Chapter 4 Chapter 3 The Last Years of Li Zicheng

On April 26th, Li Zicheng led the remnants of the defeated generals, followed the route of entering Beijing on March 19th, and entered the city again through Deshengmen.The mountains and rivers are still the same, but the mood is very different!At this time, only thirty-six days had passed since he entered the city for the first time, thirty-six days, but everything was a success or a failure, God's will?Satisfactory? However, there is still life, and there is still hope! The next day, Li Zicheng and his generals cheered up again. Facing the Qing army approaching the capital, they actively took measures to prepare for the war, ordering the army and the people to quickly demolish the sheep and horse walls outside the city and the houses beside the moat, and prepare to strictly guard Beijing. In the city, wait for the Dashun army from the "King of Qin" from all over the country to come to help, and then fight the Qing army to the death.

However, the remaining hope of the "Battle of Beijing Defense" was immediately shattered by the ruthless facts! Fact 1. Li Zicheng found that his army could no longer fight. The elite of the Dashun Army either went south or stayed in Shaanxi to guard their old nests. The 80,000 elite left to him had been lost in Shanhaiguan. Suffering from "fullness fear" and depressed morale, it is impossible to organize a force strong enough to stand firm and wait for reinforcements.Once the following Qing army besieged the city, he and his subordinates might become "turtles in the urn".

Fact 2: The people in Beijing are too unfriendly.They saw themselves in a state of embarrassment after being defeated, rumors spread, and hidden "class enemies" were ready to move, and they were stepping up the establishment of a "fifth column." Fact 3: There is a shortage of supplies in Beijing!Since the day when the Dashun Army entered the city, Beijing's main artery, the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, has been broken, and Beijing has become a "dead city".Grain, cloth, coal, and ceramics could not be brought from the south.The silver taels that Da Shunchao swindled from Ming officials could not buy these urgently needed items, but instead made these scarce supplies more and more expensive.After the battle of Shanhaiguan, the loss of supplies was heavy, and prices in the capital rose three times a day.

Fact 4: The city of Beijing, which was trapped in "anarchy", suddenly had a strange plague overnight. The people suffering from the plague suddenly became cold and hot, and their limbs were weak. They died in a daze three or four days later. (later historical research proved to be plague) God!Are you really going to perish Dashun? Beijing seems to be unable to defend it no matter what!Let’s go back to Xi’an, the simple folks there, the majestic mountains and rivers there, will soothe the sorrows of us wanderers——“Although there are ten Yanjings, how easy is Xi’an!” In the sorrow of "the flowers fall with no other choice", Li Zicheng and his men's "Beipiao" life is coming to an end, and it really comes and goes in a hurry.

Before leaving Beijing, Li Zicheng must pay close attention to three important things as a souvenir: The first thing: kill all 34 members of the traitor Wu Sangui's family in Beijing, leaving no one left, and turn Comrade Sangui into an "orphan" completely. The second thing: hold a formal enthronement ceremony in the Hall of Martial Arts, respect the first seven generations of my old Li family as emperors and empresses, recognize Li Jiqian, the king of Xixia, as his ancestor, and then wear a crown on his head and receive the congratulations of "Hundred Officials". The third piece: the silver stripped from the Ming officials was melted into big cakes, loaded with mules, and transported to Xi'an.

On April 29th, Li Zicheng completed these three tasks and withdrew to the west in the name of "suburbs".Before retreating, he suddenly felt compassionate and asked his subordinates to tell the common people in Beijing: "The Tartars are coming, get out of the city and take refuge!" It was the last bit of kindness left to the common people in Beijing. But most of the people in Beijing did not go out of the city to seek refuge, because there were rumors that Wu Sangui had regained Prince Ming and was about to send him back to Beijing to take the throne.Ming officials and squires who survived the disaster in Beijing organized militias to maintain social order and prepared "halogen books" and went out of the city to welcome them.

On May 2, the road was full of dust, and in the eyes of everyone's anticipation, a team with bright armor and fluttering belts appeared. The people who greeted him thought it was Wu Sangui who brought the crown prince, so they bowed down. But when I looked up, I found that the team in front of me turned out to be the "Tartars" who had beaten the capital three times back then, and I couldn't help being stunned. Under the surprised eyes of everyone, Dorgon, the "head of the Tartars", reported himself, and then received officials and civil representatives in a "friendly and amiable" manner, and reiterated that the Qing Dynasty will avenge everyone's vengeance and strictly enforce military discipline.

The representatives of the capital who just came out of Dashun ghost gate put their lives and safety first. Regardless of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the army that can bring safety and order to the big guys is the "people's savior". As a result, the representatives "make mistakes and make mistakes", and welcomed Dorgon into the only surviving Hall of Martial Arts (the other halls were burned down by the "evil" Li Zicheng), and bowed down at the feet of the new master.This time, I have worshiped for nearly three hundred years! Before Dorgon entered Beijing, he was afraid that Wu Sangui's "old feelings would relapse" after he entered Beijing, and he would collude with the remnants of the Ming Dynasty in Beijing to start the idea of ​​"anti-Qing and restoring the Ming". Tightly holding the orphan Wu Sangui's hands, and after saying a big lie about mourning and resignation, he gritted his teeth and cursed: "Li Zicheng killed thirty-four members of Jun's family, this hatred is irreconcilable! I let Azige, Duoduo Lead a team to chase and kill Li Zicheng with you, you must turn grief into strength, and use the blood of the enemy to avenge the hatred of the family and the country."

