Chapter 29 Chapter 28 The Art of Speech in Different Situations

The foundation of a hundred practices is a single word.With one word, you can defeat the enemy; with one word, you can protect the country——Liu Xiang People use language in a certain social culture, and factors such as social culture and history permeate into language, restricting the use of language.Social and cultural background refers to social occasions, including time, place, occasion, atmosphere, event background, personnel relations, etc.Cultural environment refers to the unique style and tradition formed by a nation in its own historical development.We must be good at using this social environment in our speech to set off the small environment in which we speak.

On the eve of the founding of the People's Republic of China, Comrade Chen Yi said in a report: "We have full confidence that we can foresee that it will not take too long to liberate the whole of China! The liberation of Shanghai is just around the corner!" (thunderous applause from the audience ) In a few days, Ala and these Tuba roads will be able to go to Shanghai for the prime minister! (Using blunt Shanghai dialect)" The audience was full of laughter, such words were very appropriate in that social environment and specific occasions, and the words were humorous and humorous. inspiring.

Being relevant to the situation is an important condition for a successful speech.Marshal Chen Yi's dialectical use of the scene atmosphere of the report at that time broke the superficial unity of style, thus well adapting to the theme of "coming to Shanghai", which is intriguing and intriguing. Still others, such as places and physical objects, do not belong to the larger social environment, but they become social environments once they are attached to the sphere of influence that certain social forces can exert.For example, in state-level diplomatic negotiations, the choice of venue is a very sensitive issue, and the usual way to deal with it is to rotate the negotiations on the territories of both parties, or choose a third country as the negotiation venue.Why is this an important and sensitive issue?People have the experience that when talking at a friend's house, they always have the mentality of a guest, and their speech is always a little more reserved, but when they receive friends at their own home, they feel free.This kind of master mentality naturally forms an advantage, which is called "home advantage".

In communication, sometimes the change of location can also form a different environment, which is conducive to solving different problems and delivering targeted speeches.For example, when some leaders find problems, they often invite their subordinates to talk in their offices.The office is the place where the superior works. When subordinates come here, they can easily associate with the relationship between the superior and the subordinate, so a mentality of "must obey" arises.In this way, in a conversation that was originally a reciprocal conversation, because of the participation in the special environment of the place, it is beneficial to one side, making the two equals become active and passive.There is a kind of "condescending" momentum (of course, this is only a psychological difference, and it is by no means "overpowering others").By analogy, if there is a dispute between the customer and the salesperson, the manager should skillfully induce the customer into the sphere within which he can influence—the manager's office.This can not only avoid the expansion of the situation, but also isolate the customer from the onlookers, avoiding some adverse reactions from the crowd and further increasing dissatisfaction.Therefore, the manager's office has actually become a small social environment that is conducive to dealing with problems.Conversely, in order to strengthen communication, enhance trust and friendship, leaders should go out of the "leadership effect zone" and go to staff dormitories, canteens, clubs and other places, so as to let go of the topic without restraint.Such non-linguistic factors, sometimes just like invisible magnetic fields, have extremely powerful special effects.

It can be seen that using a suitable social background to speak can significantly improve the effect of speaking, which requires us to have keen thinking and penetrating vision to understand the social background, and be good at using the real objects in front of us and the place we are in to create a favorable environment. environment that speaks for itself. The speaking context, that is, the speaking environment and atmosphere produced by the language itself, is the most difficult and most common phenomenon in the art of speaking.Different words express different content and create different atmospheres. If you do not pay attention to the changes in the context of your speech, go your own way, stick to your own way, and do not know how to adapt, not only will not achieve the effect of speaking, but sometimes it will make the conversation impossible.

An old teacher who graduated from the Chinese Department of a certain college in his early years and worked hard for decades has retired. For this reason, the school together with another retired old comrade who has won the "advanced" award many times There was a farewell party. The comrades and leaders at the meeting gave enthusiastic and very decent affirmation and praise to their work and conduct. In contrast, the old comrade who has won the "advanced" award many times has a lot of praise.When it was the turn of the two popular retired comrades to give their thanks, they expressed their deep gratitude to everyone for their praise.

For a time, the venue was filled with an emotional and warm atmosphere.As a thank you, the words should have ended here; however, the old teacher did not stop there, but was touched by people's praise of another "advanced", and made quite inappropriate associations and developments. : "Speaking of advancement, unfortunately, I have never had it once..." Before he finished speaking, a young teacher who sat across from him and didn't get along very well with him suddenly took the conversation: "No , that’s our fault, it’s not that you don’t deserve to be advanced, it’s that we didn’t mention your name.” There was an embarrassing “sting” in the words, and the old teacher’s eyes and brows froze unexpectedly. Being "stabbed" showed a sentimental expression, and for a while there was an embarrassing atmosphere of displeasure in the venue.

Seeing that the situation was not right, a leader immediately took over the conversation, trying to ease the atmosphere.Logically speaking, at this time, he should avoid the sensitive topic of "advanced" and talk about other things instead.However, he repeatedly comforted the retired old teacher, telling him not to care about the issue of "advancement", saying that not having been evaluated as advanced does not mean that he is not advanced enough. Advancement is not only in name, but also depends on facts.And so on and so on, one word is tantamount to repeating and extending the topic that should have been avoided, making the already embarrassing situation even more embarrassing.

