Chapter 27 Chapter 26 The Charm of Speech

If I were to go back to college, I would take two courses: Speech and Persuasion - Nixon "Before the soldiers and horses are moved, the food and grass go first." The famous speaker Booker T. Washington said: "Unless a speaker deeply feels that he has a message to express, I don't believe that he will speak." Speech First of all, there must be the motivation and needs of the speech. With the motivation and needs, the speaker will be prompted to carefully brew and think carefully.This process of brewing and pondering is the initial preparation stage of the speech.So, how do you prepare for a speech?

(1) Select a topic A successful speech is inseparable from a good topic.To choose a topic, you must first choose something you are familiar with.Only when you are familiar with it can you have a large amount of material and your own personal experience, so you can talk truly and deeply.On the contrary, if you choose content that you are not familiar with, the speech may be superficial or casual, making rumors or deceiving.This not only damages the speaker's image, but also is irresponsible to the audience. The choice of topic must also take into account the interests of the audience.Before giving a speech, you should understand your audience, master their basic information such as their ideological level, education level, occupational status, hobbies, etc., grasp the issues that they generally care about, and truly be targeted.Talking about reducing farmers' burdens to peasant friends, talking about domestic and foreign current affairs and politics to government officials, and introducing employment situations to college students may suit their tastes.If you talk about star fans to middle-aged and elderly people, and explain scientific farming to workers, no matter how good the talk is, it may not be popular.

The speech should hold a clear stand and expound a clear point of view. The stand and point of view must conform to the spirit of the times and the direction of historical progress.In Pan Geng's speech, he urged the relocation of the capital, which revived the declining country for a while; Li Dazhao cheered loudly for "victory of the common people", lighting up the lamp of communism in the dark night; Henry's slogan "give me freedom or give me death" inspired the masses The populace threw itself into the struggle for freedom and emancipation.The reason for the success of these speeches is that they conform to social laws and pursue objective truth.

After determining the topic, the speaker should give the speech an appropriate title.Whether it is a literary topic, a political topic, or a scientific topic, the text must be concise and the point of view clear, and it must not be lengthy, procrastinated, vague, or pale, and have no novelty at all. (2) Plan the layout of the article Speeches belong to the category of essays.According to the content design requirements of the speech, the speech should focus on three parts: the beginning, the body and the end. (1) The opening statement should be fascinating A prologue refers to what is said at the beginning of a speech.There is a British proverb: "A good beginning is half the battle." A successful opening can attract the attention of the audience and set the tone for the whole speech.

Here are a few common opening remarks. ① Straight-in opening remarks.It cuts to the chase, starts directly from the topic of the speech, and leads to the central topic of the speech.For example, Guo Moruo's speech "The Spring of Science" started like this: "Dear comrades! The most brilliant spring of science in the history of our nation has arrived." ② Famous opening remarks.Famous quotes, aphorisms, poems, proverbs, etc. have the characteristics of rich connotation and quick rhythm. Using them as the beginning of a speech is powerful and thought-provoking.For example, the opening line of "Unity is Strength": "As the saying goes: there are three stakes for a fence, and three gangs for a hero. The title of my speech today is "Unity is Strength."

③ Case-style opening remarks.Use the real examples around you as the opening remarks of the speech, which is kind, credible, persuasive and easy to be accepted by the audience.For example, Wang Huiping's speech "Go Your Own Way" begins like this: "In daily life, we can often hear people sighing: 'Oh, it is difficult to speak, do things, and be a human being!' Is it difficult? As far as real life is concerned, it is really difficult.” Such an opening not only narrows the distance with the audience, but also paves the way for the development of the following. ④ Reason-style opening remarks.Introduce the reason for the speech in a few words, and then follow the trend to lead to the text.This opening purpose is clear, so that the audience has a preliminary understanding of the content of the speech.Désiré Joseph Messier's coronation day sermon begins this way: "Dear brothers and sisters: it is long overdue for us to gather here to celebrate the 86th anniversary of our country's independence." From this it begins, calling for the unity of the people Rise up and join the struggle against Germany.

⑤ Lyrical opening remarks.This opening can create an emotional atmosphere, so that the audience is quickly infected and attracted by the content of the speech.For example, "Into the Ancient Alley of History" written by Hubei Donghua, the beginning is very lyrical: "Students: When you enter the history department, you will enter the broadness and grandeur, and you will also enter the heaviness and loneliness. You must You came with romantic dreams and dance steps of youth, and thousands of years of wind, frost and smoke, thousands of miles of vicissitudes of life, are all accumulated on your young shoulders."

⑥ Asking opening remarks.A question-style opening can create suspense and prompt the audience to focus and think positively.For example, Li Dazhao's "Victory of the Common People" raised several questions at the beginning: "We have celebrated the victory these few days, and it is really very lively. But who is the victor? We celebrate, for whom? To be honest, what is defeated this time is not the force of the United Nations, but the new spirit of mankind in the world." In addition, there are various opening remarks such as story style, reasoning style, praise style, news style, and prop style.No matter what kind of opening statement, it must be able to attract the audience and lead to the main text, and it must not be dull and nonsense.

(2) The text should be ups and downs The body part of the speech must have a clear center and make the whole speech logically unfold around it.For this reason, on the one hand, the main and secondary parts of the text must be clearly defined, well-organized, and logical;This can not only make the audience happy or enjoy, but also grab the attention of the audience, so that they are in a good listening state of "can't stop", so that the speech can go smoothly. The text of the speech must be well organized and ups and downs. The key is to arrange the structure of the text.Common text structures include the following:

① Parallel.That is to line up several main issues to be addressed and explain them one by one.It can be sequenced in time, in space, or in the order of the logical structure of the problem.This method has clear eyebrows and neat forms, which is easy for the audience to understand and remember. ② total score formula.That is to put forward the point of view or proposition in general first, and then elaborate on them separately.Or vice versa, explain the problems separately first, and then summarize them.In the total score structure, the divided part is often a parallel structure.This way, when focusing on a problem, often has strong persuasiveness.