"Since Shengyu, He Shengliang!", staring at Dorgon, who was the same age as him, and who was running the train with his mouth full, Wu Sangui felt deeply sad.After leading the troops into Beijing, play by ear, expelling the Qing Dynasty and restoring the Ming Dynasty is the last chance to bleach your traitorous stains and rebuild your great achievements!This opportunity, in front of the shrewd Dorgon, "the yellow crane is gone forever". Wu Sangui, who had mixed feelings in his heart, led his troops to catch up with the Dashun Army in Qingdu (now Wangdu, Hebei) on the eighth day of May. Li Zicheng hurriedly ordered Qihou Guying to lead his troops to stop them.

Gu Ying, who wanted to escape for his life, and Wu Sangui, who wanted to risk his life, met each other on the battlefield. As you can imagine, the Shun army was defeated and Gu Ying died. The victorious Comrade Sangui carried forward the revolutionary spirit of "one is not afraid of hardship, and the other is not afraid of tiredness", and he caught up with Li Zicheng in Zhending (now Zhengding County, Hebei). After another battle, the Dashun Army was defeated again. After two defeats in two wars, the Dashun Army could no longer gain a foothold in Hebei, and retreated into Shanxi via Jingxing, leaving elite troops to guard Guguan.Wu Sangui, Azige, and Duoduo were also exhausted from the chase, and returned to Beijing to rest. The two sides died down and temporarily entered a state of truce.

When the three of them returned to Beijing, they found that Comrade Dorgon was working hard there to change the "temporary quota" of staying in Beijing into a "permanent residence registration"! The "Second Generation of Officials" Dorgon, who has just passed his thirties, is younger than Li Zicheng in age, has no high education, and can't pass the "Chinese TOEFL" test, but when it comes to politics, he is a veteran ! A person's growth process is inseparable from the family environment and social environment. Dorgon, who grew up in the first family of the Qing Dynasty, not only received two "senior tutors" from his father (Nurhachi) and elder brother (Huang Taiji) for a long time since childhood. "Professional counseling in political science, sociology, psychology, thick and black studies, still working at the grassroots level after adulthood, is gradually growing into an excellent "compound" social management talent. This time when he entered Beijing for development, Dorgon immediately threw out his policy outline when he got off the bus. The core of the outline is: "Win the hearts of the people and win the world!" When engaging in politics, what banner to play is the most important thing!The banner of Dorgon's entry into Beijing this time is "to avenge the emperor and father of the Ming Dynasty, and to show righteousness to China." After three days of mourning for the emperor, the Ministry of Rites and Taichang Temple dug out the inner and outer coffin of Emperor Chongzhen and buried him again with imperial ceremony. The funeral was more grand and lively than that of the Dashun Dynasty! After finishing the "face" matters, Dorgon hurriedly took care of some "inside" matters. 1. In the name of the Qing Dynasty government, the "Anmin Order" was issued. After expressing sympathy and sympathy for the hardships of the people of Ming Dynasty, it was announced that from now on, the "three rates" (Liao rate, suppression rate, and practice rate) would be permanently suspended. All localities only collect regular taxes (land taxes) according to the records of the Wanli period. 2. Cancel the Ming Dynasty’s system that handicraftsmen have to work for the government on a regular basis. All handicraftsmen’s products can enter the market for fair trade, and it is stipulated that if handicraftsmen do not want to be “craftsman households”, they can leave their nationality and change their careers. 3. Reform the "Guardian" system, which had long since lost its military function in the Ming Dynasty. The "Guardian" sergeant was changed to a garrison. If there is a shortage, it will never be filled. 4. All the land seized by the uprising peasant army shall be returned to the original owner, even the land and family property given by the former honorary relatives shall be returned as usual. Dorgon also learned the lessons of the Dashun Dynasty's abuse of officials, and stipulated that the soldiers and officials of the Qing Dynasty were not allowed to engage in activities similar to "pursuing stolen goods and helping pay".Regarding the material difficulties after entering Beijing, he not only transported the grain, gold, silver, and clothing that Manchuria had stored for many years to Beijing, but also forced North Korea to "donate" 2,000 shi of grain when it was insufficient. On the issue of talent recruitment, Dorgon posted a list of the large number of officials in Beijing fleeing south, saying that no matter who it is, as long as they return to the Qing Dynasty, the officials will be restored to their original posts, and they will also be promoted to ranks, and there will be new rewards.Some Ming officials who "actually don't want to leave, but