Chapter 22 Chapter 21 Being a Successful Meeting Moderator

Parliament is a government of speeches.Within this form of organization the power of eloquence becomes the most admirable of all qualities a statesman can possess. -William Pitt In many situations, leaders often encounter the opportunity to speak extemporaneously.At this time, if you are a "veteran" who is eloquent and good at talking, you will naturally cope with it, and it is not a problem, but if you are a "novice" who is not good at eloquence and does not speak in front of everyone, then you don't have to. When you are nervous, you cannot avoid it. You should dare to show all your enthusiasm and courage to speak out wonderful words that can fully express your thoughts, opinions or true feelings for different occasions and objects.

Below, we summarize several common forms of impromptu speeches, hoping to help you. (1) Chaired ceremony As the meeting host, impromptu speeches run through the entire meeting process, and the content of the speech must be grasped according to the nature of the meeting.If it is a working meeting, you only need to talk about the background, significance, procedures, hopes and requirements of the meeting; if it is a welcoming meeting, you only need to emphasize the welcome to the guests and briefly describe its meaning, and exaggerate the atmosphere; If it is a call-to-action impromptu speech, it should clarify the meaning, clarify the purpose and goal, and point out how to do it as well as specific measures, methods, steps, etc., and use the words of the call to state and express; if it is a summary speech, It is necessary to make scientific and correct judgments on the work done, affirm the achievements, and propose improvement measures and directions for efforts for deficiencies.

As the chairperson of the meeting, you should avoid being "laoziqi", "Mr. accent" or nonsense nonsense, and you should express the identity of the chairperson clearly, effectively and appropriately. (2) Response type Usually in conferences, courts, or academic discussions and defense meetings, people often ask questions and need to speak impromptu.This kind of response speech is mostly passive and limited by the content or topic of the question, so it is easy to grasp in terms of the scope of the speech.For this kind of speech, you should ask one question and answer one question, and ask two questions and answer two questions. It is enough to explain the questions that need to be answered in a clear, complete and clear way.If it is questioned, then the "doubt" lies and give an answer that is in line with the facts and with sufficient reasons.If it is a defense in court, explain the time, place, people present, the course of the facts, etc. of the issues involved, or state your reasons for defense.If it is an academic defense or explanation, then you should use scientific methods to discuss or clarify your point of view or research results. If you encounter esoteric and difficult problems, you can explain them in easy-to-understand visual language ... In this way, you will be able to explain clearly the question you are answering.

(3) By invitation When you are invited to speak, you must grasp three points.One is humility; it is to speak appropriate humble language to the master (unit, group).Such as thanking the host for his hospitality, praising the host's achievements, good deeds, personal style and spiritual morality, etc.The second is to say things that are beneficial to the public, that is, the content of the speech can enable the audience to gain ideological enlightenment and intellectual enlightenment; pay attention to the appeal of self-image and beauty, not only to persuade people with reason, but also with emotion.The third is to fully estimate the objective requirements of the audience.The audience needs specific policies, so you should not be bureaucratic and put on airs.Generally speaking, if you can finish speaking in one sentence, don't use two, three, or even chatter to talk empty talk, big talk and nonsense.

(4) Descriptive Usually, when a problem or a matter is misunderstood or misinterpreted, and the subordinates or the audience do not understand or understand the truth, an explanatory speech must be made on the spot, which is an extemporaneous explanatory speech.This kind of impromptu speech can not only point out and correct other people's problems, but also disclose the truth to achieve the purpose of clarifying the facts, and it can also be used to defend oneself or others.This kind of speech should grasp the essence of the problem or the facts, and avoid using expansive words such as "depict" and "exaggerate", otherwise it will complicate the problem that should be easy to explain, which is not conducive to the resolution of the matter.

(5) Inspiration In some occasions, thinking often has "inspiration burst".What is "spiritual inspiration" refers to the association and daydream of instant emotion, analogy by analogy.This situation is often encountered in seminars, banquets, and parties.This kind of "inspired" speech usually depends on the occasion and situation, and should be humorous, interesting, joyful, and the tone and atmosphere are appropriate.We must grasp the four elements of simplicity, decency, elegance, and fun.Avoid by all means the nonsense and empty talk of spoilers or long-winded speeches.

(6) Visiting type Impromptu speeches during visits are often active or passive speeches based on knowledge and perception after witnessing the scene.You can explain and praise the successful experience, good working methods, scientific management, etc. of the visited unit; or thank the host for his hospitality.In this kind of speech, the feelings should be sincere, the sentiment should be high, the tone should be humble, the words should be beautiful, and be careful not to reveal arrogance, or the superiority of others than yourself, and so on. (7) Assemblies The impromptu speech during the assembly should be measured according to the type of meeting and the target audience.If it is a political gathering, it is advisable to use passionate, warm and confident emotional language; Its value and significance, inheritance and development and other intentions.Generally speaking, "assemblies" are always mostly political, so this kind of speech should be inspiring, so that the audience can follow the call of the conference to strive to achieve the goal of struggle.

There are many occasions and forms of impromptu speeches.But no matter what kind, you just need to grasp: it is appropriate and timely.If the scene in front of you is festive, you should speak "festive words", and the tone of the festive words should be more cheerful; If the atmosphere in front of you is angry, you should speak "angry words", and angry words should be more angry... If the target is young people, you should speak more interestingly; if the target is peasants, you should speak more honestly ; If the target is an "expert" in a certain industry, you should speak the "industry words" of this industry.If you can grasp the propriety of short, clear, decent, innovative, and fluent speech, then your impromptu speech will be full of wit and wit, and will be welcomed by the audience...

