Chapter 21 Chapter 20 Basic Skills of Public Speaking

A gentleman's speech should be like a woman's miniskirt, the shorter the better - Lin Yutang Although the leader is well-informed, it is absolutely impossible to say that he is not nervous at all. At least, every leader cares about the effect of his speech.The audience or the reaction of the other party is what he cares most about. If his speech fails to impress the other party or even arouse the other party's resentment, any experienced leader may feel nervous, and tension is the first thing a leader must overcome when speaking. of.Only by avoiding tension and remaining calm, can the leader's speech be convincing and reflect the demeanor he must possess as a business leader.

As a leader, it is very common to speak in public, but it is not easy at all to speak well.Generally speaking, the following four points need to be overcome: (1) Pay attention to the effect and be afraid of failure When a leader expresses his opinion on an important issue, especially when he thinks it should be the case after careful consideration, and few people support his point of view, he will first worry about whether he can persuade others; At times, he worries about whether employees value what he has to say.Actually, this is unnecessary.As long as your words are well-spoken, your subordinates will understand the gist of it, and you don't need to think about whether they can digest it or accept it.Conversely, when you speak to them with trust, they will carry out your intentions with trust.Too much worry about the effect of your speech is really distrusting yourself and your subordinates.

(2) The scene is tense and worried about making mistakes This kind of situation belongs to special occasions, for example, in the occasion of business negotiation, both sides use their own strategies, and the debate is fierce, and if any party is a little careless, it may be caught by the other party.On such occasions, not only every sentence is crucial, but also every tone of voice, every movement, and every look is crucial.In this kind of situation where it seems like being monitored, it is very likely that there will be mistakes due to the tense scene, which is what the leaders are most worried about.However, what is even more frightening is that once there is such worry in advance, nervousness is likely to appear during the conversation, which will affect the normal performance of the conversation level.In fact, you don’t have to be nervous, and you should express your opinions calmly in any situation. The following eight methods can help you correct your psychology of making mistakes due to tension in the scene: think clearly about the problem in advance, and fully consider the various possible situations. Possibility; when making an important conversation, slow down the speed of the conversation appropriately; strengthen your confidence and meet the challenge of the other party with enthusiasm; ask the assistant to explain, slow down the process of the conversation, and take time to stabilize your emotions; let the other party put the problem first Speak clearly or ask for the other party's opinions in advance; ask questions to make everyone think; present written materials for assistants to read or show to others; add strong pauses at critical moments.

(3) Unfamiliar situation, falling into tension In many cases, it is impossible for the leader to estimate all the problems clearly, especially when it involves a certain professional issue, such as a certain expertise, data, charts, specific content of the plan, etc., which are urgently needed by the leader and difficult to explain in the speech. It is easy to lose speech.In fact, even in this situation, you don’t have to be overly nervous at all. First of all, you should seek to avoid or keep your mouth shut. Avoid as much as possible. This is the best solution. If you really can’t avoid it, just seek truth from facts. Explain that you can't remember clearly or don't understand the situation, and if you really need to explain it clearly on the spot, you can ask someone who knows the answer to answer, or look for relevant information immediately.It is important to understand here that a leader is only a leader in one or more professional fields, not an omniscient person in that profession, and it is impossible to know everything clearly.If you don't understand the situation, you can be frank and honest, and you can show your leadership.

(4) Loss of confidence, self-panic Even an experienced leader will appear in this situation when he speaks, hesitating, full of loopholes, losing confidence, and the more he speaks, the more chaotic.There are many reasons for this situation. One is that there may be too many things, one is too tired, the mind is confused for a while, and one thinks of other problems while speaking, and forgets the topic one is presenting; the other is that one may forget some important content. And the speech loses its theme and becomes irrelevant; the third is that you may realize that your speech has not achieved the desired effect, and try to arouse the interest of the listeners, but the more you speak, the more you don't understand what you want to say, and you don't want to speak But he said it, and then he was busy correcting the foreword, and the result was that the situation was completely out of control.

The above analyzes several manifestations of the causes of tension, and the following introduces several methods to overcome tension for reference. First of all, the most important thing is to think about your responsibilities. You are the leader. If you can’t speak well this time, you can add it next time. You can’t always emphasize perfection in front of your subordinates.Thinking about it the other way around, wouldn't it be easier for them to get close and perceive some small mistakes and mistakes in front of them occasionally.A leader's prestige is more based on the consistency of words and deeds than whether he is a perfect person.

Secondly, as a leader, you must never rely on your rich experience, often speak and neglect preparations, and make mistakes easily if you underestimate them too much.All kinds of preparation work, such as listing detailed outlines for important speeches, and preparing manuscripts when necessary. It should be noted that reading ability is also very important for a person.For some professional issues that may be involved in the conversation, such as important data, materials, introductions, overall deployment, etc., if it is difficult to remember, you can write the necessary information on the memorandum, take out the memo at a critical time, and listen to it Not only will readers not think that this is a lack of level performance, but they will feel that the leader is well-prepared, experienced, and steady. This can not only help organize their thoughts when it is difficult to remember, but also stabilize their emotions and overcome their nervousness when looking through the memo.

Third, fully understand the expectations of the audience.Before giving a speech, the leader must distinguish the target of the conversation and understand the expectations of the audience. There is no doubt that the subordinates hope to hear your reasonable arrangements, the customers hope to hear your full introduction, and the opponents at the negotiating table hope to hear that you are valuable. the opinion of.Knowing these objects, you will have a clear theme. If you carefully prepare the content of the speech, you will be able to clearly know what you should say.Not only will this reduce your nervousness, but it will also keep the conversation free of surprises.