③ Progressive.That is to clarify the problem layer by layer, and gradually explain the truth clearly.It can go from the outside to the inside, from the shallow to the deep, from the small to the big, from the less to the more.This method is often rigorous in thinking, well-structured, and has strong logical power. ④ Contrast type.That is to use the comparative method to clarify the problem.It can be a comparison of positive and negative or new and old, it can also be a time or space comparison, and it can also be a comparison of the nature and type of the problem.This approach is convenient for highlighting positive points or major issues. It is best to use the above methods in combination, or to use one method as the main method and others as supplementary methods, or to use one method in general and other methods locally. The composition of the text is the most taboo to be straightforward.No matter which method is used to form its content, the general principle is that it should be dense and dense, one piece at a time, and exciting. (iii) The ending should have a lingering sound Xie Zhen, a scholar in the Ming Dynasty, believed that: "The ending should be like a bell, and the sound is more than enough." A good ending can set off the climax of the speech again, greatly inspire the audience, arouse the audience's desire to act, and make the audience and the speaker have a strong resonance, thus achieve the ultimate goal of the speech.Common endings are: ① End of appeal.For example, the "Speech against Philip" of Demosthenes in ancient Greece ended like this: "Even if all nations agree to endure slavery, at that time we have to fight for ourselves. The soul of rhetoric is action! Action! Action again!" This kind of ending is conducive to calling on the audience to rise up and has a strong agitational color. ②Famous words at the end.For example, in Jiang Changjian's "Sex is Good" debate conclusion statement: "Speaking of this, I can't help but think of a sentence said by an old man named Kant who lived in Königsberg more than 100 years ago: 'There are only two kinds of people in this world. Things can make our hearts feel deeply shocked, one is the brilliant starry sky above our heads, and the other is the lofty moral law in our hearts." 'The speech ends with famous quotes and epigrams, which are rich in connotation and thought-provoking. ③The end of the summary.For example, Deng Xiaoping concluded his speech "The Army Must Be Reorganized": "I hope that all the cadres of our general staff will unite in this spirit and do their work well." This kind of ending is like the finishing touch, and it is easy to highlight the center. ④ Prospective ending.For example, at the end of Han Jianzai's speech "Standing Up in the Face of Failure", he said: "I know that I may fail even worse in the future, but I am not afraid, because those who are afraid of failure will never succeed!" Ending the speech by looking forward to the future, It makes people look forward to and has a long aftertaste. There are many ways to end, and we should choose according to the content of the speech.But no matter what the method is, the ending should not be sloppy, insincere, or perfunctory. Some people say that paying attention to the beginning, body and ending of the speech is to give "sweetness".The speaker said that you should arrange your "sweets" in such a way that "the good first, the better next, and the best last". (3) Words and sentences The language of the speech is artistic, which determines that the speech must pay attention to the choice of words and sentences. Speech language is different from everyday spoken language, it is more concise, graceful, vivid and standardized.Speech language is also different from written language. It pays more attention to "speaking", so it is simple, clear and concise.The dashes and colons in written language often become the judgment words "yes" and "is" in spoken language.Compared with written language, speech language has more modal particles, which is kind, natural and inspiring.Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, known as the highest model of English speech, has only 10 sentences in the whole speech, and the speech time is less than 3 minutes. Through the choice of words and sentences, the language has reached the state of perfection.Lincoln spoke like this: "We cannot consecrate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. Those who fought here, living and dead, have consecrated this ground, and this Far more than our meager strength can add or subtract. What we say here today the world will hardly heed, nor long remember, but what the brave men have done here, the world will never I will forget." The language of this speech is simple and beautiful, blending with emotion and reason, without annoying words, which has the distinctive characteristics of spoken language. To make the speech language full of literary talent, rhetoric must be paid attention to.Appropriate use of rhetorical devices is an important way to beautify language.Rhetorical techniques such as metaphor, personification, parallelism, exaggeration, quotation, and questioning can enhance the expressive function of language, improve the aesthetic value of language, and achieve the integration of poetry, painting, and philosophy.For example, in Zhang Qin’s speech "I Awoke from a Rose-colored Dream", he started with a series of rhetorical