The leader who presides over the meeting is the "helmsman" of the meeting. He must grasp and steer the boat of the meeting at any time, inspire and guide everyone, always follow the established topics and agenda of the meeting, and conduct sufficient discussions in order to achieve the expected goal as scheduled.This requires that the leader must make the participants fully understand the topic.At the beginning, it is necessary to explain what topics the meeting has, how it will be held, what requirements are there, and what tasks the participants will undertake.Among them, which one should be decided by the participants at the meeting; which one only needs to listen to the opinions of the participants for further supplementation; which one is just an informative greeting and an introduction, and will not be discussed for the time being; Which one of the participants must be consistent with their superiors, only study how to coordinate actions, and so on.Explain the purpose, requirements, and content of the meeting to everyone one by one. The level must be clear, the logic must be rigorous, the expression must be accurate, and the center must be prominent.Do not disregard primary and secondary, regardless of severity, and the content is complicated, so that the listener does not know what to say and has nothing to follow.

This is often the case during meetings: 1. Everyone’s opinions were relatively concentrated, but the host of the meeting could not sum up in time, and asked everyone to transfer to another topic, which caused a cold discussion and delayed the time; 2. When soliciting everyone’s opinions, some people kept silent, some people tossed and turned, they couldn’t get to the point, and they went further and further away; sometimes people argued endlessly and were not convinced by each other. and so on. This requires leaders to be able to understand the process of the meeting in detail, grasp the psychology of the participants, and guide the meeting appropriately and timely:

When the opinions are basically unanimous, it will be terminated immediately; When the opinions are similar, it is allowed to seek common ground while reserving differences; When it is difficult to agree, we will discuss it next time; For speeches that are too far away from the topic, the meeting host can find opportunities to guide and remind them, and bring them back to the topic. In order not to distract everyone's energy, not to waste everyone's time, and not to impact the central topic of the meeting, the leader must pay great attention to the timing and "fire" of the speech. When presiding over a meeting, leaders should also pay attention to the weight and proportion of their speech.This is also a requirement of "degree". The weight of language is composed of two main factors: meaning and attitude.Word meaning refers to the original meaning of language, and attitude refers to the expressions and emotions held when expressing.For example, if the leader presiding over the meeting wants to criticize the work mistakes or major mistakes of the subordinates, there is a problem of weight here.If it is an individual or general mistake, and the weight of criticism is too heavy, it will be suspected of making a big deal out of a molehill. I am not convinced, and everyone is not satisfied.If it is a major mistake and the weight of criticism is too light, it will not achieve the purpose of educating oneself, and it will also give everyone a sense of protecting the parties involved and covering up mistakes, which will not make those who hear it enough to warn. Of course, instead of making specific analysis and convincing people with reasoning, it will not have good results if you talk about it indefinitely.Therefore, according to the nature and extent of the problem, when speaking, there is a question of what is the appropriate scale between the seriousness and the seriousness. Proportion is a measure of the weight of language.But to grasp the propriety, one is to pay attention to the nuances in the meaning of words, especially the nuances between synonyms and near synonyms.The second is to pay attention to the difference between attitude and intonation, which will also affect the weight.Our purpose is to both clarify the problem and educate comrades.Pointing out the seriousness of the problem and making serious criticism does not necessarily have to be loud and harsh.Harsh language, rough attitude, or even hurtful words, taking sarcasm, sarcasm, and ridicule for pleasure will definitely cause the other party's resentment and resistance, which is not conducive to problem solving or unity.Therefore, to do a good job in hosting the work meeting, the following points must be paid attention to. (1) start on time This is the easiest principle for the person in charge of the meeting to implement, but for various reasons, it is the most difficult one to implement.Due to the lack of meeting awareness, some people think that the meeting is not important, and they will arrive at 10 o'clock at 9 o'clock;In this case, the leader should lead by example, so that the meeting can have a good start, and it is also the first step to improve the efficiency of the meeting. (2) Open the case and make it clear Usually in the agenda sheet that is distributed to attendees before the meeting, you have laid out the content and purpose of the meeting.But at the beginning of the meeting, it is still necessary to reiterate the content and purpose of the meeting.This will help attendees have a clear idea of ​​what is being discussed and easily clear up any last-minute confusion that may arise. (3) Save time Opening remarks should be no more than a minute and a half long.The task of the moderator is to spread out the problem clearly and comprehensively to everyone.He must also communicate the urgency of solving the problem so that everyone can act immediately.A muddled opening statement can dampen the sense