Fourth, master the necessary language skills.The appearance of some nervousness is due to the reasons of conversation skills, so it is necessary for leaders to fully understand language skills.For the leader, it is enough to master the following points: the leader should not expect to be able to completely overcome the nervousness, as long as he can properly control the nervousness, so that the speech can go smoothly and the situation can be controlled. Spice up your speech and draw the listener's attention to you as the leader.It is your right to express opinions and arrange work, and there is no need for you to be nervous about it; when speaking in public, you should pay attention to overcoming your nervousness, and you should be more natural; you must focus on the content of the speech rather than the form, as long as you Pay attention to the listener's reaction and your own situation; fully estimate your own language use level, don't expect too much, as long as you can fully reflect your own level, and you will not make unexpected mistakes; in special cases, you can Practice repeatedly before speaking, so as not to rush into battle and make chaos in the middle of the rush.

Some people may think that the length of the speech is related to the importance of the leader. Therefore, in order to reflect the importance of the leader in some meetings without much substance, they can only be emphasized repeatedly, resulting in the proliferation of empty words and clichés.In the past, someone said: "If there are words, it will be long; if there is no words, it will be short." In fact, we should change it to: "If there are words, it will be short;Not speaking, does not necessarily mean lack of level, does not necessarily mean not paying attention. Literary master Lin Yutang said: "A gentleman's speech should be like a woman's miniskirt, the shorter the better." Irving Cooper also said, "As long as it is short enough, any speech will not be completely bad."The shorter the speech, the more exciting, and the shorter the speech, the easier it is to impress people.A wonderful speech does not need to be a long speech, and a short speech is often more powerful.According to the newspaper, when the United Nations holds a meeting, everyone has a limited time to speak, so everyone's speeches are generally very concise, and they can still win applause.

In ancient my country, we pursued the realm of "doing more with less, more with more", and "commitment and abundance".We changed the meeting style and held short meetings, first asking the speakers to speak short words.Shorter and more concise, this is more popular in today's era of fast-paced work and life and frequent social information exchanges.Lengthy speeches will gradually be phased out, and what is ironic is that some leaders' speeches today are still full of words, long-winded, sloppy, long-winded, and short-term meetings are turned into "marathon" meetings, which is tiresome to listen to. .Comrade Mao Zedong's impromptu speech at the memorial service for Comrade Zhang Side on September 8, 1944 was only more than 800 words, which can be regarded as a classic among speeches.When he received the three representatives of the delegation in 1957, his speech was only about 140 words, in which he left the epigram "The Communist Party of China is the leadership core of the entire Chinese people. Without such a core, the cause of socialism cannot be victorious." .Comrade Deng Xiaoping pointed out in his speech in the South in 1992: There is a problem now, that is, there are too many formalisms.When the TV is on, it's all meetings.There are many conferences, the articles are too long, the speeches are too long, and the content is repetitive, and there are not many new languages.Repeat what you say, but keep it short.Make time to do more practical things, do more and talk less. "If you don't talk too much, you can express your ideas well." Leaders must not think that the longer the speech, the more level it is.Sometimes this kind of understanding can be counterproductive. In the early Ming Dynasty, Ru Taisu, the head of the Ministry of Criminal Affairs, said that "Chen Shiwu is full of words." Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang listened to this 10,000-character long article, but when it reached more than 6,000 words, he still didn't get to the point , Longyan was furious, and said Ru, "I am very disgusted with false words that are inaccurate, clever writing that is confusing the truth. From now on, anyone who enters and exits the court with complicated writing will be guilty!" So he ordered people to pull Ru Taisu into the palace and beat him up. board.After laying down the board, the emperor ordered people to continue reading the memorial at night. It was not until there were more than 16,000 words that he knew what the memorial was about. There are four feasible opinions.So Zhu Yuanzhang explained these feasible things, and said to Ru and other courtiers, "Permit to present facts, but not complicated words." There are only about 500 words in this memorial. And thus issued a new requirement, "innovating the style of writing", and offenders will be punished. It is now common practice in the world for leaders to speak standing up, why?It is to let people speak less, shorter, and more concise.Foreign countries also attach great