Chapter 5 Chapter 4 Leadership Speaking Rhetoric

Evasion words to conceal meaning, strange metaphors to refer to things——Liu Xie A pun is to consciously use the same word or sentence with two meanings in the same speech environment; that is, to use the polysemy of language to make the meaning of a speech not only manifest in the literal meaning of a certain word or sentence. meaning, and the meaning behind the word or sentence is the real intention.More generally, it means one thing on the surface, but it actually refers to another thing.This rhetorical method plays a very important role in enhancing the artistic power of language, making speech simple and clear, implicit and natural, and humorous.

In March 1993, the "Dalian-Hong Kong Economic and Trade Cooperation Fair" was held in Hong Kong.This is the first time that Bo Xilai participated in a large-scale investment promotion activity in Hong Kong after he became the new mayor of Dalian.At the press conference held before the opening ceremony, a reporter asked straightforwardly: "Mr. Bo, your father is a high-ranking official of the Communist Party of China. Is it because you are the mayor not because of your political achievements, but because of your honor?" As soon as the topic came up, all eyes and camera lenses in the venue turned to Bo Xilai to see how he would answer.

Bo Xilai smiled slightly and said: "I appreciate the frankness of this reporter. Maybe the question he raised is not only what he wants to ask alone. I don't deny that I have been in the light of Lao Tzu, and I am also willing to tell you that I have been in the The light has benefited me for life! When I was a middle school student who was learning about society and life, I was imprisoned because of family involvement. Five years of prison life have made me endure hardships, exercise my will, and learn to think , I understand how important justice, democracy, and the rule of law are to a society, and how important food, clothing, freedom, and dignity are to a person. The gifts that fate has given me in the past five years are not available to everyone. If there is no one like this I can’t get this gift either. Isn’t this a great honor? As for my personal achievements, it’s not for me to comment. This is my citizen’s business, but I want to remind you of a fact here: I am a The mayor is elected by representatives elected by the people, and the people of Dalian will not regard their rights as trifling!"

After hearing this response, all the reporters present looked at this young mayor who was not yet familiar with him with admiration.In fact, on many occasions, Bo Xilai has left an unforgettable impression on people with his wise and humorous speeches. He is a "political star" in our country and is often talked about by people. Another time, Dalian Xinghaiwan International Convention and Exhibition Center held a swearing-in meeting of "Fifty Days to Ensure the Capping at the End of November". The ceremony was in progress, and the chair of Xinghai Commander Lao Song, who was sitting on the rostrum, suddenly fell down. , Commander Song fell from above, very embarrassed.Bo Xilai: "Today's swearing-in meeting was held very well. Everyone is very determined. They are gearing up and preparing for a big fight. You see, your Commander Song can't sit still. (Laughs) I hope everyone is united Unanimous, 50 days to ensure the cap. (Long applause)" Everyone applauded Mayor Bo Xilai's witty adaptability, witty remarks to solve difficulties, and boost morale.

A pun can not only resolve embarrassment, but also make the words implicit, humorous, and interesting, and can also deepen the meaning, make people think, and leave a deep impression on people.Therefore, it is often used by people and favored by many outstanding leaders. For example, when James Soong gave a speech at Tsinghua University, he began to preach: Dear President Gu, Director Chen of the Taiwan Affairs Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, teachers and students, good morning and hello everyone.Hearing President Gu's words of praise just now, to paraphrase what Beijingers said, I was very happy after hearing it.Yesterday's weather forecast said that there might be some thunderstorms today, but what I saw at Tsinghua University today was not only the wind and the sun, but also the clouds and the sun.Isn't this what everyone expects on both sides of the strait to clear the clouds and see the sun?This expectation is shared by all.

Especially in some serious occasions, some words are inconvenient to say clearly, and the use of puns can express this kind of thinking implicitly and tortuously. A young man came to the editorial office and handed in his work for publication.After reading his work, the editor asked, "Is it your own novel?" The young man replied: "I wrote it myself. I conceived it for several months and wrote it for three days before I finished it." The editor stood up and shook hands with him: "Ah, the great Mr. Chekhov, when did you come back to life?" The young man blushed, picked up the manuscript, and left embarrassedly.His article was plagiarized from Chekhov, but the editor did not point it out directly, but let the young man know that the work should not be published with the absurd emotion that Chekhov revived.It is an embarrassing thing for the language and Tibetan authorities to say so wittily, and the editor used a pun.

