天将会带来我们平生最大的挑战——两场战争，一个处于危险边缘的星球、一个世纪来最严重的金融危机。 在孩子们熟睡后依然醒着的父亲母亲在担心，他们怎样才能还清医生的账单，攒足够的钱供孩子的大学教育。 新的能源要去开发，新的工作岗位要去创造，新的学校要去建造，新的威胁要去面对，新的盟友关系要去修复。 前面的路会很长，我们的攀岩会很陡峭。我们甚至不会在一年、一个任期内达到这个目标。但是，美国，我从未比今夜更加相信，我们会达到这个目标。 我承诺，作为一个人，我们会达到这个目标。 以后我们还会面对挫折和谎言，我成为总统以后，也许有人无法认同我的每一项政策和方针。并且我们也知道政府并非能解决一切问题。但是我会忠诚地和你们并肩奋斗，共同面对挑战。我依然会倾听你们的声音，尤其是我们之间存在分歧的时候。最重要的是，我会真诚地邀请你参与国家的重建，就像美国建国221年以来的历史那样——靠我们的双手把国家建设得更为强大。 我们从21个月以前的冬天开始了奋斗的征程，但是我们的努力不会在这个秋天的夜晚结束。这次胜利并不会改变我们的探索之路，这对于我们来说是一个难得的机遇，我们决不能后退。我们不会退缩，因为我们拥有旺盛的精力和无畏牺牲的精神。 让我们重振爱国主义精神，承担起自己的责任，我们将努力奋斗，互帮互助。 让我们牢记金融危机给美国带来的伤痛，我们再也不会让华尔街繁荣的同时，让别的街受罪。 在这个国家里，我们与祖国的命运紧密相连。让我们自觉抵制党派争端和过于污秽的政治斗争。 让我们牢记在这条街道上高举共和党旗帜入主白宫的那个人（林肯），是他宣扬了独立和自主的精神，完成了国家的统一。 这些价值观应该得到继承和发扬，今晚民主党取得了胜利，我们必须保持谦虚的心态，并下定决心完成后面的征程。就像很久以前，林肯对一个比现在分裂得更严重的民族所说的那样，我们不是敌人，是朋友。虽然热情已经被冲淡，我们的友爱纽带没有破裂。 同时，对于我没有赢得支持的民众，我或许没有得到你们的投票，但是我听到了你们的声音。我需要你们的帮助。我也会是你们的总统。 对于那些在另外一个海岸，从国会到王宫、到在被世界遗忘的角落摆弄收音机、关注美国今夜的人们，我们的故事并非只有一个，但是目标是共同的，美国领导力的新的黎明已经到来。 美国应该变化，我们的社会应该更完美。我们已经取得的成果给了我们明天取得更大成果的希望。 这次大选有很多首创和许多故事，这些故事将代代相传。但今天晚上我脑子里能想起来的就是一个女人，她刚刚在亚特兰大城投了票。她跟成千上万在这次大选中排队发出自己声音的人一样，唯有一点例外：安？尼克松？库珀已经106岁高龄了。她出生在奴隶制刚刚废除后的那一代，那时路上没有汽车，天上没有飞机。像她那样的人仍不能投票，这因为两个方面的原因：一是她是女性；二是因为她的肤色。 可今晚，我想她看透了一个世纪的美国——困难与希望、挣扎与发展。有人告诉我们，美国不行了，可美国人