importance to speaking short words.Someone did the stats: Engels' famous speech at Marx's tomb is only 1260 words; Roosevelt, the 26th President of the United States, had only 985 words in his inaugural address; In 1793, President Washington's inaugural address was only 135 words; Lincoln's famous Gettysburg Address consisted of only 10 sentences, just over 600 words. On July 17, 1984, the 37-year-old new French Prime Minister Laurent Fabius gave a more concise speech, with only three sentences: the first sentence, "The task of the new government is to modernize the country and unite the French people." ; the second sentence, "For this reason, everyone is asked to remain calm and show determination"; the third sentence, "Thank you everyone". At the annual Oscar awards ceremony, when people witness the demeanor of world movie stars, they also listen to the wonderful speeches of the winners.The conference clearly stipulates that the speaking time of the winners shall not exceed 45 seconds. Once the speaking time is exceeded, the red light will be given as a warning, and the band will also play the music "Please step down". In 1917, comedy master Chaplin won the Oscar honor. He only said one sentence: "At this moment, words are so superfluous and powerless", expressing his feelings skillfully and conquering people's hearts. Nowadays, many leaders can't help but raise their voices whenever they speak in public, for fear that others will not hear them.As a result, I struggled to speak, and others felt tired listening. So, why do so many leaders like to speak loudly? The reason is that there are a lot of listeners, such as a report, or some kind of celebration speech, and there are few listeners who listen carefully. Therefore, the leader can only make a loud voice to shock the audience, so as to achieve sufficient speech effect. So why does the leader use this thankless method to make the audience listen to him? There is a story that illustrates this problem well: A department director lost his notebook after attending a company meeting, and was unable to convey the spirit of the superior meeting to the people in the department when he came back. When he was in a hurry, the company leader came to his office again, and wanted to know how he implemented the spirit of the meeting. Condition.When the leader heard that he hadn't conveyed the spirit of the meeting, he was furious and asked the director to repeat the spirit of the meeting to check whether he had memorized the content of the meeting. In desperation, the director dug out a meeting minutes book from several years ago and read it according to the scriptures. Unexpectedly, every sentence was the spirit of the meeting. The manager was very happy and praised the director severely.How can the minutes of a meeting in previous years have the same spirit as a meeting in a later year?This shows that many of our meetings are similar. Although the topics of the meetings are different, the spirit is similar. Therefore, the speeches of the leaders are always lacking in new ideas, and they are always so old-fashioned. Can the audience not be annoyed? Therefore, in many cases, whether our speech can be heard by others does not depend on how pleasant our voice is, but whether our speech content is vivid and innovative. In recent years, foreign political or business elites have come to China continuously, walked into the lecture halls of Chinese universities, and delivered speeches to Chinese students. In addition to the rigid and unchanging speech patterns, there are such colorful patterns.Listening to this kind of speech, the speaker can bring the audience into their thinking sky, ups and downs with their passion, which not only enlightens our thinking, but also awakens the infinite imagination and creativity hidden deep in our thoughts. China is a country with a long cultural history and rich oral language and vocabulary. Our vocabulary not only expresses the wisdom of our ancestors, but also has humor. Many words have double meanings, which can be interpreted differently in different contexts; The meaning cannot be expressed in words, why is such a broad and profound writing and language culture becoming so poor in the mouths of leaders? Fortunately, this situation has been improving. We are pleased to see that at some major national meetings, national leaders no longer use high-pitched speeches, and their spoken vocabulary is becoming more and more colorful. I hope that leaders at all levels will also "cross the sea" ", each showing their language prowess. We often have such an experience that when we quarrel with others, we will naturally raise the volume to suppress the other party. No one will quarrel softly, unless they are sick and unable to speak out.Making a report at a meeting is not a quarrel, and there is no need to suppress the other party. Besides, the weight of a person's speech does not depend on the volume, but on the content and expression. We can't say that we are "big and rough", and our conversational world has not really become "a scholar meets a soldier, and he can't explain why." Therefore, in order to move the listener, it is not necessary to increase the volume, but to work hard on the content and expression. Play the piano to see the audience, speak to see the target.Speak with your audience in mind, aware that