actually I want to stay" stayed in Beijing one after another, and became hardcore "pro-Qing faction". When it comes to the use of talents, Dorgon neither divides parties (Donglin Party, Eunuch Party) nor "gentlemen and villains" (there is no way to distinguish them, the standards are too complicated), and if they come, they will be used.In particular, Feng Quan, the leader of the eunuch party, was recruited as a bachelor of the inner academy, ranking ahead of veteran Han officials like Fan Wencheng, Hong Chengchou, and Ning Wan. Compared with Li Zicheng's entry into Beijing, which was a mess, Dorgon had a clear goal and sophisticated methods, lowered taxes, opened up the freedom to choose a job, stabilized the morale of the army, the people and the officials, and the order in the capital and the surrounding areas occupied by the Qing Dynasty began to restore. . Dorgon is not a savior, and he has no feelings for saving suffering. His actions have only one purpose, to conquer the world and make the world his obedient slaves. Three days after the people in the capital mourned Chongzhen, Dorgon ordered all the Han people in Beijing to shave their hair according to the Manchu custom.Dorgon, whose foothold was not stable, saw that it aroused public anger, and hurriedly ordered, "All subjects in the world should keep their hair tied as usual, and let them do as they please." Dorgon's first hair-shaving campaign was aborted. A few days after entering Beijing, Dorgon committed another misconduct, but it was forced out.Because Dorgon discovered that his soldiers scattered in the city had accidentally received a gift from the Dashun Army—the plague (plague), the soldiers fell ill and died one after another.Feeling dreadful, he took a special measure -- isolation of the epidemic area -- at the suggestion of the "Great Qing Epidemic Prevention Office."That is to say, residents of the inner city of Beijing must move to the outer city within three days, and those who do not move will be beheaded.The isolation of the epidemic area effectively controlled the plague and opened a new chapter in the history of my country's epidemic prevention, but it suffered from the residents of the inner city of Beijing. In a word, Dorgon, an unusual "second-generation official", has achieved remarkable results in his work in Beijing, and his achievements outweigh his mistakes. Thanks to his diligent work, the Chinese people began an era of stable slavery, and even the later Emperor Qianlong praised him: "At the beginning of the dynasty's entry into the customs, all the scales of creation were planned, and the foundation of the country was established. , to become a unified career, Jue Gong is the most outstanding." "The wall falls and everyone pushes it back." Li Zicheng, who was defeated and returned to Shanxi, now deeply understands the true meaning of this sentence. Rebellion for soldiers! On April 27, Zhao Jiding, Cheng Xianzhen, and Xie Bi, the squires from Dezhou in the former "liberated area" of Dashun, launched a rebellion, and supported a county magistrate surnamed Zhu (Zhu Yuanzhang's N-generation grandson) in Xianghe County, Hebei Province as "King Ji". The first "Da Ming Restoration Movement". The Restoration Movement gained the support and support of the patriotic masses. In less than a month, the "Jiwang" government regained 43 counties with Dezhou as the center and across Shandong and Hebei. The grass-roots political power established with painstaking efforts "falls into a vast expanse of whiteness and the land is really clean." Li Zicheng was beyond his reach, helpless!But Duo ErGun saw that the fruits of his labor were taken away by others in vain, and he, who had always let others do his own dowry, quit.First, Fang Dayou and Wang Aoyong, the surrender ministers of the Ming Dynasty, were sent successively in May and June to conduct surrender activities, but there was no result. "How can you allow others to make trouble on the side of the couch"!Dorgon was furious. He pulled Wu Sangui to issue the "Duowu Joint Statement", ruthlessly exposing the conspiracy of a small group of reactionaries headed by "Ji Wang" to split the motherland, and calling on the vast number of Qing commanders and fighters to fight to the end to maintain the unity of the motherland. And launched an march order in the name of the two. The Manchu-Han army led by the Manchu Jueluo Bahana and the Han general Shi Tingzhu arrived at Dezhou, the home of the Jiwang government, very quickly. As soon as the foreign and middle-class Jiwang saw the real thing, he immediately disbanded his troops, changed his flag, and obediently accepted The land returns.The Qing army quickly occupied most of Hebei and Shandong. At this time Li Zicheng was engaged in the pilot work of "zonal fortification" in Shanxi.He asked Ma Chongxi to guard the Guguan Niangziguan at the east gate of Shanxi, Zhang Tianlin to guard Datong, Chen Yongfu to guard Taiyuan, Yuan Zongdi to guard Jinnan, and Liu Zhong to guard Changzhi.After completing these tasks, Li Zicheng had the idea of ​​"wanting to go home and have a look", so he packed his bags with