The introductory speech has the same purpose as the introduction in social occasions. It brings the introducer and the audience together, establishes a friendly atmosphere for them, and establishes a bond that connects the interests of both parties.In other words, an introduction should "sell" a topic and "sell" a speaker to the audience.Moreover, care should be taken to complete the task of introduction with as few words as possible. The following points can help you organize your introduction. (1) Prepare carefully An introduction, although short, often no more than a minute, still requires careful preparation.You want to bring together what you know about the situation.Generally speaking, it is the presenter's duty to give the presenter the correct title of the report and to point out how it relates to the interests of the audience.If possible, try to obtain this information directly from the presenter.If there is a third party in the middle, then this information should be written down and submitted to the speaker to check in person before the speech.

However, the focus of your preparation is probably still on the qualifications of the speaker. This often requires searching for relevant information, asking relevant units, and even asking his relatives and friends.The significance of this is to enable you to introduce the speaker correctly and authoritatively.It is worth noting that too many introductions can also be tiresome, especially trivial and repetitive introductions.If the speaker is a doctor, but you introduce his bachelor's and master's titles.In general, it is best to name only his most recent top job, rather than listing all the official positions he has held since college.The most important thing is not to put the cart before the horse and ignore the most outstanding achievements of his career and only talk about his lesser achievements.

The most important thing in preparation is to find out the name of the speaker.Stephen Leacock, the famous Canadian humorist, describes for us in his entertaining essay "Tonight We Have..." a situation where he was introduced by a conference moderator: "Many of us have been happily Looking forward to Mr. Leroyd's arrival. We seem to read from his books that he has been an old friend of ours for many years. I told Mr. Leroyd that his name is already a household name in our town. I don't think that at all. Exaggeration. It is my great pleasure to introduce to you—Mr. Leroyd." Your preparation must be specific, because specificity serves the purpose of the presentation—to raise the audience's interest and attention, and to make them willing to listen to what the speaker has to say.A meeting keynote speaker who rushes in unprepared is left with vague, pointless presentations. With a little time and a little preparation, you can avoid similar introductions that can only bring regret to the speaker and the audience. (2) Sexual nature The introduction should come naturally, making it sound like the host's impromptu work, without being too serious.Some hosts talked too much in their introductions to annoy the audience;The moderator should avoid similar inappropriateness if he wants his introduction to have a moving effect. In the introduction, the speaker is praised too much, and the effect is not necessarily very good. The famous humorist Tom Collins once said: "If I meet a host and make a wish to the audience that they will immediately laugh, and even roll on the ground laughing, that would be bad. Because it will make the audience think of me. Expectations are too high, and if they are not done well, they will spoil the appetite of the audience." (3) Show enthusiasm How an introduction is delivered is as important as its content.Friendship should not just stay in words.If you can consciously push your enthusiasm to a climax when announcing the speaker's name, the audience will welcome the speaker more enthusiastically, and the audience's goodwill will in turn motivate the speaker to do his best. When you finally announce the name of the speaker, you may wish to remember these words: "pause", "interval", "powerful". "Pause" is a moment of silence before the name is spoken, which is more conducive to the concentration of the audience and produces a suspense effect; The impression is even more profound; "powerful" means that the speaker's name should be pronounced with vigor and power. Please be careful: when you announce the speaker's name, you must pronounce the last sound before turning to him.We can see that most of the introductions are very good, but it is a pity that they fail at the end. They read his name to the speaker alone, but leave the entire audience aside. (4) Sincere and powerful Sincerity is crucial in an introduction.Don't deliberately pursue ridicule and humor in the introduction, otherwise, if it is slightly inappropriate, it will cause some audiences to misunderstand.In this social situation, special attention to propriety, skill and strategy is required.Maybe you are very familiar with the speaker, but the words that you usually have special meaning to each other should not be used here, otherwise the audience will not only not understand, but also feel like being teased, even if it is not malicious in itself, the audience will Still resent