you are speaking to them.If they are ordinary workers, farmers, or citizens, they must use plain, simple, and simple language, use as little technical jargon as possible, and they must not be pedantic and pretend to be profound, otherwise others will not accept it.If the audience is a highly educated person, the language can be more refined, so that your speech can adapt to their level. Of course, it is ideal to be able to appeal to both refined and popular tastes, which will enable you to have more audiences.But in any case, in order to get close to subordinates, communicate with subordinates, and be welcomed by them, the speech language is first and foremost easy to understand.How to do this? (1) Spoken language The characteristics of spoken language are: use more concise and clear short sentences, less complicated long sentences and Europeanized inverted sentences; use more common words that are easy to understand, and less use special words for special professions or categories; use more syllables Clear, sonorous, easy-to-understand words; appropriate use of some lively and dynamic new words popular in society. To express profound truths in simple and easy-to-understand language is not something that can be done by "loose words", but requires painstaking efforts, serious study and practice to be able to "see the work easily". (2) Idioms Spoken words have become idioms because they have been passed down orally for a long time and gradually become fixed.Idioms are rich in content and refined in form, including idioms, idioms, proverbs, aphorisms and allegorical sayings.Although they are few in number, they have profound meaning and are concise and to the point. If used properly, they can make the words concise and enhance the speaking effect. Idioms are conventional and fixed phrases with stable structure and holistic meaning.It is a relatively fixed language form that has been established by convention after thousands of trials, and it has strong generalization and rich expressive power.If we can use idioms properly and accurately in our speeches, it will greatly improve the level of sophistication of the language. For example, when you want to express the meaning of "doing meritorious service and not taking the credit for yourself", you can say "the meritorious service does not live at home"; when you want to express the meaning of "following or taking refuge in the powerful to obtain personal fame and fortune", you can say "climbing the dragon and attaching the phoenix" . Idioms are stereotyped idioms in spoken language, which are concise and vivid, simple in meaning, popular and interesting.If you want to express the meaning of "providing convenience" for someone or something, you can say "give the green light"; if you want to express the meaning of empty promises, you can say "empty gun".Appropriate quoting of idioms can enhance humor and persuasiveness in speeches and conversations. Proverbs, like idioms, can add color to language.Proverbs are popular and profound fixed sentences passed down orally by working people after long-term social life experience.It is rich in philosophy, with well-proportioned sentence patterns, harmonious tones, specific and popular, and vivid images. Proper use can greatly enhance the expression effect.If you want to express the meaning of "homesickness", you can say proverbs such as "It's good to be at home for a thousand days, but it's difficult to go out for a while", "The tree is as tall as a thousand feet, but the fallen leaves return to their roots".Proverbs have been handed down for thousands of years and have been tempered, so they are often used by lecturers and negotiators. In May 1988, the leaders of the United States and the Soviet Union held talks.At the welcoming ceremony, Gorbachev said: "Mr. President, you like Russian proverbs very much. I would like to add one more proverb to your collection, which is 'seeing is better than hearing a hundred times'." Gorbachev The meaning, of course, is to declare that they have taken action to reduce strategic weapons. Not to be outdone, Reagan politely replied: "It was a full-term delivery, not a hasty birth." Reagan used proverbs to vividly illustrate the US government's established policy of not rushing to reach major deals such as reducing strategic arms with the Soviet Union. After tense consultations, the leaders of the two countries have narrowed their differences on some issues and both expressed their willingness to continue dialogue.Gorbachev was worried that the United States would keep its promises, so he used a proverb to remind him in his speech: "If you don't believe your words, you will lose your deeds." Reagan also gave Gorbachev a proverb: "Three saints work hard, and the forest will be dense. .” Xiehouyu is also a kind of colloquial language, with the nature of cryptic language. The first part of it is a metaphor or uttering a thing, and the latter part is the true meaning to be expressed.If you want to express the meaning of "pleasing both sides", you can say "cut tofu quickly with a knife - two sides are bright"; if you want to express "false love and hypocrisy", you can quote "It rains and the sun comes out - fake sunshine (love)" Such allegory.This will make your words lively and interesting, leaving a vivid and deep impression on the audience. (3) Ornate language