Chapter 30 Chapter 29 Leadership Eloquence Training Methods

A man's eyes are his present, a man's mouth is his future - Galsworthy The authoritative standard of a leader's speech is determined by the position of the speaker and the role he can play.Social organization is an extremely complex and huge system, and this organizational system is composed of many leadership activities jointly carried out by leaders and led.To ensure the coordination and unity of social organization activities, the will of all people must be subordinated to the will of one person, which is the unified will and unified command of the speaker. With the rapid development of science and technology, the continuous progress of society and the growing strength of social organizations, the necessity and importance of the speaker's unified will and unified command are becoming more and more prominent.In a broad sense, for any labor in which many people cooperate, the connection and unity of the process must be expressed in the will of a commander.To implement this will, it is required that the leader's speech must be authoritative.

Whether a leader's speech is thoughtful or not, it can have a great impact on the audience and society.Sometimes an inadvertent word often brings a lot of trouble and unforeseen consequences.Therefore, the speaker must pay great attention to principles and policies in his speech. (1) Be principled Principledness means that no matter what environment the leader is in, he must have a certain limit and size in his speech, and he cannot break away from this limit to expound, explain, and express his personal thoughts and views as he likes.Language is the embodiment of thought and the forerunner of action.Speech without principles will inevitably lead to unprincipled actions.Leaders who do not talk about principles will reduce their own prestige, affect the display of collective combat effectiveness, and hinder the development of normal work.

(2) Pay attention to policy Under normal circumstances, the leader's speech does not represent himself but represents an organization and a collective in front of everyone.Its speech often represents the organization's work policy, work principles, work purpose, and work requirements.The policy nature of the speech is most obvious and important in foreign affairs.The speech and behavior of leaders in foreign exchanges represent the image and dignity of the country and nation.Comments on events, suggestions on bilateral relations, foreign talks, and foreign statements are all concrete manifestations of a country's foreign policy, which directly affect the country's status and reputation.

(3) Pay attention to interactive sacrifice While the leader's language expression process is authoritative, it must also be interactive.Because the language of the leader cannot always be spoken according to the pre-planned ones, but needs to interact with the corresponding listeners and make timely and appropriate responses according to changes in relevant elements.If the speaker just speaks according to his own intention, without any regard for the reaction of the audience below, the interactive effect will not be formed, and the language exchange will inevitably be interrupted, the speech atmosphere will not be harmonious, and the leader's language will not arouse response. The commander-in-chief and guiding role of the masses will not be able to be brought into play.

Interactivity can enable the leader and the audience to be inspired by each other, collide with each other, and help to dig deeper and highlight the key points of the speech theme.Personal thinking is always limited. In the communication of multiple parties, the thinking can be broadened, new ideas can be generated, and the effect of witty words can be produced. (4) Pay attention to initiative In the process of speaking, the leader actively plays an interactive role, which can enhance the interest of the listeners, attract more attention, make the atmosphere more active, and the topics spoken can be more in-depth.

① All languages ​​should be oriented towards the listener and guide the listener in a timely manner.One is to grasp and control the theme and direction of the speech, so that the basic trend of the speech can be carried out in accordance with the prior planning and conception.The second is to create a harmonious atmosphere for communication and mobilize the enthusiasm of the listeners.To achieve this, leaders need to be confident and steady, and take the initiative in communication.At the same time, the key point is that the leader must also know how to "listen", so that the other party can feel the sincerity of being a leader and arouse their desire to communicate with each other; moreover, they must master certain language skills, such as using questions appropriately to trigger The listener's thinking interest; quickly interpret and summarize the listener's words, point out the theme, and control the rhythm.

②Leaders should comprehensively process information in a timely manner from the feedback of listeners, be able to receive inspiration, capture inspiration, and add new highlights to their own speeches.On the basis of opening up a new space for speeches, some answers are strengthened and deepened, and the level of thinking is raised to better fit the theme.In addition to fluent language cohesion and unified tone, attention should also be paid to mutual awareness coordination, control and supplementation, as well as timely detection of mutual loopholes and mistakes and rapid compensation. There is a saying in an ancient poem: "The green shade does not reduce the time of coming, and adds four or five sounds of orioles." In the familiar scenery of orioles in the green shade, there is also the cheerful cry of orioles, which has a special sentiment and is more attractive to people.In the same way, if a leader can subtly infiltrate some new things in plain speech, the speech can fully reflect charming charm and positive influence.Common ways of speaking creatively are:

(1) Introducing the old and bringing forth the new and cleverly synthesizing Every concept, including some well-known and recognized concepts left over from history, was produced in a certain background. With the development of the times, these concepts have their rationality and their However, on the whole, these concepts have the potential to complement each other, correct deviations, and improve each other.If a combination method is used to organically synthesize them into a new concept, then its rationality will be expanded and it will be closer to the essence of things.For example, thirst for talent and lack of talent are a pair of old and new contradictions. When a leader talked about this issue, he said: In fact, there are always horses and horses, and Bole often has them. The key is to look for them, not just sit and wait.If Bole has the sincerity of "visiting the thatched cottage three times" and Maxima has the courage to "recommend himself", then whether Bole finds Maxima or Maxima finds Bole, it will be a blessing for both parties. Historical concepts such as "Bole and Chollima", "Three visits to the thatched cottage", "Mao Sui recommending himself" have been synthesized into a modern concept that is more perfect and more acceptable to everyone.

(2) Self-justification and ingenious "reverse solution" To varying degrees, people attribute some concepts that they firmly believe in. It cannot be simply said that these concepts are wrong or outdated, but there are indeed many places that are incomplete and need to be updated.If you dare to "reversely interpret" these concepts, reveal new understandings and be able to justify them, you will be able to produce extraordinary results.For example, Konosuke Matsushita put forward a point of view: "Stinginess is to create new value." He believes that the word stinginess is literally a derogatory term, but the original meaning of stinginess is to elevate everything about oneself to a more important position.Too often people only imagine the meaning of stinginess in negative, unproductive terms, without developing the inner spirit of stinginess from a positive, productive management perspective.Price competition in the contemporary market often depends on the degree of "stinginess" of enterprises.This statement is indeed refreshing and resonates beyond shock.