it. A speech is to say words of encouragement, thanks, congratulations, condolences, etc. when a certain ceremony is held. What are the basic features of a speech?What is the difference between it and general conversations, congratulations, condolences and other communicative conversations? First of all, although the speech also takes place between the host and the guest, the speech more often occurs in a certain group activity, and generally does not occur between a small number of people, or even between two people. Secondly, general conversation has a certain casualness, and speeches always appear in the form of an integral part of the ritual of certain activities. Finally, general conversations are impromptu, and although there is no lack of impromptu speeches, for slightly formal and solemn activities, most of them need to be prepared in advance. When making a speech, regardless of the subject and the predicate, there are generally several issues that should be paid attention to: Start attractively.Remember: if you can’t attract the audience at the beginning of your speech in public, you won’t be able to effectively focus everyone’s attention. No matter how good the content is, few people will listen to it.So, a good start is half the battle. The content should be targeted.As an important part of the event ceremony, the speech often has the effect of "straight to the point" for affirming the purpose of the event, putting forward the request for the event, and expressing the attitude of the guest of honor. Wording should be motivating.Speeches often focus on congratulations and encouragement, so you should say more "good things".Of course, it is still necessary to be based on seeking truth from facts, and on this basis, fully motivate to enhance the festive atmosphere and inspire people.Even if we give a speech at a funeral, we encourage participants to learn from the strengths of the deceased, to turn grief into strength, and to commemorate the deceased with practical actions. Keep your speech short and to the point.The speech should take into account the emotions of the people present and the atmosphere of the event. Even if the speech has been prepared in advance, it should be adapted to suit the mood of the people and the surrounding atmosphere at that time. In short, only a speech with a clear purpose, a clear-cut banner, an inspiring speech, a concise and appropriate, and a charming speech can achieve the desired effect. In different communication occasions, the speech should have its own distinctive "personality": (1) welcome speech During the welcome, the subject can represent the organizer or the attendees to express their joy for the new members and the desire to work together in the future; the predicate should express gratitude for the warm welcome and affirm their determination to make contributions with everyone’s support and help.When sending off, the main speech should fully affirm the achievements and advantages of the sendee, encourage the sendee to continue to improve, and express his reluctance; intended for the future. (2) Congratulatory Speech Usually, the guest speech is given first to express congratulations and encouragement, and then the main speech is given to express gratitude and the determination to "make progress and make further progress".Sometimes the order of guest-subject speech can also be reversed. (3) Wedding and funeral speeches To congratulate the newlyweds, the predicate can highlight the happiness of the marriage, and congratulate the couple on loving each other and growing old together; the main speech should express gratitude and praise the friendship, sincerely and generously. In funerals, the predicate can cherish the memory of the deceased and inspire future generations; the main speech should not only thank you, but also let people see a gesture of cheering up from grief. (4) Friendship Speech The main speech and the guest speech should respectively express honor or thanks for the presence of the guests and the hospitality of the host. (5) Visit and inspection speech Generally speaking, the subject speech comes first, followed by the predicate speech.The host speech welcomes and hopes that visitors and inspectors will make more criticisms, and the wording should be sincere; raise hope. When making a speech, the expression should be natural and generous, not twitchy, and not deliberately showing off, and should reduce or not speak mantras. Making a report is one of the effective working methods for leaders at all levels to publicize and organize subordinates.A wonderful report can often attract the audience, generate repercussions, clarify vague understandings, unify thinking, unify pace, and promote work, which is loved by subordinates.There are often two situations when a leader makes a report: one is that the leader’s report is dry and boring, and the other is that the leader’s report is rich in content and vivid in language. It was lifelike and very attractive.In addition to the knowledge literacy of leaders, a very important aspect here is the language art of reporting.For the same report content, if the language art is used well, it will be contagious and attractive, and the effect will be good; otherwise, the effect will be poor.So, how can we improve