As the saying goes: "Deliciousness should not be used too much." The same is true of allegory as a condiment in language. When used properly, it is accurate, concise, powerful, and powerful; Superficial and comical. Although speaking in public is required to be easy to understand, it does not reject literary talent.On the contrary, language must have literary talent.Language emphasizes vivid images, and all language skills, such as logic skills and rhetorical skills, must be mobilized to enhance the vividness and imagery of language. To make your words pleasing to the ear, a leader can use rhyme like a poet writes poetry.The emphasis on phonology mentioned here refers to rhyming a little like writing poetry when necessary, or properly choosing some double-sound rhyme words.In this way, it is easy to say and sounds very pleasant. What kind of person can be trained to be an excellent speaker?You may wish to observe a person who is caught in a lively conversation, and you will find that his whole body and speech are harmoniously integrated.On the podium you should strive to achieve the effect of activating the whole body, which is absolutely indispensable to any expressive speech.But this is not enough, he also needs the following qualities. (1) There must be a "T"-shaped knowledge structure The so-called "T"-shaped knowledge structure means that in the horizontal aspect, one should have extensive knowledge; in the vertical aspect, one should have deep specialized knowledge.There is no need to talk about this point. (2) Have keen insight The level of a person's observation ability depends on the level of his strategy.Those who are good observers are not easily confused by superficial phenomena, but can see the essence through phenomena, understand the opponent's true intentions, and win in response.A skilled negotiator can see through the person sitting across the negotiating table and assert what he will do and why.A strategist with strong adaptability can often adapt to the situation, deal with it flexibly, find the best response measures in a timely manner, and come up with a corresponding winning strategy. (3) Be selfless and fearless Participating in some special negotiations, such as entering a tiger's den, is often life-threatening. Comrade Mao Zedong went to Chongqing to negotiate, relying on calmness, wit, courage, overcoming evil with righteousness, and dealing with power with fearlessness. It was with this spirit that he won the final victory in the negotiations. (4) Must speak fluently and coherently Before a sentence is finished, another idea suddenly arises and then reorganizes the language. This is the most taboo in speech.This is often caused by improper topic selection, lack of interest in what can be said, and insufficient preparation.A speaker who feels a strong social drive to get his ideas across to others will rarely be disfluent. (5) There must be obvious strength and style The energy in a speech comes from the speaker's honesty of what he says and his style of speaking freely.Beginner's oratorical performances lack any personality traits.All impassioned oratory has this energy, so cultivate it.His voice has more room for variation than a symphony orchestra.Vitality of voice and movement often go hand in hand. (6) Have persistent and enthusiastic eyes Failure to make eye contact with the audience is itself a sign that the speech is unsuccessful.Instead of looking out of the window, the floor, or the ceiling now and then, the speaker should keep his eyes in contact with those of the audience. (7) Have the ability to be humorous and self-control A good orator must emphasize the gags; there must be plenty of opportunity for suspense, and use it when it should be used without too much scruple; in humor, use language that the audience does not expect; Make sure the audience understands the key plot points; add innocence to the story by pointing out something that people are taboo to talk about.Before the story is over, don't reveal the key parts of the story that contain humor, and save the best punchlines for the last.When you're telling a story, you're really in the role of an artist—so don't let your audience laugh along with you.Adapt the story to the specifics of your audience—to their level of education, their professional status, age, level of intelligence, etc.Before you tell a story in front of an audience, tell it in front of your friends and see how it works. (8) Have a modest and majestic appearance When a young man speaks before elders or those of seniority, without humility, he may lose his audience.The more your audience disagrees with your point of view, the more you should respect their opinion.How to show humility depends not on what a person says, but mostly on how he says it.We can be timid and hesitant to say "I'm sure that's true" or we can be arrogant and overconfident.As far as the attitude of modesty is concerned, there are two cases which must be strictly distinguished.The first situation requires the speaker to cater to the audience as much as possible, and requires his own point of view to be respected.The second situation requires the speaker to demonstrate decisive leadership.In this case, the speaker's use of vague words such as "in my opinion" will greatly weaken the effect of the speech.It is unimaginable that a revolutionary