of urgency to solve the problem and set the meeting up for failure right from the start.Use colorful language to express your thoughts and interest the listener.A bright and lively opening statement can improve the tone and tempo of the entire meeting.As the saying goes, a good start is half the battle. (4) Provide materials In your opening remarks, make it clear that you discuss all the background material before looking for a solution to the problem.It should be noted that if this is not done, individuals will replace meetings as a decision-making tool.If an attendee wants to rush things, hold him back.Mobilize contributions from all attendees, almost every meeting has some silent people.The meeting should be held in such a way that every participant can talk about their opinions, come up with ideas, and finally summarize and make a decision. (5) Brainstorming Be sure to include everyone in the discussion and in the decision making.If you know a meeting attendee likes to make post-meeting comments, try to get him to speak at the meeting and make his point clear.That way, he can no longer disagree after the meeting.This requires the cooperation of other participants.It's an art of leadership that saves a lot of time in meetings. Talking privately in a meeting will only lead to conflict and discord.The moderator cannot allow anyone to break up the meeting into sub-groups.It should be possible for all participants to hear everyone speaking.If the whisperer persists, call attention to him and kindly ask him to tell everyone what he has said. (6) The Art of Harmonization At the meeting, the function of the moderator is nothing more than to classify, filter, clarify and give guidance to everyone's opinions.He records the facts, steers the discussion away from conflict and emotion, and steers the meeting toward possible solutions.Whenever people discuss face to face, feelings or facts are sure to intertwine.However, if you can take a neutral stance, the emotional atmosphere in the meeting will be lessened and the meeting will be easier to manage.If you have to make a statement, try to do so through others in the department, or by quoting someone who shares your point of view. (7) Ease the atmosphere Prevent dissonance between individuals or groups.Once it arises, it should be resolved immediately and avoid discussing "sensitive" issues at the meeting.Lighten up the atmosphere by saying something humorous.It is pointed out that there may be nothing wrong with both parties, but they just have different views and positions on the issue.When the tension has eased, come back and discuss the issue realistically. (8) Dealing with differences Don't turn a blind eye to differences, and don't try to avoid them.Acknowledge disagreements and bring them to the attention of the participants.Disagreements are made public so that participants can make informed choices.You can ask both sides of an argument, "Which side are you really on?" Then ask, "Why did you take that position?" Finally, ask, "What do you suggest we should do?" will weaken. (9) Prevent "cold field" As soon as you find that there is going to be a "cold situation", immediately use comments, questions or explanations to encourage everyone to continue the discussion.Be aware that the gradual decline in the opinions expressed by the participants means that their sense of urgency and ability to deal with problems will also decrease. (10) Peaceful wording The host of the meeting often asks this question: "I don't know what you guys have to say?" This sentence frightens the people who want to say it.It would be better to change it to: "What do you guys think?" Simple and unpretentious, the effect is better.Wording is peaceful, from the principle that everyone is equal, and wording that puts a hat on people or demeans people will not work well. (11) Inductive reminder Summarizing is a technique for reporting to everyone how the meeting went.The moderator can also summarize the differences of opinion to draw the attention of the participants.Otherwise, disagreements will be ignored in the discussion.It's frustrating for everyone if it doesn't show up until the end of the meeting. (12) Brief summary Summarize and summarize in no more than thirty seconds.This period of time is quite sufficient.A few words not only will not affect the progress of the meeting, but also can show all the participants that you cherish the time and try to lead everyone's ideas to a deeper level. (13) Just in time Once the meeting agenda is issued, do not change it, and do not exceed the stipulated time.If meeting proceedings drag on, take immediate action.Clearly tell everyone that the meeting must be completed within the specified time. Chairing a meeting is the basis of normal work, and it requires certain eloquence skills.As a leader, you can continually improve your meeting-leading eloquence skills by doing the following. (1) The primary and secondary must be clear Figure out what to negotiate.When there are several questions at the same time, the primary and secondary questions should be sorted out and arranged in advance.Some issues are often internally related and do not exist in isolation. When discussing, related issues should be taken into consideration. (2) The report must have the characteristics of written language Reports generally have speeches, especially important reports, whose drafts are often revised repeatedly.It requires the speech to be fluent and grammatical, and the speaker should be good at expressing on the spot, such as accurate pronunciation, appropriate language weight, and reasonable pauses. (3) Have certain authority Leaders generally speak on behalf of the organization. The content of the report is important and far-reaching. It often becomes a norm for the listener's behavior and a guide for understanding things, so it is authoritative. (4) Must be serious On solemn occasions, in front of a large number