the language arts of reporting? (1) Thoroughly understand the spirit As far as the content of the report is concerned, most of the reports made by leaders are to convey the instructions of their superiors, implement the spirit of the meeting, explain current affairs policies, and introduce experience and experience.If the leader only takes the document and reads it at the meeting, it is not a report.Because making a report is a creative way of speaking with individual characteristics.It is a process of reorganizing and re-expressing the content by the speaker after learning, understanding and mastering the spirit of the superior. It is a kind of re-creation.Therefore, only by understanding and understanding the spirit of the superior can we grasp the key points, summarize the spirit in an orderly manner, and form a personalized report content and a complete pattern and system.Only such a report can meet the spirit of the superior and is not a replica or copy of the original. (2) Clear language The language of the report should be clearly targeted, which is where the life of the report lies.One of the basic requirements for a leader to make a report is to grasp the difficulties, doubts, and hot spots, and dare to touch on real problems.For those difficult problems among subordinates and hot issues of common concern among subordinates, the leader must give convincing answers in the report.If the leader can't grasp the pulse of the subordinate's thoughts, can't grasp the crux of the problem, and just speaks some general empty words according to the script, it will be difficult to be welcomed by the subordinates. (3) Accurate and refined The accuracy of language comes from the accuracy of thinking. Only when you think clearly and think carefully can you speak accurately and appropriately; you must choose the appropriate language according to different audiences, and use various metaphors and specific examples to closely focus on what you want. The content of the elaboration should be clearly stated, and the audience will not be captured by talking casually or in general.Don't talk big words in the report, that is, don't say things that are exaggerated, don't sing high-sounding high-profile words, and don't violate the true colors of objective things.The authenticity of language is mainly manifested in two aspects. One is that what is said must be factual, and black and white cannot be reversed; The language of the report must not only be accurate, but also concise.Stalin once praised Lenin in this way: Only Lenin was good at describing the most complicated things so simply and clearly, so concisely and boldly—every word he said was a bullet.Refined language can not only convey accurate and vivid expressions, but also achieve concise and concise results.Some leaders make reports, which are very repetitive and redundant. It is like "six fingers" growing on the hands and sarcoids growing on the face, which not only appears redundant, but also brings harm.In order to make the report concise, those words that are suitable for the occasion and those words that are repeated should be deleted without hesitation. (4) Innovative Leaders all make reports, whether it is to promote the new spirit above or reflect new things below, they must strive to use innovative language, which is the language with the strongest sense of the times, the most representative language, and gives people new information and feelings.In particular, you must have your own summary and refinement, and try to avoid talking about those clichés that others have said a long time ago, that have been polished, rote, and that subordinates don't like to hear.The content of the language should have something to say, and avoid empty words. (5) Easy to understand Popular language refers to the language of subordinates that everyone understands, that subordinates like to hear and see, and that has local characteristics.The language of subordinates is the heartfelt words that can reflect the feelings, voices and wishes of subordinates.The famous educator Ye Shengtao said: "The common saying is used by most people to convey the meaning, and it is what most people are used to saying. We use it without any separation. The language comes out of our hearts, and the meaning is revealed. Into people's ears and hearts. Unpopular sayings and some devious sayings are not. Even if the meaning is not wrong, people always feel a little alien and unnatural, which is more or less a gap." These words are very reasonable.As the saying goes: "Words need to be popular to spread far." The leader's report is for people to listen to.If people can't understand what they say, use some unfamiliar industry terms and professional terms, or abuse dialects, and fail to introduce them in detail, it will inevitably affect the effect of publicity. (6) Well-spoken Although making a report depends on the content to attract people, in order to improve the effect of the report, some expression skills are worth learning.First of all, pay attention to clear words, loud voice and moderate rhythm.It is best to use Putonghua, or Putonghua with a slight local accent, for the report.Secondly, when making reports, we must also pay attention to overcoming bad conversation habits.Some leaders speak too