Chapter 191 Chapter 190 Emperor Wen Yang Jian

Yang Jian is a descendant of Yang Zhen, the Taiwei of the Eastern Han Dynasty. "Hongnong Yang" served as a high-ranking official for generations, and was one of the most famous aristocratic families from the Han, Wei, and Northern Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties.In the third year of Datong in the Western Wei Dynasty (537 A.D.), Yang Jian's father Yang Zhong followed Duguxin and took refuge in Yuwentai, who was in power in the Western Wei Dynasty.Because of his outstanding contributions in the process of Yuwentai's administration and Yuwenjue's establishment of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Yang Zhong was given the surname of Puliuru, and he was granted the title of Duke of Suiguo.

In June of the seventh year of Datong in the Western Wei Dynasty (AD 541), Yang Jian was born in Banruo Temple in Feng Yi (the county seat is now Dali, Shaanxi).It is said that the temple was surrounded by purple air and auspicious clouds.In the morning, a nun came from another place, claiming that the child was born abnormal and should not be treated by vulgar children, so she took him to another place to raise him.It is also said that Yang Jian looks like a dragon, with five pillars on his forehead that go straight to the top of his head.Although ancient history books often record that Yang Jian was born with the air of a son of heaven, there is no evidence of his extraordinary intelligence in his youth.Relying on his family background, Yang Jian once studied in a specialized school for the children of princes and nobles.As for academic performance, later generations ridiculed him for being ignorant, and he also claimed to be "ignorant of books and languages", probably not a good student at that time.

Yang Jian has been an official since he was 14 years old. At the age of 15, relying on his father's meritorious service, he was awarded the honorary titles of Sanqi Changshi, Cheqi General, and Yitong Sansi.Yang Jian was very appreciated by Yu Wentai, who was in power at the time. After the Northern Zhou Dynasty replaced the Western Wei Dynasty, Yang Zhong was the hero of the founding of the country.In the same year, Emperor Ming of Zhou succeeded to the throne and named Yang Jian Duke of Daxing County. In 560, Emperor Wu of Zhou succeeded to the throne, and 19-year-old Yang Jian was appointed governor of Suizhou. In 566, Duguxin, the great nobleman of Xianbei and the great general of the Zhu Kingdom, realized that Yang Jian had a promising future, so he married his 14-year-old seventh daughter to Yang Jian, which further improved Yang Jian's status. In 568, Yang Zhong died, and Yang Jian inherited the title of Duke Sui. In 577, the Northern Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Northern Qi Dynasty. Yang Jian made great military exploits and entered the Fengzhu Kingdom.In the second year, he served as the general manager of Dingzhou, and soon transferred to the general manager of Bozhou.

Yang Jian had no outstanding achievements, but his status skyrocketed, which gradually aroused the hatred of some courtiers and nobles.In the early years of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Yu Wenhu had monopolized power and tried to get rid of Yang Jian many times, but failed because of others' obstruction.After Emperor Wu of Zhou came to power, Yu Wenxian persuaded him to get rid of Yang Jian as soon as possible. Wang Gui of Internal History also believed that Yang Jian was contrary, but Emperor Wu of Zhou didn't pay attention to it. He also took Yang Jian's eldest daughter as the crown prince and concubine to further consolidate his position. Yang Jian's status was broken.

At the same time, Yang Jian also actively used the existing social influence to win over the officials extensively in order to expand his influence.When Yang Jian was serving as the governor of Suizhou, he had become an inseparable friend with Pang Huang, the general of hussars.Later, Yang Jian served as the governor of Dingzhou, and Pang Huang served as the prefect of Changshan, and the two became closer.When Yang Jian was about to be transferred to the governor of Bozhou, Pang Huang persuaded him to start an army and establish an imperial career. Yang Jian shook Pang Huang's hand and said, "The time is not yet ripe." At this point, Yang Jian's desire to replace Zhou Zidai was beyond words.

In June of the first year of Xuanzheng (578 A.D.), Emperor Wu died, and Emperor Xuan succeeded to the throne, taking Yang Jian's daughter as queen, and Yang Jian as Shangzhu Kingdom and Da Sima.At the beginning of the second year, Yang Jian was transferred to the Queen's Prime Minister and You Siwu, and then promoted to the Grand Front Yi (equivalent to the Prime Minister).When Emperor Xuan went out, Yang Jian presided over the daily government affairs. Although Emperor Xuan of Zhou was young, he was fatuous and licentious. He built Luoyang Palace and exhausted the people's wealth, which caused resentment from top to bottom.Yang Jian began to make preparations to replace Zhou Shi.Once, Yang Jian talked with his good friend Yu Wenqing about the situation at that time, expressing that he had a premonition that the rule of the Northern Zhou Dynasty was coming to an end, he had fully estimated the possible turmoil, and he was mentally prepared to clean up the situation in the Northern Zhou Dynasty.