(3) Cognitive harmony cleverly "backdoor" This is a term in the stock market. It refers to a listed company that is in difficulty due to various reasons, while other powerful listed companies have given the old company a new soul through asset restructuring and structural adjustment with this company. , and facilitated the smooth listing of the new company, which is really a good thing that kills two birds with one stone. In speech, we can also use this method, that is, borrow a certain form that everyone is familiar with, and integrate the viewpoints we want to express, so that everyone can have a new understanding in the familiarity of the "shell" and the strangeness of the "soul".Nanyang in Henan and Xiangyang in Hubei each have a Wollongong. Both places built shrines to commemorate Zhuge Liang, and there have been endless debates.There is a couplet in the Temple of Marquis Wu in Nanyang, which says: The heart is in the imperial court, so it doesn't matter who is the master first; the name is high in the world, why bother to distinguish Xiangyang and Nanyang. In 1954, Mao Zedong, who was the first secretary of the League Central Committee at the time, read his revised couplet when he met with the teachers and students of Nanyang No. 2 Middle School: the heart is for the people, so no matter big or small; profit belongs to the world, why bother to fight? Much less.The "shell" is taken from the nearest place, and the soul of the spirit of the times is contained in it. It has a lofty realm, a broad mind, and is full of profound educational significance.

(4) Explanation of borrowing meaning To illustrate a truth or lesson by using a false story or anthropomorphism of a natural object.Often sarcastic or admonishing in nature.For example, the "Ostrich Theory" proposed by Lenovo Group President Liu Chuanzhi is a very interesting fable. He said: When two chickens are the same size, one of them must feel that the other is smaller than itself; When it's just a chick, the turkey will feel like it's too big, and the chick will feel like the two are the same size.Only when the other party is an ostrich, the chick will admit that the other party is big.So, don't overestimate your strength.This simple and novel language form does not affect the seriousness and profoundness of the truth contained in it, but it is more instructive and more talked about by people. (5) Bright and ingenious contrast This is a commonly used language method, but it is very learned to compare who is with whom.For example, Kaoru Iue of Japan’s Sanyo Company said: “I use the method of ‘a rising tide raises all boats’ in terms of personnel training in the company. Water is all employees of the company. The first thing is to raise the water level. When the water rises, the boat can get higher. "The truth comes out" is the result of the company's inaction on talent training. When the water dries up, the few outstanding talents exposed are at best ordinary cadres who are willing to work." Compared with the facts, the contrast is strong, the image is vivid, and the effect is concentrated, which can be seen from the careful selection of the two sides of the comparison and the superb use of this language skill. (6) Unconventional and ingenious renovation After an image is formed, it will become an inert existence to a large extent, lacking changes for a long time or changing slowly. Then no matter how beautiful the symbol is, no matter how bold the deformation is, it will become an ancient fossil, without life and vitality. vitality.From the perspective of the characteristics of the renovation method, it is composed of noumenon and metaphor, the noumenon remains unchanged, and the metaphor is changeable. We can completely overthrow the combination of noumenon and metaphor, so as to enrich people's understanding and feelings of noumenon.The refurbishment methods mainly include: ①Bring a lofty, abstract and novel thing back to reality through association and match it with an extremely ordinary thing in life.For example, when talking about the relationship between computer software and hardware, a professional said vividly: computers are just plates, software is vegetables, and people buy plates for food. The relationship between the two cannot be reversed.Another example is that some entrepreneurs compare "team spirit" to "being able to fight in groups", and some compare it to "if the regimental commander dies, the battalion commander will go up, and he can still win battles", etc. It can be said that the situation is not true. It is an illusion, and when the vulgarity reaches home, it becomes magical. ② Boldly apply new things, new phenomena, and new vocabulary in life to the cooperation of the renovation method, so that people can have a new association and experience with the things they are already familiar with.For example, comparing business to "like the stock market, whether it is a bull market or a bear market, there are people who can make money, the key depends on how you do it." ③ Give full play to one's own professional expertise, and use very professional knowledge to visually associate and cooperate.For example, Wang Yongmin, president of Wangma