When using this method, we must pay attention to the appropriateness, distinguish the occasion and the language environment, pay attention to the comprehension ability of the other party, and choose a good content and pun form.If used improperly, it is likely to lead to puns that are difficult and obscure, and fall into low-level tastes. A metaphor is a comparison, that is, comparing this thing with another thing.That is to say, when explaining a thing, it is not to say it directly, but to achieve the goal by describing or explaining another thing.In this way, use things that people are more familiar with to describe and explain things that people are not familiar with, reducing the barriers to understanding.For example, someone once asked Einstein what is the theory of relativity.As a very esoteric theoretical issue, if it is explained in scientific terms, it must be lengthy and obscure, making it difficult for people to understand.How did Einstein explain it? "An hour goes by when you sit by the fire with your dearest, and it seems to you that only five minutes have passed, whereas if you sit alone by a steaming fire, and only five minutes have passed, you But it’s like sitting for an hour. This is the theory of relativity.” The profound theory is explained in a few simple words only because of the clever use of human feelings as a metaphor.

Specifically, when people want to express a certain thing or reason in language communication, they use association or imagination to introduce another kind of thing or reason, so as to reflect the thing or reason to be expressed more concretely, more appropriately, more vividly, It is more contagious, making the listener love to listen and understand, thus leaving a deep impression. There is such a vivid story in Liu Xiang's "Shuo Yuan". Someone said to the king of Liang, "Huizi is good at using metaphors. If you don't allow him to use metaphors, then Huizi will be unable to speak."

Therefore, Liang Wang said to Huizi: "I hope you will stop using metaphors when you speak in the future." Huizi replied: "If there is a person who doesn't know what 'bomb' is, and you tell him that bouncing is 'bomb', will he understand?" Liang Wang said, "Of course I don't understand." Huizi said: "I want to tell people who don't know what I know. Can you say that I don't use metaphors?" Liang Wang said: "It is impossible not to use metaphors." In this story, King Liang originally refused to allow Huizi to make a metaphor, but Huizi quietly used another metaphor to convince King Liang.

A metaphor generally consists of three parts: noumenon, metaphor and metaphor.The noumenon is the thing being compared; the metaphor is the thing or object used for comparison; the metaphor is the word that marks the metaphorical relationship, such as "like", "just like", "like" and so on.For example, Mao Zedong once said that some people write long and empty articles, like "lazy women's foot wraps, smelly and long".Here, the long and empty article is the ontology, the smelly and long "foot-binding cloth" is the metaphor, and the "image" is the metaphor.

People speak to describe things, or explain the truth, or express emotions, etc. It is not an easy task to express these things vividly and concretely, so as to impress others.If you can use appropriate metaphors, you can make things easier, and your words will get twice the result with half the effort and be persuasive. Clever use of metaphors can paint the language with a layer of brilliant color, increase the imagery, vividness and appeal of the speech, and make the language more exciting.Einstein's explanation of the theory of relativity mentioned above not only allows people to understand the connotation of the theory of relativity, but also makes people feel funny and cute.A good metaphor needs to pay attention to the following issues: (1) The two are similar The noumenon and metaphor of a metaphor must be two completely different things, but extremely similar.Things with the same attributes are difficult to arouse people's associations and have no metaphorical meaning; while things with no similarities are not comparable at all and cannot be used as metaphors. (2) Easy to understand The metaphor should be simple, vivid and specific, and very close to the audience's life. Only in this way can people understand and accept it more easily. (3) Both form and spirit This means that the two things to be compared should not only have similarities in appearance, but also have similarities in internal characteristics and expressions, so as to reveal the spiritual essence of things. (4) Natural and appropriate Metaphors are a good way to add color to language, but the more metaphors the better, the metaphors should not be used for the sake of metaphors, and the pretentiousness and mystification should not be used out of novelty.Metaphors should be creative, and those familiar metaphors should not be used all the time.Unnatural metaphors will not only fail to add luster to the speech, but will make the audience disgusted. The leader's speech must have momentum, so that