Yang Jian actively prepared to replace Zhou, which also aroused the vigilance of Emperor Xuan of Zhou, and even wanted to kill Yang Jian.But Yang Jian remained calm. Emperor Zhou Xuan could not find an excuse, and he was unwilling to kill his father-in-law casually.Although Yang Jian kept his face on the surface, he felt uneasy about Emperor Zhou Xuan's suspicion in his heart. In order to avoid Emperor Zhou Xuan's suspicion and to gain strength during the turmoil in the Northern Zhou Dynasty in the future, Yang Jian wanted to leave the court temporarily and take real power in the local area.He told his classmate Zheng Yi, a doctor in internal history, about this idea.In May of the second year of the elephant (580 A.D.), Emperor Xuan of Zhou decided to make a southern expedition, and Zheng Yi took the opportunity to recommend Yang Jian.Emperor Xuan of Zhou followed Zheng Yiyan all the way, so he appointed Yang Jian as the governor of Yangzhou.

Before the army came out, Emperor Xuan of Zhou was seriously ill. He summoned Liu Fang, the young Yuzheng, and Yan Zhiyi, the doctor of Yuzhengzhong, to prepare for future affairs.When the two arrived, Emperor Zhou Xuan could no longer speak.At this time, Yu Wenyan, the eldest son of Emperor Xuan, was only 8 years old and could not really be the emperor at all.In order to make a fortune in the future, Liu Fang discussed with Zheng Yi and jointly drafted a fake edict, claiming that Emperor Zhou Xuan's will would let Yang Jian take charge of the government as the empress dowager's father and assist the young master.After the death of Emperor Xuan, Liu, Zheng and others did not make it public for the time being. They first announced that Yang Jian would be in charge of Chinese and foreign military power.In the name of the imperial edict, Yang Jian took control of the garrison of the capital and basically controlled the imperial court.

Three days later, Yang Jian and other talents officially announced the death of Emperor Xuan, and the 8-year-old Zhou Jing ascended the throne, using Yang Jian as a fake Huang Cheng and Prime Minister Zuo, with full military and political power.But Yang Jian knew that his position was not yet consolidated, so he took a series of measures to increase his authority. The first is to establish your own ruling core.Yang Jian came to power only with the support of Liu Fang, Zheng Yi and others.Both Liu and Zheng wanted to take advantage of Yang Jian. They suggested that Yang Jian should be the magistrate of Otsuka, Zheng Yi should be the chief minister, and Liu Fang wanted to be the magistrate of Otsuka.Yang Jian did not want them to divide his power.With the support of his confidant Li Delin, Yang Jian rejected their request. He appointed himself the prime minister and set up the prime minister's office. , bringing them under their control.Yang Jian also recruited a group of Gao Jiong and others who really possessed political talents as his cronies.The Prime Minister's Office has actually replaced the imperial court as the real decision-making body.At the same time, Yang Jian used the power of the military sergeant Lu Ben, who was in charge of the military, to temporarily subdue the court officials who had not yet fully awakened with the power of the army.

Then get rid of the power of the clan Yuwen clan.When Yang Jianchu was in power, Yu Wenzan, the younger brother of Emperor Xuan of Zhou, still served as the emperor's uncle and the right prime minister, and was equal to Yang Jian in the court.Yang Jian sent Liu Fang to persuade him to go home and not to interfere with the government, and promised that he would be the emperor in the future and just wait at home.Yu Wenzan was young and talented, believed it was true, and went home happily.Yang Jian ruled out the interference nearby, but the real threat at this time was the five grown-up sons of Yu Wentai who were living in their own kingdoms: Zhao Wang Yuwenzhao, Chen Wang Yuwenchun, Yue Wang Yuwensheng, Dai Wang Yuwenda, Teng Wang Yu Wenqiu.They have both strength and influence. Once they rise up, Yang Jian can't control them at all.Therefore, before the news of Emperor Xuan's death was made public, Yang Jian called them back to Chang'an under the pretext of confiscating their military power seals.The five kings contacted Yu Wenxian, Mubi Wang of Yongzhou, and asked him to raise troops.But Yu Wenxian was quickly defeated by Yang Jian.Yang Jian knew that it was the five kings who made troubles, but pretended not to know, and allowed them to go to the palace with swords and not to go to court, so as to calm them down.The five kings saw that there was no hope outside, so they looked for an opportunity to directly assassinate Yang Jian.One day, Zhao Wang Yuwen made an excuse to invite Yang Jian to dinner, arranged for trusted guards to guard the left and right with weapons in hand, and ambushed the soldiers behind him.After Yang Jian arrived, all his followers were blocked outside, only Yang Hong and Yuan Zhou followed in, and they were only allowed to sit at the door.Yuan Zhou saw that the momentum was wrong, so he said: "There is something wrong with the Prime Minister's mansion, and the prime minister should not stay for a long time."Yang Jian rewarded Yuan Zhou with a large sum of wealth, and killed Yu Wenzhao and Yu Wenqiu for treason, and the other three kings were quickly eliminated.So far, Yuwen's power has been basically wiped out.