his old partner Liu Zongmin and returned to Xi'an to soothe his wounded heart. Just after crossing the Yellow River, bad news came from Shanxi.Jiang Yu, the general of Datong who once surrendered, and the "rebel general" also followed Wu Sangui's example and rebelled.First kill Zhang Tianlin, the general of Dashun, unfurl the banner of the old Ming Dynasty, and support King Zaoqiang in the territory to entrust the state affairs. Under the demonstration effect of Jiang Yu, in June, Daizhou, Fanzhi, and Guxian, the five counties in northern Shanxi close to Datong, were successively surrendered to the Qing Dynasty under the "sugar-coated cannonball" offensive of Wu Weihua, the surrendered official of the Ming Dynasty. "One wave ends, another wave rises again." In August, Tang Tong raised troops in northern Shanxi and Shaanxi, and copied Jiang Guan's procedure. First, he unleashed the banner of Fuming, attacked the city, and defeated Li Guo to occupy Shanshan and Shanxi. Nine counties are up for grabs.Later, under the lure of the high-ranking official Houlu of the "Dingxi Hou" in the Qing Dynasty, he happily threw himself into his arms. Zicheng was very angry when he heard that Tang Tong had surrendered, and the consequences were serious! He quickly executed Tang Tong's family in Xi'an, making Tang Tong another "unlucky bachelor" after Sangui. After the Jiangtang surrender incident, the northern part of Shanxi and Shanxi opened their doors, and the Yechen troops of the Qing army entered from northern Shanxi, approaching Taiyuan, the capital of Shanxi Province. In Taiyuan, Chen Yongfu, a native of Henan who was also a Ming general who surrendered to Shun, led his troops to fortify the walls and clear the fields. The red-eyed Ye Chen asked for help from the central government, and Dorgon sent out his magic weapon—artillery. Twenty-four red cannons concentrated on the small north gate and blasted fiercely. The city collapsed, the Qing army rushed in, and Chen Yongfu led the army to fight to the death. in the chaos. In the tide of the Ming Dynasty's generals rebelling against the Qing Dynasty, Chen Yongfu was the only general who died loyally for the Dashun Dynasty. Is there such a big difference between people? It turned out that as early as the Battle of Kaifeng in the late Ming Dynasty, Chen Yongfu, the general guard of Henan, shot Li Zicheng blind in one eye. Later, when Li Zicheng recruited Chen Yongfu, who was desperate but worried, he swore an arrow and swore that Chen Ruo would surrender. , Never harm each other!After hearing this, Chen Yongfu surrendered with confidence, and Li Zicheng treated each other sincerely.Therefore, in the Taiyuan defense battle, Chen repaid Li's sincerity with his life. It can be seen that when treating each other sincerely, people will eventually gain something! After the fall of Taiyuan City, Li Zicheng found that it was too naive to hide back to Shanshan and become an "opposition party" in a certain place. , are racking their brains to drive out all the "opposition parties".Knowing this, he immediately reorganized his army and horses to 250,000, and was forced to abandon the policy of "no levy for three years" and wantonly levied grain.After everything was ready, the blade was finally unsheathed.On October 12, an attack was launched against the reactionary Qing Dynasty on two battlefields at the same time. The first battlefield was in Pingyang, Shanxi (now Linfen, Shanxi), and the second battlefield was in western Henan. The Dashun Army successively invested more than 100,000 people in the two major battlefields. After conquering Jiyuan and Yuxian, they went straight to Huaiqing, Henan.General Huaiqing of the Qing Dynasty, General Jin Yuhe of the Yellow Banner of Hanzheng, Deputy General Chang Ding, and General Chen Guocai were killed.The Dashun Army took advantage of the victory to attack Qinyang County, Huaiqing Prefecture, and Zu Kefa, the general of Weihui of the Qing Dynasty, led the troops into the city overnight to stand by and wait for reinforcements. When the news reached Beijing, Dorgon was taken aback. He thought Da Shun Chao himself was a dying sick cat.Zhengji divided his troops into two groups, one was his younger brother Doduo who went south to attack Nanming, which was not long after the founding of the People's Republic of China, and the other was his brother Azige who marched into Xi'an from Yulin to deal with Li Zicheng and realize the ambition of the three brothers to unify China. Now Dashun's successive victories have made Dorgon sober up. It turns out that Dashun is still a formidable tiger. If he "hits people with two fists together" as originally planned, then Li Zicheng will take advantage of the false attack Shanxi, approaching Beijing.It is possible for the Qing Dynasty to return to the icy and snowy Great Northern Wilderness to "open up wasteland and cultivate land"! Dorgon decided to plan to follow the changes, and quickly ordered Duoduo to change his marching route from south to west, first to break the siege of Qinyang, then to attack Tongguan, and to come with Azig to give Li Zicheng who was staying in