questions: "My friend, have you ever heard the intense and deep Miaogu? Have you ever heard the melodious and melodious Konoha? Have you ever heard the joyful 'Dong Dong Quin' of the Tujia people? Have you heard the vast pine waves and the tinkling springs? What a wonderful piece of music that is!" The continuous questioning attracted the audience Falling into contemplation strengthens the emotional connection.If it is changed to "life is full of beautiful movements", although it has the same meaning, the effect will be quite different. In addition, pay attention to the logic of thinking and emotion between words, sentences, sentence groups, and paragraphs, and avoid confusion and procrastination. (4) Memorize and recite Memorization is the key link to make the content of the speech thoroughly memorized.Before the speech, it is necessary to clarify the logical relationship between the various parts, grasp the key points of the content, outline the key points, and choose memory. Recitation is based on a deep understanding of the content of the speech, repeatedly deliberating on the intonation, rhythm, stress, and pause of the sentence, so that the speech can best reflect the speaker's intention, and achieve the effect of cadence, rhythm, and sound. When memorizing and reciting, you must also be mentally prepared for speeches, be full of confidence, meet challenges, and cultivate good psychological quality. Generally speaking, no matter who the audience you are facing, they will judge you in time before you even open your mouth.They watch, listen, and analyze.The first fifteen seconds of their seeing you are pretty important.Therefore, any kind of public speaking should be treated like an actor treats the role he plays.It is an act of public performance with an inherent performance factor.When you speak, you put yourself in a position to be judged, and you get as much praise and criticism as what you say.Therefore, when you are on the sidelines, you should be fully prepared.You need to know exactly who you are addressing.Are they highly unified, or are they composed of all kinds of people?Do they have different attitudes, different spirits, and different expectations of you?Do they know something about you?What do they expect?Why are they sitting and listening to you?One piece of good news that will please you most is that the vast majority of your audience is generous and benevolent. Most of the audience was friendly and gracious, at least at the beginning of the speech.But if you behave inappropriately, or even show them a lack of respect, they will not be so easy to be polite to you.Here are five ground rules for your audience: ① If you can't handle it, don't try; ②Keep calm and never lose your temper; ③ Try to get most of the audience on your side; ④ Don't let the speech become a curse game; ⑤ Take the initiative to talk to the critic afterward. When you have identified the audience you are addressing, the next step is to become familiar with the role you are playing.For practical reasons, you may not do this from time to time, and the more familiar you are with the circumstances and conditions you will be facing before giving your speech, the better.You can try audio equipment and microphones to ensure that there will not be some audio failures during the speech, which will affect your entire speech effect.Your voice should also be in harmony with the speakers it is equipped with.This check is performed by even the most experienced speakers. There are also some speakers whose appearance is inappropriate due to lack of preparation in advance. If this situation is faced with ordinary colleagues, it is not a big problem, but when you are in an unfamiliar environment and face some audiences who are not willing to tolerate it, This is a serious problem. Here are some things to consider before you open your mouth to speak. ① How big is the space where the speech is located?This is related to the intimacy between you and the audience, the speed and capacity of your delivery of information, etc.The more space there is, the slower you can speak. ②How far is the audience from you?Is the front row empty, or is someone sitting right next to your eyes? ③ How about the speaking microphone?Do you need to debug?Does it hum when you speak? ④ Is there a podium?What is the height of the podium?Do you hide behind the podium? ⑤ Is someone pouring water?If not, prepare yourself a bit, even the most experienced speaker will get thirsty halfway through. ⑥ How is the situation of the audience?Are they lively, or serious?Do they get your information?Will you be convinced?Will you be amused?What is their age and gender? ⑦If it is at night, what are the lighting conditions?Do you need to read written speeches? ⑧If you must use display screens, slides and other tools in your speech, you should try their use in advance. ⑨Who are the other speakers?Does he contradict what is being said? ⑩What kind of best effect do you expect to get in the end?If you don't know, you'd better not go to the podium. Materials are the capital of speeches, and the quality of materials directly determines the quality of speeches. How to obtain the required materials?It can be extracted from memory and notes, and can be searched in the reference room or library. More importantly, it is necessary to always care about life, study life, observe and think more, be good at building a wide range of interests, and