Then, Yang Jian announced the abolition of the harsh punishment laws of Emperor Xuan of Zhou, and stopped the construction of Luoyang Palace, so as to gain widespread support.In this way, Yang Jian's rule in the capital was basically stable. Yang Jian's foreign relatives monopolized power, which aroused dissatisfaction among some local forces in the Northern Zhou Dynasty.Yang Jian wanted to find all kinds of excuses to gradually use his cronies to control the place, recall the original generals to the capital, kill or use them, so as to control the situation in the country without bloodshed, but they all failed.Just one month after Yang Jian came to power, Yu Chijiong launched an attack in Xiangzhou (now Anyang, Henan), Wang Qian raised troops in Yizhou, and Sima Xiaonan raised troops in Yunzhou (now Anlu, Hubei). The situation was extremely serious.On the one hand, Yang Jian used the political advantages he had gained to win over local generals and divide and disintegrate the opponents; political situation. From the day of assisting the government, it has been an open secret that Yang Jian will be the emperor.In the process of quelling the armed resistance of the three parties, Yang Jian took the following measures to pave the way to become emperor: announced that he was changed from the left prime minister to the grand prime minister, abolished the settings of the left and right prime ministers, and soon changed his name to the prime minister; let his eldest son Yang Yong He served as the general manager of Luoyang and the governor of Tokyo Kozuka, and supervised the local forces in the east; Yang Jian changed his name from Sui Guogong to Sui Wang, and took the 20 states as Sui Guo, and Sui Wang was above the princes and kings; Grandfather Yang Zhen and father Yang Zhong; in order to further weaken the influence of the Yuwen family, all surnames bestowed on the Han people were abolished, and each of them had duplicate surnames. This measure was widely supported by the Han people. By the end of 580, Yang Jian's preparations for becoming emperor had been basically completed. In the first month of 581, Yang Jian sent someone to write an abdication edict for Emperor Jing of Zhou.The edict was carried by the court ministers to Suiwangfu and presented to Yang Jian.Yang Jian pretended to refuse, but after repeated pleas from the court officials, Yang Jian accepted.At the end of the ceremony, Yang Jian put on the emperor's costume that had been prepared, and sat on the emperor's throne surrounded by hundreds of officials. Yang Jian started his family from Duke Sui, who succeeded his father, and later became King Sui, so he named his new dynasty Sui.He also felt that the word Sui has "辶", which is synonymous with walking, which seemed unlucky, so he changed Sui to Sui, Yuan Kaihuang, and still used Chang'an as the capital. When Yang Jian becomes emperor, he will establish the Yang family.He first pursued his father Yang Zhong as Emperor Wuyuan, temple name Taizu, his mother Lu as Empress Yuanming; his wife Dugu as empress, and his eldest son Yang Yong as crown prince.In order to learn the lesson of Yuwen's lack of a strong foundation, Yang Jian made Yang's brothers and sons kings, and each took charge of a state, as well as the military affairs of the surrounding states. . Yang Jian was supported by Liu Fang, Zheng Yi and others to control the government and replace Zhou Zi, but these people did not have the ability to govern the country. Moreover, after Yang Jian became emperor, Liu Zheng and others relied on their merits and pride, always wanting more wealth and power.If Yang Jian wants to truly govern the country, he must completely get rid of the interference of these people, lest they make trouble with him in the future.These individuals were gradually alienated, deposed or decapitated.Yang Jian took Gao Jiong as the minister Zuo Pushe and Nayan, Yu Qing as the supervisor of the internal history and the minister of the official department, Li Delin as the minister of the internal history, Wei Shikang as the minister of the Ministry of Rites, Yuan Hui as the minister of the capital, Yuan Yan as the minister of the Ministry of War, and the eldest grandson Bi is the minister of the Ministry of Industry, Yang Shangxi is the minister of Duzhi, and Yang Hui is the general of Zuowei.Later, he promoted Yang Su with military talent and Su Wei with economic acumen to form his own leadership core. After the Yang family was basically stable and the political institutions were basically perfected, Yang Jian accepted the suggestions of Gao Jiong and others and adopted a series of reform measures. The official system of the Northern Zhou Dynasty mostly imitated the setting of "Zhou Guan", which was chaotic and excessive.Yang Jian accepted Cui Zhongfang's suggestion and restored the old system of Han and Wei.There are three divisions, three publics and five provinces.The Three Divisions do not hold real power, do not set up official offices, but only give honorary titles to those who are highly respected.Although the Sangong has subordinates and has the responsibility to participate in state affairs, it is only in the nature of an advisor, with no real power and no permanent establishment.The five provinces are the real power organs.Among them, the Ministry of Internal Affairs is the eunuch organization, mainly in charge of trivial matters in the palace.The secretary is in charge of the national library and calendar, which is a relatively leisurely place, and the two do not occupy an important position in the regime.The Menxia Province and the Ministry of Internal History are both decision-making bodies that assist the emperor in governing. They are in charge of secrets, discuss state affairs together, and are responsible for reviewing imperial edicts issued by the emperor, signing ministers' memorials, and giving their own opinions or suggestions to the emperor. deal with.The Shangshu Province