of audiences, when speaking about important content, the reporter must grasp the center and explain it seriously. It is not allowed to gossip, add content at will, let alone explain or insert some unreasonable things. Well deserved jokes. (5) Grasp the known facts Grasping the facts is of great help in solving the problem.Only by mastering the facts can we make a comprehensive judgment on the problem and understand the interrelationships among the facts.Analyze the specific strategies to solve the problem. Any plan can be proposed, because it can often inspire a better plan, brainstorming, and make a more perfect decision on the problem. (6) To narrow the "sense of distance" between listening and speaking Due to the large number of audiences, the large scene, and the complicated situation of the personnel, and the position of the speaker and the audience are different, the two parties are in different situations, and there is a "sense of distance".The content of the report, the speaker's voice, and posture should shorten this distance as much as possible to improve the audience's emotions. (7) Listen carefully to the opinions of others When the opinions differ, listen to the reasons carefully; when you cannot fully understand, do not make contrary arguments or argue, and have a negotiation attitude so that each other can find a proper solution to the problem.If necessary, try to extend the time, and never be forced to make hasty statements and decisions. (8) Choose a good time It is better to choose an empty time to avoid the time when everyone is tired.In addition, the questions and information should be sorted out in advance to avoid wasting time.After the matter is resolved, no matter what effect is received, it should be reported immediately, so as to establish a relationship of mutual trust. The so-called "problem-solving meeting" refers to the work meeting where the decision-making center discusses substantive issues. It is the most commonly used form of meeting by leaders.Whether you can host this kind of meeting well is a comprehensive test of the leader's ability and style, and it is also the key to the success of the meeting. These meetings are usually conducted in five steps: The first step is to use concise and clear language to clarify the purpose of the meeting and the issues to be discussed; to specify the scope of the meeting, that is, to limit the meeting to a certain topic, not to discuss matters other than the topic, and to explain the opening method and time of the meeting on request. The second step is to arrange the issues to be discussed in order of importance and priority. The third step is to discuss issues one by one.It is best to come up with several solutions for each problem, choose the best solution from them, or combine the strengths of several methods into a new method, and predict what will happen when this method is implemented, and how to solve it ? Step four, how is this work put into practice?Who will do it?When will it be finished?In what form will you report and summarize after completion? Step 5: After discussing each issue, the host will make a summary to form a consensus; after discussing all the issues, the host will make a brief summary, summarizing the achievements and deficiencies of the meeting, and emphasizing relevant issues; If there is a meeting, agree with everyone on the opening method and time of the next meeting; if the content of the meeting needs to be formed into a document or minutes, the organizer will implement it on the spot. Obviously, the above five steps are just a general procedure.Whether the meeting can be held successfully depends largely on whether the meeting chair can do the following: (1) Grasp the key points The host should keep in mind the purpose of the meeting and lead everyone to work towards the goal of the meeting.To this end, we must be good at pulling the "bull's nose" and distinguish between useful discussions and irrelevant arguments, useful speeches and useless nonsense.When someone's speech or the debate among the people deviates from the theme of the meeting, the moderator should remind in a timely manner in an appropriate way, guide everyone to get back to the main topic, and make the meeting closely focus on the central content.Among the many speeches, the moderator should focus on the solutions for selection and implementation. For those solutions that cannot be implemented in practice, no matter how eloquent they are, they are all abandoned, and at most they can only focus on their merits incorporated into feasible solutions. (2) Master the process Which issue should be the focus of research, the discussion time should be longer, which issue is relatively simple, and the time should be used less.The extent to which the problem is discussed is just right. The leader must grasp the "heat" and move on to the next topic without losing the opportunity. (3) Promote democracy For the meeting to be held well, there must be a relaxed atmosphere, so that the attendees can speak freely without restraint.Whether this kind of atmosphere can be formed depends mainly on whether the host has a democratic style.The host should put himself on an equal footing with everyone, inspire everyone to use their brains, and express their opinions without any scruples or reservations.For everyone's opinions, the host must be good at listening, observing the similarities and differences, analyzing and summarizing, and encouraging and guiding.Regardless of whether the opinions expressed by individuals have the value of being adopted, the moderator must give positive encouragement and appropriate evaluation, because it is always helpful for a comprehensive analysis of the problem.The moderator must not engage in monotonous speeches, let alone suppress different opinions and force everyone to cater to their own views.Only when the moderator of the meeting has such a democratic style, can the