the audience can feel the pressure of language and feel the power.The use of parallelism can make the level of semantic expression clear, the language momentum strong, the rhythm clear, and the meaning smooth. The power of tone creates a strong shock to the audience. This rhetorical technique is generally composed of three or more phrases or sentences with the same or similar structure, closely related content, and consistent tone. It is used to express things of the same scope and nature, so as to enhance the momentum and rhythm. The beauty of sense and melody strengthens the strength of language. Roosevelt delivered a speech to Congress after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.He said: "Yesterday, the Japanese attack on the Hawaiian Islands caused serious damage to the United States Navy..." "Yesterday, the Japanese government launched an attack on Malaysia." "Yesterday, Japanese troops invaded Hong Kong." "Yesterday, the Japanese army captured Guam." "Yesterday, Japanese troops landed in the Philippine Islands." "Yesterday, Japan attacked Wake Island." "Yesterday, the Japanese attacked Midway." Here we use the method of parallelism to compare what the Japanese army did in a day, so that people can realize the rampant forces of Japanese militarism and the dangers faced by the United States, so as to inspire everyone's courage to fight against the enemy and encourage everyone to fight Determination and confidence.These parallel sentences not only accentuate the tone, but also make the audience's hearts constantly improve, and eventually lead to anger, which is very contagious. Another example is that Martin Luther King Jr. delivered a wonderful speech at the black rally in Washington, USA on August 28, 1968, in which there are several passages. "One hundred years ago a great American man signed the Emancipation Proclamation. We now stand in the shadow cast by his memorial, an important A great beacon of hope. This document is like a joyous ray of light at the end of a long night in prison." "However, one hundred years later, we have to face the sad fact that black people still do not have freedom; Today, in the vast ocean of material affluence, blacks still live on impoverished islands; a hundred years later, blacks are still struggling in the dark corners of American society and exiled in their own land. So we're here today to expose the horrific truth." ... "This is our hope. This is the faith we brought back to the South. With this faith we can hew the mountain of despair into a rock of hope. With this faith we can turn the din of racial discord in our nation into one." The music of Qu Youai. With this belief, we can work together, we can pray together, we can fight together, we can go to prison together, we can fight together for freedom because we know we will be free.” In the speeches of Martin Luther King Jr., the second paragraph starts with "today a hundred years later", from black people not free, suffering from racial segregation and discrimination, living a poor life and even The politics, economy, life, and legal treatment of being abused and deported concentratedly reveal the tragic and harsh living conditions of black people, which shakes people's hearts; the parallel sentence led by "with this belief" in the last paragraph expresses The unremitting efforts to be carried out, the principles of struggle and the goals of struggle.The use of parallel sentence patterns in the text is like a galloping river with great momentum, which not only vividly expresses the speaker's thoughts and feelings, but also produces exciting rhetorical effects. Of course, the use of parallel sentences is not always the best, and we need to pay attention to the occasion and context. (1) Proceed from actual needs and use it properly according to possible conditions.The content should not be harmed for the sake of the beauty of form, and it is reluctant to make parallel sentences. (2) The form of the parallelism should be flexibly selected according to the form, and the parallelism of words, sentences and paragraphs are all available forms.Each part in parallelism should be equal, independent and mutually exclusive. It is best to arrange from light to heavy in order, and to go deep layer by layer to achieve the effect of air penetrating like a rainbow. (3) Master the degree of use, enough is enough. Exaggeration can make the image or characteristics of people or things more prominent, and give people a stronger feeling, so that people can be infected by words and pay more attention.For example, when people read Li Bai's poem "flying down three thousand feet, it is suspected that the Milky Way falls nine days", they can't help but feel the momentum of Lushan Waterfall falling from the sky, because the use of exaggerated techniques makes the beauty of this waterfall shocking.For example, Li Hongzhong, Secretary of the Shenzhen Municipal Party Committee, had these words in his inaugural speech: The greatest contribution and achievement of Shenzhen is not only the transformation of a small border town into a modern