Company, compared achievements, honors, status, money, etc. to "electric charges". It is very dangerous, and the way to get rid of it is to "discharge", "connect yourself to the ground", "ground", "discharge", and return to "zero potential".Isn't it a commendable "combination technique" to use the method of natural science to understand the psychological phenomenon in social science? Dana of France once said: "All models can always be updated, as they have been in the past, and they will be so in the future. And the mark of a true genius, his unique glory, and the obligation to pass on from generation to generation is to break away from the conventions and traditions and find another way. "As long as we dare and be good at innovation, we can keep the speech alive and alive. The popularity of speaking means that the spoken words should not only be vivid and ingenious, but also clear and easy to understand, so that people are willing to accept them.Popularization, that is, language expression should be popular, including two aspects of meaning: one is the popular language, which can be understood at a glance;Violation of these two points will not only make people feel incomprehensible, but may even cause various misunderstandings. More use of popular language commonly used by the masses can also make the expression more easy to understand and increase the special expressiveness of the language.Popular language comes from the masses of the people and is invented and created by the masses of the people.It includes sayings, proverbs, allegory and so on. Common sayings are popular and widely popular stereotyped sentences with concise images.Properly quoting colloquialisms can enhance the sense of humor and persuasiveness in a speech or presentation. Proverbs are the language summed up by the working people in their long-term production and life practice. After thousands of years of long-term reciting and tempering, they condense the rich thoughts, feelings and wisdom of the working people.Proverbs have the characteristics of profound meaning, concise language, catchy and easy to remember.Proverbs, like sayings, can add color to language.As a leader, if you can skillfully use the above-mentioned sayings in your speech, it will undoubtedly enhance the appeal of your speech. For example, to explain that someone's work is slow, say: "He, the elephant's butt—can't push it." Don’t make the decision.” In order to explain that you have done a thankless task, you can say: “This matter I did is really ‘the father-in-law carries his daughter-in-law’——a thankless effort.” The above skills usually mean that in the use of language, we must be good at using the precious treasures in the existing language and culture treasure house, so that our speech is easy to understand and accepted by the public. On the other hand, if a leader wants to make his language easy to understand and easy to understand, he also requires the speaker to let go of his airs and put himself on an equal footing with the audience. ! (1) The language is simple and easy to understand In the process of speaking, the leader should start from the audience's point of view, be equal, be sincere and frank, not use "official, stereotyped, and empty words", and use "people" as the basis, be more popular and close, and less "indoctrinate" , "Preaching".Especially in the face of some highly professional topics, leaders should be able to "get in and get out" and learn to describe difficult and difficult concepts in simple and easy-to-understand language. If you always use terminology blindly, and you seem to be an "expert", but you can't communicate with the audience, then the meaning of language communication will disappear.In short, leaders must be "deep" in thinking and "simple" in language, neither "sunshine", "high-brow", nor "low-level people", low-level vulgar.Only in this way can the leader get closer to the audience and make the leader's speech more humane and attractive. (2) Express personality characteristics The leader's speech should reflect the individual's knowledge and understanding of the topic he is talking about, as well as his perception of life, through appropriate and personalized language, so as to be honest with the listener.Leaders' thinking responses, values, moral values, cultural heritage, emotional tendencies, interests and aesthetics are fully displayed. Leaders should consider the specific characteristics of the target audience in their speech, so that their personalized language can better serve the audience.For the personality communication of leaders, it can be understood as "coming from life and going to the masses", using a language different from books, newspapers, and documents, and using fresh language with real feelings and insights.It is necessary to avoid being the same as everyone else, and at the same time avoid blindly pursuing differences and falling into the misunderstanding of "individuality for the sake of individuality". (3) Grasp the context of the speech As a leader, in the specific process of various speeches, he should lead the audience to observe and understand the world, and stimulate the audience to seek knowledge and think with