ingenuity of the participants be brought into full play, and a good solution to the problem can be found, so that everyone can continue to discuss issues freely and speak freely; only in this way, can everyone truly respect and be willing to accept The resolutions formed at the meeting were actively implemented.Otherwise, it will make people feel that the meeting is carried out under the "force" of the host, and the opinions formed are imposed on them by the host, so everyone will not resolutely and consciously implement them. (4) Concise and concise If the meeting is to be efficient, every participant must be concise.To achieve this, whether the host can take the lead in being concise is the key.If the host talks intemperately and sloppily, other participants will have two situations: one is to let the meeting be loose with you; the other is to have no interest in the meeting and think that you have wasted his precious time.If the moderator's language style is simple and clear, it can immediately create a sense of urgency in the meeting objectively, making everyone's spirits in a state of high concentration, and the efficiency of the meeting will be greatly improved. (5) Good at mediating the atmosphere Although the meeting should be efficient and the discussion should be serious, but it doesn't have to be tense and full of laughter.Facts have proved that a relaxed atmosphere helps to stimulate ideas and discuss problems.The host of the meeting should be good at creating this atmosphere.Whenever there is a stalemate or the atmosphere is stiff and tense, the moderator should use the art of "humor", which can relieve the tension with a non-excessive joke, witticism, laughter or friendly irony, so that everyone can continue the discussion easily.At the same time, the meeting should pay attention to proper rest.Every one or two hours, you should take a break for ten to twenty minutes to relax your tense nerves.If the discussion lasts too long, the mind will be in a state of inhibition, and the efficiency will not be high.There is also an issue of timing for resting. This timing should be chosen when the discussion of an issue has come to an end, not at will, especially not at the "critical moment". There is a Western proverb: "Stand up and people will see you, speak loudly and people will hear you, shut up and people will like you." This is a wonderful piece of advice.Speaking at a conference, however, there are a few other tricks you should take into account. (1) Ask yourself what the purpose of your speech is.Is it to make your audience think, inform, persuade, decide, or take some action?If you know what you're going to do, then you'll "envision" your meeting in a way that will achieve your goals. (2) Make an outline of what you are going to talk about at the meeting.Keep in mind the idea or central theme that you want people to know after the meeting, and your speech should be around this theme. (3) Who is your audience?Who are the key people at the meeting?Do they have quirks that you should know about?What are their main tendencies or prejudices that you should be good at avoiding? (4) Reading manuscripts is a disaster.Don't just read it, make an outline of your speech, and then explain it in detail when you speak. (5) If you think the audience will ask questions, you have to anticipate what questions they will ask and prepare to answer them in advance, so that you can cope with it. (6) Announce to your audience the purpose and function of the meeting.Then tell them what you're going to talk about, start your presentation, and wrap up. (7) In your speech, use humorous language as much as possible, but don't force jokes that may disturb the train of thought.Use everyday language when speaking, and don't use long sentences to grandstanding in front of the audience.Every word must be pronounced clearly.Many words that sound similar can have completely different meanings. (8) The speed of people's thinking and understanding is 500-600 words per minute, but in order to facilitate understanding, your speaking speed should not exceed 100 or 125 words per minute.Going any faster will cause your audience to miss what you have to say, and they may have trouble following you.So speak clearly, speak clearly, don't speak too fast, speak slowly. (9) Look at your audience—don't look at the floor, ceiling, or windows.Slowly move your gaze from one person to another.Let your eyes rest on everyone for a moment as you speak.If you don't feel comfortable doing that, focus your speech on a point at the end of the room.It's better than staring at the sky, as long as you keep your eyes on your audience and don't look away, you can maintain a connection with them. (10) At the end of your speech, don't forget to summarize what you have said, but be concise and don't procrastinate. The leader speaks at the meeting. To make the meeting achieve the desired effect, there are some guidelines for meeting speech that must be followed.But each specific meeting situation may vary from time to time, from person to person, and from place to place, so these can only be grasped and used flexibly by leaders.However, this does not mean that there are no rules to follow in meeting speeches. There are still some basic requirements that leaders must abide by when presiding over meetings. (1) Pronunciation is clear and intonation is changeable When a leader speaks at a meeting, it is the most basic requirement to let every word and sentence he utters reach the ears of the participants.The loudness of our speech not only refers to the volume, but also includes the strength of the speech, clear enunciation, and a strong sense of rhythm.Can express the self-confidence of leadership and the strength of struggle in the voice.If the leader's speech is weak and the tone is flat, it will appear to lack vitality.Leaders can express rich thoughts, feelings and viewpoints through the change of tone, so