metropolis in the past 25 years, but also the miracle of the world's urban development of "one night city", although this is also a very unusual achievement. Comparing the fast-growing Shenzhen to an "overnight city" is a vivid image. Although it is exaggerated, it is more appropriate and effective because of its fast construction speed. Exaggeration is deliberately exaggerating to emphasize a certain feature of something, or exaggerating the facts, or narrowing the facts, so that the listener has a deeper understanding and understanding of the content to be expressed. The gatekeeper servant of Shen Wuyu, a doctor of the state of Chu, fled in fear of crime because he was found stealing wine. In order to avoid Shen Wuyu's pursuit, he joined the King of Chu and became a guard of the Slim Waist Palace.Because the laws of the state of Chu clearly stipulate that no one is allowed to arrest people in the palace of the king of Chu.That servant thought he had the sword of Shangfang, so he was arrogant all day long.But, unexpectedly, Shen Wuyu went straight to the palace and captured the servant without the king of Chu's knowledge. King Ling of Chu was very angry when he found out, and ordered Shen Wuyu to release the servant. Shen Wuyu said: "There are ten suns in the sky, and people are divided into ten levels. The upper class rules the lower class, and the lower class serves the upper class. Only when the upper and lower classes maintain each other can the country be stable and peaceful. Now the servants of the ministers and guards abscond in fear of crime, and they use the palace to protect criminals. If he really gets shelter, then the other servants will follow the example of others. Who can stop thieves and thieves? If things go on like this, the society will be uneasy, and the king will not be able to protect his country? That’s why the servants dare not obey the king’s orders.” King Ling of Chu thought about it carefully and found it very reasonable, so he ordered the servant to be executed. Shen Wuyu, a doctor of the Chu State, linked the hiding of a slave with the sun in the sky, social unrest, and the insecurity of the country. This is obviously an exaggeration of the facts, but it has achieved the desired effect.You can see his wit and courage. Reasonable use of exaggeration techniques can firstly reveal the essence of things; secondly, can enhance the appeal of speech; thirdly, can inspire the imagination of listeners.The use of exaggeration must be based on real life, not rambling, but should be exaggerated and reasonable, not as real but better than real. Since exaggeration is "exaggerated" in some aspects and based on authenticity, it is conducive to highlighting the particularity of things, arousing people's imagination, and achieving the effect of highlighting individual images.As in the example below. Three people were talking about how to save money, and one of them said: "I know a person who, in order to save ink, writes whatever he writes in the size of a sesame seed." The second person said: "I know a person who In order to reduce the wear and tear of the watch, the watch was stopped when it got dark." The third person said: "What you said is general, I know an old man who didn't even read newspapers in order to save his glasses." It is not an exaggeration to say that I do not even read newspapers to save my eyes, but it is not an exaggeration to say that I do not even read newspapers to save my glasses.It can be imagined how economical this old gentleman who saves glasses should be when doing other things with the spirit of saving! The use of exaggeration should be based on objective reality, exaggerating or shrinking without losing the sense of reality, and it must not be made out of nothing, talk about things, and exaggerate things too much.Exaggeration must also be used in conjunction with specific purposes and occasions. It can enliven the atmosphere and increase the interest of the conversation on casual occasions.But in serious occasions, exaggerated sentences should not be used. In order to remind and emphasize the content of the speech, attract the attention of the audience, and enhance the effect of language expression, it is sometimes necessary to ask and answer questions during the speech.Asking questions can create suspense, attract people's attention, and trigger the audience to think.Well-used questioning will make the speech extremely persuasive and appealing, and produce an irrefutable reasoning effect. Frequently asked questions can also help the speaker express his emotions and express some information that is inconvenient to express in a tortuous and implicit way. The key to the use of questioning is to design a few eye-catching, ingenious and weighty questions for the content of the speech, to give the audience a sense of curiosity, to stimulate their anticipation for the answer, and then to answer it by themselves.When asking questions, avoid asking questions that are irrelevant, well-known or lack of impact, and should not be asked too frequently. A rhetorical question is a