unique insights.Language expression must have a sense of object, and strive to create a "conversation field". This kind of communication is not only reflected in the service and communication at the level of language combination, but also at the level of expression that varies with different communication objects. In the process of interpersonal communication in daily life, language can be said to be the most important communication tool for people to communicate and understand each other. If you have language tools but do not understand the relevant elements of language use, it will affect the smoothness and harmony of communication. Sometimes It may even hinder the understanding of both sides of the communication, and instead violate the original intention of people's communication and fail to achieve the desired communication effect. Grasping the language environment is the first step to effective language expression and language communication, and it is also the first step for leadership. It is an important factor that must be considered in terms of language in order to better serve the audience and effectively achieve the purpose of communication. Context is a variety of factors that speakers rely on when they use language to express their thoughts and feelings in the process of communication. Any language activity in the process of speech is also inseparable from the support and constraints of context.The language charm of excellent leaders, in addition to their language skills and self-cultivation, also includes the ability to assess the situation and the self-adjustment ability to adapt to the changes and constraints of contextual factors.According to the environment when speaking, careful selection of persuasive and appealing language is the key to the harmony between the leader's speech intention and the target audience's expectations, so as to achieve effective communication. Leaders understand and adapt to the speech context they are in, and under the premise of conforming to the speech context, give full play to their imagination and creativity, actively create and control the context, and truly use language "as they please" moment".This kind of leadership speech is acceptable to the broad audience, full of communication charm, and effective. Almost everyone has had the experience of reciting articles, and leaders are no exception.Memorizing is not a stupid way.It gives us a great opportunity to train our voice, enrich our knowledge, master more languages, strengthen our memory, and more importantly, lay a solid foundation for us to speak in public. To recite, one is to "recite", and the other is to "recite".There are two specific purposes of this kind of training: one is to cultivate memory ability, and the other is to enhance oral expression ability. Memory is an essential quality for good eloquence.Without a good memory, it is impossible to cultivate exports.Only when you have fully accumulated knowledge in your brain, can you open your mouth and talk endlessly.If your brain is empty, then your tongue will not help you.Memory is the same as eloquence, it is not an innate talent, acquired exercise also plays a vital role in it.The more you memorize, the stronger your memory. "Memorizing" is exactly the cultivation of this ability. "Reciting" is a kind of training for expressive ability.The "recitation" here is what we often call "recitation".It requires expressive and emotional expression on the basis of accurately grasping the content of the article. The reciting method complements the speed reading method.The focus of the speed reading method is on "fast", while the focus of the reciting method is on "accuracy".That is, the speeches or articles you memorize must be accurate, there must be no specious places, and the enunciation and pronunciation must also be accurate.The method is: The first step is to choose an article that you like. The second step is to analyze and understand the selected materials and understand the author's thoughts and feelings.It takes a little work, and we need to analyze sentence by paragraph, deliberate every word and sentence, understand the author's writing background and thoughts and feelings, and pay attention to cultivating our own feelings. The third step is to perform some artistic processing on the selected speeches, prose, poems, etc., such as finding stress, dividing pauses, etc., which are conducive to accurate expression of content. Recite on the basis of the above steps.The specific recitation process can also be carried out step by step. ① Carry out "back" training.That is to memorize the article first.Eloquence and emotion are not required at this stage.As long as you can achieve proficiency in memory.And in the process of memorizing, I further understand the style and rhythm of the work, and lay a more solid foundation for accurately grasping the work. ②It is to recite aloud on the basis of memorizing the articles.Recite your memorized speeches, proses, poems, etc. aloud, and always pay attention to the correct pronunciation and clear enunciation, with a certain amount of emotion. ③Recite with full emotion, accurate language and intonation. For a leader's speech