master a wealth of knowledge and life experience.Experience and knowledge are the capital of speaking. With this capital, you can display and develop your eloquence anytime and anywhere. So, how to use these materials, we can start from the following aspects: (1) Life examples Facts speak louder than words, and no matter how popular a theory is, it is not as easy as giving an example from life for the audience to understand.The life examples chosen during the speech must be relevant to the topic, typical, fresh and vivid.When using it, "neither talk about important events casually, nor talk about trivial things in a high-sounding way", this is Aristotle's legacy. (2) Authoritative remarks Appropriately citing classic speeches, or the opinions of celebrities and experts, or supporting one's own views and enriching one's own speeches for popular discourses that are generally respected by people, is often very effective.Because authoritative statements are generally tested by practice and are full of truth. (3) Relevant knowledge "I always collect ten times as much material as I want to use, sometimes even a hundred times." John Gander once said. In 1956, he set out to prepare a lecture on mental institutions.He traveled to various hospitals and talked with the director, nurses and patients respectively. Day after day, he walked countless roads and filled many notebooks.In his office are piles of government and state reports, private hospital reports, and commission statistics. In the end, the paper on which he wrote his speech weighed only a few tens of grams.However, there are only a few pages in the densely packed notebooks and the materials he relied on. Speech is essentially an intellectual activity, and the topics and contents discussed often involve various fields of knowledge.A successful speech often needs to mobilize various scientific and cultural knowledge, such as politics, economy, humanities, geography, literature and art, science and technology, etc.Then, only by preparing sufficient relevant knowledge materials or theoretical materials can it be possible to push the speech to a deeper level, otherwise, you can only wander outside the door, or even fail.Su Qin, a talented orator in ancient times, lobbied the princes for the first time, but suffered a painful setback due to lack of knowledge. (1) Clear and fresh views The various thoughts expounded in the speech must have a clear point of view, what is for, against, advocated, denied, explained, and extended.At the same time, the ideas and viewpoints expounded in the speeches must make breakthroughs and innovations in people's existing knowledge, level of understanding, and methods of understanding, whether they are novel, profound, or unique, and they must always inspire and benefit people. Speeches are the most taboo " A cliché", nothing new, no personal opinion.And no matter how important, how correct, and how advanced ideas are, they must be approachable, and we must not scare people with the truth, preach with a straight face, or use the guise of celebrities to suppress people. (2) Substantial materials and strong arguments Speeches must rely on facts, and the materials used in speeches must be sufficient. There are quotes from celebrities and adages and warnings widely circulated among subordinates, as well as vivid and touching stories and legends. You can also list charts, Numbers, pictures or real objects illustrate the problem; the second is to be sure, all kinds of materials used to illustrate the problem should not always be "probable" or "estimated", but must be true and certain.All kinds of materials should not only be fresh and useful, but also typical, powerful and best able to explain the problem.Whether the material can play its due role depends to a large extent on the combination of material and viewpoint.Therefore, the speech must be rigorously demonstrated and thoroughly reasoned, and the combination of the entire material and viewpoint must produce an irrefutable logical force. (3) Plain and clear, vivid and fluent The language of speech should be typical popular language.Except for some ceremonial and conventional speeches, which pay attention to wording or use some fixed vocabulary and fixed expressions, general speeches must be easy to understand, easy to understand, and lively.One is to have short, flexible sentence patterns and a strong sense of rhythm; the other is to use more spoken words that are fluent in syllables, direct and permeable, solemn, concise and clear, and use less technical terms as much as possible.In the use of speech language, the most taboo is to pile up rhetoric, mix white and white, or the writing is not smooth, jerky and difficult to understand.At the same time, the voice of the speaker must be clear and bright to meet the needs of the "large audience" in a specific occasion. (4) Sincere and simple, decent posture The speech must be "moved with emotion" in order to "understand it with reason".However, the expression of emotion in a speech must first be sincere, and pretentiousness is the most taboo; second, it must be simple and natural, and it must be revealed naturally according to the rhythm, content and process of the speech.Some speeches are impassioned throughout, blindly pursuing the so-called high-pitched and sonorous, thinking that this is "sentimental", but in fact this is just another form of plainness.The gesture