Shaanxi a free gift A big meal of "closing the door and beating the dog". Li Zicheng didn't know that he had become a "living Lei Feng" unintentionally, and he had done a great deed for Nanming "not benefiting himself, but only benefiting others".When he realized it, he was caught in the north-south attack of the Qing army, and Tongguan and Yulin were attacked successively. Li Zicheng, who was sitting in Xi'an, observed from left to right, and thought that there were only 8,000 Ma Shiyao in the Tongguan battlefield in the south, and there was a huge gap between the number and widows, while Yulin was still resisting for a while.After weighing again and again, he personally traveled starry night with Liu Zongmin and Liu Fangliang to Tongguan to fight Duoduo. After the battle of Shanhaiguan, another wonderful battle of Tongguan started! Groups of men from the Northwest and Northeast, for their ideals and for victory, started the life-killing of killing or being hacked in the northern wilderness. The Northwest and Northeast are two places in China that continuously produce elite soldiers. The majestic and majestic Northwest has seen the Qin soldiers who unified the six countries and the Han army that spanned the four seas for thousands of years; The fierce Xianbei and the invincible Jurchen. The Battle of Tongguan started on December 29th. He was anxious to defeat Duoduo so that he could return to aid Yulin. Li Zicheng did not choose to stick to the city and fought in the wilderness. Liu Zongmin, commander-in-chief of the Dashun Army, and Qing soldiers He fought outside Tongguan City and returned invincible. Because the Spring Festival in 1645 is here, considering that the combatants on both sides are mostly Han Chinese, we need to take care of everyone's emotions. The two sides have a truce, relax and celebrate the Spring Festival! 1644 has finally passed, this year was too turbulent!It's so earth-shattering!Too much ups and downs!Looking forward to the history four hundred years later, only 1911 and 1949 can compare with her! Three days after the Spring Festival holiday, on the fourth day of the Lunar New Year, the Dashun Army went to work, and Liu Fangliang led the troops to fight again, but they were invincible.Li Zicheng was in a hurry and went into battle with his own knife. Seeing that Li Zicheng had also come up, Qing army coach Duoduo yelled, rolled up his sleeves and fucked guys into battle. The battle of Tongguan reached the most intense and exciting moment. After the two armies fought in the dark for a day, the infantry-based Dashun Army suffered a huge loss. Seeing that Duoduo, a smelly and hard hut stone, could not be chewed during the day, the Dashun army launched night raids for two consecutive nights on the fifth and sixth day of the lunar new year.However, the Qing army, who went up and down, was familiar with the discipline, and applied it flexibly, was not a vegetarian. The night raids of the Dashun Army "do twice the work and get half the result." The ninth day of the lunar new year is definitely good news for the Qing army!The high-tech weapon that they missed day and night and longed for, the red cannon, was finally transported from Taiyuan to Tongguan. The red-clothed cannons that had shown their prowess under the city of Taiyuan continued their efforts on the battlefield of Tongguan, aiming at Tongguan City for a burst of fierce bombardment. It is the primary productive force" has been fully demonstrated here again! The Dashun Army, which had suffered a great loss, tried to rush out of Tongguan City and pulled out the artillery positions of the Qing Army, but they were shot back by artillery as soon as they left the city. When the Battle of Tongguan was in full swing, Azig in northern Shaanxi left Jiang Yu, a Ming general, to continue to attack Yulin. ——Xijing (now Xi'an) rushed forward. Li Zicheng, who was commanding the battle in Tongguan, was stunned when he heard the bad news. How much scolding he had suffered and how tired he had been, all the property he earned would be placed in Xijing. , I can fetch water from a bamboo basket in vain. Reluctant to let go of his belongings, Li Zicheng had to throw down the gourd to press the ladle, and led a large army back to Xi'an on the 11th.As soon as he left, Ma Shiyao saw that there was no hope, and the next day he surrendered to Qing army coach Duoduo. But after offering the customs, Ma Shiyao saw Duduo, who was dumbfounded, chaotic, and couldn't even speak Chinese. He felt that surrendering to this master was really insulting his taste. He regretted it, and he secretly asked his subordinates to deliver the letter To Li Zicheng, please return to Tongguan as soon as possible, and cooperate with yourself inside and outside to defeat Duoduo. But it was not for anyone, that this letter fell into Doduo's hands inexplicably, and Doduo was delighted when he saw it: "It's too childish to want to bully me! Don't forget, I am the 'Master of Conspiracy' Huang Taiji." Disciple!" However, to deal with Ma Shiyao's 8,000 people still needs to pay attention to some skills. After many efforts, Duoduo's version of the