to be acceptable, the first thing to do is to pronounce clearly and enunciate words clearly.Clear pronunciation can rely on usual practice, listening to other people's conversations, reading books and newspapers, and listening to radio broadcasts, all of which will quickly help correct pronunciation.When speaking, every sentence should be clear and easy to understand, and avoid using difficult words.Don't think that when you use difficult language, it means that you are knowledgeable and courageous; in fact, speaking in this way will not only make people unable to understand, but also self-defeating, causing others to suspect that you are playing tricks.Of course, a successful public speech also requires rich vocabulary and varied sentence patterns to make the speech exciting and make the audience want to stop. Here are some simple, easy and effective eloquence training methods. The "reading" here refers to reading aloud, not silent reading. As the name suggests, "speed reading" means fast reading aloud.The purpose of this training method is to train the population to be articulate, accurate in pronunciation and clear in articulation. Method: Find a speech or a well-written prose.First take a dictionary or a dictionary to look up the words and words that you don't know or understand in the article, figure it out, figure it out, and then start reading aloud.Generally speaking, the reading speed is slow at the beginning, and the speed is increased gradually, and the reading speed is faster each time, and finally reaches the fastest speed you can achieve. Requirements: There should be no pauses in the reading process, the pronunciation should be accurate, the enunciation should be clear, and the pronunciation should be as complete as possible.Because if you don't pronounce every character sound completely, then if the speed is increased, people will not be able to hear what you are saying, and fast will lose the meaning of fast.Our speed must be based on clear enunciation and clean pronunciation.We have all heard the commentary of Song Shixiong, an expert commentator on sports programs, and his commentary is very "fast".The "kuai" explained by Song Shixiong is fast but not chaotic. Every word and every sound is pronounced very clearly and accurately without ambiguity.The speed we hope to achieve is his kind of speed, with clear enunciation and accurate pronunciation, not just for the sake of being fast. The advantage of this kind of training is that it is not restricted by time and place, no matter when and where, as long as there is an article at hand, you can practice.And it is not limited by personnel, and it can be completed by one person without the cooperation of others.Of course, you can also find someone to listen to your speed reading practice and ask him to help pick out the mistakes in your speed reading.For example, which word is not pronounced accurately enough, where the pronunciation is not clear, etc., this will be more conducive to your purposeful correction and learning.You can also use a tape recorder to record your speed reading, and then listen to it yourself to find out the shortcomings and make improvements.It would be better to have professional guidance. Speaking is an art as well as a skill, and we must recognize this subtlety before we can be successful.When speaking in public, you must take into account the audience's reaction, and you must speak to the point. Don't be like a slut's foot wrap-it's smelly and long, and you can't be self-centered. Public speaking is to convey information and exchange ideas, so Be clear, explicit, and forthright.Talking nonsense and firing cannonballs are not popular ways of speaking in public. Talking nonsense does not mean that you are good at speaking, on the contrary, it proves that you lack enthusiasm and are irresponsible.As for talking like a cannonball, it can only be annoying, because as soon as you open your mouth, others will be tired of coping and have no chance to speak. In the end, both parties will naturally break up. When some leaders speak, their voices are weak and deep, vague, and hesitant, which tends to give people a feeling of cowardice, which damages the image of the leader and is not conducive to the normal expression of the content of the speech.A change of tone can add to the charisma of a leader's speech. Voice, as a form of language, should be crisp and powerful when speaking, and should have certain characteristics.There are too many spoken words, and they always repeat a sentence over and over again, or when they speak, they are full of bureaucratic, outspoken, grandstanding, disgusting, or have a sour tone, or do not speak at the beginning and then do not speak at the end of the conversation , vague words... These will affect the image of the leader's speech. How to make the leader's speech attractive?This requires improving oral expression skills. Oral expression ability mainly includes the ability to speak in various meetings, the ability to persuade different objects and the ability to respond in complex situations.These three abilities are exactly what many grassroots leading cadres in our country, even some high-level leading