that the participants can resonate in thoughts and feelings, and make their speeches more appealing and shocking.A solemn and serious meeting requires a gentle and steady tone; a cheerful and relaxed meeting requires a brisk and casual tone. (2) Highlight the topic and clarify the purpose Only by inspiring and guiding everyone, and always following the established topics of the meeting for full discussion, can we achieve the expected goal.This requires the leader to make the participants fully understand the purpose of the meeting; at the beginning, it is necessary to explain what are the topics of the meeting and what tasks the participants need to undertake, and so on.When expressing the purpose of the meeting, it is necessary to express it clearly and in an orderly manner.Tell the participants all the purpose, requirements, content, etc. of the meeting, and make sure that the level is clear, the logic is tight, the expression is accurate, and the center is prominent.It must not be logically chaotic, with no distinction between primary and secondary, so that the participants do not know what to say and do not know what to do. (3) Grasp the opportunity and speak with a degree As the leader of the entire meeting, the leader is required to grasp and steer the boat of the meeting at any time.Leaders need to be able to keep their finger on the pulse of the meeting.This situation has occurred in many meeting occasions: when everyone's opinions are concentrated, the leader cannot summarize the opinions in time and push the meeting to another topic.At this time, there will be a cold scene, and everyone becomes speechless.This situation occurs because the leader cannot grasp the timing.To learn to grasp the opportunity, the leader is required to be able to carefully grasp the process of the meeting, grasp the psychological changes of the participants, seize the opportunity in a timely manner, and guide the meeting. During the meeting, leaders should also pay attention to the scale and proportion of speech.For example, if the boss of the company presiding over the meeting wants to criticize the work mistakes or mistakes of the department heads, he must consider the issue of scale.If it is an individual and occasional mistake, the scale of criticism is too heavy, and you will make a big fuss, which will not only make you unconvinced, but everyone will not be satisfied.If the mistakes are relatively large and the scale of criticism is too light, it will not achieve the purpose of educating oneself, and it will give everyone a feeling that the leader is protecting and selfish.Therefore, according to the nature and extent of the problem, choose an appropriate scale to talk about the problem.To grasp the propriety, one is to pay attention to the nuances in the meaning of words, especially the nuances between synonyms and synonyms; the other is to pay attention to the changes in attitude and intonation. (4) Seek truth from facts, be practical and pragmatic Leaders hold meetings to speak, to make reports, and to convey relevant information to the participants.There is both a question of writing style and a question of knowing style.In terms of writing style, leaders should adhere to the ideological line of seeking truth from facts, dare to uphold the truth, correct mistakes, and should not develop the habit of telling lies, stereotypes, big words, and empty words.From the perspective of meeting style, if the meeting reports good news but not bad news, rewards merits but not mistakes, refers to the far but not the near, and blames others but not oneself, then the meaning of the meeting will be lost.At the same time, such meetings are offensive.Therefore, leaders must maintain a realistic and pragmatic style when speaking, so as to make the meeting meaningful and make the participants willing to participate, so as to play a positive role in the meeting. (5) Adjust measures according to the situation and mobilize emotions The purpose of the leader's speech is to attract the audience, mobilize the enthusiasm of the participants, and enable them to better accept the ideas of the superior and the spirit of the meeting.Therefore, for different meetings, mobilizing the emotions of the participants, stimulating the audience's excitement and attracting their attention is an important topic for the leader to give full play to the language art in the process of hosting the meeting.Different types of meetings have different requirements.Therefore, as a leader, it is necessary to adapt to the situation, be targeted, and give different emotional colors to the language according to the occasion. In formal meetings, the language should be solemn, generous, and standardized; in celebration meetings, the language should be warm and festive; It must be motivating, infecting the participants with the emotions of the leader, increasing people's determination and confidence, drive and courage.The language used in the meeting should be coordinated, compatible and consistent with the different atmospheres. (6) Have a head and a tail, good at summarizing Since a meeting has a beginning, it should also have an end.At the end of the meeting, the leader should make a concise summary, summarize the discussion results of the meeting, and give a general explanation of the relevant information, discussions, and consensus reached.At the same time, the requirements and work goals after the meeting should be emphasized and deployed.The summary should strive to be objective and realistic.Don't exaggerate and exaggerate at will.In the summary of the meeting, while seeing the achievements, it is also necessary to point out the existing problems in a timely and objective manner, and put forward the areas that need to be worked hard in the future.The summary of the meeting can often play a positive role in reminding and strengthening the awareness of subordinates, so leaders must pay attention to it. The