is the institution that presides over the daily government affairs.Shangshu Province set up Shangshu Ling and one left and one right servant.Under the Ministry of Officials, it is in charge of the appointment, removal, examination, promotion and transfer of officials across the country; the Ministry of Rites is in charge of sacrifices, etiquette, and receiving guests from all over the world; The Ministry of Civil Affairs, which was changed to the Ministry of Households in the Tang Dynasty to avoid Li Shimin's taboo), was in charge of land, household registration, taxation, financial revenue and expenditure, etc.; the capital official (later changed to the Ministry of Punishment), in charge of laws, prisons, etc.; the Ministry of Industry, in charge of various projects , craftsmen, farming, water conservancy, transportation and other government orders.The six divisions were called Liucao at the beginning, and they were led by the left and right servants.The six ministers were in charge of the national government affairs, which strengthened the centralization of power, and later generations followed suit.In addition to the five provinces, there are imperial officials, Dushui Ertai, eleven temples, and twelve mansions. In addition, there are many honorary titles awarded to civil and military officials who have made meritorious service. Before the founding of the Sui Dynasty, the local official system was extremely chaotic. In 580, the Northern Zhou Dynasty still implemented the three-level system of state, county, and county. There were 211 states, 508 counties, and 1,124 counties in the country. "There are fewer people and more officials, ten sheep and nine shepherds", resulting in great financial waste.In the third year of Kaihuang (583 A.D.), Yang Jian ordered the abolition of prefectures, the implementation of a two-level system of prefectures and counties, and the merger of some prefectures and counties, eliminating a large number of redundant officials, which not only saved expenses, but also facilitated the implementation of government orders.The two-level system has also become the norm for later generations. During the Northern Zhou Dynasty, local forces threatened the central government for a long time, and Yang Jian's dictatorship also aroused local armed resistance.In order to effectively control the locality, Yang Jian stipulated that all officials above the ninth rank should be appointed and dismissed by the Ministry of Officials, and they must be inspected by the Ministry of Officials every year; Zuo can't appoint people from the county, lest the powerful landlords control the local administration.The reform of local politics consolidated the centralization of power. The criminal laws of the Northern Zhou Dynasty were cruel and chaotic.Yang Jian ordered the formulation of the "Kaihuang Law", which abolished cruel criminal laws such as owl heads and car cracks, and only kept 500 laws.Penalties are divided into death, exile, imprisonment, staff, and flogging.It also stipulates that as long as it is not an attempt to overthrow the Yang regime, the nine clans are not allowed to be punished. "Kaihuang Law" also had a great influence on later generations. In order to avoid the state's taxation and corvee, farmers often falsely report their age in order to avoid the tax period; powerful landlords have a large number of dependent populations, and they also try their best not to report their household registration.In order to expand the source of finance, Yang Jian took two measures in the fifth year of Emperor Kaihuang's reign, "Large Suo Masquerade" and "Registration of Nationality Transfer" (also known as the "Law of Nationality Transfer").The former is to strictly check the household registration and implement the household registration system.In this year, 443,000 adult males were detected, and 1,641,500 of them were included in household registration.According to the assets of each family, the standard for paying taxes is lightly made, and written in the "fixed book".In this way, the common people could not evade taxes, and it was difficult for local officials to increase or decrease deductions at will. More importantly, it was possible to attract a large number of dependent population out of the shadow of powerful landlords.Every year on the fifth day of the first lunar month, the county magistrate sends people to inspect and re-establish the "fixed book", which will be collected after harvest.These two measures have greatly increased the population controlled by the state and increased fiscal revenue. The Sui Dynasty followed the land equalization system since the Northern Wei Dynasty. Each adult man could be allocated 80 mu of open field, 20 mu of Yongye field, and 40 mu of open field for adult women. The number of slaves and maidservants was the same as that of ordinary farmers.The land equalization law also stipulates that: Beijing officials from the first rank to the ninth rank can get 1 to 5 hectares of land, and the income will be used as salary, and the land will be handed over if they are dismissed; administrative agencies at all levels can cultivate a certain amount of land, which is called public farmland. Its income is used as office expenses.This method saves a large amount of fiscal expenditures, and also increases the real income of the country in disguise.Throughout the Sui Dynasty, the country's warehouses were full of grain and silk, presenting a scene of economic prosperity. In the Sui Dynasty, the tax collection on peasants was mainly rent and forced labor.It stipulates that men and women under 3 years old are yellow, 4-10 years old are young, 11-17 years old are middle-aged, 18-60 years old are small, and over 60 years old are old.It is mainly Ding who bears the state's taxes and servitude.An adult couple has to pay 3 stones of millet every year, that is, rent; in the area of ​​mulberry and sericulture, one piece of silk (equivalent to 4 zhang) and 