cadres, lack.Some leading cadres are not good at expressing their thoughts and opinions incisively in front of various subordinates. They even ask the secretary to prepare a speech in advance for two or three minutes of short speeches; I have it in hand, but I can't convince the other party. When confronted with questions, I am speechless and lack the basic ability to reply.It can be seen that not only senior leadership talents, but also a qualified leading cadre should also have certain oral expression skills.Therefore, it is particularly important to continuously and consciously improve one's oral expression ability.Possessing excellent oral expression ability will help to improve and perfect the organization and command ability of leadership talents, dredge and coordinate ability, and do a good job in ideological and political work. At the same time, leaders should consider the following questions before speaking: First, what is the purpose of your speech?Should subordinates think, inform, persuade, make decisions, or take action? Second, who is your audience?Who are the key people at the meeting?Are they acting erratically that you should know about?What are some of their main tendencies or biases that you should avoid? Third, make an outline of the matter to be published, and keep in mind the thoughts or central issues that you want everyone to know after the speech. Fourth, confirm the questions raised by your subordinates and prepare answers in advance so that you can deal with them freely. Fifth, announce the purpose and function of your speech to your subordinates, and then tell him what you will say. Sixth, you can use some humorous language when you speak, but don't insist on some jokes that disrupt your thinking. Seventh, to face your subordinates, don't look at the floor, ceiling or windows, but pay attention to your audience. Eighth, at the end of the speech, we should summarize what we talked about. Only in this way can the leader's speech be both beautiful and pleasant, and have something to say, hit the point, and be easier for the audience to accept. People who are born to speak do not exist. Those famous orators can only stand in front of the crowd after hard training to make an impassioned statement. It can be seen how important the training of speech skills is to a speaker, especially But as a leader, mastering these skills is very important. (1) Establish speech goals Communicate your point clearly and clearly. Inspire your audience to take action. Arouse the audience's enthusiasm and make the audience think. Be yourself, focus on the moment, and let your speech exude confidence and integrity. Argue logically, and your point of view or proposal will be more convincing. (2) Make your expression more powerful ① Use normal pitch Normal pitch is used most of the time.Keep your voice loud and not trembling or tight. ② change the rhythm Talking too fast or too slow can be confusing.So the speaker should keep changing the tempo to keep the audience interested. ③ cadence Raise or lower your pitch often during your speech, giving your voice a cadence: "Some people like to focus on the past (rising), but I'm going to talk about the future (falling)." Avoid ending with a rising note In a word, it can feel like you don't have confidence in what you're saying. ④Keyword emphasis Emphasizing key words can make your speech more rhythmic on the one hand and keep the audience interested in your speech on the other hand.Proper emphasis helps to draw the audience's attention to some key concepts without making your presentation too flat and boring. ⑤ Control the volume You should make sure everyone in the room can hear you -- but without yelling.Note that the sound is made with the diaphragm (not from the throat). ⑥ master pause Pausing before and after key words, on the one hand, can highlight its importance, and on the other hand, it can also arouse the audience's thinking. ⑦Use simple and powerful words Use everyday language that everyone can understand and avoid bureaucratic or jargon. ⑧Sentences should be short Don't use long sentences.Short and powerful sentences are easier to understand and highlight the topic. (1) Don't make it feel like you're above your audience.No one likes hearing industry jargon.If you must use it, be sure to signal humorously beforehand and speak your term later – and explain it afterwards. (2) Not all words have the same value.Some words are more emotional and grab the audience's attention, while others are just the opposite, so be careful when choosing your words.For example, "enemy" is a strong negative word, while the tone conveyed by the word "adversary" is far less strong. (3) Visual language tends to be more provocative than jargon or ambiguous language, e.g. "a force that moves history forward..." than "one of the common factors in historical evolution..." more powerful. (4) Do not repeat useless words, such as "On the one hand...", "That is to say...", "In fact", "Indeed", etc. (5) Try to use some words that can make people have visual associations: "destructive", "broken into pieces", "vital", "explosive", etc. (6) Avoid using trite or overused words: It's a pleasure to be here