question that does not need to be answered, and the answer is in the question, which is the negation of the question.The use of rhetorical questions can express very intense emotions, and it is most suitable for use on occasions where enthusiasm is unrestrained and emotional.A series of ingeniously designed rhetorical questions can make the speech very powerful, shocking and appealing, and make the audience feel excited and excited after listening to it.As part of Patrick Henry's speech to the Virginia State Legislature: Avoiding reality is useless.Gentlemen will shout, "Peace! Peace!!" But peace?In fact, the war has already begun, and the gale from the north will send the clang of weapons to our ears.Our compatriots are already on the battlefield, why should we stand here and do nothing?What do gentlemen hope for?What do you want to achieve?Life is so precious?Peace is so sweet?Even at the price of wearing chains and being enslaved? A series of rhetorical questions, like a cannonball roaring one after another, was full of passion and momentum, and the enthusiasm infected every audience. Immediately after the signing of the four agreements on the limitation of strategic arms between the United States and the Soviet Union, Kissinger was in a hotel in Moscow and briefed the accompanying American journalists on the talks in this regard.It was already one o'clock in the morning on May 27, and he was not tired at all. "The Soviet Union produces missiles at a rate of about two hundred and fifty a year," Kissinger revealed with a smile. "Gentlemen, if I'm caught here as a spy, we know who to blame." The agile reporters then took up the conversation and probed into the secrets of the United States. "What about our situation? How many submarine missiles do we have with sub-warheads? How many Minuteman missiles have sub-guided multiple warheads?" asked a reporter. Kissinger shrugged: "I don't know exactly how many 'Minuteman' missiles are being deployed with multiple guided multiple warheads. As for the submarines, my difficulty is that I know the number, but I don't know if it is kept secret." "It's not confidential," the reporter said. Kissinger asked back: "Isn't it confidential? Then how much do you say?" The reporter was dumbfounded, so he had to smile "hehe". Rhetorical question is a rhetorical way to express certain content in the form of question.Rhetorical question contains the answer in the question sentence, and the thought content is just opposite to the superficial meaning of the sentence: the superficial meaning of the sentence is affirmative, but the content is negative; and vice versa.The use of rhetorical questions can strengthen the language power and express the originally determined meaning more clearly and indisputably. Therefore, it is easy to focus the attention of the audience, create a strong impression on people, and easily arouse people's imagination and passion. It is more effective than positive expression. strength. Carnegie said that if you want to persuade people, the best way is to cite examples to ask the opposite question, which is far more convincing than direct refutation. On one occasion, Napoleon said to his secretary: "Did you know, Briand? You too will be immortal." Briand began to wonder what Napoleon meant, and Napoleon explained: "Aren't you my secretary?" After Brion understood, he smiled and said, "Excuse me, who is Alexander's secretary?" Napoleon couldn't answer, and praised: "Good question!" Good question, what's so good about it? According to Napoleon's meaning: the secretary of the immortal is also immortal, this is the major premise. You are my Napoleon's secretary, that's the minor premise. Conclusion: "You too will be immortal." Briand understood what Napoleon meant. Although he did not hope to rely on celebrities to become famous, he still did not forget to respect the coach as a secretary, so he used the method of asking for advice on the surface but asking in reverse: "Excuse me, who is Alexander's secretary?" The unreliability of the major premise made Napoleon's conclusion self-defeating. Quoting is a rhetorical method that is widely used. It refers to citing famous aphorisms, idioms, allusions, etc. in language communication to prove things and explain the truth.The use of this rhetorical technique can enhance persuasiveness and appeal, and make language expressions well-founded and vivid.As in the following example: In the early days of the Cultural Revolution, at a meeting to criticize Chen Yi, the rebels publicly criticized Chen Yi in the Great Hall of the People and asked Chen Yi to conduct a so-called in-depth inspection.According to the prevailing practice at the time, anyone who spoke must first read a few quotations from Chairman Mao aloud.Chen Yi held "Chairman Mao's Quotations" in his hand and said loudly: "Turn to page 271!" There was a sound of flipping through the quotations in the venue, and then the scene suddenly fell silent. It turned out that there were only 270 pages in the quotations.People were stunned for a moment.At this moment, Chen Yi read aloud to