patriot would speak in front of the people with such faltering and hesitant language.A humble attitude is sometimes important, but sometimes it is also essential to show all-powerful leadership. (9) Have a clear idea and outline If the material is jumbled together without any hierarchy, the listener will not have a clear idea of ​​what you are saying.A speech should form a certain layout plan in an orderly manner from beginning to end in the speaker's mind.Without such a clear outline, the audience is likely to feel overwhelmed and lose the main point of the speech as a result. (10) Have a clear voice Voice ambiguity is often the root cause of poor speech results, indicating that the speaker has not yet possessed qualified psychological qualities-immature basic skills and lack of self-confidence.People with clear thinking and pronunciation are often clear.When he has a strong desire to make his audience accept a certain point of view, he will control his vocal organs accurately and powerfully. Mobilizing the audience and letting everyone's thoughts participate in your speech is much better than singing a one-man show alone.In this way, you are not talking to a group of people alone, but everyone is exchanging ideas with each other, but you are playing the role of a guide. Therefore, a smart leader knows how to grasp the mood of the audience and know how to manipulate the emotions of the audience.If you can get your audience interested, even emotional, in what you have to say, then you've succeeded. There are many ways to mobilize the enthusiasm of everyone, but there are different ways to use it on different occasions, and no one method is panacea. (1) Enrich your emotions First of all, leaders need to mobilize their emotions before speaking.That is to say, before the scene, you should take effective measures to adjust your mental state to the best level.Putting into a speech with firm belief, rich emotion, high fighting spirit and quick thinking is the premise of the best performance on the spot. The more emotional and visceral you are during your speech, the more thoroughly you will engage the audience in the atmosphere you create.For example, when you are happy, the facial muscles relax, the corners of the mouth are raised, and the eyes are bright; when you are angry, the facial muscles contract, the corners of the mouth are down, and the eyes are wide open; When relaxed, the lips are wide open, and the eyes are narrowed; when surprised, the facial muscles contract, the lips are wide open, and the eyebrows are suddenly opened; when it is firm, the facial muscles contract, the lips are slightly closed, and the eyes are bright.In short, every expression should strive to be made from the heart, as if you are on the scene.Sometimes, in the face of a public speech, it is better to use an exaggerated expression than to be so conservative that you can't tell whether you are crying or laughing, or whether you are happy or angry.Otherwise, it will give people the feeling of listening to a running account, which is boring. (2) Provocative language The leader's speech should have a strong agitation and appeal.Understand the reason, move it with emotion, guide it with action, stimulate the enthusiasm of the audience, and arouse the deep resonance of the audience.Arouses the emotions of the audience, lifts their spirits, heightens their interest, excites them, and sympathizes with the speaker in thought, thereby creating a desire to act in unison with the speaker.This achieves the original intention of the speech. We know that the best works are a mixture of spoken and written languages, mainly because spoken and written languages ​​have their own characteristics and advantages.The spoken language is simple, short, fluent, lively, friendly, and easy to understand, but it is often not precise and standardized, and the strength of persuasive arguments is weaker.Written language is generally accurate, standardized, and elegant, but it is often complex in structure and overly bookish, and sometimes it is not easy for people to understand and accept it.A good speech should maximize strengths and avoid weaknesses. It is necessary to consider the oral instruction during the speech so that the audience can understand it.At the same time, we must pay attention to strengthening the expressive power of language, carefully select and refine language, and express emotions accurately and clearly.It is also very important to incite the audience from time to time, which can help you open up the dull and dull atmosphere, stimulate the enthusiasm of the audience in time, and wake them up from their numbness. Provocative language can use many different sentence patterns.There are various sentence patterns in Chinese, including active sentences and passive sentences, affirmative sentences and negative sentences, whole sentences and loose sentences, long sentences and short sentences, spoken sentences and classical Chinese sentences, declarative sentences, interrogative sentences, imperative sentences, and so on.Each sentence pattern has its specific ideographic function.Their tone, intonation, imposing manner, ideographic emphasis and even style color are all different.The speech should choose the most appropriate sentence pattern to express thoughts and feelings according to the purpose of the speech and the