3 taels of cotton are paid each year; in the area of ​​hemp weaving, one end of cloth (equivalent to 5 Zhang) and 3 jin of hemp, that is, adjust.Single adult men and women who are not married can pay half of the rent regulation.Adult men serve the country for one month of corvee every year, which is called "forced labor".In the tenth year of Emperor Kaihuang (590 A.D.), it was also stipulated that adult men's forced labor can be replaced by cloth and silk after the age of 50, which is called mediocrity.Zuyong modulation has been affecting the Tang Dynasty. In order to facilitate the transportation of grain and cloth from the area east of Tongguan to the capital, in the fourth year of Kaihuang, Yang Jian ordered Yu Wenkai, a "skillful craftsman" at that time, to lead migrant workers to dig the Guangtong Canal.The excavation of the Guangtong Canal also provided irrigation conditions for the land on both banks. After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the country was divided and the currency system was very chaotic, which affected the development of commodity exchange.After Yang Jian founded the country, he ordered the recasting of five baht coins, abolished other ancient coins and private mints, and allowed only five baht coins to circulate, and unified weights and measures, which is conducive to the development of industry and commerce. The Turks were originally nomadic peoples who lived in Central Asia. Later, they moved eastward and lived on the Mongolian grasslands. During the Northern Qi and Northern Zhou Dynasties, they often invaded the interior.When Yang Jianchu was in charge of the Zhou Dynasty, he adopted a peace policy and worked hard to ease bilateral relations.During Yang Jian's reign in Zhou Dynasty, the Turks invaded southward on a large scale, attacking and plundering present-day Gansu and northern Shaanxi.In order to prevent the Turks from going southward to harass, Yang Jian conscripted militiamen three times to build the Great Wall and strengthen its defenses.Soon, the Turks split into the East Turks and the West Turks. The West Turks developed to the west, and the East Turks gradually attached to the south and accepted the control of the Sui Dynasty. The northern border defense gradually consolidated. For the Hou Liang who had been attached to the Northern Zhou Dynasty for a long time, Yang Jian adopted a win-win policy at the beginning. When the economic and military strength developed greatly and he was ready to unify the south of the Yangtze River, Yang Jian could not tolerate the existence of an independent kingdom in his own territory.In August of the seventh year of Emperor Kaihuang, Yang Jian called Xiao Cong, Emperor of Liang, to Chang'an, put him under house arrest, and sent troops to destroy Liang. After Yang Jian built the Sui Dynasty, he began to prepare for the unification of Jiangnan.After consolidating the interior, easing conflicts with the Turks, and destroying the Liang Dynasty, in the autumn of the eighth year of Kaihuang, Yang Jian sent a total of 518,000 troops, starting from the seashore in the east, and going west to Sichuan, advancing both land and water along the entire Yangtze River, and launched a large-scale attack on Chen.At this time, Mr. Chen's military strength was no more than 100,000, and the monarch and his ministers were still living in a world of debauchery.Under the full-scale attack of the Sui Dynasty, the later master Chen Shubao and all civil and military officials were all captured.After more than two hundred years of division, Yang Jian once again unified the situation. At the beginning of the Sui Dynasty, the government military system since the Western Wei Dynasty and the Northern Zhou Dynasty was still used. Soldiers, families, and land formed a system of their own, which was not subject to the jurisdiction of local states and counties.After the destruction of Chen, the war has basically ended.In order to turn the Fubing into the state's rent-paying objects, Yang Jian carried out major reforms to the Fubing system in the tenth year of Emperor Kaihuang: all soldiers, household registrations are all assigned to the local prefectures and counties, and land distribution and tax collection are exactly the same as the original peasants. It's just that they still have the duties of soldiers and are under the jurisdiction of the military government.This measure of returning soldiers to farmers and integrating soldiers and farmers not only increased the country's fiscal revenue, but also strengthened the government's control over soldiers. This system was still in use in the Tang Dynasty. At the same time, in order to stabilize his rule, Yang Jian ordered that, except for the frontier and capital guard troops, the manufacture of other military equipment such as weapons should be stopped immediately, and all civilian weapons should be destroyed; gas. Yang Jian, who built the Sui Dynasty on behalf of Zhou, carried out a series of successful reforms in the fields of politics and economy.But at the same time, Yang Jian has a very mediocre and humble side, suspicious, harsh, moody, superstitious about Buddhism and Taoism, ignorant, abolishing schools and so on. When Yang Jian became emperor, he used conspiracy and tricks to develop from monopolizing the government to replacing Zhou himself.His experience is that he successfully took advantage of the opportunity when Emperor Zhou Jing was young and Yuwen's family did not effectively control the power.Therefore, Yang Jian tried his best to strengthen his personal autocratic rule while making his clan and cronies control the power. He kept a high degree of vigilance against the court officials, especially the outstanding civil and military ministers, and paid close attention to their words and deeds. He also walked his own path and subverted the world of the Yang family.In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, Yang Jian successfully eliminated