the quotation book: "Chen Yi is a good comrade!" Everyone in the audience hesitated for a moment, and immediately someone raised doubts.At this time, Premier Zhou Enlai, who was present, came forward to confirm that Chairman Mao had indeed said this sentence. In this way, a "Chen Criticism Conference" was easily resolved by Chairman Mao's words quoted by Chen Yi and confirmed by Premier Zhou.Quoting can connect the essence of multiple languages ​​and wisdoms from ancient and modern China and foreign countries, showing the speaker's profound knowledge.Because no matter how strong a person's language expressive ability is, it is limited after all. Quoting is to use a variety of expressive abilities to fuse them into one furnace to produce expressions that win more with less, concise and concise, with endless charm and profound meaning. Effect. There are many ways to cite, and the commonly used ones are implicit citation, forward citation, reverse citation and abstract citation. (1) Alluded to Allusion means allusion, quotation. "There are two poems by Lu Xun, 'Hold eyebrows coldly to thousands of men, bow your head willingly to be a ox' should be our motto in dealing with people." In this sentence, two poems by Lu Xun are quoted as a motto to motivate and warn ourselves. Aftertaste. (2) Forward Citation The original sentence is used in the original sentence.For example, at the teacher's day party, a female student said in answering the role of education: "'In an illiterate country, socialism cannot be built.' (Lenin)'A poorly educated child is equivalent to Lost direction.' (Kennedy) 'Knowledge is the candle that guides people to the realm of light and truth.' (Li Dazhao) Therefore, 'education is cheap national defense.' (Aristotle) ​​'Education The root is bitter, but its fruit is sweet.' (Johnson) The root of education is my root." This passage quotes famous historical figures such as Lenin, Kennedy, Li Dazhao, and Aristotle , aphorisms, revealing the profound connotation of education-oriented, vivid and profound, and the effect is outstanding. In April 1999, during Premier Zhu Rongji's visit to the United States, at the joint press conference held with President Clinton, he conquered all the reporters present with his outstanding performance.A reporter from Hong Kong's "Wen Wei Po" first asked: "Premier Zhu, why did you still visit the United States as scheduled when there are many new contradictions in US-China relations?" Zhu Rongji said straight to the point: "I don't want to come! It was Chairman Jiang who asked me to come. , Chairman Jiang is China's No.1 (No. 1 person), of course I must obey Chairman Jiang's orders." Then Zhu Rongji explained that the reason why he didn't want to come to the United States was because he was worried about being beaten up by the Americans.Zhu Rongji introduced: "The U.S. Ambassador to China Shang Mujie once told me that he will be prepared to be beaten with a black nose and a swollen face when he returns to the United States. Shang Mujie also specially gave me a kind advice. After arriving in the United States, he must smile Open (Smiling Face). I replied to Shang Mujie at the time, saying that if you are an American, you may be beaten with a black nose and a swollen face. I am Chinese, and I am worried that my Smiling Face will become a Bloody Face (bloody face). "Zhu Rongji said The words made all the reporters in the audience laugh.Immediately afterwards, a reporter from the American media asked Zhu Rongji to comment on the so-called "China's theft of US nuclear secrets".Zhu Rongji said: "Mr. Clinton said that China has 20 missiles, while the United States has 6,000. I don't know how many missiles China has. I don't know how Mr. Clinton got the information." The audience laughed.When Zhu Rongji was answering a reporter's question about the "China Threat Theory", Zhu Rongji said: "You, the United States, are the largest developed country in the world. The most sophisticated, high-tech is the most developed in the world, and the means are also the most advanced, what are you worried about?" At this point, the microphone suddenly had a small problem, and Zhu Rongji, who likes humor, made a joke, saying: " But your microphones in the United States are not the most advanced." As soon as this remark was made, the audience burst into laughter, and the tense atmosphere suddenly relaxed. (3) Backquote Backquote is to use it against its meaning.For example, Comrade Mao Zedong said in the article "Interrogating the Kuomintang": "According to you, the Communist Party is also the one who 'undermines unity', and you are so-and-so 'sincere unity' advocates. Then, with the soldiers of the three group armies, Armed with a bayonet and equipped with heavy artillery, marching towards the people of the border areas can also be regarded as 'sincere unity'!" Comrade Mao Zedong reversed this paragraph, using his own way to treat his own body.Nothing could be more convincing than this subtle backtick. (4) Extraction Extraction is to extract part of the words in the original sentence and use them. In