giant "Hongmen Banquet" was staged!On the 13th, Duoduo set up an ambush at Jinpenkou, ten miles southwest of Tongguan, under the pretext of hunting, and then lied that he would hold a brotherhood banquet, and asked Ma Shiyao and his brothers to attend. Ma Shiyao thought Duduo was simple-minded and sincere, so he led his men to the banquet carelessly. At the banquet, the soldiers of the former Dashun Army were drunk and their faces were flushed, and when they were stumbling around, Doduo gave an order, and the Qing army ambushed in the narrow valley rushed out. mouth, all were sent to the Palace of Hell to report by the Qing army. So far, the Battle of Tongguan ended with Duoduo's complete victory. Duoduo, who no longer had any worries, went straight to Xi'an from south to north. Li Zicheng, who returned to Xi'an on the thirteenth, discussed with his subordinates, under the attack of the Qing army from the north and the south, where should the Dashun Dynasty go? The counselors of General Dashun agreed: No one will say that my hometown is good, but it is a pity that I can't stay in my hometown!At this time, Xi'an, although strict grain requisition targets were issued to the various jurisdictions, but due to ten years of drought in Shaanxi and food scarcity, the grain reserves confiscated in Xi'an were simply not enough to maintain a protracted war with the Qing army. The army besieged the city, and the Dashun Dynasty, which was short of food, would sooner or later collapse due to hunger. If you don't stay in Shaanxi anymore, where can you settle down in the vast China? The best option is of course Sichuan, a land of abundance, fertile fields and thousands of miles, rich products, mountains and rivers inside and outside, but unfortunately it has been taken by Zhang Xianzhong as private land.Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong had torn face together long ago, and now that he is in trouble, it is another matter to look at the past, Zhang Xianzhong is full of bad luck, on his territory, will there be good fruit from Dashun? The remaining option is to go back to the "Land of Longxing" in the west of Hubei, where once the Qing soldiers come after them again, they will find soft persimmons to squeeze, take half of Nanming's country as their own, and then turn around and deal with the Manchus.China is so big, could it be that the Qing soldiers really had the ability to chase themselves to the "ends of the earth"? Li Ziben, who was determined to advance eastward to Hubei, originally wanted to wait for Li Guo and Gao Yigong who had gone to Yulin before withdrawing, but when he learned that Tongguan had fallen, Duoduo was advancing non-stop to Xi'an.Li Zicheng had no choice but to send someone to send a message to Li Gao: "Brother, let's go first, brother tidies up and comes later, see you in Xiangjing!" Before retreating, Li ordered Tian Jianxiu to burn all the buildings, warehouses, food, and clothing in Xi'an, and started a "scorched earth war of resistance".Fortunately, this General Tian is still humane, he only lit the East Gate Tower and the South Moon Gate Tower, and the houses and granaries of the people were not burned down. Li looked back at Xi'an during the retreat and saw the fireworks in the city, thinking that Tian Jianxiu had completed the task with quality and quantity Indicators, and then leave with confidence. After Duoduo entered the "undefended city" Xi'an on the 18th, he searched left and right, but he saw neither his enemy - Li Zicheng, nor his friend - Azige. Azig was supposed to go to Xi'an first, but this guy was short-sighted. After conquering Yan'an, he turned to Tumed outside the Great Wall, where the Ordos tribe "played the autumn wind" (blackmailed the camel horse), stayed for a while, and finally got it done unintentionally. Dodo's "good thing". In this regard, the "Military Committee of the Qing Dynasty" made the following resolutions: Duduo's work was active and fruitful, and he was commended and rewarded for a one-month rest in Xi'an; , Pursue and suppress Li Zicheng, and make up for his mistakes. Azige, who was extremely depressed, regarded the Dashun Army advancing eastward as the best "punching bag". He clung to it from the west of Henan Province and chased it all the way to Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province. He fought a total of eight battles. "Eight battles and eight victories" can be regarded as saving some face. Li Zicheng is now being chased by Azig, a big mad dog, "he can't fight back, and he can't fight back when he scolds." . After he led his troops to "flash away" from Xi'an, he traveled through mountains and ridges and experienced hardships, and finally withdrew the old and young central government staff, Dashun Army and military dependents to his old revolutionary base - Xiangjing Sifu (Xiangyang, Cheng Tian, ​​De'an, and Jingzhou), he ordered 70,000 soldiers from the four prefectures to quickly gather to himself. The more than 70,000 Xiangjing garrison troops were the ones who stayed in Xiangjing to defend Zuo Liangyu when he went north to Shaanxi.Haven't fought a tough battle for two