artistic conception rendered.For example, rhetorical questions are often used to motivate the audience.The purpose of rhetorical questions is not to let the other party answer, but to stimulate the other party to think about the established facts and accept the point of view of the questioner.Therefore, when using rhetorical questions in a speech, certain conditions must be provided according to the context of the topic, so that the rhetorical questions are based on reasons and evidence, and a clear distinction between right and wrong.This can not only adjust the atmosphere, but also highlight the key points. (3) There is a degree of relaxation According to psychologists, people's intentional attention when listening to speech will relax every five to seven minutes.Therefore, leaders should pay appropriate attention to the ups and downs in the speech, and the changes are moderate.This is mainly reflected in the aspects of language, content and emotion.The intonation should be up and down, the speed should be fast and slow, the voice should be grand and fine, the timbre should be firm and soft, and the emotion should be ups and downs. To express different meanings, of course, you need different intonations, so that your speech will appear ups and downs, with tension and relaxation.But whatever tone of voice you use, don't forget to temper your confidence with it. In the process of speaking, you should also strengthen the tone on some key words and ask questions appropriately.When asking questions, try to raise your tone of voice.Raise the pitch an octave, even if it is a simple question, the listener will wait for your next question with humility.They have no doubt that you have an original idea and have no doubt that your answer will be convincing.If you want to give a conclusion, try to express it with accents.Don't be afraid of whether there are exceptions to overthrow you, because your previous arguments are already sufficient.If your tone is confident, the listener will willingly follow you. This is a temporary "psychological control method". The legendary Cuban leader Fidel Castro is also an excellent speaker.When he spoke, his voice was high and low, magnificent and sincere.The mood of the audience is always going through ups and downs with his tone.When it is quiet, there is no sound, when it is passionate, the audience is a sensation, and finally reaches a climax.Even during the occasional pause he managed to fill in the gaps in his speech by eliciting cheers from his subordinates.Therefore, it is very important to control the tone of voice when speaking. But presentations should also be interactive and human.Therefore, we cannot simply follow fixed rules and rigidly use various model sentence patterns.In that way, it will lose its own characteristics and become a stereotyped journal, which will only make people bored.Therefore, you must polish your tone of voice on the premise of ensuring that the content of your speech is unique.Otherwise, if you have a good voice, you will not be able to keep the audience's attention for a long time. Rudolf Frio wrote in the book "The Art of Accessible Writing": "Only stories can be truly readable." It is undeniable that stories have the power to command the audience's attention in public speaking, just like writing. (1) Full of humanity If a story rich in human touch can be introduced into a plain speech, it will definitely be more fascinating.The speaker should state only a few key points and then cite specific examples.This way of structuring your speech is sure to grab the attention of your audience.If possible, these stories should talk about struggle, and the process of winning through struggle. Don't keep silent about yourself because you are a leader, and hesitate to tell your own experience.You know, only when a person speaks about himself with hostility and arrogance does the audience take offense.Otherwise, the audience will be extremely interested in the personal story you tell.Personal experience is the surest and most reliable way to master attention, and it must not be ignored. (2) Names and surnames When other people are involved in a story, in any case, it is best to use their names; or, to protect their identities, invent aliases.正如鲁多夫·弗烈欧所指出的：“没有什么能比名字更能增添故事的真实性了；掩名隐姓，最虚假不过。且试想故事里的主角没名没姓，会成什么样子。” （3）充满细节 利用新闻记者写一桩新闻故事时所遵循的“五何公式”：何时？where?何人？What's the matter?why?假如你也依照这个公式来做，你的举例便会生机盎然、多姿多彩。当然，细节末枝过多比没有细节要糟。人人都曾有让冗长、肤浅而不切题的细节搞得烦厌不堪的经验。所以对于“五何”问题里的每一个，只要简短扼要地回答就行了，别太啰唆。 (4)绘声绘色 如果讲演者还有些模仿技巧，能将引用对话中原来的声调语气说进字句里去，对话就更见效果了。而且，对话是日常生活中的会话，会使讲演更为真实可信。它使你听着像个有真情感的人。注意这是隔着桌子在说话，而不是个老学究在学富五车的学会会员面前宣读论文。 （5）视觉化 以细节来丰富讲话，最佳的方法之一是在其中加入视觉的展示。心理学家说，百分之八十五以上的信息，是经由视觉印象为我们所吸收的。这无疑说明了，电视之所以为广告与娱乐媒介，以及其所以收效宏大的原因。当众说话固然是一种听觉艺术，同时也是一种视觉艺术。 讲话提纲及讲稿是准备讲话的一个重要环节。拟定提纲及讲稿的过程，是一个进一步思考谋篇的过程。通过撰写提纲或讲稿可以认真研究和推敲讲话主题是否正确，思路是否合适，材料是否妥帖，层次结构是否合理，详略是否得当，等等。通过撰写还可以加深对讲话内容的记忆，进一步熟悉讲话的内在结构、篇章布局以及重要段落和关键句子。一些著名的政治家、演讲家在讲话前都精心准备，亲自起草提纲或讲稿。毛泽东提倡领导干部要亲自动手写文章、写讲话稿，不要事事找人代替。他的一些著名演讲、重要文章都是亲自撰写提纲及讲稿。尼克松说，自己当副总统八年中，所有的讲话都是自己起草的。他说那时候副总统办公室不允许雇用一名正式讲稿撰写人。即使当了总统后，一些重要讲话还是要亲自撰写讲话提纲及讲稿。尼克松还谈到约翰·福斯特·杜勒斯也都是自己起草讲稿。 有人向威尔逊请教讲话的方法，他回答：“我起初要把讲的节目都写在一张纸上，再把它们列成自然的顺序，然后再用速记写出来，我惯用速记写，因为我感到方便。写完之后，我再用打字机打出，同时再修饰词句和增删材料。”在速记、打字、修改的过程中，可以认真思考、仔细推敲，使你的思路更完善，词句更准确。通过撰写讲话提纲及讲稿，有助于加深理解和记忆讲话内容。 有些会议，由于没有时间或没有必要形成讲稿，只作口头讲话。这种情况也要认真做好准备，列出讲话提纲。