fast, like setting off firecrackers; some are too slow, like an old ox pulling a cart;Therefore, these leaders should consciously pay attention to correcting some of their bad talking habits in normal times.Again, don't say "typos" in the report.Otherwise, the audience whispers and spreads it as a joke, which seems to be a small matter, but the impact is not small. (1) Avoid empty talk Empty talk means that the speaker makes empty talk without combining the time, place, history, current situation and the reality of the audience.Some units often hold some annual meetings, but the opening speeches of the meetings are old speeches, only the first session is changed to the second session, and the third session is changed to the fourth session. So, this is a classic example of air-to-air. To quit empty talk, you need to: ①Collect and select conclusive, typical, fresh and vivid materials; ② Make sure that the content is substantial and meaningful. (2) avoid clutter It is not enough to have enough materials to make a report.It is not that there are no fresh materials in the report, but that the materials are too complicated, and the speech is disorganized, like driving a trolleybus, where it goes, and where it goes, it makes people confused.To get rid of clutter: ① Speak in an orderly manner, with masters and masters; ②Speak first and then later; ③Speak in detail; ④The language must be fluent and orderly. (3) Avoid indifference Some leaders were expressionless and dumbfounded when they made reports, and even tensed their muscles and their faces were ashen, which made the audience feel at a loss.Some people speak in a cold tone without cadence, which is actually because they have no real feelings.To get rid of indifference, you need to: ① Connect with the audience emotionally and psychologically; ② Add a little rhetorical color to the language; ③ Be affectionate and resonate with others. (4) Avoid being arbitrary Arbitrary is illogical and makes arbitrary judgments; or makes subjective assumptions regardless of the facts.It is one of the symptoms of certain bureaucrats to come to the stage and not ask indiscriminately, but to give a big talk first. To refrain from arbitrariness, we must put ourselves in the situation, put our hearts to the heart, listen to the opinions of others extensively, and synthesize various judgments. (5) Avoid boring Cooking must be tasteful, speech must be tasteful, and giving reports is tedious, like chewing wax.Serious truths are also told with laughter, and are often more acceptable than dull sermons.Therefore, the report should be witty, humorous, make people laugh, and even let people taste the deep meaning in the laughter, so who would care about dozing off?It is worth advocating that it is interesting to put Zhuang Zhuang in harmony. (6) Avoid obscurity Some reports use written language, and some reports are full of jargon, which makes people feel obscure.Little do they know that the report is fleeting, and the audience encounters unfamiliar words, not to mention that it is impossible to find a reference book, or even have time to think. Therefore, if the report must involve difficult content for the audience, it must be explained clearly on the spot, and Try to avoid using written language, not to mention "white paper". In short, the report is not for people to read, but for people to listen to, so it is necessary to use colloquial language, just as Lenin said: "You should be good at speaking in simple, clear, and understandable language for subordinates, and you should resolutely abandon obscure and difficult terms. and foreign words", this is called having a body in words. (7) avoid verbosity Articles are expensive and short, and reports should be short.When meeting more people and making reports, more time is wasted with nonsense. The audience is not the reader, and he has to waste time with you. There is a time limit for speeches, and speeches and speeches should also have a word limit.Generally speaking, a medium-speed conference speech can speak 200 printed symbols per minute, and the number of words in the speech can be estimated based on this, so that the speech can be said without annoying, but sometimes. (8) Avoid nonsense Make a report to talk about utility. "Use" is the purpose of the speech, so the speech is a practical style, designed to play its due role in a meeting.There are piles of clichés and nonsense, which can only have a negative effect. If you tell lies or big words, it will have side effects and even have a counterproductive effect.Speech is not only "what to say" and "how to say it", but more importantly "why to say it". To solve problems, words are useful. (9) Avoid faux pas Some people make a report without understanding the position and level of the audience, not paying attention to the environment and background of the meeting, or even taking into account their identity and status at the meeting. Inappropriate, impolite, inappropriate.When making a report, you must also know yourself and the enemy.Only by knowing yourself and the enemy, and being neither humble nor overbearing, can you speak politely and with restraint. (10) Avoid digression The "other" of knowing yourself and the enemy should also include the purpose of the meeting, that is, the central