years.Looking at this well-trained and well-trained housekeeping force, Li Zicheng's confidence increased greatly, and he combined the 70,000 people and the troops he brought to form the Southern Expedition Army, announcing the next step of the battle Order - "Abandon Xiangjing and march into Jiangnan". "Dashun Xiangjing Garrison Commander" Bai Wang expressed doubts about this order: after the loss of Shaanxi, Xiangjing was the only base in Dashun, and he had been operating in Xiangjing for more than two years, with a good mass base, and Hubei It is also a land of fish and rice, with sufficient supply.In addition, if Dashun wants to seize Jiangnan, it has been said since ancient times that "to guard the river, you must guard Xiang." In the Southern Song Dynasty, Xiangyang used Xiangyang to resist the Yuan army for more than 20 years.If the Lord wants to occupy Jiangnan for a long time, Xiangjing should stick to it no matter what. However, the high-ranking cadres and military leaders of Dashun who came back from Beijing and Shaanxi had obviously suffered from "Manchuphobia", and they really didn't want to play "cat and mouse" with the Manchurian soldiers on the plains of the Northland.They firmly believe that only when the "stupid bird flies first" to the south of the Yangtze River, can the Manchurians' iron hooves be stopped by the "time and place" of the scorching sun in the south, the criss-crossing water network, and the criss-crossing rivers. The final result is of course: the minority obeys the majority, opinions can be reserved, and orders must be implemented! In March 1645, Li Zicheng led all his belongings—200,000 Dashun Army and 300,000 cadres and family members, a total of 500,000 "refugee troops" from Xiangyang and Chengtian to Hanchuan Mianyang, preparing to find his own The old rival Zuo Liangyu reminisces about the old days and takes a share of the pie. Zuo Liangyu, Marquis of Nanming and Ningnan, who was stationed in Wuchang, panicked when he heard the news. At this time and at that time, he lost more than he won in the battle with Li Zicheng, and now his strength is that of an old lady. It is said to have 800,000 horses, but that is a lot of water. Most of the 800,000 horses are made up of scattered soldiers and local ruffians. If there is pay, there will be gatherings; if there is no pay, there will be chaos." Zuo Liangyu, who knew how much he weighed, repeatedly asked Nanming's Nanjing government for help, but the Nanjing government, which was busy with "partisan struggles", wanted to take care of his business. He was looking forward to it, and only waited for Yuan Jixian, the governor of Jiangxi in Nanming to lead a team. A small force came to Qichun, Hubei to stop Li Zicheng. Zuo Liangyu was at a loss, and fought a battle at the mouth of the Shunhe River. As a result, the Dashun Army, which had been beaten to pieces by the Qing soldiers, beat Zuo Liangyu's army to pieces, and the Dashun Army finally found Back to a little lost dignity and confidence! Zuo Liangyu saw that he could neither compete with the Dashun army nor bear the charge of "losing the army and losing ground", and he dared not go to the Qing Dynasty to "take food from the tiger's mouth".After several considerations, under the tinkering of his subordinates, Zuo Ning Nanhou borrowed wisdom from Emperor Yongle, who had been dead for many years, and under the pretext of receiving a secret order from the Chongzhen prince who came from the north, he unfurled the banner of "the side of the Qing emperor" and marched eastward along the river, declaring that he would Go to Nanjing to "clean up the door" and get rid of Ma Shiying, who is a disaster for the country and the people. Before leaving Wuchang, Zuo Liangyu set fire to the city of Wuchang based on the life creed of "what I can't get, no one else can get it". Went in motion. Li Zicheng, who had just played a cameo role as the "captain of the fire brigade", was about to wash up and go to sleep when that "mad dog who couldn't get rid of" Azig led his troops to chase him again, and he even took the smoky Wuchang City Surrounded by a few turns. After the siege of Wuchang, Liu Zongmin and Tian Jianxiu led 5,000 soldiers with staring eyes and dizzy heads, and went out of the city to fight, but they were all beaten by Azig, forcing Li Zicheng to stage the "Midnight Run" passionately again. ", - give up Wuchang and go east. Li Zicheng's life after going east was quite difficult. The Dashun Army now had no rear supply and had to protect the accompanying troops, so the wounded could not be resettled.Hundreds of thousands of people ran around in the Jingzhou area of ​​Hubei Province as if they were exploding, and engaged in self-rescue activities of "do it yourself (rob the people), have enough food and clothing", the organization was chaotic, and the command failed. "Rogue government"! Azig did not have the lofty sentiments of "forgiveness and forgiveness". In early April, he caught up with the Dashun army at the mouth of Yangxin Fuchi and beat him up.In the middle of the day, at the mouth of Fuchi, they beat up the Dashun army again, until the