his famous speech "On the Coalition Government", Comrade Mao Zedong put forward the sentence "The top uses weather to make the bottom, and the bottom uses the wind to stab the king. Wang Wen remonstrates, and those who say it are innocent, and those who hear it are a warning, so it is called the wind", It is cleverly used as a famous sentence that shines with the light of truth, "He who speaks is innocent, and whoever hears it is a warning." Such quotations succinctly expound the correct attitude that the people should adopt towards criticism, advocate and publicize the democratic style and the spirit of criticism and self-criticism.Not only concise, but also easy to understand. When using citation techniques, strive to be precise and more or less appropriate; the content of the citation must be of real value to the problem, and its content must be authoritative, persuasive, and not clichéd. Two points should be paid attention to when using citations: one is to maintain the integrity of the citations and avoid taking them out of context; the other is to integrate the citations with the meaning to be expressed and become an organic part of the argument, which cannot be put together or even "labeled". Comparing two different things or two different aspects of the same thing together can make the nature, state and characteristics of things more distinct and prominent, and clearly show the speaker's position and viewpoint.This is the comparison. Lu Xun said in the article "Soldiers and Flies": "Soldiers with flaws are fighters after all, and perfect flies are just flies." Those shameful minions who slandered the revolutionaries firmly supported the brave fighters who persisted in the revolution. Mr. Wen Yiduo used this technique many times in "The Last Lecture". For example, when talking about the assassination of Li Gongpu by Kuomintang agents and blaming it on the Communist Party, Mr. Wen said: "This is a certain group. Shameless is Mr. Li's glory." Comparing the shamelessness of the Kuomintang reactionaries with the glory of Li Gongpu's devotion to the revolution clearly expresses Mr. Wen Yiduo's feelings of love and hatred. During the Warring States Period, King Xuan of Qi once summoned Yan Bracelet. King Qi said to Yan Bracelet, "Bracelet, are you here?" Yan Bracelet said to Wang in the same tone, "Wang, are you coming?" King Qi was very unhappy.People around King Qi accused Yan Bracelet and said: "King Qi is the king, and you are the king's servant. How is it proper for you to talk to King Qi like this?" Yan Bracelet said calmly: "I come to the king to follow the power; the king comes to me to be a corporal. Instead of letting me follow the power, it is better to let the king of Qi be a corporal." King Qi's face was full of anger, and he asked aggressively: "Is the king noble or the scholar noble?" Yan Bracelet said: "Scholars are noble, but kings are not noble. In the past, Qin State sent troops to attack Qi State. When their troops passed by the tomb of Liu Xiahui, a scholar, they issued an order saying: 'If you come within fifty steps of Liuxiahui's cemetery, you can collect firewood. Those who cook, mow grass and feed horses, kill without pardon!" Later, when they fought with the army of Qi, the Qin army issued another order: "Anyone who can cut off the head of King Qi will be enfeoffed with ten thousand households and will be rewarded with ten thousand taels of gold at the same time!" From these two military orders, it can be seen that the head of a living monarch is not as good as a piece of firewood on the grave of a dead scholar!" King Qi was speechless and speechless. Yan Bracelet called "King, come here" in the same tone, which required a certain amount of courage and vigor. The comparison between "following the power" and "respecting the virtuous and corporal" shows that he has a well-thought-out plan, and at the same time he puts the base of his speech on the king, that is, he considers the king, attaches importance to scholars, and benefits the country and the people. The question of who is nobler than a king or a soldier should be raised.The contrast between the firewood from the scholar's tomb and the head of the living king creates a stark contrast that strongly supports his point. In life, we compare two different things, usually in order to make the good look better, the bad look worse, the big look bigger, and the small look smaller; to compare two different aspects of the same thing , It is often to make things more thorough, comprehensive and clear. Metonymy is a rhetorical way of substituting a related thing for what is being expressed.As a leader, learning the rhetorical techniques of borrowing will add a lot of color to your speech. During the Three Kingdoms period, there were five brothers in the Ma family, all of whom had the character Chang in their names.Among the five brothers, Ma Liang was the most talented and learned. Liu Bei sent him to handle foreign affairs, and he returned with honor every time without disgrace. Therefore, there was a saying at that time, which was called: "White