Liu Fang, Zheng Yi and others who had made great contributions to him as emperor but were actually incapable of governing the country. Talent, give them high officials and honors, but they aroused Yang Jian's suspicion.In Yang Jian's later years, the founding heroes, the local generals who quelled the armed resistance of the three parties, the civil and military generals of Nanping and Beifu, and the important ministers who helped him preside over a series of reforms in the central government were running out. Most of them were killed or abandoned. The obvious evil deeds just acted as a victim of Yang Jian's suspicion. Liang Rui was originally a former minister of the Northern Zhou Dynasty. He made great contributions to conquering Wang Qian and served as the governor of Yizhou.Just because he was quite popular in Yizhou, Yang Jian suspected that he had the intention of developing local separatism.Liang Rui also knew that Yang Jian doubted him, so he voluntarily resigned from his position as the governor of Yizhou, and went to Chang'an to work as a Beijing official, accepting Yang Jian's direct supervision, but he could not escape the fate of dismissing the official. Wang Shiji was also a bureaucrat in the Northern Zhou Dynasty. He made great achievements in the Pingwei Chijiong and the extermination of Chen, and he was promoted to the Shangzhu Kingdom.Wang Shiji witnessed the killing of many meritorious officials with his own eyes. From then on, he was addicted to alcohol and did not participate in any political affairs.In the nineteenth year of Kaihuang (599 A.D.), Yang Jian conquered Liaodong and took Wang Shiji as the marshal of the march. After returning to the division, he was appointed as the governor of Liangzhou.At this time, one of Wang Shiji's confidants, Huangfu, committed a crime of filial piety, was arrested by the government, and defected to Wang Shiji, but Wang Shiji did not accept it.Huangfu Xiaoxie was arrested and sentenced to distribution. In retaliation for Wang Shiji's refusal to cover up, he falsely accused Wang Shiji of treason. Knowing that there was no basis, Yang Jian still ordered Wang Shiji to be executed. Yu Qing was also an old official of the Northern Zhou Dynasty. He was appreciated by Yang Jian because of his great achievements in pacifying the Turks and destroying Qi.In the seventeenth year of Emperor Kaihuang, Li Shixian from Hainan rebelled, and Yang Jian named Yu Qingze as the chief of the army.On the way back to the teacher, Yu Qing pointed to a place and said: "If there is a suitable person stationed here, as long as there is enough food, it will be difficult to break through." , Yang Jian took the opportunity to kill Yu Qingze. Gao Jiong was one of Yang Jian's early confidants.Gao Jiong's father was originally a subordinate of Dugu Xin, and was given the surname Dugu.Yang Jian's wife is Duguxin's daughter, so the relationship between Yang Jian and Gao Jiong has always been very harmonious.Yang Jian was on behalf of Zhou, and Gao Jiong was Gao Shen; when Yang Jian became emperor, Gao Jiong was appointed as Shangshu Zuo Pushe, the number one person in charge of real power to assist Yang Jian in governing the country; Yang Jian made many major decisions in political and economic reforms. Gao Jiong.Gao Jiong was Yang Jian's long-term confidant and his most capable assistant.Yang Jian trusted Gao Ying very much. He often compared Gao Ying to a mirror, saying that he could correct his mistakes; His possessions are even more numerous.But at the end of Kaihuang, Yang Jian became more and more dissatisfied with his eldest son Yang Yong, and planned to pass the throne to his second son Yang Guang, but Gao Jiong disagreed, and the two sides had conflicts.Yang Yong's daughter is Gao Jiong's daughter-in-law. If Yang Yong succeeds to the throne, Gao Jiong will be a prominent relative of the emperor.Yang Jian sought the throne as a foreign relative, so he was very sensitive about this. He believed that Gao Jiong insisted on making Yang Yong the emperor because he really wanted to follow in his own footsteps.Later, Gao Jiong was implicated by Wang Shiji's affairs, so he was dismissed from the position of Zuo Pushe and the honor of Shangzhu Kingdom.Someone told Gao Jiong that there were signs of treason, but Yang Jian believed it to be true without any verification. He did not kill Gao Jiong because he did not want to be known as a serial killer of heroes, but deprived him of all his official positions and demoted him to a commoner. Yang Jian often sent people to visit everywhere, and anyone who made a slight mistake would be severely punished.The servant of the Ministry of Punishment wanted to be promoted too much, so he put on a pair of red trousers when he went to court. Yang Jian understood the meaning of red trousers as warding off evil spirits. He obviously regarded the emperor as evil by wearing clothes to ward off evil spirits, so he immediately ordered them to be thrown out to kill head.Zhao Chuo, who was the prime minister of Dali Temple at the time, raised an objection, arguing that the beheading should not be done according to the law.Yang Jian said: "You pity him, don't you pity your own life?" Another time, it was the first day of a certain month, and some military officers' clothes and swords were not neatly dressed when they went to court. The disrespect of the court.Instead of questioning the military officer directly, he blamed the censor who was in charge of impeaching the ministers for not impeaching them on the spot, so he ordered the censor to be killed.The advising doctor Mao Sizu came out to dissuade him, but he was also beheaded on the spot.In order to prohibit officials from accepting bribes, Yang Jian also sent people around to offer bribes in private. Once anyone accepted, he would be executed immediately. In order to establish his own authority, Yang Jian kept sticks in the court for a long time, and if he was not satisfied, he