above are the most important guidelines that leaders should abide by in meetings. These guidelines are applicable to all kinds of meetings and have a certain generality.Therefore, leaders should remember carefully, but most importantly, leaders must understand: what is the purpose of the meeting. Many leaders are not satisfied with just completing the meeting smoothly. They also hope to have more than expected results in the meeting, which is what we often call brilliant. However, it often backfires.We know that a conference speech is different from a speech. Its essence lies in conveying the spirit and initiating discussions, while the essence of a speech is to control the emotions of the audience.Therefore, it is unrealistic to want to shine in the meeting.It is already very successful to make the meeting go smoothly step by step and down-to-earth. A meeting is a place for exchanging information and coordinating relationships. Leaders can use it as a medium to deploy work to participants and demonstrate leadership decision-making intentions.At the same time, it achieves the purpose of enhancing team cohesion, boosting morale, and mobilizing the enthusiasm of subordinates.Some leaders think that meetings are just a form and a procedure, and never really realize the value of meetings.The form and procedure of the meeting are relatively fixed, so the role of leadership is crucial.In order to give full play to the function of the meeting to achieve the expected purpose, the leader should pay attention to the following points: (1) Fully prepared The purpose of the meeting is to study work, deploy tasks, and exchange ideas, and it has a very clear pertinence.Therefore, before holding a meeting, the leader should be fully prepared, especially the theme of the meeting should be deliberated for a long time, and once determined, it should not be changed casually.Only by being fully prepared can the process of the meeting be smooth.Comrade Mao Zedong once said: "The meeting must be notified in advance, like an announcement to the people, to let everyone know what problems to discuss and what problems to solve, and to make preparations early. Some places hold cadre meetings, do not prepare reports and draft resolutions in advance, etc. It’s not good to improvise when people arrive for a meeting, as if ‘soldiers and horses have arrived, but food and grass are not prepared’. If you are not prepared, don’t rush to the meeting.” (2) Solve the problem Meetings are a way of setting work goals and completing work plans.Therefore, the meeting has its own specific topics and is very targeted.Every meeting should aim to solve the problem. A meeting that does not solve the problem is of no value at all.The solution to the problem is not as simple as it sounds, and some meetings must go through the joint efforts of many parties to successfully solve the problem.The opinions put forward by all parties in the meeting can be discussed collectively, and finally form an optimal plan acceptable to all parties.When convening any meeting, the topics must always be discussed according to the established agenda of the meeting.Participants discuss topics around the topic, and finally reach an agreement to achieve common goals. This is the complete meeting composition.Therefore, leaders should always keep in mind the goals of the meeting, actively look for means to solve problems, and organize the meeting with the spirit of never giving up until the goal is reached. (3) Focus on efficiency When many people think of meetings, they immediately think of dull, long-winded scenes.How to improve the efficiency of the meeting and maximize the positive role of the meeting is a very critical issue.Any meeting is at a cost of time, so it is imperative to budget wisely and make the most of every second of the meeting.From an economic point of view, all savings are time savings in the final analysis.Therefore, leaders should always remind themselves: time is precious, and the attention of participants is limited. Therefore, the efficiency of the meeting should be high. As a leader, if you can play a huge guiding role in the meeting and give the meeting a soul, then you can instantly revive the meeting with rigid forms and routines. Let’s take a closer look at how leaders can bring meeting meaning to life in two of the most common meeting formats. (1) Policy meetings A policy meeting is also called a meeting to generate ideas, which refers to a meeting that formulates the guidelines and goals of an organization's future development. When hosting such meetings, leaders should take care to: ① Leaders and participants should establish an equal relationship.In this kind of meeting, the general participants make suggestions for the future of the organization, so there is no relationship between superiors and subordinates in terms of status, and the participants are equal regardless of rank.Only in this way can everyone broaden their thinking and develop a satisfactory blueprint.Leaders should not limit the scope of issues discussed, but encourage and guide participants to fully express their ideas. ② When discussing the feasibility of a certain plan, the scope of the demonstration must be wide and the demonstration must be sufficient.Although this may lead to differences among the participants, as long as the host of the meeting is good at discovering new problems and new ideas, and prompting the participants to openly debate and demonstrate, so as to fully recognize the viewpoints of all parties, a reasonable decision can be made. Decide.But it should be noted that this kind of debate should be based on not affecting the feelings of the participants. Therefore, the leader should also pay attention to grasping and controlling the atmosphere of the discussion. ③ The format of the meeting must be open.Policy meetings, the most important thing is to brainstorm, so everyone should be encouraged to express their opinions.