language in the speech is relatively rich, and some speakers are also famous for their good use of gesture language.However, the posture language in the speech must obey the needs of the content expression, and avoid excessive and excessive.In some speeches, too many actions, distracting guests or indecent manners, resulting in a gaffe, not only reduces the effect of the speech, but also leaves the audience with a pretentious impression. Leaders write speeches mainly with the following focus: (1) Focus on the target and make it clear to whom A speech is a conversation with the public, and the public is diverse, with different interests and requirements.If you don't look at the target, the conversation will not be targeted, and the audience's interest will not be aroused, and naturally there will be no good results. (2) Consider the occasion of the speech We should also pay enough attention when writing speeches.The so-called occasion is a general term for a certain time, place and actual situation.From the perspective of speech activities, it is the time, environment (including the place and social background of the speech) and the audience of the speech.Occasions always play a restrictive role in people's speech.It affects the choice of topics, the organization of structures, the use of language, the volume of volume, the use of titles, etc.Someone once gave a report to the prisoners in the prison. He felt that calling "prisoners" was too exciting, and calling "friends" was impractical. It's a proper name here. (3) The center is clear The issues discussed by the speaker should be clear, otherwise there is no way to choose materials, and the result can only be a pile of materials, which cannot solve any problems. (4) Strive to be specific and realistic The audience hates false, big, and empty words, and likes specific, real, and sincere speeches.Only when it is specific can it be vivid; if it is real, it can be convincing; if it is sincere, it can move people with sincerity.Speeches should be rich with examples.If there are no examples in the speech, or if the examples are not true, the speech will be dull and the audience will be lost. (5) Pay attention to terminology The use of language in speech drafts, one must use spoken language, and the other must pay attention to rhetoric.Speeches are for people to listen to, and if they want people to listen, they must first be understood, so that they can be liked.Spoken language is easy to understand, lively and smooth, full of human touch and aesthetic feeling, in line with people's listening habits, which is also the most important feature of speech language. Pay attention to diction, in addition to emphasizing the use of spoken language, it is also necessary to refine the spoken language to get rid of its vulgarity and long-winded problems, so as to make it more correct and standardized.In order to achieve this goal, some rhetorical techniques, such as metaphor, parallelism, contrast, repetition, etc., should be properly used on the premise of maintaining colloquial language. (6) Reasonably arrange the structure The composition of a speech usually includes three parts: the beginning, the middle, and the end.To arrange the structure, we should not only consider the whole, but also study the specific parts one by one.On the whole, the speech should reflect the organization of the speech, highlight the center of the speech, show the rhythm of the speech, and make the whole text have a sense of harmony and harmony. Beginning, including title and introduction.According to different intentions, speakers have different ways to start.Sometimes it is necessary to start clearly and point directly to the topic of the lecture, so as to meet the general psychological requirements of the audience and make the audience have the necessary mental preparation; sometimes only raise the question to inspire the audience to think and discuss together, enhance their sense of participation, and arouse their interest in listening to the lecture. Interest; sometimes emphasize the atmosphere to form the emotional tone of the entire speech. In the middle, that is, the torso of the speech.The main purpose of this part is to solve the problem and convince the audience.how to write?In addition to paying attention to the requirements of "object", "occasion", "center" and "specificity", it is also necessary to refer to the writing method of the essay, and use progressive, columnar, comparative and other structural methods to carry out discussions.Of course, there are many ways to write articles, such as the progression can be included in the column, and the comparison can be included in the progression.As long as it is conducive to reasoning and acceptance by the audience, it can be used. Closing, also known as concluding remarks. "Weaving baskets and weaving baskets is the most important thing to close the mouth." The quality of the ending of the speech also has this kind of influence. At the end of the speech, the point of view should be clear, clear and powerful.There are often three ways of writing. ① Summarize and summarize.Summarizing the main points of the full text has the effect of reiterating and emphasizing your own point of view and deepening the audience's impression. When writing, you must take care of the full text. ② Express your attitude.For example, at the end of Mr. Wen Yiduo's "Last Speech": "We are not afraid of