would be punished with a stick on the spot, sometimes beating several people a day.Yang Jian also often thought that the stick holders were too light on their hands, and suspected that they were merciless, so he wanted to beheaded.People in the imperial court often died under the stick.Gao Jiong and others once pointed out that "the court is not a place for murder, and the palace is not a place for punishment", and suggested that the court should not use sticks and other instruments of torture.Yang Jian once abolished the stick and stick, but when he wanted to beat someone, he felt unsatisfied with whipping someone, so he soon put the stick and stick into the court.Hundreds of officials who broke the law should have been handed over to Dali Temple for trial and punishment, but Yang Jian liked to see people being beaten with his own eyes, turning the palace into a court, obviously for the sake of arrogance. Yang Jian is very superstitious. Buddhism and Taoism, amulets, yin and yang, five elements and various ghosts are among Yang Jian's beliefs.After Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty exterminated Buddhism, Buddhism declined in the north.When Yang Jianchu became prime minister, he ordered the selection of the original monks and Taoist priests, and let them practice their old careers.In the year when Yang Jian proclaimed himself emperor, he even ordered that all the people in the world be allowed to become monks and Taoists, collect money according to the population throughout the country, build Buddhist temples, repair Buddha statues, and write Buddhist scriptures in various places; the state allocates special funds to repair temples in metropolises.The study of Buddhism and Taoism was revived again, and soon became popular all over the country. At that time, the number of Buddhist scriptures collected by the people was dozens of times larger than that of the Six Classics of Confucianism.The prosperity of Buddhism in the Sui and Tang Dynasties is inseparable from Yang Jian's vigorous advocacy. When Yang Jian became emperor, he replaced the Yuwen family of the Northern Zhou Dynasty through a peaceful coup.Most of the bureaucrats in the new dynasty were former ministers of the Northern Zhou Dynasty. Yang Jian was not more qualified than them in merit, strength and other aspects. To effectively control them, in addition to repression, suspicion and harsh inspection, he also needed to conquer them psychologically.Like all unsuspecting usurpers, he said it was God's will that made him emperor.Wang Shao was originally a scholar, and he became a writer by praising Yang Jian for his emperor's appearance.He saw Yang Jian's mind, collected extensively materials that could serve as a theoretical basis for Yang Jian's becoming emperor, and arbitrarily misinterpreted the attachment, saying that the demise of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Yang Jian's transition from dictatorship to emperor, and the title of Sui Dynasty were all arranged by God.This was what Yang Jian wanted most, and Wang Shao was generously rewarded for it. Yang Jian not only advocated Buddhism and Taoism, but also believed in all kinds of superstitions popular among the people at that time, including mountain gods, land, dragon kings of rivers and seas, etc., and he didn't even doubt all kinds of monsters.Yang Jian's wife, Dugu Shi, and Yang Jian's favorite minister Yang Su's wife, Zheng Shi, both fell ill. The doctor believed that someone deliberately used cat monsters to make trouble. Those who are monsters and harm people will be exiled to the frontier. Yang Jian was ridiculed by later generations as ignorant, and he himself admitted that he looked down on those scholars who insisted on words.If Yang Jian wanted to kill the Yuwen family, the imperial family of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Li Delin advised him not to do so, because it would appear that the emperor was too cruel.Yang Jian replied: "A scholar like you is not qualified to participate in such a major political event." He did not listen to advice and implemented his own plan.Yang Jian believed that culture was useless, so he believed that there was no need to build schools.In the first year of Renshou (AD 601), Yang Jian ordered that only the Guozijian for the children of princes and nobles should be kept in the whole country, and all schools in counties and counties in the world should be abolished. In Yang Jian's second year as emperor, he felt that the old city of Chang'an was too small and that the palace was often haunted by ghosts, so he ordered the construction of a new capital in the northwest of the old city, which was completed by the end of the year.Because Yang Jian's earliest title was Daxing County Duke, the new city was named Daxing City (now Xi'an City), the imperial palace was called Daxing Palace, and the main palace was called Daxing Palace. In the thirteenth year of Emperor Kaihuang (593 A.D.), Yang Jian lost interest in Daxing City again, so he built Renshou Palace in Qizhou (now Fengxiang South, Shaanxi) with Yang Su as the manager and Yu Wenkai as the main designer.Mountains and valleys were opened up to build a luxurious palace with towers, pavilions and pavilions connected in a subtle way.In order to please Yang Jian, Yang Su urged the servants very tightly. Tens of thousands of people died, so Yang Su buried them in the foundation of the palace.It took two full years for the Renshou Palace to be completed on the bones of the miners.In the eighteenth year of Kaihuang, Yang Jian built 12 palaces between Renshou Palace and Daxing City, and there were also places for entertainment on the way back and forth. Yang Jian's suspicion and severe punishment caused him to lose a large number of officials that could be used. His advocacy of superstition attracted many villains who specialize in sycophants.Yang Jian's later years were still in the heyday of the Sui Dynasty, but