领导者一定不要简单地作出肯定和否定的意见，从而封闭了与会者的思想，而应该尽量让大家发挥自己的创新能力。 ④应注意促进各方取长补短、团结协作。产生政策的会议，虽然不一定在会议上当场确定，但依然有明确的目标。领导者在会议开始时，应当强调会议要想达到目的要靠与会者的共同力量，让他们形成一个共同的愿望，这样可以避免一些不必要的相互争执。 ⑤会议即将结束时，主持会议的领导者还应系统归纳与会者的意见，强调会议的成功并对大家的努力予以肯定。这样可以增强与会者的归属感和自豪感，一旦以后决定实施这些意见时，会对具体的执行工作有很大的帮助。 （2）执行性协调会议 执行性协调会议，又称为解决问题的会议，和政策性研究会议相比，是性质不同的两种会议。因此，在主持会议的原则上有着一些不同之处。 主持会议者应当遵循的原则是： ①要对会议进程严格控制。因为执行性会议有着必须达到的明确目的，所以领导者就只能允许与会者围绕与目的直接有关的事项来讨论，防止讨论过于分散，会议“跑题”。 ②要保持言简意明的会议风格。为提高会议的效率，领导者要使与会者在发言中做到言简意赅，并首先做出表率，尽量造成会议的紧迫感，使与会者的精神处于高度兴奋状态，就能有效地使与会者注意力集中，容易取得良好的会议效果。 ③领导者应只考虑那些可执行的实际解决方案。既然会议是为了解决某一问题而召开的，那么在与会者的意见中，不要去管那些没有可行性的意见。即使是具有创意的意见你也不要去分心，因为你的目的是找到答案。 一个成功的会议，其生命力其实不在活跃了多少时间，开阔了多少思路，它就是要平平淡淡的顺利进行下去，让与会者简简单单的就能明白，最后才能得到你想要的结果。 传达上级文件，是领导者处理日常公务的一部分，每个领导对它都不陌生，甚至有很多领导者认为，传达文件只是照本宣科，和口才没有关系。但是，要使下属领会文件的精神，又不觉枯燥无味、引人入胜就是一门学问了。 首先，传达文件是领导者日常的一项基本工作，目的是要把书面语言转化为口头语言。但是这种语言形式的转化绝不应是照搬照抄。不论是一字不落地传达原文，还是摘要大意，解释性地传达文件精神，都要遵循一个最基本的原则：传达必须忠实于文件本身。因为文件体现着上级的思想意图、工作方针和有关政策。传达效果的好坏直接关系到上级精神能否得到正确的贯彻落实。 其次，传达上级文件是件非常严肃的工作，领导者的态度必须端正，这样才能使下属认真对待。传达人必须在传达前认真地阅读文件，不仅要准确地理解文件精神，还应找出文件中的重点内容。传达者还要熟悉文件的结构及风格，这样才不会在朗读时显得生硬拗口。决不要在自己对文件精神还似懂非懂的情况下，就对下属传达，否则很可能会歪曲文件精神，使听众理解错误。 第三，传达文件的过程中要求领导迅速抓住下属的注意力。这不仅要靠领导的威信和上级文件本身的重要性，还需要领导者掌握传达文件语言所需的表达技巧，以高超的领导语言让下属牢记文件精神。 传达文件的语言要求比较简单，但还是需要引起注意： （1）辨明语义 文件的传达者一定要认真负责，仔细阅读文件，弄懂文件的意思。由于文件是书面语言，但传达时却是口语。文件中也许会有同音不同义的情况，变成口语读给下属听时也许会产生歧义。这就要求传达人要在明白意思的基础上适当加以解释，以便于听众理解。事先不正确理解文件语义，很容易造成读文件时语气停顿不当，影响传达效果。比如文件中一句表达了一个完整意思的话，但传达人因不理解语义把一句话拆成两半去读，结果既可能歪曲文件原意，又容易破坏传达文件内容时的严肃气氛。 （2）准确翔实 要做到这一点，最简单可靠的办法就是把文件一字一句地传达给听众。而不应该把个人对文件精神的理解掺进传达过程，使下属误以为都是文件上面的精神。如果确实有必要向听众表达个人对文件精神的理解和体会，最好是在传达完文件后讲出。如果非要边传达边评论，一定要有声明。在摘要性或解释性的文件传达过程中，一定要保证语言的准确性。准确地传达文件精神，要求传达人必须全面透彻地理解文件，熟悉掌握文件的精神和内容，在传达文件时，不能随意修改和删减文件内容，不能篡改和臆造文件的精神，不要曲解文件的词句。传达时，报告人可以适当地解释文件内容中涉及的概念、层次、要点，但不要作进一步评价，不要进行牵强附会的解释，不要不懂装懂。这样才能使文件传达不失真、不走样。另外，还要注意对文件的解释不能太多。解释过多，容易妨碍听众对文件本身的理解。在尽可能把握原文件内容的情况下，将文件清楚明白地传达给下属，这是对于传达文件最基本的语言要求。 （3）语气恰当 传达文件虽然不是朗读诗歌，但也决不能过于平淡呆板，而是要通过流利生动的口语表达，增强文件的传达效果。领导在传达文件时，既要保证吐字清晰准确，又要使用恰当的语调、语速。对应当重点强调的内容，以及可以一带而过的部分做到心中有数，这样才能在传达时掌握好轻重缓急，巧妙地运用语调的抑扬顿挫、语速的快慢变化来突出重点，使文件精神在听众的头脑中留下深刻的印象，以帮助听众更快、更好地理解文件精神。使人感到文件中的精神不是被念出来的，而是被“讲”出来的。 （4）注意细节 在传达文件之前，传达者一定要能顺畅地朗读文件，不要有任何文字障碍。对于文件中出现的生僻字词不能主观臆断，要好好地去查字典，以免传达文件时闹出笑话，甚至耽误正事。 为了增强表达效果，不光要靠仔细的准备工作来保证传达的准确，还应当利用丰富的表达手段来增强传达效果。传达者如果能够通过自己的语气、语调以及自然流露的表情，再加上协调的动作，肯定会使下属更好地领会文件的精神。 传达文件作为领导的最基本工作，很容易被忽视。但许多事实告诉我们，人最容易在熟悉的领域内犯下错误。领导的讲话艺术也是一样，只有重视对每一个细节的把握，才能做到万无一失。 作为领导，工作中经常会在事先没有任何思想准备的情况下，临时出席某个会议，并作即席讲话或演讲，这对领导的才能和综合素质是一个很大的考验，必须予以重视。 精彩的即席讲话要具备以下几点。 （1）紧扣主题 领导要根据自己参加会议的内容、场合及自己的身份，选择确立自己发言的题目。题目确立后，围绕主题进行构思。发言时紧紧围绕主题进行发言，离题太远不但会降低讲话效果，还会引起听众的反感，降低自己的威信。 （2）有所创见 即席发言要有见地、别具风格。发言内容要力求创新，论理要深入浅出，启迪听众心灵。尤其是多人发言，切忌重复别人已讲过的话，如果没有更新的话题就不要重复论述。 （3）思路清晰 要使即席发言围绕主题的主旋律分层次展开，即要围绕主题确定从几个方面剖析，要讲几个问题，每个问题要说明几件什么事等。这里介绍一种简便易行的快速构思法——定格填意构思法。 此法共分八格(每格简化为一个字表示)： 客：在讲话中说客套话、礼貌语、谦逊语和祝贺语部分。 背：在讲话中需要交代背景，或者描述空间环境的部分。 评：在讲话中对事物进行评价、褒贬、或者对情况进行介绍和阐明的部分。 理：在讲话中需要说理、驳理和推理的部分。 感：在讲话中谈认识、感想和心得体会的部分。 绩：在讲话中谈成绩、失误和讲述事迹的部分。 法：在讲话中宣传政策、法规，以及提出措施和交代方法的部分。 表：在讲话中提出希望、要求和建议，以及表明态度的部分。 所谓“填意”，即指构思过程中，在定好“格”后，再选用精练简要词语，填出表意要点(不是写在纸上，而是装在脑子里)。 现举例说明“定格构思法”的应用： 假如你临时参加公司年终表彰大会，你是以领导身份参加的，当然要在会议结束前作即席讲话，这时你只要稍加酝酿，就会不费力地为讲话内容在八“格”中选定三“格”。as follows: 开头：客 主体：评 结尾：表 然后在“格”内填上意词，即： 开头（客）—— a、参加大会很高兴(客套话)； b、向受奖者祝贺(祝贺语)； 主体（评）—— 会开得很成功： a、树立商品经济意识； b、敢于同先进企业竞争； c、经济效益创历史最高水平； 结尾(表)—— a、再接再厉； b、用好用足政策（希望）； 有了上述定“格”提纲的腹稿，你就可以胸有成竹地在会上临场发挥了。 （4）言简意赅 即席讲话要言简意赅。对渲染主题有用的话就说，与主题无关紧要的话就坚决删掉，切忌画蛇添足。 （5）表达准确 即席发言表达得一定要准确。如果表达不准确，或者说错了话，就会引起与会者哄堂大笑。所以即席发言讲的观点要准确，讲的要求要有政策和法律依据，不能不负责任地信口开河。这样就要求即席讲话前要在自己脑子里反复酝酿一下，哪些该讲，哪些不该讲。不能把自己平时的领悟所得作为不扣主题的所谓“真谛”，在不适当的场合上讲出来。 （6）分清对象 即席发言要根据听众的身份确定发言的语言表达方式。如果对象是工人或农民，语言表达方式要朴实；如果对象是青年，语言表达方式要热情豪放；如果对象是知识分子，语言表达要流畅入理；如果是干部，语言表达要准确认真。针对不同对象采取不同的表达方式，即席发言会收到较好效果。 （7）心绪平静 领导当面对数千计的听众或面临高层次的上司时，未免有些紧张。如果精神紧张，即席发言思路就会被打乱，讲起话来就会语无伦次。为此，领导要稳定自己的情绪，树立即席发言驾驭听众的信心。当出现口误引起会场骚动时，也不要紧张，要采取订正或补充说明，缓和会场气氛，消除即席发言的尴尬局面。 即席发言要取得较好的效果是一种较难的事。这是因为即席发言不容深思熟虑、字斟句酌，需要领导具有敏捷的思维、丰富的经验、渊博的知识、较强的记忆力、严密的逻辑、高超的临场发挥才能等。为此，领导应着力培养以下几个方面的素质： 第一，领导应具备一定的知识广度与思想深度。知识广度是指对所学或所从事的专业，理解得越全面越好，对专业以外的知识，也应尽其所能地了解。当然，读书要有目的，分层次。哪些属于应精读为做学问用的，哪些属于消遣的，哪些属于触类旁通的等，应心中有数。只有博学广大，才能在短暂的准备时间内从脑海中找到生动的例证和恰当的词汇，使你的即兴演讲增添魅力。思想深度是指一个人对事物纵向的分析认识的能力，能够辩证地看待事物，对问题作出较深透的分析。一个题目放在你的面前，你能够宏观地把握住它，通过表层迅速深入到事物上去认识，形成一条有深度的主线，围绕它丰富资料，连贯成文，从而避除事例繁杂、游离主题的问题。 第二，领导应具备较强的综合材料的能力。有了知识的广度和思想深度，能不能把材料综合好，发挥出来，也是对领导的一个重要考验。即兴演讲要求领导在一个很短的时间里把符合主题的材料组合和凝练在一起，没有很强的综合能力是根本办不到的。 第三，领导应具备较高的演讲技巧和较强的应变能力。演讲技巧主要包括演讲词的结构和现场表达技巧两个方面。对于即兴演讲来说，由于没有事先精心制作的演讲词，所以在演讲时，临场发挥就显得特别重要。领导构思初具轮廓后，应注意现场和听众，摄取那些与演讲主题有关的人或景物，因地设喻，即景生情。掌握这种较高的技巧既能使你的演讲生动形象，又易于与听众沟通感情。 第四，领导还应具备较强的应变能力。由于演讲前无充分的准备，临场时就容易出现意外，如怯场、忘词等现象。遇到这种情况，要沉着冷静，巧妙应变，才能扭转被动局面，化劣势为优势。 插话，通常是指领导者在会议进行中，打断发言者正在讲述的内容，或是借题发挥，或是补充、强调，或是反对的一种讲话艺术。一句或一段精彩恰当的插话，不仅能活跃会场气氛，引起人们听讲的注意力，还能起到画龙点睛，升华主题的作用。如果是突兀生硬、无关痛痒、不合时宜的插话，则会成画蛇添足之笔。同是插话，由于使用的方式不同，时机的把握各异，效果大相径庭，足以使人玩味和思考。 插话不同于一般的交谈或演讲，它是利用当时的语境，针对说话者表达的内容，在其表达过程中，插入适当的词句，表示赞同、附和或反对，起补充、调节作用，以达到把握调剂会议氛围、推进会议进程的目的。它集中体现了插话者的个体综合素质，是领导者经常运用和必须掌握的技巧之一。 由于插话是人们在他人的谈话表达过程中，有针对性地、不失时机地运用语言进行的一种交际形式，事先难以预料和把握，更谈不上经过认真和周密的准备。那么，插话是不是毫无规律、随机即兴而发呢？the answer is negative.任何事物都有自己运行和发展的规律，插话也不例外。它除了日常加强领导者自身思想文化素质的修养外，在具体运行中，还是有一些基本原则和方法可循的。 （1）“插”对时机 靶要打得好，枪要瞄得准，话要插得好，就必须选好“插缝”。如果没有“插缝”硬往里插，那就会给人一种生硬之感，不会带来好的效果。可是，在开会的时候，有些领导者不大注意选择插话的时机，只要觉得自己有话可说就憋不住，不分先后地往外倒。这样插话的结果，对发言者并没有起到很好的配合作用，反而造成了某种程度的“冲击”，起不到应有的插话效果。这样做，至少产生两方面的负效应：一是作为主讲的领导者可能会想，“是不是我讲得不好，既然这样，干脆你讲得了”。二是作为听众也可能产生逆反心理：“你老是打断别人的发言，我们到底听谁的呢？”所以，领导者在插话时，一定要注意选择好时机，只有认为是应该“补充几句”才足以说明问题的时候才去插上几句。 （2）“插”对话题 一句好的插话能将会议推向高潮；一句不好的插话能把会议方向引偏。为了哗众取宠而故弄玄虚的新鲜离奇的插话，会大大降低插话者本人的威信。插话一般都是对讲话的补充或强调，因此，它应与会议主题有密切的关系，有一定的分量。如果是可插可不插那就最好别插。因为人家讲得好好的，大家听得挺有意思。你插一竿子，又讲不到点子上，那就会引起听众的反感。所以插话还要考虑好话题，所要补充的话必须是会议精神的重要组成部分，或是主讲人没有讲够、讲透、讲深、讲细的内容，只有在这种前提下“插几句”才能奏效。 （3）有质有量 Freezing three feet is not a day's cold.插话语言的修养非一朝一夕之功，是领导者综合素质和各方经验的集中体现。而要丰富插话语言，应注重加强语言积累，着重进行自然、灵活、准确、简明的语言训练。插话的语言要顺其自然，切合时境，不要刻意雕琢，要达到呼之欲出的境界。灵活语言的使用要服务主题，不拘一格，灵活多样，它是插话者敏锐、机智、善变等素质的集中体现。准确，可供插话者的时间很短暂，要求语言使用一语中的，点到为止，不要言不及义，无的放矢。简明，语言干脆利索，简明扼要，如同黑夜中的流星，照亮