death, we have the spirit of sacrifice. We are like Mr. Li at any time, stepping out of the gate with our front foot, and we are not ready to step out of the gate with our back foot." Shock the hearts of the audience and have a great appeal. ③ put forward hopes and requirements.This kind of conclusion can often make the audience clear what to do and how to do it after accepting the speaker's point of view.For example, in the conclusion of Zhou Enlai's "Speech at the Tenth Anniversary of Lu Xun's Death": "...we must have something to hate, something to be angry, something to love, something to do... The century of the people has come, so we should work hard like him Struggle, unite, and die for the people. Lu Xun and Wen Yiduo are our role models." In addition, there are also philosophical aphorisms or poems as epilogues. The so-called material refers to the series of factual phenomena or theoretical basis used in the speech.Whether the material is sufficient and good directly affects the quality of the speech.As the saying goes, "It's hard for a clever woman to cook without rice".The same is true for speeches. Even if you have superb speech skills and ingenious ideas, you will be powerless without a lot of detailed material support. Makarenko said: "Only when the problem of materials is correctly solved, can we talk about the problem of skills." Skills are essentially methods and means to help speakers use materials to achieve the purpose of speech.Just as a skilled craftsman cannot build a house without raw materials such as bricks, stones, sand, cement, steel bars, and wood; without ore, there is no smelting technology; without a stage, thrilling acrobatics cannot be performed; speaking skills.Therefore, materials are the basis of speech and the stage for displaying speech skills. Some leaders' speeches are full of clichés, empty, dry and tasteless. Fundamentally speaking, it is because there are few valuable materials to master and use.Materials are the material support for speech. Without detailed materials, the speech will appear weak and weak, and the foundation will be weak, giving people a feeling of emptiness.Liu Dakui from the Qing Dynasty said in "Dissertation Occasionally": "Reason cannot be pointed out directly, so things can be used to understand reason; feelings cannot be shown, so things can be used to express emotions." It means that if you want to put your point of view, The purpose is to let others understand and accept it. Without sufficient materials as the foundation, it will not work.Any wonderful speech is inseparable from a large number of rich and novel materials.Materials are the pillar of the theme and the support of ideas. Gathering and possessing material is the key to ensuring the success of the speech.All leaders who have speaking experience are usually good at collecting and accumulating materials. When speaking, they are at your fingertips and can be used by you.Possessing materials is like "General Han Xin, the more the better."Only when you have a lot of materials, you can speak both ways and with ease, and you won't be stretched and caught in a dilemma.Mr. Mao Dun once told a wonderful metaphor. He said: "When collecting, you are greedy for many things, and you are like a profiteer. As soon as you hear that there is a network and goods, you will do everything possible to dig. Only when you get it will you be willing to give up. , no matter what it is, as long as it can be called 'goods', it will be hoarded, and it will not tire of it." This metaphor shows that Jucai must work hard on the word "multiple" and be as insatiable as a profiteer hoarding goods.When gathering materials, you must be a "generous" person, you must have a large amount, and you should adopt the "bringing principle". If it is useful or not, it will be discussed first. The more materials, the better. A large amount of materials cannot be found by inspiration alone. We must pay attention to observation, experience, accumulation, analysis, comparison and screening at ordinary times.Under normal circumstances, people only see a certain leader's good "eloquence" and good "pen" and envy their talents, but they don't see the long-term hard work behind the "eloquence" and "pen".The materials used in the speech are, on the one hand, the "dead" materials accumulated in daily life, and on the other hand, the "living" materials captured from real life.Only by using a lot of "live" materials can the speech appear vivid and novel, close to reality. "Living" materials are mainly obtained through investigation and research.Only by going deep into the grassroots, in-depth practice, and careful observation of experience, can we find and pick a large number of vital materials.Before each important speech, you should take as much time as possible to do a good job of investigation and research, and look for "live" materials from the grassroots, subordinates, and practice.Only in this way can the content of the speech be richer, more realistic and pertinent, and more touching and infecting people. Polymers are meant to be used.When you have determined the topic and the general framework of your speech, it is time to choose the material that best illustrates your point of view around the topic.For the large amount of material that is usually mastered, it is necessary to analyze, compare, identify and determine according to the requirements of the subject.Polymer