today... on the one hand…… In fact... Bottom line is... We are caught between a rock and a hard place... Seriously... let me be clear... I have already said... This reminds me of a funny story... Don't tell your boss, but... to be honest…… (7) If the brain is blank ①Don't feel pain, everyone will encounter such a thing. ②Don't panic, take a deep breath.Make the audience feel like you're just stopping to think.Look at the screen or notes for hints. ③Use this opportunity to let the audience ask questions. ④If what you forget is an unimportant piece of information, just ignore the piece of information and go on, "My memory just short-circuited!" ⑤ Before you speak, you must think clearly about what you want to say - otherwise it will be easy for others to see your stuck. ⑥If you really can't think of a certain point, forget it completely, and don't let it affect the overall effect of the speech. ⑦ Tell yourself that the audience may not realize that you have forgotten some points. ⑧Remember, your goal is not to be perfect, but to be as real as possible.Occasional memory short circuits aren't much of a problem.The key is how you handle it. (8) When the audience ignores ①Keep calm and watch the most fidgety listeners.This prompts the surrounding audience to silence them. ② Make it look like you are about to start your speech.Adjust the microphone, pull out a card or lecture notes. ③Smile at the ignoring audience with raised eyebrows. ④If all your efforts fail to achieve the desired results, you might as well say out loud: "Ladies and gentlemen"... (pause) "Ladies and gentlemen"... (smiles, looks at the watch, then says)..."We There's been a bit of a delay..." and slowly began to speak. ⑤Never lose your temper with the audience, it will only spoil the atmosphere of the whole speech. (9) How to use humor Humor is a delicate art.Used correctly, it can be an excellent way to break the silence.Get a hands-on collection of your favorite humorous jokes for future presentations. Here are some suggestions for using humor: ① Make sure that the humor you use reinforces the theme of your speech. ②The humor you use must be appropriate and appropriate. ③If you want to make a joke, the object of the joke should be you, not anyone else. ④Keep a low profile. ⑤Never laugh when the joke is not finished. ⑥ Don't be artificial - let people feel that you are showing it naturally. ⑦The language must be concise - the more you try to be funny, the more ridiculous you will appear. ⑧ If no one laughs - don't blame the audience, just move on. Strong debating, in a sense leadership, is essential to modern leadership.Here are some training methods for debate, hoping to be helpful to readers. (1) Practical training Active training and focus on practice are effective ways to improve the level and ability of self-debate.The characteristics of the debate determine the training content of the debate.只要领导者多在表达流畅、语言纯正、思路敏捷、即席发挥等几个方面下工夫，论辩能力自然会有很大的提高。 ①日常诵读训练 诵读训练法主要是训练辩手的语言、语调、语气等基本功。所选的诵读材料一般以议论文为主，也可用散文、诗歌等较易发挥感情的材料。 ②限时表达训练 日常中可以让两个人互相问答，提问只能用一句话，回答也只能用一句话，互相问答不能超过一定的时间，一旦在规定的时间没有表达完整，就可以让自己认识到自己语言的缺陷，同时做出相应的调整。 ③提炼主题训练 提炼主题训练法主要是为了应对以下情况：论辩要求辩手有不同一般的悟性，即在极短的时间内对对方的语言作出归纳、判断，同时也组织****。由于这一系列的过程牵涉到逻辑、反应能力，但不可否认如何将对方主题归谬抓漏，再正确表达己方观点也是表达的任务。 ④即兴演讲训练 实践证明，即兴演讲在各种论辩训练中最具有挑战性，所以，它能锻炼辩手在短时间内语言的组织、表达以及仪态等各方面的能力。所以，在这里有必要进一步强调这种演讲对于提高领导者辩论口才的实际作用。 （2）心理控制训练 从心理倾向的作用来看，正面的积极心态能产生推动和支持作用，提供有效的心理环境，激发人们的战斗精神，提高思维和表达的效率使谋略、行为和语言得到正常甚至超常发挥；而负面的消极心态则有害于辩论，制约辩手的正常语言表达，干扰正常的思路和精神状态。因此，对于一个辩手来说，应善于抑制消极心理，发挥积极心理，为辩论创造最佳心理状态。这就要求我们的领导者，有必要学会自我心理控制。以下就是几个有效的途径。 ①淡化胜负 淡化胜负，就是说自己的注意力不必死死盯住结果，应更多地关注辩论过程，把目标引到辩论本身，把辩论当成学习过程。这样一来，心理状态就会发生变化，精神负担就会大大减轻，从而有助于抵制失败主义倾向蔓延，焕发起再战的信心，进而发挥出色，战胜对手，赢得观众，赢得辩论。 因此，面对困境时，不妨把结果加以淡化处理，不要当成过重的负担背起来。要有“输要输得起，好戏还在后头”的智者心态。 ②使命激励 也就是说，利用自己肩负的崇高使命说服自己振奋起来不辱使命，以实现自我心理激励。辩手要在心里这样告诫自己：这次辩论自己肩负重任，要为单位、为国家增光，这是一次难得的自我表现的机会，要出色发挥，争取荣誉。 实践证明，用大方向、大目标、重大使命感召自己，就会扫除杂念，获得一种动力，为出色完成光荣使命而奋斗。 ③自信最强 坚信自己是最强最好的辩手，也是一个很有效的途径。当然，这种自信是建立在实际努力基础上，而不是盲目的。也就是说，自信最强并不是妄自尊大、傲慢轻敌。正可谓“在战略上藐视敌人，在战术上重视敌人”。 这就要求对自己能力估价要充分，对自己辩前所作的准备要认可，对自己拥有的有利因素和优势要看重，有意识“贬低”对手等，这样才可能从这些“强点”出发，形成潜在的心理优势，从内心感到自己的确是最强的辩手，是最有希望获得成功的。如此就会建立起必胜的信念，将心理状态调节到最佳程度。 （3）常规思维训练 要加强常规思维训练，一方面要有意识地在日常生活、工作中培养科学的思维习惯，磨砺思维的利剑，展开想象的翅膀，发展自己的想象力；另一方面还要采取有效方法，有针对性地进行系统训练，从总体上提高自己的思维水平和想象能力。 常规思维是基本思维方式，主要有以下两种： ①逻辑思维 逻辑思维，包括形式逻辑和辩证逻辑。形式逻辑是研究思维形式和规律的科学，包括概念、判断、推理、论证反驳，以及科学思维规律和应遵循的规则等。辩证逻辑则是用对立统一方法解释思维现象，着重从思维内容上用联系的发展的观点说明思维规律，揭示思维形式，再现客观对象的多样性统一、普遍的联系和发展的过程。辩证思维是一种动态的、全面的、整体的思维方式。它有助于人们在动态中，从多个角度去认识事物，从事物的现象深入到事物的本质。而形式逻辑是静态的研究，注重思维的形式方面；辩证逻辑则注重思维的内容，是动态的研究。 ②形象思维 即对事物的形象化的思维方式。它通常是借助于想象、联想来实现的。所谓想象是人脑对已有表象进行加工改造，从而创造出新形象的心理过程。想象是一切创造性活动的原动力。 实践中，可以从以下几个方面进行常规思维训练： 分析综合能力训练。分析综合能力是最重要的思维手段，是人们驾驭辩论过程的关键性要素。辩论中确定本方立论的逻辑起点，捕捉并概括对方立论的要点，以及入木三分的见解和精辟的推理论证，通常都是在分析综合的基础上形成的。“一言以蔽之”正是这种思维能力的语言表现。 形象概括能力训练。对事物本质特征的概括，既可以用理性方式，又可以用形象方式，比较而言后者更形象直观，便于认识理解。为此，可以将抽象思维与形象思维相结合，将理性认识通过描摹、比喻、拟人、形象化等手段，生动鲜明地表达出来，从而使抽象内容变成具体而可感知的形象化内容。如针对有些人对人要求过高、近乎苛求的问题，不明言批评，而是讲一个故事给予暗示。如当年英国首相丘吉尔讲过的故事：有个水手在港口冒着生命危险救起一个孩子。几天后，孩子的母亲找到这个水手，十分不满意地说：“太不像话了，我孩子的帽子呢？”故事说完，说者的观点已不言自明，针对性很强，很有说服力。 拓展思路训练。思路即思考问题的线索、路径。思路越宽、越灵活，辩论思维就会越广阔、越出新。在拓展思路训练时，可针对某一问题，展开想象、联想，多角度、多方向地思索答案，多设想几种可能，甚至把不可能作为可能进行思索，以此来培养思维的广阔性和灵活性。如我们在写一篇演讲稿，在收集材料的基础上，对于主题的确定、层次结构的安排要多设想几种思路，然后比较优劣，择优而用之。