issue that the meeting needs to solve.The report at the meeting must have both individuality and commonality, that is, it has its own distinct theme and unique style, and together form the main theme of the meeting.Knowing yourself and the enemy, and speaking with purpose, are the keys to the success of your speech; speeches that do not know yourself and the enemy, and are outside the theme of the conference will fail ten times out of ten. At work, leaders spend a lot of energy on meetings, and successful meetings play a role in coordinating members' thinking in management.Coordinating the thoughts of all people, groups, and units in an organization can harmonize with each other so as to achieve a common ultimate goal.If a group cannot organize meetings frequently, the cohesion among members will weaken. In general, the meaning and function of the meeting are: (1) Meetings can give team members a sense of belonging Anyone who participates in the meeting should be considered an essential part of the meeting. This sense of participation can increase the sense of belonging of the participants. (2) The meeting is a place for brainstorming and exchanging opinions Through the exchange of ideas among the participants in the meeting, a common purpose and belief can be generated.These will prompt members to connect more closely and work more efficiently. (3) Meetings can be binding The resolutions of the meeting are binding on each participant. Once a resolution is formed, each member must obey the will of the collective.Each member works towards a common goal. Successful meetings require successful communication.The leader is the leader of the meeting, so the speech of the leader determines the success or failure of the meeting to a large extent.Good leaders start the meeting by making the purpose of the meeting very clear to the participants.During the meeting, he should enhance his appeal with proper words and deeds and guide the meeting.At the same time, he will carefully observe and skillfully handle difficult situations such as silence, digression, and disputes, and try his best to guide the participants to discuss around the topic.When the meeting is about to end, he will return to the topic announced at the beginning, so that the results of the meeting will match the theme and ensure the realization of the purpose of the meeting. This requirement for leaders is reflected in the characteristics and style of the leadership meeting language.The language expression of the leader presiding over the meeting is mainly manifested in the following aspects: (1) Prominent center No matter what kind of meeting is held, one or several topics must be prepared in advance, which is the core and soul of the meeting.The content and ideas of leaders' speeches must highlight the central issue and serve the central issue. (2) Clear expression If the leader is inaccurate in the language at the meeting and affects the expression of ideas, it will cause ambiguity and misunderstanding among the participants.Therefore, when expressing one's own thoughts, the words and sentences of the leader should express the meaning accurately, and reflect the actual appearance of objective things truthfully and appropriately.And Mingming requires leaders to express what they want to say more prominently and clearly as much as possible, so that the participants can better grasp the spirit of the meeting. (3) Concise words Concise means to require leaders to pay attention to conciseness in terms of words, so that "the words are not too complicated, but concise and concise"; summarization means to pay attention to the induction and arrangement of examples, and find out the regularity and essential things. Only in this way can the participants maintain a high degree of concentration attention. (4) Flexible and rigorous The leader's speech at the meeting should strive to be comprehensive without loopholes.Being flexible means adapting to unexpected situations on the spot.Strictness means that during the meeting, the leader should not easily leave the outline and speak at will, but can make appropriate use of it in a timely manner according to the actual situation of the meeting and the opinions of the participants. (5) Easy to understand When the leader speaks at the meeting, if all the members participating in the meeting can understand what you mean, he should express the profound content in simple and easy-to-understand language, and make the profound truth simple.Easy-to-understand language is not only easy to understand, but also gives people a kind, simple and approachable feeling, which can shorten the distance between the host and the participants.But it should be noted that popular is by no means synonymous with shallow and vulgar. (6) humorous and vivid When the leader properly inserts humorous and humorous language materials in his speech, it can enhance the vividness and interest of the speech, generate appeal, and also make the participants relax. Governance proposition.Vividness is mainly due to the strong and rich emotional color of the speech, which makes the participants resonate with the various ideas and thoughts and feelings expressed by the host. (7) Match the mood The leader's meeting speech should have standard pronunciation, clear