materials should be "multiple" and "broad", while materials should be "rigorous" and "fine".I usually have a lot of materials, but the materials needed for speaking are limited, which requires "choosing in every possible way" and selecting the best from the best.Select the materials that best illustrate the problem and sort them out for use. "Articles never tire of being revised a hundred times", good articles are all revised.There is a process in people's cognition of things and the expression of cognition. Only after repeated scrutiny and revision can the cognition gradually become mature and perfect.The guiding ideology of the revision is: make the manuscript help you achieve the purpose of the speech to the greatest extent.The principle of modification is also very simple: modify where it feels not smooth. (1) Viewpoint First of all, check whether the point of view of the whole article is correct, whether it is mature, and whether it is easy for the audience to understand and accept.If there is a problem, or if it is immature, further thinking must be done.Never fool the audience casually.Second, we need to see whether the central topic has been established and whether it has been clearly and prominently expressed.If the center is not prominent, the purpose of the speech will not be clearly reflected. (2) Materials Whether the material is true, specific, comprehensive and sufficient, whether it is used properly, whether it can explain the problem and express the point of view accurately and forcefully.If there is less, it will be added, if it is too much, it will be deleted, if it is inappropriate, it will be replaced, and vague and false materials must be eliminated. (3) Structure ①Whether the structure is complete, compact and varied. ②Whether the opening remarks are tasty and attractive. ③ Whether there is an exciting climax, and whether the position of the climax is appropriate. ④Is the ending wonderful? ⑤ Whether the division of paragraphs and the arrangement of levels are appropriate and clear. ⑥ Is the connection and transition between contexts natural? ⑦Whether the front and rear references are appropriate. ⑧Whether the whole context is connected. (4) language Eloquence is the art of language, and tempering language is the basic skill of eloquent masters.After the first draft is written, the language revision techniques are as follows: First of all, whether the sentences are smooth and the words are concise. This is the most basic requirement.If you can't write well, you can't read or speak well; if you don't write concisely, you can't speak well.Lu Xun said: "After writing, read it at least twice, and try to delete unnecessary words, sentences, and paragraphs. There is no regret." Secondly, whether the words are accurate, vivid and expressive. Again, see if the rhetoric is appropriate and just right. Finally, try to read it a few times to see how it works. For example, whether it is catchy to read, whether the tone is appropriate, whether the emotion is full, whether the rhyme is harmonious, and whether the rhythm is sonorous and powerful. (5) length There is often a certain time limit for monologue speeches to the audience, and it is necessary to consider whether the length of the text meets the specified time limit when revising. ① If the specified time limit is exceeded, the text should be compressed and the space cut. ②If it is less than the specified time limit, if necessary, you can add more materials and expand the content. It is best to make the content flexible while maintaining the integrity of the content.这样，临场时，可以根据听众的反应随时做出调整，灵活机动地把握时间。 很多领导尽管不乏当众演讲的准备能力，然因事务缠身，大多时候却苦于记不住自己的讲稿内容，以致很多时候都需要拿着稿子念，将原本一个很好的发言稿，念得毫无生气。因此在必要的时候，花些时间和精力，记住演讲稿，无疑会无形中提高领导讲话的影响力。 （1）画图记忆 画图记忆是记忆讲稿的一种最简捷的办法，最适宜领导者运用。图画是具体形象化的作品，最便于记忆，尤其是自己画的图画。每次演讲稿的内容都可以用图画表示，画好后，排上队，仔细看看，记住顺序。演讲时，这些图画就会依次清晰地浮现在你的脑海里了。 （2）意义记忆 心理学家认为：思想和言语的表达有不可分割的联系，前者是后者的基础，而后者是前者的外化形式。一篇好的演讲稿，总是有明确的思想内容和鲜明的主题的。因此，记忆演讲稿，首先要从意义入手，把握主题和中心思想，找出各部分“意义的据点”，提纲挈领，在此基础上记忆全篇讲稿内容就容易得多了。 （3）结构记忆 演讲虽从语言体裁上看具有叙述格调和色彩，但从演讲稿上看，它属议论文范畴。作为议论文，通常离不开提出问题、分析问题、解决问题这三大块。因此，牢牢把握讲稿的章法结构，就可以有效地帮助你记忆。 （4）情感记忆 这个方法就像演员背记台词一样，让自己在记忆讲稿时进入“角色”。心理学家认为：“情感主要是和大脑两半球的活动联系着的。”引起各种情感的条件刺激既有现实的第一信号，又有现实的第二信号，即以词为条件的刺激物。言语是有表情性的。演讲稿中，有些内容具有深厚的感情色彩，它能引起演讲者的喜怒哀乐、好恶爱憎，使演讲时语气、音量、语速和态度都不同于一般，因此，就很容易记忆。 （5）机械记忆 机械记忆在演讲中有些地方是需要的，也是最常见的记忆方法。如一些人名、地名、历史年代等，就要靠机械记忆。但是机械记忆并非只是死记硬背，它也有灵活办法可寻。例如用对照法来记忆历史事件，另外，还可以运用谐声、会意等手法，缩小记忆对象的信息量，来达到巧妙记忆的目的。 （6）连锁记忆 即把要记住的各个事物(词)用联想连接起来。联想越是古怪，记忆就越清楚。一般，每天有四个记忆高潮点，是记忆的最佳时期：一是早晨起床后；二是上午8～10点；三是傍晚6～8点；四是在临睡前一两个小时。 （1）材料的主题性 主题是通篇讲话的中心，所有的材料都必须服从和服务于这个中心，以是否能为中心服务作为取舍标准。主题与材料的关系是统帅与被统帅的关系，离开了主题，材料是零散、杂乱、毫无意义的东西；而离开了材料，再好的主题，也无法表达充分，难以让人接受。要正确处理主题与材料的关系，用主题去统率材料，用材料去表现主题。凡是与主题关系密切，能有力地说明、烘托、突出主题的就选用；凡是与主题关系不大，不能很好地反映主题的材料就要舍弃，这是选材的首要原则。在选材上要做到宁缺毋滥，舍得忍痛割爱。少说废话的道理很简单，但要真正做到并不容易。有的人讲起话来，对所使用的材料不加鉴别和选择，造成内容杂芜，枝蔓丛生，结果想要表达的观点反而被冲淡、被淹没。有的人对自己积累的材料情有独钟，对一些与主题关系不够密切但比较生动的材料不舍得丢弃，造成“言虽多而不要其中”，影响了讲话效果。因此，讲话一定要选择那些能反映观点、支持观点的材料，力求观点与材料的有机统一。 （2）材料的可靠性 材料的可靠性包括真实性和准确性两个方面。讲话真实准确，才能令听众信服。如果讲话内容被听众怀疑是否准确真实，不管讲得多么精彩，多么有趣，也会被大打折扣。真实准确是对讲话的基本要求，也是第一要求。保证讲话真实准确，首先要保证所用材料真实可靠。真实准确是选择使用材料的基本原则，在选材问题上一定要实事求是，不能采用实用主义的态度。那种对材料任意加工，添枝加叶，主观臆造，随意引申，甚至把那些道听途说的东西也拿来引用的做法是不可取的，是领导讲话所不允许的。 材料的真实，包含两层意思，一是有其事，是现实生活中客观存在的，决非杜撰虚构；二是合乎事物的本来面目，不是偶然的、个别的现象，而是事物的本质，具有普遍意义。前者是局部的真实，后者是整体的真实。 在真实的基础上还要做到准确。准确是和真实相联系的，没有真实，就无准确可言。如果说真实多是从大处体现在质的规定性上，那么准确则多是从细处要求材料的恰如其分，人物、事实、细节、引文等都应经得起检验和推敲，这就要求平时积累资料时，力求做到精确无误，注明材料的详细出处，以便引用。