如此长期坚持拓展思路练习，就可以使自己思考问题的思路更多变、更灵活。 （4）口语表达训练 在动态语境中，因受外界信息的激励，人们的思维活动将获得更广阔的空间，思维状态亦呈现出跳跃性、灵活性和机变性的特点，往往思路更新颖、更出奇，更具创造性，甚至人们会突发奇想，闪现出许多在静思状态下不可能出现的思想火花和语言风采。因此，在动态思维支配下的语言表达会更精彩、生动，富有感染力。 ①交谈 交谈是人们交流思想感情的过程。动态思维通常存在于交际过程中，在与交际对象进行语言交流或交锋时显得最为活跃。其中，以信息交流为宗旨的交谈是一种简便有效且随时可用的练思维、练口才的方法，值得重视。 在这个过程中，人们的思维机器处于全面运作状态，在思维引导、支配下，双方不断发出信息，又不断接受来自对方的信息，实现信息交流和沟通。特别是在富有成果的交谈中，人们必然精神振奋，心理活动频繁，联想、想象丰富，思维的各种功能都将得到更出色地发挥，甚至在对方提供的新信息刺激下，沉睡在自己记忆角落中的材料也被激活，被唤醒，被调动起来，从而使思路拓展开来，呈现出前所未有的创造性。所以，动态的口语承接、应对过程中可以使人们的思想得到磨砺，思维能力得到发展，从而也使自己的口才得到磨炼。 ②对话 对话是一种双向的语言交流，需要彼此积极而及时的反馈，这对于答问方的锻炼、提高是不言而喻的。特别是观点不一致的对话活动，自己要以最快的速度捕捉对方的话意的内核，甚至听到对方的上半句话就能猜出他的下半句，为自己的思索、应对争取到几秒钟的时间。利用这个时间差，进行快速思索和构思，在几秒钟内构思出一段应对讲话。 实践中，如果能够长期坚持这么做，对于训练自己的快速思维和机敏口才大有裨益。 （5）强化记忆训练 记忆是社会交往的必备能力之一。好的记忆力对于一个成功的领导者来说，有如虎添翼的作用。因此，采取科学方法强化自己的记忆能力，对于提高领导者的辩论口才无疑是十分必要的。实践中，具体记忆方法有上百种，从辩论的需要看，以下几种较为有效。 ①限时记忆法 限时记忆法，就是对重要内容，在一段时间内采取死记硬背方法强化记忆，在脑海里留下痕迹。比如在20分钟内不停地反复背诵，所记内容可以几天不忘。对于一些诗词、名人名言或辩辞，可以采取这种记忆方法。此外，还可以抓住辩论之前的有限时间进行突击记忆，在战前高昂情绪的刺激下，大脑记忆功能会发挥得极好，记忆力可能倍增，效果也较好。 ②最佳记忆法 利用最佳记忆期进行科学记忆，能达到事半功倍的记忆效果。起床后2~4小时，入睡前1~2小时，上午8~10点，下午6~8点，是一天中人脑几个最佳记忆期。这已经被相关的科学研究所证明。当然，每个人的最佳记忆期可能有所不同，自己应进行实践总结。 ③兴趣记忆法 兴趣是认识和了解一个新事物的有效前提，因此，要有意识培养自己对新知识、新词汇、新观点，特别是自己陌生或反感但是有用的内容的亲切感和兴趣，克服拒绝心理。这样学习、记忆起来就有积极性，有内在动力，就会利用一切机会去亲近它，熟悉它，理解它，在不知不觉中记住这些内容。 ④首尾记忆法 这种方法就是利用了开头和结尾两段的记忆效率最高的特点。因为记忆痕迹会互相抑制的缘故，先有的记忆痕迹会抑制后进的记忆，这种现象叫做前摄抑制；连续记忆相似的东西，就会发生后进的记忆抑制原有记忆的现象，这叫逆向抑制。所以，最初的和最后的记忆会比中间的记忆印象深而持久。 掌握这个规律，我们就可以视辩论的需要，采取从头记忆法、从中记忆法、从尾记忆法或交互运用进行记忆。 ⑤网络记忆法 这种方法是相对于很多知识在零散状态下不便记忆的特点而言的。所以，如果找出了知识之间的内在联系，把它们条理化，像用线把珍珠穿起来一样，就好记多了。心理学家曹日昌说：“经过了自己的分析，用自己的语言做过提纲的材料，是比较容易记忆和保持的。” 因此，领导者应学会自觉进行记忆的归类、编目的工作，对输入的大量信息进行系统化的加工，使信息纳入已有的记忆网络，或组成新的网络，形成无数信息链。这样就可以使自己思路清晰，记忆清楚有序，从而促使自己的辩论口才达到无敌状态。 口才不是贫嘴，不是胡扯瞎吹，不是枯燥无味，不是让人昏昏欲睡的陈词滥调。领导的口语表达应当具有新意，这样才能引起别人的注意和兴趣。心理学研究表明，人的大脑接受刺激而引起兴奋点，并且会因此而对其他方面不加注意，但这种兴奋点需要不断地转移和变化，如果长时间固定不变、就会由兴奋状态转入抑制状态，并因此而产生厌倦、疲乏的感觉。在语言上，陈词滥调会让人不感兴趣，从对外界语言信息的接受上来看，人脑是“喜新厌旧”的。 语言要具有吸引力，首先应注重内容、思想的新颖，说话要有新意，谈论问题要有不同于一般的、引人注意的、不同凡响的感受与见解。同样是广告，“××产品，荣获国家优质奖、全国××评比金牌、省优、部优、国优！”“优”多了，“优势”就显不出来了。与“孔府家酒，让人想家”相比，效果就不一样了。内容新，才会有吸引力。 领导口才和交际当然需要有新鲜的内容，这样才能提高信息的价值，才会更具有吸引力。对于众所周知的东西，避免人云亦云，而选择新角度、开发新层次，：联系新事物固然可以收到“新”效果，但问题的关键恐怕还得在“学习”与“积累”。 言语是以生活为内容的，有生活，就有谈话的内容，生活内容丰富，谈话的内容自然也全“新”，也全丰富。对于国家、社会、朋友等都要注意而且关心。对所见所闻，都可以去研究一番、分析一番，而不是都漠不关心地让它们溜过，应该说，这是一种潜移默化的积累过程。 看报纸的时候，拿一支铅笔，把每天最有兴趣的新闻，或是所见的好文章标出来，每天只要两条，两个星期之后，你便能记住不少有趣的事情了。当你看杂志或书籍的时候，每天只要能记得其中的一两句，你认为很有意义的话，画上线，或是能抄在笔记本上则更好。这样每天不停地积累下去，两三个月，你就会发现你的思想比以前丰富多了。说话的时候，很容易就能想起它们，或者用自己的话对它们加以发挥。 领导工作之余仍要有时间来读书看报，否则，就会像古人说的那样：“三日不读书，则语言无味，面目可憎。”在听别人讲话时，随时都可以遇见表现人类智慧的语句，把这些话记在心中、抄在纸上，久而久之，你谈话的题材和资料就越来越丰富了，你的口才也会越来越纯粹，久而久之，你简直可以出口成章，随便说什么都可以有条有理。 前面说的这些都是关于语言在内容上新、实、有吸引力，那么，作为社会经济运行圈中管理人员，领导的语言还应当美，应当有吸引人的魅力。当然，这也离不开一点一滴的积累。汉语，以其词汇丰富、表现力强而独立于世界上各语种之林，如何将其特点和优点充分展示出来，同样是一种艺术化的过程。 领导怎样才能和语言发生亲密的关系，并且用美丽而正确的方法把它们说出来呢？这没有什么秘密可言，从书本里找！即使是伟大的演说者也要借助阅读的灵感以及来自书本的资料。想要增加及扩大文字储存量的人，必须经常让自己的头脑受文学的洗礼。 卡耐基在他的书中这样描绘林肯的文字积累过程：林肯所受的教育是“不完全的”，他在伊利诺斯州第八司法区所结识的那些农夫、商人、律师及诉讼当事人，都没有特殊或神奇的语言才能。但林肯并未把他的时间全部浪费在这些才能与他相等或比他低的同伴身上。他和一些头脑最好的人物——各时代最著名的歌手、诗人结成好朋友。他可以把伯恩斯、拜伦、布朗宁的诗集，整本背诵出来，他曾写过一篇评论伯恩斯的演说稿。他在办公室放了一本拜伦的诗集，另外，又准备了一本放在家里。办公室里的那一本，由于经常翻阅，只要一拿起来，就全自动摊开在“唐璜”那一页。当他进入白宫之后，内战的悲剧负担消磨了他的精力，在他的脸上刻下深深的皱纹，他仍然经常抽空拿本英国诗人歌德的诗集躺在床上翻阅。有时候，他在深夜醒来，随手翻开这本诗集，会凑巧看到他有特别启示或令他高兴的一些诗。他会立刻起床，身上仅穿着睡衣，脚穿拖鞋，悄悄到白宫各个房间一一寻找，找到他的秘书，然后把诗念给秘书听。 他在白宫时，也会抽空复习他早已背熟了的莎士比亚名著，也会批评一些演员对莎剧的念法，以及提出他自己独特的见解。他曾写信给莎剧名演员哈吉特说：“我已经读过莎士比亚的某些剧本了，我阅读的次数可能和任何非专业性的读者一样多。我认为没有一本剧本比得上麦克白，写得太好了！” 英国著名政治家及演说家庇特在年轻的时候，经常阅读一页或两页的希腊或拉丁文作品，然后把这些段落译成英文。他每天这样做，持续十年之久，结果，“他获得了一项无人能比的能力，在不需预作思考的情况下，就能把他的思想化成最精简及最流利的话语”。 英国桂冠诗人但尼生每天研究圣经，大文豪托尔斯泰把新约福音读了又读，最后可以长篇背诵下来。罗斯金(英国文豪)的母亲每天要把一段圣经大声地朗读一遍给罗斯全听，“每一章节，一字一句，从创世纪到启示录”一点也不遗漏，罗斯金把他自己的文学成就，归功于这些严格的训练。 朋友之间相互切磋，也是增长知识的重要途径。相互学习，才能取人之长，补己之短，才能达到口才发挥中的尽善尽美。 有这样一个笑话：一位乡镇企业的经理在本企业的开业庆典上这样讲话：“今天来宾十分茂盛，我非常感冒。王局长才从医院动手术回来，就赶来参观我的会，说明了对我们乡镇企业的拥护。今天我说一说，说得不对的，大家互相原谅……”这显然是一位缺乏知识修养的管理者的话。但愿我们有志于拼搏商海的领导们，不要犯同样的错误。 一位著名的精神病学家说：“世界上只有一种东西是不可剥夺的：那就是人类的自由——在任何情况下选择自己态度的自由——选择自己独特的行为方式的自由。”任何人的任何本事都是学来的，都是靠坚持不懈的努力锻炼出来的。“口才”不应当仅仅是“口头之才”，它是一个人各方面的素质、修养、能力的综合体现。 孟子曰：“天将降大任于斯人也，必先苦其心志，劳其筋骨，饿其体肤，空乏其身，行拂乱其所为，所以动心忍性，增益其所不能。”世界上没有哪一位演讲大师不是以坚强的意志和不懈的锻炼而获得成功的。古希腊著名演讲家德摩斯梯尼，年轻时有发音不清、说话气短、爱耸肩、走路蹒跚等毛病。可在当时的雅典要做一名演说家，必须以声音洪亮、姿态优美、富有辩才见称，尤其需要有广博的知识。德摩斯梯尼最初演说时很不成功，以至于被观众轰下台来。然而失败、嘲笑与打击，并没有使他气馁。他一方面刻苦读书，虚心请教朗读方法；另一方面，他又向著名演讲家请教。为了练嗓音，他把小石子放在嘴里朗诵，迎着呼啸的大风讲话。为了克服气短的毛病，他故意一面攀登陡峭的山峰，一面不停地吟诗，为了克服耸肩的毛病，每次练习时他都在脑袋上方挂两柄剑，剑尖对着自己的双肩，迫使自己随时改掉不必要的动作。他还在家里安装了一面大镜子，经常对着镜子练演讲，以克服表演上的毛病。后来，他终于成为一名闻名世界的演说家。 当有人询问萧伯纳如何学得声势夺人的当众演说的时候，他回答：“我是以自己学会溜冰的方法来做的——我固执地使劲让自己出丑，直到我习以为常。”年轻时，萧伯纳可以说是伦敦最胆怯的人之一，常常在外面来来回回地走上很长一段时间，最后才敢壮起胆子去敲别人的屋门。 后来，他为自己找到了一种最快捷且有效的办法来克服自己的缺点，他加入一个辩论学会，伦敦每周有公众讨论的聚会，他必定参加。通过不懈的锻炼，他终于使自己成为著名的口才大师。 领导说话的机会到处都有，开公司人员大会，给部属讲话，在高层决策会议上拍板，与主管部门打交道，与商场同道共叙商机等，都是开口讲话的机会。而且，也只有不停地说，你才能发现你在进步。 领导口才的实践锻炼，讲究的是对于谈话的题材和资料，一方面要懂得去吸收；一方面要懂得去应用。通过实践锻炼的方式学会具体运用的技巧，即便是一句非常普通的话，也会收到惊人的效果。 曾经有一位领导，在事业刚起步的时候，企业资金短缺，生意很不好做，他就与员工们各自利用自己的人际关系，开始向银行跑贷款。一开始，跑贷款的情形是很困难的，往往奔波一天，晚上大家坐在一起，才知道一天又这样白白过去了。他公司的一名员工有些灰心，打算放弃这项艰苦的工作，在一次会议上，引用古人诗句“十叩柴扉九不开”来形容跑贷款工作的困难。在会议上说起这些，多么令人灰心啊！可是，这位领导却把同一句话，从另外的角度去应用。同样的话，就得到完全不同的效果。他说：“不错，我们现在的情形'十叩柴扉九不开'，可是这也就是说十叩柴扉有一扇会开。那么，我们要想敲开十扇门，只要努力一点，多敲几十个门就成了。”他经过巧妙地处理，将“十叩柴扉九不开”发展成了“百叩柴扉十扇开”，鼓励了员工，顺利地完成了预定的跑贷款活动。 还有一位企业的经理，在试制一种新产品的过程中，由于技术难度较大，企业中的技术人