有了讲话提纲，就把讲话的基本内容视觉化了，那么什么地方写得不太合适，什么地方思路不甚恰当，乃至整个讲话的逻辑关系、层次条理如何，都可以一清二楚地呈现在眼前。这样就可以使讲话条理清楚，中心明确，便于听众掌握要点。 讲话提纲分两种：一种是简略，另一种则是详细。 简略的讲话提纲写得比较概括，列出大的纲目，写出每个问题的要点即可。简略提纲语言简练，内容扼要，主题、材料、结构、段落都很概括，看上去一目了然，省时省事。这种提纲，多用于非正式讲话或即席讲话，提纲多是写在随身携带的笔记本上或纸条上，起提示作用。 详细的讲话提纲写得比较具体细致，要求列出详细的纲目，甚至把每个细目都写清楚，看上去就是一个讲话缩影。特别对重要的事例，必要的数据，精彩的词句，分别写在每个纲目之内。这种提纲编写时费力，但使用时方便，通过编写还可以加深对讲话内容的理解和记忆。详细提纲多是经过充分的准备后写出的。 讲话提纲的写法主要有两种：一种是标题写法，一种是句子写法。 标题写法是以简要的语言，以标题的形式把该部分的内容概括出来。这种写法特点是简单明了，一目了然；不足之处是自己明白，别人看不懂，时间较长后自己会模糊。 句子写法是以一个能表达完整意思的句子形式把该部分的内容概括出来。句子写法的特点是具体明确，无论隔多长时间都不会忘记，别人看也能明白；不足之处是文字多，写起来费力，不便于思考。 两种写法各有长短。具体采用哪一种方法更好，还是两种方法混合使用，这要根据讲话的具体要求、内容、篇幅及讲话人的习惯而定。 由于讲话的体裁不同，提纲的具体结构形式有所区别，但也有共同的结构要求： (1)拟定题目； (2)确定总的论点和主题； (3)列出分论点或几个部分； (4)在分论点或部分中，再分出几个从属论点或几个层次； (5)在每一个从属论点或层次中，列出具体材料的要点。 这样一篇讲话的提纲就摆在了你的眼前，使用起来非常方便，可以任意发挥。 对一些重要的讲话，在撰写出提纲的基础上，如果时间、条件允许的话，应尽可能形成讲稿，进一步推敲完善，有助于提高讲话的质量，保证讲话的成功。 很多时候，我们在当众讲话或某个会议上发言时，听众态度冷淡，对你的发言毫无兴趣，甚至哈欠连天。这可能是你发言在内容上比较乏味，讲话的方式不生动形象所造成的。当发现这些情况之后，你不必着急，可以作一下适当的调整和转换，使自己的语言表达能吸引众人。不过，这种调和转换要力求自然，不能猛然增大自己的音量，也不能突然间转换话题，而要有一个过渡。 你可以联系发言内容，讲一个有趣的故事或逗乐的笑话，大家一乐，注意力也就被调动起来了。对于一些大家都明白、都听腻了的条条框框的套话，你要尽量压缩掉，无关紧要的话也最好删除，做到简洁有力。这样会议开得又短又高效，大家就不至于睡着了。 有时候，大家不但不听你的发言，还会交头接耳，甚至大声喧哗起来，讲话现场乱成了一锅粥。那么，你就必须采取一定方法，使众人安静下来。 首先，大声的呵斥在这时可能会收到立竿见影的效果。但是，大家见你动了肝火，你下面的发言他们肯定听不到心里去了。所以，发火不是办法。 其次，一两分钟的停止发言，表情平静安详地环视一下会场，或淡淡地向大家笑一下，听众就会知趣地停止在下面的交谈。接着，你就可以继续发言了。 一些时候，在你发言时，一个到会者会突然将茶杯碰到了地上，而且洒了一身茶水。于是，会议室一下子便热闹起来，你也要赶快用两三句话把会场气氛安定下来，以便会议的正常进行。 此外，在领导者的发言中，掌声是最经常的一种调味剂。如果领导者的发言非常成功，更会受到听众的热烈欢迎和掌声，这是双方产生共鸣的表现。当你的发言还在进行过程中时，你一句振奋人心的话语引起了听众长时间掌声。那么，为了不影响表达内容，你的发言可以稍微停一下，等大家都安静下来后，你再继续发言。当发言结束时，面对听众的掌声，你要站起身，礼貌地点头向大家微笑，以表示对听众的感谢。对听者的掌声不要无动于衷，没有表情。 有些掌声，你可以听出人家并不是在鼓励你，而是对你的讲话有意见。你应该立即回想一下刚才讲过的话，及时发现其中的不当，不失时机地加以改正，调整自己的表达内容，以免一些不良听众给你起哄。 以下是有关专家总结出来的现代领导讲话九种“病症”，我们在此罗列出来，希望能引起各位领导的防范及重视。 （1）套话多 现在很多领导为了讲话省力省心，而且不会有错，一开腔，满口原则话，满篇套话，年年可讲，人人可用。岂不知如此，怎样体现自己讲话风格和所讲内容的特点？怎么受到听者的欢迎？ 2004年9月，“首届世界大城市高层论坛”在江苏南通举行，有25个国家近60个城市的市长和市长代表参会。这种场合，国内的市长们都想“露一脸”，都想在国际场合推介自己所在的城市。但他们说惯了套话，所以他们一开口，还是在国内不同的会议场合重复的那一套东西，用这种官话大说特说自己的城市这样如何、那样如何，以致外国的市长和记者感觉中国的市长一个面孔。 （2）调子高 讲台是个神奇的地方，角色摆不正的人一走上去，就会使其与台下产生距离感，就会有高高在上的感觉，就会有发号施令、给人授课的欲望。所以，有人自我感觉良好，讲起话来，嗓门不高调子高，官位不大架子大。有人连篇累牍地引用报纸、杂志的观点和事例，与听众和本单位需要解决的实际问题不沾边，无的放矢；有人偏爱讲长话，讲话动辄洋洋万言，用深奥的道理和华丽的词语故弄玄虚，罗列出来的那些“观点”或者“亮点”，牵强附会，拼凑文章，搞文字游戏。 2004年9月29日《中国青年报》曾报道，某省人大代表建议政府工作报告要少点“进一步”，为何？因为其中一共用了36个“进一步”！而十届全国人大三次会议的政府工作报告，舆论认为，内容实在，没有套话，一些语言也很生活化。例如，有这么一段：“我们的奋斗目标是，让人民群众喝上干净的水、呼吸清新的空气，有更好的工作和生活环境。”没有概念，没有术语，没有修饰，平白朴实。我们是否应该从中得到一些启示呢？ （3）实话少 有时开会，往往按照官位大小，轮流登台，“你方讲罢我登台”，尽管内容大同小异，基本雷同，你说上几点，我强调几点，他补充几点，主要领导再指示几点，似乎把讲话变成了领导的政治待遇。所以大家就认为不讲就丢面子，失身份。可能正是由于这些原因，尽管无话可讲，尽管不讲无碍工作，但也要硬“挤”几句。往往是一把手讲过之后，下级讲，之后下下级讲，随后下下下级讲……领导者需要下属讲这种套话，为的是显示自己的权威；而下属讲这种套话，为的是博得上级的青睐。于是说者滔滔，费尽口舌；听者苦不堪言。而且，上面怎么说，下面就怎么讲，鹦鹉学舌，没有结合实际，更没有新意，其实从这一点看，本身就违背了上级的本意。这样的讲话，随着时代的发展，必将被淘汰。 有人把讲话分为六种：言之有物，实为心声，一颦一笑，俱带感情，这是第一种；长江大河，源远莫寻，牛溲马勃，悉成黄金，这是第二种；科学逻辑，字字推敲，无懈可击，井井有条，这是第三种；嬉笑怒骂，旁若无人，诙谐杂出，四座皆春，这是第四种；默默端坐，以逸待劳，片言偶发，快如霜刀，这是第五种；期期艾艾，隐蕴词锋，似讷实辩，以守为攻，这是第六种。不管哪类讲话，有血有肉，言之有物，该讲则讲，否则，请记住：“沉默是金。”适当的“沉默”，群众依然欢迎。 （4）“1、2、3”多 很多领导讲话，好像玩文字游戏，喜欢用数字排列语言，喜欢用一、二、三罗列事物，先大写的一、二、三，再小写的1、2、3，然后又是更细的（1）、（2）、（3），看似如数家珍，实则空洞无物。有的人爱穿靴戴帽，开头一套，中间一套，结尾又是一套。比如现如今讲和谐社会，于是又把一切都往和谐社会上套，开口就是和谐社会如何如何。本来是含义深刻的“和谐社会”，结果一滥用，很快就被庸俗化了。有的人讲话有点像“老菜帮子”，掐头去尾之后，可用部分，所剩无几。或是老生常谈，言之无物，再不便是假、大、空。“秀才”写起来绞尽脑汁，领导念起来口干舌燥，群众听起来枯燥无味。 （5）官味重 新华社曾报道过一个事例：2003年“非典”期间，香港一个商团访问沿海某省，一名省级领导被安排会见。这位领导特意提前到场，接受记者采访，谈了一个多小时。几天后，相关报道收集回来了，领导认为十分重要的内容、十分漂亮精彩的话语，如客商安全绝对有保障、招商引资，等等，当地媒体原原本本地报道了。可是境外媒体却没刊登出来，他们登出来的尽是领导随便说的话，或者无意说漏了嘴的话，所谓的不够严谨的话，其实这才是真实话，是大众感兴趣的话。 因为讲话者是在发号施令，所以人们在听台上的人高谈阔论时，常常产生出一种好像是在“仰视”讲者的感觉。对下级所用的往往是一些“指令性”语言，好像是首长在对下级作“指示”。对外界所用的往往是“外交辞令”，好像接见外国首脑。所以，人们听了这样的讲话之后觉得很不舒服。 （6）语言僵 “味同嚼蜡”，是对一些领导讲话语言僵硬的生动描述。有一些领导习惯于打官腔，念讲稿，照本宣科，纸上谈兵，说套话乃至“正确的废话”，讲话像是念文件。可能这些人看来，严肃一点儿，板正一点儿，不仅不失庄重，不失身份，而且还表明自己高度重视。但要从听众的角度“换位思考”，听了这样的讲话、回答，百姓会觉得官员高高在上，离自己、离现实生活实在太远，也不会对这样的会议和新闻感兴趣，更可能因此对官员失去信任感。本来用通俗化的口语讲起来上口，听起来顺耳，但有人却爱故作斯文，怎能不使人生厌。 很多会议固然是严肃的，也应该体现庄重的特点。但严肃并不等于刻板，庄重并不是不讲效果，语言通俗并不等于庸俗，通俗形象的语言，生动幽默的故事，轻松有趣的形式，往往会收到出其不意的效果。如果一味追求庄重，过分强调严肃，距群众越来越远，没人听您的讲话，到您唱“独角戏”的时候，则就真正成笑话了。 （7）时间长 有的人讲话像“懒婆娘的裹脚布”，开口一讲，半天难完。好像只有这样才能显示自己的水平。有的领导逢会必讲话，凡讲话必然长篇大论。不讲得唾沫飞溅、口干舌燥，不讲得听众昏昏欲睡，就显示不出领导水平似的。我们经常看到这样一个情景：台上引经据典滔滔不绝，台下昏昏欲睡、无精打采。毛泽东在谈到这个问题时曾经讽刺说：“为什么一定要写得那么长，又那么空空洞洞的呢？只有一种解释，就是下决心不要群众看。” （8）感觉淡 听了那种口干舌燥、唾液四溅的高论，大家怎么也找不到那种精神为之一振的感觉。更没有振聋发聩、晴天霹雳、醍醐灌顶，使人三月不知肉味，“余音绕梁，三日不绝”的感觉。这些套话，听起来很有条理，头头是道，但仔细琢磨，好似云山雾海，虚幻蜃楼，放之四海而皆准，却又手脚不沾地，找不出几句对指导基层和推进工作实用的话，让人听了十分乏味，实在没有意义。 在这方面，毛泽东给我们树立了伟大的榜样。他的讲话、文章，不仅思想深刻，立意高远，博大精深，同时又生动、形象。他引经据典、诙谐幽默，但又不失其庄重、严肃。他注重通俗生动，但又俗中见雅。不管是《矛盾论》、《实践论》，还是各种场合的讲话，毛泽东都善于化抽象为形象、化深奥为浅显，让人听起来通俗易懂，品起来余味无穷，一点也没有枯燥乏味的感觉。比如毛泽东借愚公移山这个生动有趣的寓言故事，号召人们学习愚公精神，“挖山不止”，挖掉压在人民头上的大山。他还在张思德追悼会的演讲中，借司马迁“人固有一死，或重于泰山，或轻于鸿毛”的名言，号召每位共产党人积极学习张思德，全心全意为人民服务，引用非常恰当，给人留下深刻印象。 （9）脱稿难 古猿直立行走后，上肢的攀爬功能渐渐消退，很大程度上是因为长期不用所致。有的领导可能担心秘书会失业，或者历练不够，所以，只要张张嘴讲几句话，就得有稿子。时间长了，脱稿就难了。其实这样做百害无一利。大脑皮层的语言中枢长期不用会迟钝，思考问题会受影响。懒惰久了，很多坏习惯就慢慢形成。 出现上面的情况，原因是多方面的，主要有这么几点： ①能力问题。“肚子里墨水少”，或者“脑袋瓜子不管用”，说话抓不住要领，看问题看不到本质。于是，不管他人是不是接受，能不能接受，只好不分次序，不管轻重缓急，统统都将想说的一股脑全说出来，哪怕他人耐烦与否。有的可能啥也不知道，对业务不熟悉，对工作没研究，因此，要么担心讲不上来，要么担心讲错，于是就人云亦云，或照本宣科。 ②思想问题。有的可能想对上级巴结、高攀，想让自己所做的一切显得天衣无缝，让自己所说的一切显得滴水不漏，或者尽可能地将自己表现成一个忠心耿耿的人。于是，在行动上对领导点头哈腰，在汇报中滔滔不绝，事无巨细地统统搬上，致使其领导听得十分厌烦。对下级，为了显得自己有水平，讲起话来或作起报告来总要拿腔拿调，还要不伦不类地引经据典，古今中外，天文地理，哪管与主题是否有联系，统统用上。自以为水平高，其实听报告的人烦得很。 ③环境问题。可能出于生活经验，深知说话不慎或“走火”可能会给自己带来意外的麻烦。所以，作起报告像八股，讲起话来走老路，正面反面全都说，局部整体都兼顾，偶然必然全不落，本质的与非本质的，主流的与非主流的……统统都要说上，让想抓辫子、想打棍子的人一点都“抓不住”。尽管这种做法啰唆点，讲话时间长了点，但“保险系数”大，最为稳妥，时间一长，就难改掉这些毛病了。