words, loud and natural voice.The change of intonation is related to the content and mood of the speech, and the expression and behavior should also be suitable for the meeting environment. In addition to the language characteristics of the meeting, the language style of the leader at the meeting should also be well understood: (1) Straightforward language style, avoid ambiguity At the beginning of the meeting, the leader should clarify the theme of the meeting, so as to focus the attention of the participants and make them think in a targeted manner.The theme of expression should not be ambiguous, otherwise it will easily lead to digression in the discussion of the meeting. (2) Fresh and dynamic language style, avoid clichés Due to various reasons, many leaders will show an old-fashioned attitude in the meeting, and the speech will be obscure and bureaucratic.This kind of speech often makes the participants disgusted and depressed.Fresh and energetic speeches should be straight to the point, and nothing that has nothing to do with the meeting should be avoided.Only in this way can mobilize the enthusiasm of the participants and attract their attention. (3) Concise and concise language style, avoid sloppy language Leaders must learn to express their thoughts in concise language so that the participants can listen to them.Sloppy language will inevitably make the participants tired and loose. Talking too much will distract the attention of the participants and make it difficult to maintain the discipline of the venue. (4) The language style of guidance and inspiration should not be arbitrary The leader's speech should arouse everyone's thinking and discussion, and guide different ideas to discuss and solve problems.Don't just pay attention to your own thoughts and be too ego.In the meeting, the leader should learn to make more use of the sentence pattern of the question sentence to inspire the participants, instead of using the sentence pattern of the affirmative sentence throughout, which is especially important in the discussion meeting. (5) The language style of affinity and infection should not be icy Leaders should be good at creating an atmosphere for discussion.In the discussion meeting, the language must not be rigid, but should be steady, reserved and humorous.Make the atmosphere of the meeting inspiring and appealing. Don't follow the scriptures and have a rigid attitude.The confidence and courage of the leader should be shown through emotional language and vivid expressions, so as to infect the participants and achieve the purpose of inspiring. Conference speech is a scene speech that leaders must master. They must be fully aware of the essence of conference speech, and be able to reasonably use their speaking skills in the speech, and choose language characteristics and styles suitable for the conference occasion to make the speech achieve its purpose. When it comes to drinking, almost everyone has experienced it personally. "Wine culture" is also an old and fresh topic.Alcohol has become more and more important for modern people in the communication process.Therefore, as a leader, you must be well versed in the mysteries of speaking at the wine table.Indeed, as a medium of communication, wine has played a unique role in welcoming guests, seeing off guests, meeting friends, communicating with each other, and conveying friendship.Therefore, exploring the "secret" on the wine table can help you succeed in seeking and communicating with others. (1) The theme is clear and the overall situation is grasped Most drinking parties have a theme, which is the purpose of drinking.When going to a banquet, you should first look around at everyone's expressions and distinguish between the primary and the secondary. Don't drink just for the sake of drinking, thus losing a good opportunity to make friends, and don't let some grandstanding alcoholics confuse the host's intentions. (2) Let's have fun together, don't whisper There are many guests in most banquets, so we should try our best to talk about topics that most people can participate in, and get the approval of most people.Because individuals have different interests, hobbies, and knowledge, try not to be too biased in the topic, and avoid being self-centered, talking about the world, and going off topic, and ignoring everyone.In particular, try not to whisper close to others, giving others a sense of mystery, which will often lead to the jealousy of "just the two of you", which will affect the effect of drinking. (3) Appropriate language, witty and humorous The wine table can show a person's talent, knowledge, self-cultivation and communicative demeanor. Sometimes a witty and humorous language will leave a deep impression on others and make them have a good impression of you invisibly.所以，应该知道什么时候该说什么话，语言得当，诙谐幽默很关键。 （4）劝酒适度，切莫强求 在酒桌上往往会遇到劝酒的现象，有的人总喜欢把酒场当战场，想方设法劝别人多喝几杯，认为不喝到量就是不实在。“以酒论英雄”，对酒量大的人还可以，酒量小的可就犯难了，有时过分地劝酒，会将原有的朋友感情完全破坏。 （5）敬酒有序，主次分明 敬酒也是一门学问。一般情况下敬酒应以年龄大小、职位高低、宾主身份为序，敬酒前一定要充分考虑好敬酒的顺序，分明主次。即使与不熟悉的人在一起喝酒，也要先打听一下身份或是留意别人如何称呼，这一点心中要有数，避免尴尬或伤感情。敬酒时一定要把握好敬酒的顺序。有求于席上的某位客人，对他自然要倍加恭敬，但是要注意：如果在场有更高身份或年长的人，则不应只对能帮你忙的人毕恭毕敬，也要先给尊者长者敬酒，不然会使大家都很难为情。 （6）察言观色，了解人心 要想在酒桌上得到大家的赞赏，就必须学会察言观色。因为与人交际，就要了解人的内心，左右逢源，才能演好酒桌上的角色。 （7）锋芒渐射，稳坐泰山 酒席宴上要看清场合，正确估价自己的实力，不要太冲动，尽量保留一些酒力和说话的分寸，既不让别人小看自己又不要过分地表露自身，选择适当的机会，逐渐放射自己的锋芒，才能稳坐泰山，不致给别人产生“就这点能力”的想法，使大家不敢低估你的实力。 一个成功的领导，在任何时候，都能同职员打成一片。酒席上气氛活跃，你要投入到这种气氛中，比如向职员们敬酒，说一些祝愿的话，或借这个机会对职员称赞一番，再加上适当的鼓励。比如你可以说：“前一段干得不错，再加把劲！”“祝贺你为公司争得了荣誉，再好好干，来，干了这杯。”或者和职员们聊一些大家都比较感兴趣的问题，易消除距离感。但是，领导在喝酒的时候要特别注意形象，要适可而止。切忌开怀大饮，一醉方休。酒醉之后容易生事，而且醉酒本身也影响到旁人对你的形象评价。 总而言之，考察一个人的说话能力，关键在于他在关键时刻的关键的一两句话。比如对醉翁之意不在酒的“酒局”，比如面对竞争对手的针锋相对，在这些人面前，语言应酬是必要的。但这类场合的语言应酬却不像平常说话那样简单，而是要看你临场把握讲话时机的水平。平常能说会道者算不上好口才，真正有好口才的领导者，是那些在各种特殊场合都善于把握住相应的机会进行巧妙应酬的人。 身为一名领导，经常会参加一些庆祝的场合，这时领导往往要发言表示对社会生活中有喜庆意义的人或事表示良好的祝愿和热烈的祝贺。祝贺语言对于一名领导而言是一种常用交际用语，一般是指通过祝贺表达你对对方的理解、支持、关心、鼓励和祝愿，以抒发情怀，增进友谊。 从语言的表达形式看，祝贺词可以分为祝词和贺词两大类，祝词是指对尚未实现的活动、事件、功业表示良好的祝愿和祝福之意；贺词是指对于已完成的事件、业绩表示庆贺的祝颂。 祝贺要注意以下几点： （1）情景性 祝贺总是在特定的情景下进行的，因此一定要考虑到特定的环境、特定的对象、特定的目的，使之具有明确的针对性。 （2）情感性 祝贺语要达到抒发感情、增进友谊的目的，必须有较强的鼓动性与感染力，因此要求语言富有感情色彩，语气、语调、表情、姿态等都要有浓烈的感情色彩。大多数成功的祝词本身就是一篇短小精悍的抒情独白。 （3）简括性 祝贺词可以事先做些准备，但多数是针对现场实际，有感而发，讲完即止，切忌旁征博引，东拉西扯。语言要明快热情、简洁有力，才能产生强烈的感染力。 有些祝词、贺词要进行由此及彼的联想，由景生情的发挥，但必须紧扣中心，点到为止，给听众留下咀嚼回味的余地。 （4）礼节性 祝贺词在喜庆场合发表，要格外注意礼节。一般需站立发言，称呼要恰当。不要看稿子，双目要根据讲话内容时而致礼于祝贺对象，时而含笑环视其他听众。要同听众作感情的交流。还可以用鼓掌、致敬等动作加强同听众心灵的沟通，以增强表达效果。 其实，喜庆活动本身就很讲究礼仪，“祝贺”是其中一个环节，要适时地穿插进去。例如：祝酒。在饮第一杯酒之前，主人要致祝酒词。祝酒词内容要围绕此次邀请的主旨。一般包括：感谢来宾光临酒宴；阐明宴请的目的；对未来的美好祝愿。话语要简短，最好要有点幽默感，要使人欢愉、使人快慰、使人兴奋。为此，辞藻可稍加修饰，但不要矫揉造作。致祝酒词时要起立，致辞后与客人们轻轻碰杯，然后干杯。 作为一个现代社会的领导者，经常需要作即席讲话。所谓即席讲话，是指在一定场合，没有充分准备、没有现成稿子的情况下，由他人提议或自认为有必要而当众临场发表的讲话。 在日益开放的现代经济社会，即席讲话是领导者综合素质的一面镜子，是群众评价领导者能力、水平的一把尺子。即席讲话若能讲得生动精彩、引人入胜、打动人心，无疑会给听众留下难以忘却的印象。而成功的即席讲话，不仅可以塑造良好的领导形象，提高领导者在群众中的威信，更能有效地促进各项工作的开展。如果一个领导人员，经常能根据现场主题，针对气氛，围绕某个问题，迅速组织一篇精彩的即席讲话，运用大量的事实和例证，旁征博引，侃侃而谈，且能做到观点鲜明，声情并茂，逻辑严密，听众就会从内心佩服这样的领导。因此，从某种意义上说，善于即席讲话，是作为领导者应具备的一项基本功。 正因为如此，作为一个紧张而又复杂的语言表达过程，即席讲话要想很好地掌握，是非常困难的。它与一个人的思想、思维、生活、阅历、知识、口才等诸多因素有着直接的关系。但是，即席讲话作为领导工作中经常使用的一种讲话形式，也并不是高深莫测无法掌握的，自身也有一定的技巧和规律。 （1）必须学会充分把握主题的能力。当领导者应邀进行即席演说时，应能立刻对会议主题加以论说，并由此而将听众的注意力吸引过来。 （2）必须具备别人无可比拟的组织能力。当领导者一开口讲话时，便能将听众的兴趣和情绪调动起来。 （3）必须具备一边讲，一边就能思考下一步话题的能力。如此一来，领导者在即席演说的同时就在为后面的下一步内容作准备。 （4）必须具备特别强的记忆力，同时还要精通多方面的知识。也就是说，领导者自己不但要做到词汇丰富，语言流畅，更重要的是，还必须不断地学习文化知识，不断提高自己的综合素质，并对生活充满信心。 领导者要想使即兴讲话达到良好效果，还应该尝试使用“即兴生发点”技巧，即因人生发、因景生发、因物生发和因事生发。 因人生发，就是说领导者在演说时看到眼前某个具体的人，而产生即兴类比，用以说明某种观点。具体讲，可以因眼前人的性别、年龄、外貌、性格、职业、爱好，以至在场人数的多少等各种信息，作为类比的起点。 因景生发，也就是触景生情，产生类比联想。比如有一年，某校欢送干部班的学生毕业，外面忽然响起了雷声，接着是暴雨顿至。正在演说的教师代表灵机一动，临时加进了几句话：“你们听，外面雷声隆隆，这是欢送你们毕业的礼炮！”可谓机智适当。 因物生发，就是说领导者看到眼前某种物体，想到这种物体的某方面特点、特性与要阐述的道理有相似性时，很容易以这种物体作为喻体；或者反过来，看到眼前某种物体的某方面特点特性，而引申出一个论点来。 因事生发，即指在演说的过程中，可能出现出乎意料的事，如果对阐发某种观点有利，说话的领导者也可即兴把它作为类比的生发点。当然，即席讲话的技巧还有其他形式，需要领导者在实践中努力培养自己对语言的敏感力，并灵活掌握。 有篇报告文学记载了王震同志帮助诗人艾青的感人故事，其间王震与艾青的几次谈话，很能说明特定的交际场合需要用特定的话语形式来表达。 1957年后期，王震找到被错划为右派的艾青，一见面就说：“老艾，我又爱你又恨你。选你是不反对社会主义的，你是拥护真理的嘛！离开文艺界，你到我们那里去吧！”艾青到了王震兵团所在的密山安定下来后，王震诚恳而严肃地对艾青说：“老艾呀，你要是搞不好，我是要骂你的。等我死了你再写文章骂我！”这些都是在背地里谈的话，在大庭广众之下说法又不一样了。艾青刚到密山，参加向荒原进军的动员大会，王震站在卡车上对大家说：“有个大诗人，艾青，你们知道不知道？他也来了，他是我的朋友。他要歌颂你们，欢迎不欢迎呀？”还有一次，艾青不在身边时，王震对农场领导说：“政治上要帮助老艾，赶快让他摘掉帽子，回到党内来。要让他接近群众，了解战士。”前两次讲话，均为个别交谈的场合，王震的话语既有信任，亦有批评；既有鼓励，又严格要求，也不乏朋友间的坦诚直率。后两例，交际场合为当事人不在场或大庭广众之下，话语更多热情、爱护与帮助，这对当时的艾青来说，真可谓久旱逢甘霖，使他一直半吊着的心安稳了，他觉得自己“开始了生命的新旅程”。没有老将军这些恰如其分的讲说，或许就不会有艾青的新生，这就是特定场合的说话艺术所产生的巨大魅力。 在特定场合讲话可利用以下几种技巧和原则，以达到理想的说话效果。 （1）多角度 某些场合的变化是出人意料的。如果应对不好，会使自己陷于某种困境。这就要求说话者必须善于变换切入角度，灵活地应对和驾驭各种局面和场合。 里根就任美国总统后，第一次出访加拿大，时值加拿大正举行反美示威游行。一次，里根总统的演说为反美示威游行的人群打断。只见里根总统面带笑容对陪同的加拿大总理特鲁多说：“这种事情在美国时常发生，我想这些人一定是特意从美国来到贵国的，他们是想使我有一种宾至如归的感觉。”双眉紧锁的特鲁多眉开眼笑了。里根高超的说话水平，故作曲解、歪解，解脱了主人的窘迫，又体现了一位大国总统的胸襟与气度。 （2）正话反说 利用情境的参与，正话反说，摆脱不利的话语交际环境。例如，萧何以谋反罪诛杀韩信后，又召集群臣，设下油锅，要韩信的谋士蒯通当众供认和韩信谋反的罪行。在这种特殊环境的制约下，蒯通无法直陈其词，便用正话反说的方式先数了韩信的“十罪”，接着又列举了韩信的“三愚”：“韩信收燕、赵，破三秦，有精兵四十万，恁时不反，如今乃反，是一愚也。汉王驾了成皋，韩信在修武，统大将二百余员，雄兵八十万，恁时不反，如今乃反，是二愚也。韩信九里山前大会战，兵权百万，皆归掌握，恁时不反，如今乃反，是三愚也。韩信负着十罪，又有此三愚，岂不自取其祸？”蒯通名为数说韩信的罪状和愚蠢，实为韩信鸣冤叫屈，致使满朝文武为之动容，赢得了群臣的同情，迫使萧何难以下手烹杀。 （3）利用歧义 利用特定场合，造成情境歧义。例如，鲁迅在厦门大学任教期间，校方曾召开一次专门会议，无理削减一半经费，遭到了与会人员的反对。校长林文庆不但不予理睬，反而阴阳怪气地说：“关于这件事，不能听你们的。学校的经费是有钱人付出来的，只有有钱人，才有发言权。”他刚说完，鲁迅立即从口袋里摸出两个银币，“叭”的一声“拍”到桌子上，铿锵有力地说：“我有钱，我有发言权？”致使林文庆措手不及，狼狈不堪。鲁迅讲的“有钱”和林文庆说的“有钱”是两个概念，二者所包含的语意相差甚远，鲁迅正是巧妙地利用交际环境造成的歧义，给林文庆当头棒喝，压下了他的气焰，打乱了他的阵脚，实现了当众讲话的目的。 （4）言此意彼 利用情境的微妙关系，言此意彼，使双方心领神会，从而实现交际目的。 身为领导，有时避免不了与外国友人进行交流和沟通，这就要求领导掌握一些同国外友人交流的礼仪。伴随着我国加入WTO，跨国交际也日益增多，因中西方礼仪有着较大的差异，在交际中有可能会因不同的习惯、生活方式而产生距离，怎样才能尽量避免这些中外交际的隔阂呢？作为领导者就得学习、解读中西方不同的礼仪，才能顺利地进行中外交流。 （1）招呼语 在我们国家，日常打招呼大多使用“去上班呀？”、“吃了吗？”、“上哪呀？”等，这体现了人与人之间的一种亲切感。可是对西方人来说，这种打招呼的方式会令对方感到突然、尴尬，甚至不快，因为西方人会把这种问话理解成为一种“盘问”，感到对方在询问他们的私生活。在西方，这种问候他们只说一声“Hello”或按时间来分，说声“早上好！”、“下午好！”、“晚上好！”就可以了。 西方人最常用的问候语大多有两类：第一，谈天气。如英国人见面说：“今天天气不错啊！”这是因为英国终年受西风带的影响，大西洋吹来的潮湿气流使得天气无常，就连天气预报也没准，因此人们最关心天气。第二，谈近况。但只局限于泛泛而谈，不涉及隐私，可以说：“最近好吗？”初次见面总要说：“认识你很高兴”之类的客套话。 （2）称谓 在汉语里，一般只有彼此熟悉亲密的人之间才可以直呼其名。但在西方，直呼其名比在汉语里的范围要广得多。 在西方，常用“先生”和“夫人”来称呼不知其名的陌生人。在英国，对十几或二十几岁的女子可称呼“小姐”，结了婚的女性可称“女士”或“夫人”等。 西方在称谓上似乎不拘礼节，习惯于对等式的称呼。如家庭成员之间，不分上下长幼尊卑，一般可互称姓名或昵称。在家里，可以直接叫爸爸、妈妈的名字。对所有的男性长辈都可以称“叔叔”，对所有的女性长辈都可以称“阿姨”。这在我们中国是不行的，必须要分清楚辈分、老幼等关系，否则就会认为你不懂礼貌，分不清上下长幼尊卑了。 对于家庭成员以外的称呼，中国人往往尊称对方为“李老师”、“陈师傅”，有时在姓后面加上此人当时所担任的职务，如“黄局长”、“王经理”等。但英美人除了几个传统惯用的称呼——博士、医生、法官、教授等之外，对“李老师”、“陈师傅”一类的称呼是不能容忍的。也很少听他们称呼别人为“黄局长”“王经理”等。因为这一类称呼还没有变为像“博士、医生、法官、教授”等一样成为传统常用的称呼。 （3）告别语 中西方语言中有多种不同的告别语。如在和病人告别时，中国人常说“多喝点开水”、“多穿点衣服”、“早点休息”之类的话，表示对病人的关怀。但西方人绝不会说“多喝水”之类的话，因为这样说会被认为有指手画脚之嫌。他们会说“多保重”或“希望你早日康复”，等等。 一位美国人在和他的中国朋友告别时说：“我们保持联系”。可是这位中国朋友等了一年多也未见只言片语，便抱怨他不讲信用。其实，这句话仅仅是一种告别词语，相当于“再见”，说话人并无他意，更没有作任何许诺。此外，西方文化中如果客人想告别，通常要提前几分钟将告别的意思暗示或委婉地向主人表达，并征得同意，然后才可以离开。如果突然说“时间不早了”，随即站起来和主人告别，这在西方文化中是被认为不礼貌的。