potential crises had already emerged. Duguxin was an important minister in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and Yang Zhong started his career by following Duguxin.In terms of status and power, the Yang family is subordinate to the Dugu family.The status and influence of the Dugu family played a big role in Yang Jian's proclaiming himself emperor from dictatorship. For example, Gao Jiong, who later contributed the most to Yang Jian, was originally a guest of Duguxin.As a result, Yang Jian has always been afraid of his wife Dugu.After Yang Jian became emperor, the Dugu family directly participated in political affairs and actually became the emperor who could control the emperor. In the Forbidden City, the two were collectively called "two saints". Dugu's jealousy is very strong, and under normal circumstances Yang Jian is not allowed to get close to other women.Although there were dozens of concubines in the harem at that time, Yang Jian could not get close to them at all.One day, Yang Jian found that Yuchijiong's granddaughter was very beautiful in the harem. On a whim, he made out with her, and Dugu secretly sent someone to kill the girl.Because the Dugu family liked the second son Yang Guang, Yang Jian finally abolished the eldest son Yang Yong's qualification to inherit the throne.However, Yang Jian has been an emperor for more than 20 years, but he has not indulged in lust, which should be attributed to the Dugu family in a certain sense. Yang Yong was the eldest son of Yang Jian, and he was loved by his parents when he was young. Therefore, Yang Jian was established as the eldest son when he was king of Sui Dynasty, and later established as the crown prince.In the early years of Emperor Kaihuang, in order to improve his son's status, Yang Jian asked Yang Yong to participate in all important military affairs.At that time, Yang Yong was only a child in his teens.Once, Yang Jian found out that Yang Yong decorated a pair of armor gorgeously, so he had a serious talk with him and warned him that the pursuit of luxury is the way to subjugate the country.However, as he grew older, Yang Yong became more and more obsessed with female sex, and the concubines in the Eastern Palace were mostly favored.Yang Yong was only in his 30s when he died. Not counting his daughters, he had 10 sons from five or six mothers.Dugu hates men who have children with other women besides their wives, and of course he is not satisfied with Yang Yong's behavior.Yang Yong's first son was born outside with Yun, who had not yet been selected into the East Palace, that is, an illegitimate child.Yang Jian was also very dissatisfied with this.Accused Yang Yong should not mess around.But Yang Yong still went his own way, so he gradually fell out of favor.After Yang Yong fell out of favor in front of his parents, Yang Guang, who was good at observing words and deeds, began to plan to replace him, so a new faction was formed around him, headed by the important minister Yang Su, to counteract the forces of the Eastern Palace.On the winter solstice day of the eighteenth year of Kaihuang, all officials of the imperial court went to the East Palace to meet Yang Yong, and Yang Yong also accepted the court congratulations with great fanfare, which was actually a demonstration against Yang Jian.Of course Yang Jian couldn't tolerate it, and issued an edict specifically for this, strictly forbidding such things from happening again in the future.The intention to abolish Yang Yong was formally formed at this time.Afterwards, Yang Jian and his son became suspicious of each other.In order to guard against Yang Yong, Yang Jian took away all the strong guards of the Eastern Palace, and often rotated with the Imperial Palace guards. Officials above the guards were all under the unified command of the Imperial Palace Guards and were not dispatched by the Eastern Palace.Yang Yong did not have great talent and strategy, and the courtiers attached to him did not dare to act rashly under the repeated warnings of the emperor. Yang Yong was helpless against his own crisis.In the 20th year of Emperor Kaihuang (AD 600), Yang Jian officially abolished Yang Yong as a commoner, killed and dismissed a large number of officials, and completely eliminated the princelings. Yang Guang is the second son of Yang Jian. He is cunning and good at pleasing Yang Jian and his wife.He knew that Dugu hated men being close to several women at the same time, so he only favored the concubine on the surface, and killed all the children born to other women.At the same time, the conflict between Yang Yong and Yang Jian deepened day by day, so they took the opportunity to seek the crown prince and became the second monarch of the Sui Dynasty. Yang Jun is the third son of Yang Jian. He was established as King of Qin at the age of 11. At the age of 12, he worshiped Shangzhu Kingdom, Henan Daoxingtai Shangshuling and Luozhou Governor, and later became the governor of Bingzhou.Yang Jun pursues a luxurious life, and as the emperor's son, he also grants usury to squeeze the common people.Build a luxurious palace and dance and feast in it all day long.Yang Jun is greedy for women and often hangs out with other women, but his wife Cui Shi is neglected.崔氏寂寞难捱，图谋报复，便在杨俊吃的瓜中放进药物，杨俊由此得病。杨坚知道后把他召回长安，以奢侈纵欲之罪免去官职。开皇二十年，杨俊病死。 杨秀是杨坚的四子，初封越王，后做蜀王，坐镇蜀地。杨秀在追求生活奢侈的同时，又处处效仿父亲的衣食住行，梦想有一天自己做皇帝，拉拢亲信，发展势力，并制造谣言、图谶，为继承皇位编造理论依据。杨勇被废后，杨广恐怕杨秀与自己做对，便鼓动父亲把他召回京师，罗织谋叛罪名，在杨坚临死前贬为平民。 杨谅是杨坚的第五子，初封汉王，后任并州（治太原，今市西南）总管。杨勇被废后，杨谅也想自己做皇帝，便在并州招兵买马，修治兵器，为争夺皇位做准备。杨坚死，杨谅都没有到长安奔丧，而是立即起兵，进兵长安。杨谅根本不懂打仗，很快便被杨广的军队击败，自己也做了俘虏。 杨坚的5个儿子同出一母，但也未能避免因争夺皇位而火并的悲剧。杨坚为吸取北周的教训，使儿子们在地方上各掌一方以支撑自己的政权，但他们却辜负了杨坚的厚望。杨坚在晚年，也对儿子开始猜疑，一一废为平民。 仁寿四年（公元604年）正月，杨坚又要到仁寿宫游玩，便把朝廷日常工作全部交给了杨广。四月，杨坚得病；七月，病重，召杨广等入宫侍候。这时，宫中发生了两件大事。一是杨广为处理杨坚的善后工作，写信征求杨素的意见，但杨素的回信却被人误送到了杨坚手中，杨坚看信后，勃然大怒，显然信中的内容对杨坚是很大的刺激；二是在独孤氏死后，杨坚最宠爱的宣华夫人陈氏报告说杨广在夜里调戏了她，杨坚一怒之下，埋怨已故的独孤氏怂恿他废杨勇而让杨广做了自己的继承人，便让人赶快召杨勇。杨广听说此事，便派亲信进宫把侍候杨坚的人全部赶出去。同一天，杨坚死，享年64岁。庙号“高祖”，谥号“文皇帝”。