如果引用材料含糊其辞，连自己都拿不准，怎么能让人信服，得不到听众信任的讲话，又有什么意义呢？讲话中要尽量少用“大约”、“左右”、“很久以前”、“可能是”等模糊词语，多用内涵比较确定的词语。在这方面，革命导师马克思为我们树立了典范。他“从不满足于间接得来的材料，总要找原著寻根究底，不管这样做有多么麻烦。即便是为了证实一个不重要的事实，他也要特意到大英博物馆去一趟”。由于马克思“所引证的任何一件事实或任何一个数字都是得到最有威信的权威人士的证实的”，因此，“反对马克思的人从来也不能证明他有一点疏忽，不能指出他的论证是建立在受不住严格考核的事实上的”。正因为如此，他的著作才“每一个字都是一支必中的箭，每一句话都是有事实作根据的沉重控诉，是真实不可驳的赤裸的真理”。 真实性是讲话的生命所在。只有材料真实准确，才能使讲话做到事真、情真、理真，才能令人信服，对此不能有丝毫的含糊。 （3）材料的典型性 所谓典型材料，是指那些能够深刻揭示事物本质，具有广泛的代表性和强大的说服力的材料。只有那些具有鲜明特征和代表性的典型材料，才能有力地揭示事物的本质，有效地表达主题和观点。通过个别反映一般，通过典型反映共性，是讲话选材的重要原则。讲话时要从众多的材料中筛选那些最典型、最有代表性的，不要用一般化的材料，这样才能恰如其分地表达观点。毛泽东说：“材料是要搜集得愈多愈好，但一定要抓住要点或特点(矛盾的主导方面)。马克思研究资本主义，列宁研究帝国主义，都是收集了很多统计材料，但并不是全部采用，而只是采取最能表现特点的一部分。”这里所说的“不是全部采用”，而是抓“要点”和“特点”，就是说讲话、写文章要抓住典型材料。 恩格斯《在马克思墓前的讲话》中，为了阐明马克思在理论上的重大贡献，就选用了两个最典型的材料，一个是“马克思发现了人类历史的发展规律”，另一个是“马克思还发现了现代资本主义生产方式和它所产生的资产阶级社会的特殊的运动规律”。马克思对人类社会的贡献很多，但他发现两大规律是最重要、最有代表性的，真正突出了马克思的伟大历史功绩，这两点是最有说服力、最能令人信服的。 （4）材料的生动性 新颖、生动的材料，能够充分调动听众的主观能动性，引发联想，使之如见其人，如闻其声；能够使讲话声情并茂，增加表达的感染力，唤起听众的共鸣；能够使听众耳目一新，激发兴趣，留下深刻的印象。如果讲话中引用了一些人人皆知的“老”材料、“死”材料，没有多少新东西，让人觉得似曾相识，非常耳熟，就会让听众感到乏味。 新颖、生动。有趣的材料不外乎两类：一类是新近发生的、他人尚未发现、使用的材料；一类是他人已发现、已使用的材料中的新意。 时代在前进，社会在进步，事物在变化，新情况、新问题、新矛盾不断出现，新人、新事、新经验层出不穷。我们应当去及时捕捉那些新的东西，多讲点新话，多道点新事，不能开口闭口总是那几句话，老生常谈。要勤学习，多实践，到改革和发展的实践中，到人民下属中，到报纸杂志中，去发现那些富有时代特色的活生生的事例，采摘那些“带着露珠”的新鲜材料。这样的材料用到讲话中才能有新鲜感，才能吸引人。同时，对别人用过的旧材料也不是不可以用，但要“翻新”使用，善于从新的角度、新的层面去重新审视，挖掘出“新意”来。 材料的生动性要具备四个特点：新、实、趣、活。 新——就是要有新人、新事、新成果、新情况、新经验，反映新面貌，讲出新“道道”，让人感到耳目一新。 实——就是具体、实在，使听众看得见、摸得着、感觉得到，而不单纯是空洞抽象的说教。 趣——就是生动、活泼、有趣味，有动人的情节，活泼风趣的语言，能引起悬念，具有很强的幽默感。 活——就是真人、真事、有形、有声，活灵活现的东西。 这些材料选择出来后，把那些有助于讲话的真实可信、饶有趣味的每一事实、数字、对比和例证都写下来。行之有效的办法是把一个事实或一个例证，分别记在一张卡片上，这样在最后定稿时，便于反复推敲，决定取舍。 材料的使用要详略得当。正确处理好详与略的关系，对表现主题的骨干材料宜详，次要材料宜略；对人所未言的新材料宜详，众所周知的材料宜略；最能体现特征的材料宜详，一般化的材料宜略。材料使用得当，则能使讲话显得贴切自然、灵活生动。 在材料的选用问题上应特别强调：尽可能多地收集材料，你占有的材料要远远超过讲话时所使用的材料。头脑中要装满你所要讲的内容，并确信自己已经掌握了所要讲话的全部材料。记住，一位经验丰富的演讲者，在准备演讲材料时，面临的困难往往不是使用哪些材料，而是要删掉哪些材料。讲话中使用材料的数量与所掌握材料的多少应成正比，正如冰山浮在水面的大小与其沉在水面下的大小成正比一样。掌握材料越多，选择余地越大，使用起来就越方便。 很多领导讲话时都有照讲稿念的习惯，如此以业自然不会出错，也不用费多大力气，但是很难做到生动、活泼和富有感染力，表现不出领导者的讲话风采，也不能根据听众的反应和情绪变化作出灵活的调整。 此外，倘若照讲稿背，不用讲稿，凭借自己的记忆，像背书那样一字不差地背出来，看起来比拿着讲稿念要力度，但很难表现出自然，而且还会有忘了词乱了套的危险。 如果能够做到既不需要背诵，也不需用讲稿，而能够条理清晰，流畅地讲话，其效果肯定会不同凡响。那么，怎样才能做到不用讲稿，又不用硬背讲稿呢？提前预讲是最有效的方法。 首先，把讲稿变成自己的语言。一般来说，讲话稿多为规范、严谨的书面语言。书面语言写得再精彩，与口头语言也不同。书面语言太干巴，缺少讲话时所需要的节奏和活力。这样的语言，讲起来不自然，记忆起来更困难。如果讲话时想不用讲稿，又不至于出现难堪的局面，只有花时间把讲话稿变成自己的语言加以理解和记忆。记住自己的东西比记住别人给你准备的东西要容易得多。 林肯任美国总统期间，许多重要讲话都不用讲稿。他在工作繁忙的情况下是如何准备讲稿的？他通常是由写作班子写出初稿，在初稿的基础上，再修改完善变成自己的语言牢记在心。有人把林肯的首次就职演说同他的写作班子为他拟的草稿作了一番比较，发现林肯把草稿中那些浮夸的言辞全部删去，用草稿提供的材料创造了那篇讲话中一些最令人难忘的语句，其中包括有关“神秘的记忆之玄”的那句结束语。这是讲话者与撰稿人之间理想的关系，灵感的启发是相互的，但是归根结底，讲话必须是讲话者的，而且只是他一个人的，那才能有效果。林肯的一些做法是现实可行的，值得我们深思和效仿。 其次，需要熟记提纲。提纲是整个讲话的总体思路和框架，讲话时只有按照这个提纲，围绕讲话的内容，进行充分发挥，讲话思路才不会被打断和阻隔。讲话前要根据讲话的内容和所要讲的意思，列出一个较为详细的提纲并熟记，然后在每个纲目下再提供一些关键词、关键句子以及重要的事例。千万要记住你所要表述的意思，只要你把要讲的意思全部都装进脑子里，并能用自己的话按照一定的顺序把所要讲的内容连接起来，这样你就算基本上记住了讲话的内容，到时候再临场发挥，就不会出现语塞、忘词的困境。 尼克松在谈到自己讲话不用讲稿时说：“最后一个提纲列好之后，把初稿写出来，或者口授下来。在删改打好的讲稿时，不要加工得太细，因为那样做往往会把口头语言的生气和节奏弄没了。你若是打算不照稿子讲，那就把提纲读上几遍，把关键的句子写下来。不把提纲记得很熟，那就有可能失去思绪的连贯性，从而也就会失去听众。”尼克松的做法对于我们学习如何记忆讲话提纲，丢掉讲稿有很大帮助。 最后，要反复进行预讲。依据事先拟定好的提纲或讲稿，反复进行口头表达练习，每次都变换措辞，这样可以更加牢固地记住讲话中的一系列观点。当你多次练习过后并对你自己的练习感到满意时，你就可以胸有成竹地走向讲台。这时，那些应讲的东西就会有条不紊地浮现在你的脑海中，并且能用自己的语言流畅地表达出来。 讲话从要讲稿到要提纲，再到不用讲稿和提纲，是个逐步过渡、循序渐进、熟能生巧的过程。讲话与做任何事情一样，都需要反复实践。当你经过反复练习，多次锻炼，有了讲话经验，并确信自己站起来讲话不会忘记需要讲的东西时，你就掌握了不用讲稿讲话的技巧。 高尔基曾说：“最难的开场白，就是第一句话，如同音乐一样，全曲的音调，都是由它定的。一般要花较长的时间去寻找。”任何形式的讲话，开场白都很重要，如同音乐的基调，能不能马上抓住听众，关系到整个讲话的成败。好的开场白就像一个出色的导游员，一下子就把听众带入讲话者为他们设计的胜境。好的开场白，容易打开局面，便于引入正题。即席演讲应做到先入为主，以强大的气势或声势首先抛出强有力的论点，以压倒或征服听众。开场白不能平铺直叙，啰里啰嗦，而应该不落俗套，干净利索，语出惊人，这样才能达到出奇制胜、先声夺人的目的。 开场白有开门见山型、故事型、幽默型、阐明背景型、引用型、悬念型等多种形式。不管采用哪种形式，要抓一些带根本性、倾向性和普遍性的问题，抓住听众心理，或讲故事、或讲幽默、或设问或讲客套话、祝贺语等。总之要简短精辟，少拖泥带水，迅速转入正题。 （1）开门见山 一开始就用高度凝练的语言把演讲的主题告诉听众，引起他们想听下文的欲望，接着在主体部分加以详细说明和阐述。这是一种直截了当的手法，立即进入正题，不迂回，不啰唆，不要任何多余的赘言和楔子。例如，1945年10月1日，刘少奇同志为即将奔赴东北战场的解放军送行，他说的开场白是：“同志们听从中央的决定，要到东北去了，要我来讲几句话。”整个开场白只用了23个字，简明扼要。 （2）故事 讲话开头先讲一个与你所讲内容有密切联系的故事，从而引出你的讲话主题。这个很多领导都不陌生，只要选择的故事的够经典，够贴切便能收到很好的效果。 （3）幽默 以幽默、诙谐的语言及事例开场，使听众在你幽默开场中，迅速集中注意力，激发兴奋点。例如，1965年，周恩来总理在上海展览馆大厅为安娜·路易斯·斯特朗女士举行80寿辰庆祝宴会，并发表贺词，他是这样说的： 今天，我们为我们的好朋友，美国女作家安娜·路易斯·斯特朗女士庆祝40公岁诞辰(外国朋友对“40公岁”这个新名词感到纳闷和不解)。在中国，“公”字是紧跟它的量词的两倍。40公里等于80里，40公岁等于80岁。 周总理显然是想用这个开场，赞赏女作家心态的年轻，话一出口，在场几百位祝寿者立即心领神会，顿时响起一阵欢笑，寿星斯特朗女士激动地流下了眼泪。 （4）阐明背景 这种开头就是把讲话的原因或者背景交代给听众，让听者一下子就明白为什么要讲话，讲话的理由是什么；或者说明讲话的背景及在这种背景下讲话的初衷。用这种方法开头平常、自然，很少有波澜，似无标新立异之嫌，但也是平时人们使用最多、也最好把握的一种形式。 在开场白中，有时为了融洽讲话者与听众之间的感情，还采用一些礼貌性的话题与听众沟通。它主要分为楔子和引子两部分。例如，1984年4月27口，美国总统里根在人民大会堂发表了如下讲话： 谢谢您，周培源博士，谢谢各位尊敬的女士和先生。今天，我很荣幸能够来到这里，成为有史以来第一位在人民大会堂向贵国发表演说的美国总统。 我和我的夫人一直盼望来世界上历史最悠久的文明古国之一的中国访问，同你们伟大的人民见面，以睹贵国历史宝库的风采。北京宽阔的大道使我们赞叹，贵国人民的待客热情，使我们深深感动。我们唯一的遗憾，就是这次访问的时间太短。看来只能像唐代一位诗人所写的那样“走马观花”了。但是中国的“汉书”里还有另外一句话叫“百闻不如一见”，南希和我深有同感。 这段开场白可看做全篇的一个楔子。里根一上来就向大会主持人及全体听众表示了深深谢意，对中国表示高度赞扬，对中国古老文化有深厚理解。从礼貌、礼节上讲，这都是十分必要的。 通过这番话很快架起了里根总统与听众之间的感情桥梁。接着里根总统又说，12年前，前总统尼克松来到北京，他走下空军一号专机同周恩来总理握手。事后，周恩来总理告诉他：你那只手，是从世界上最浩瀚的大洋的彼岸伸过来的手，是经过25年的完全隔绝之后重新伸过来的手。从那次握手开始，美国和中国都打开了自己历史上新的一页。我认为现在历史又在召唤了。 这两段话就是整个讲话的引子。通过引子这座桥梁很快把讲话引入正题，转折、联结自然，恰到好处。 再如，1950年6月2日，法国驻德大使朗索瓦·庞赛在两国市长参加的联席会议上的讲话，开场白也非常精彩。He said, 联邦主席先生，市长先生，法兰西的市长先生们： 我以十分愉快的心情接受德法两国市长会议的邀请，前来参加闭幕式。对能借此机会重游斯图加特感到高兴并表示由衷的感谢。 不瞒大家说，如果我回想起我第一次是怎样在贵国的城墙下度过的话，我就无法抑制住内心的感触。联邦主席先生知道我这个人比较容易伤感。可是还有什么地方能比斯图加特这地方更令人感到舒适的呢？那次露宿城下差不多过去了半个多世纪。1902年，当我还是个年轻的中学生时，就来到过斯图加特这神奇的地方…… 接着，引入正题： 由于我的独特经历，由于我对斯图加特有独特的感情，所以，我始终把德法两国及两国人民之间的互相理解放在心头，作为大使，我要谋求的正是这一点。 庞赛选用了一段极具人情味的插曲作为开场白，从容迅速地沟通了他与听众之间的感情，很自然地引入正题让听众接受。这是一个极为和谐的开场白。特别在一些礼仪性场合作即席讲话，适当运用楔子和引子，对于沟通与听众的情感，拉近与听众的距离，有效地引出下文，充