eyebrows are the best among the five permanent members of the Ma family." It turns out that Ma Liang's appearance has a characteristic, and his eyebrows are as white as snow.Here we don't say "Ma Liang is the best", but "white eyebrows are the best", and use the appearance feature of "white eyebrows" to refer to Ma Liang. Metonymy is a rhetorical technique that does not directly say the person or thing, but replaces it with other things that are closely related to the person or thing to be said.The objective basis of metonymy is the correlation of things. Using this technique can make language concrete and vivid. "When we held a meeting in this place (Beijing) in 1949, one of our generals advocated that the army should increase salaries. Many comrades agreed, but I opposed it. The example he gave was that the capitalists eat five bowls, and the People's Liberation Army eats salt water and a little sauerkraut. , He said it’s not good. I said it’s just a good thing. You five bowls, we eat sauerkraut. Politics comes out of this sauerkraut, and there are role models. It is this sauerkraut that wins the hearts of the People’s Liberation Army, of course, there are other things.” This passage was spoken by Mao Zedong at a meeting of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. "Sauerkraut" is a superficial individual thing, but in essence it represents a hard life, and it is extended to the political essence of hard work.Using concrete instead of abstract metonymy to narrate is not only lively and interesting, easy to understand, but also can produce the effect of strengthening motivation and deeply rooting in people's hearts.If you don’t use the method of metaphor, explain that although eating sauerkraut is a hard life, it maintains the political essence of hard work. It is clear, but it lacks natural and interesting vivid connotations, and it also underestimates the listener’s comprehension. ability. Attention should be paid to the use of metonymy: the most typical characteristics of things must be grasped, and the things that are borrowed must be explained in a certain language environment.In addition, the borrowed and noumenal things of metonymy cannot appear at the same time. Symbol is the extension and enlargement of metaphor. It is a rhetorical technique used to express a certain spiritual quality or abstract truth by means of specific concrete things. A professor working in a medical school is teaching the first class to freshmen. One morning after a storm, a man went for a walk by the sea. On the beach, there are many small fish that were swept ashore by the storm last night, trapped in shallow puddles, struggling, wanting to return to the embrace of the sea. As he walked, the man noticed a thin figure in the distance, busy tirelessly.Taking a closer look, it turned out to be a little boy of seven or eight years old. He was bending down to pick up small fish in the puddle, and then threw them back into the sea vigorously, repeating the same action one by one. The man asked, "Son, there are thousands of small fish on this beach, and you can't save them alone." "I know." The little boy replied without raising his head, but he didn't stop moving. "Since you know it, why do you still do stupid things?" the man asked again. The little boy just silently picked up the small fish and threw them back into the sea without answering. 男人忍不住又问了一句：“你这么做，又有谁在乎？” 小男孩边扔边说：“这条小鱼在乎！这条，还有这条……” 讲完这个故事，教授接着说： “今天，你们在这里开始了大学生活，从此每一个人都将在这里学会如何去拯救生命。虽然你们救不了所有的病人，但是你们可以救一部分人，为他们减轻痛苦。 “因为你们的存在，人们的生活从此有所不同——你们可以使大家的生活变得更加美好，这是你们能够而且必须做到的。” 这位教授在演说中，先是讲述一个富有哲理的小故事，然后借助这个小故事所喻示的精神品质，告诫他的学生们作为一名医务工作者应该具有起码的职业道德。 毛泽东同志在陕北时，有一天夜间进入田次湾，住在一个老大娘家里，大娘见毛泽东与十几个同志挤在一座窑里睡，心里不安，一再说：“这窑洞太小了，地方太小了，对不住首长了。”毛泽东听了这话，依着房东大嫂说话的节律喃喃道：“我们队伍太多了，人马太多了，对不住大嫂了。”房东大嫂和大家听罢都哈哈大笑起来。一阵会心的笑声，打消了房东大嫂的顾虑。 恩格斯说：“幽默是具有智慧、教养和道德上优越的表现。”列宁则认为，幽默是一种优美的、健康的品质。 幽默按照其修辞表现手段的不同，常见的有六种，下面我们一一举例进行说明。 （1）借代 邓小平同志在讲到尊重知识、尊重人才、充分发挥知识分子的作用时说：“要充分发挥知识分子的专长，用非所学不好。有人建议：对改了行的，如果有水平，有培养前途，可以没收一批回来。这意见是好的。'四人帮'创造了一个名词叫'臭老九'，'老九'并不坏，《智取威虎山》里的'老九'杨子荣是好人嘛！选错就错在那个'臭'字上。毛泽东同志说，'老九'不能走。这就对了，知识分子的名誉要恢复。” 在这里邓小平把“老九”借代为“知识分子”，并引用毛泽东“老九不能走”这句话，风趣幽默地表达了自己的观点。 （2）拟人 南唐时，苛税繁重，民不聊生。恰逢京师大旱，烈祖问群臣道： “外地都下了雨，为什么京城不下？” 大臣申渐高说：“因为雨怕抽税，所以不敢入京城。” 列祖听后大笑，并决定减轻赋税。 申渐高巧借话题，把“雨”拟人化，从而委婉地道出了“税收繁重，令人生畏”的意思，机智地讽谏烈祖减税，并取得了预期的效果。 （3）夸张 夸张意即言过其实，是日常生活中常见的一种修辞手法。 里根竞选加州州长时，针对当时加州的经济情况，对物价上涨加以猛烈抨击，他说：“夫人们，你们都知道，最近当你们站在超级市场卖芦笋的柜台前，你们就会感到吃钞票比吃芦笋还便宜些。”还有一次，他说：“你们还记得当初你们曾经认为没有什么东西可以代替美元吗？而今天美元却真的几乎代替不了什么东西了？” （4）讽喻 所谓讽喻，是用富有机智和幽默情趣并寄寓深刻哲理的虚构的故事，来阐明某种道理。有一个单位组织退休老干部乘大客车外出旅游，上车时你谦我让，耽误了不少时间。开车后，一位老同志朗声打趣道：“我给大家讲个故事助兴：从前有一位妇女，怀孕十年才生下一对双胞胎。问这对双胞胎为何迟迟不肯面世，他们说，根据礼节，年长位尊者应该先行，但他们两个不知谁是兄长，就这样互相推让了十年，把妈妈生孩子的事给耽搁了。”这番话引得车上的老干部们面面相觑，继而哄堂大笑。 （5）仿拟 仿拟即故意模仿套用已有的固定语言形式来叙说的一种表达方式，主要特点是套用现有的词、句、篇等语言形式来揭示所描述事物的内在矛盾，创造出新的意境。 苏轼有位姓刘的朋友，因晚年患病，鬓发、眉毛尽皆脱落，鼻梁也快要断了。一天，苏轼同许多朋友相聚饮酒，这位姓刘的朋友建议大家各引古人语相戏。苏轼对这位姓刘的朋友说：“大风起兮眉飞扬，安得壮士兮守鼻梁？”满座大笑。 苏轼仿的是汉高祖刘邦《大风歌》“大风起兮云飞扬，威加海内兮归故乡。安得猛士兮守四方。”的首尾两句，两相对照、趣味盎然。 （6）反射 反射是现场套用对方的话语来戏谑、反驳对方，是一种语言回归，目的是以其人之道还治其人之身。 小约翰放学回来，把成绩单交给爸爸，爸爸一看有两门功课不及格，就冲着约翰怒气冲冲地喊道： “你知道吗？华盛顿像你这个年龄时是全校最优秀的学生。” 约翰不慌不忙地回答： “你知道吗？爸爸，像你这个年龄时华盛顿已经是美国总统了！”