morale of the Dashun army was like frosted eggplant—it was really wilting. At the end of April, Azig caught up with Li Zicheng again in Jiujiangkou, Jiangxi, and had another passionate collision with the Dashun Army. As a result of this collision, the Dashun Army, which was suffering from hunger and cold, suffered huge losses. The two uncles were captured. (This battle is the last battle of the "eight battles and eight victories" played by Azig) Wu Sangui, who went out with the army, was overjoyed when he saw that his enemy Liu Zongmin was captured alive. Holding a sharp knife in his own hand, he chopped Liu Zongmin and Li Zicheng to death, and finally comforted the souls of the murdered family of thirty-four. Those who arouse hatred will eventually be drowned by hatred!I don't know how Liu Zongmin felt the moment he was hit by the sharp knife? At the same time, Song Xiance, who was captured at the same time, was quick-witted, relying on his professional skills in Zhouyi, gossip, and Qimen Dunjia, and coaxed Azige, who was already suspicious, into confusion. Not only did he not kill him, but he brought him back to Beijing. confessed. After this battle, Niu Jinxing, the Prime Minister of Dashun Dynasty, saw that he would hang out with Li Zicheng, and there was no hope of making a comeback.Disappointed with the future of the revolution, he ran to the Qing camp with his son Niu Quan to beg for surrender on a dark and stormy night. Niu Quan was appointed as the prefect of Huangzhou in the Qing Dynasty. It has already become "the stinky shit that is not ashamed of the scholars of the whole country", and the Qing government is not easy to deal with it.Comrade Lao Niu had no choice but to become the first generation of "Niu Quan" in the Qing Dynasty, following his son's ass to "beg for a living", and then died of old age in Niu Quan's official office. After the Battle of Jiujiang, the commander-in-chief of the Qing army, Azige, believed that the success was accomplished, so he led his complacent and exhausted troops to return to the court.Li Zicheng finally got rid of this big-tailed mad dog. After wiping off the blood on his body, burying the corpses of his comrades-in-arms, and saying goodbye to those who betrayed him coldly, Li Zicheng embarked on a new journey. He was full of grief and indignation, but never disappointed. Although he has already proclaimed himself emperor, deep in his heart, he really loves the long-standing title of "Chuangwang". "The Chuang Zhe represents bravery, fearlessness, perseverance, and perseverance." Since he started his army at the age of 23, under the guidance of the word "Chuang", he has crossed mountains and mountains. After crossing rivers, failure, success, failure again, success again... During the repeated fall, he was reborn from the ashes again and again, and climbed firmly to new heights in life again and again! Today, he failed again, his life was gloomy again, and everything seemed to return to the starting point before departure. However, all of this has never been the starting point of another success. I am just thirty-nine years old, and my life is entering a period of maturity in reflection and reflection in maturity.Although I have lost a lot, my life and hope still exist, and history will give me a chance to reform and make a comeback! In the face of the haze of failure, Li Zicheng once again showed his unyielding resilience. He led the surviving troops and marched towards Nanjing. However, more than 1,000 ships that marched into Nanjing were snatched by Azig, and the Duduo tribe, who had finished resting in Xi'an, had gone south from Guidee (now Shangqiu) in Henan to head straight for Nanjing, so the original strategic intention could no longer be realized. 李自成再次改变了进军路线，准备穿越江西北部进入湖南，在“湖广熟，天下足”的湖南地区从头再来。 多铎在占领南京后，也和阿济格一样，停止了南下的步伐。大顺面前的敌人，已换成了虚弱不堪的南明地方部队，李自成感到信心倍增。 五月四日，李自成率直属的一万余部队行至湖北通山县境，终于盼来了雨过天晴的好天气。他下令手下埋锅造饭，胡乱吃了几口后，带领28名亲兵来到了附近的九宫山，细细欣赏“空山新雨后”的美景。 在明末清初的社会大动荡中，各村寨为了自保，纷纷成立了由青壮年组成的“乡兵”，忙时生产、闲时训练、守望相助、声息互通。对他们而言，这里的每一寸土地都是家园，每一颗粮食都是血汗，每一个老乡都是亲人，谁要把他们抢占、杀害，“乡兵”们都要和来敌拼到底。 大顺军到达湖北后，给养困难、失败情绪弥满，对所过乡村一抢二杀三烧，“乡兵”们奋起自卫，“军地关系”格外紧张。 非常不幸的是，正在九宫山上转悠的李自成恰恰碰倒了这样一支巡寨的“乡兵”。 这些“乡兵”一下子纠集了八十多人，一下子就冲到了李自成一行的面前，出其不意地将这些外乡的“贼人”们包围起来。 混战中，乡兵们仗着人多势众、地形熟悉的优势，把李自成这些身经百战的卫队冲了个七零八散。 完全和部下走散的李自成慌不择路，独自逃到牛背岭后，坐骑陷到了一块泥潭中，只好下马牵着坐骑深一脚浅一脚前行。 “乡兵”程九伯见李自成单人独马，立刻手拿锄头窜了出来想抢李的“宝马”，李自成毕竞是见过大世面的专业杀人选手，业余选手“程乡兵”那里是他的对手，几招下来，“程乡兵”就被徒手格斗的李自成压在身下，李自成准备回手抽刀，宰了这个竟敢太岁爷上动土的家伙。 正当“程乡兵”命丧黄泉之际，外甥金二狗赶到，见亲娘舅被一大汉骑在身下要挨宰，想都没想，抡起铁铲冲大汉砸去，嚓的一声，削丢了大汉的半个脑袋。杀人后的舅甥俩不敢久留，牵着大汉的“宝马”快速逃回。 李自成死了，死得残烈、死得窝囊，他的死，虽然有偶然因素，但更有必然因素。 这个必然因素就是“水可载舟，也可覆舟”。 当李自成从商洛山复出，提出“均田免粮”，代表了当时最广大人民的利益，人民的“狂洋大海”顿时载起了他这叶扁舟，并把他送到胜利的彼岸。 当成功后的李自成无法建立一个长期代表人民利益的新政府时，人民失望了，军队也失望了，失望的军队开始抢夺、杀害失望的人民。双方的关系也由“水载舟”变成了“水覆舟”。 失望的人民遍布城乡、遍布山野，处处打击着由“仁义之师”变为“害群之贼”的大顺军。 如是，李自成被一普通农民“乡兵”杀害，就不难理解了，万事有因必有果呀！ 后来，当地的清朝官员从被活捉的李自成余部口中得知，大名鼎鼎的“一号恐怖头目”李自成竟然被一个默默无闻的小“乡兵”杀了，他们梦魇般的历史终于结束了。 李自成失败的主要原因： 李自成死了，但大顺军的革命之路并未完结。这支残存的大顺军仍然有田见秀、袁宗第、刘芳亮、刘体纯、郝摇旗等一批能征惯战的将领，在李自成牺牲的一个月后，他们终于进入湖南，集结于平江、浏阳地区，总人数含军属在内仍有21万之多，历史上把他们这支跟随李自成的部队称为大顺东路军。在新的地区，这支军队将接受新的历史史命，书写新的人生传奇！ 在李自成率大顺东路军南下时，另一支十二万人的大顺军也正千里跃进、风尘仆仆地找寻着东路军的踪迹，这就是由高一功、李过率领的大顺西路军。 早在潼关之战正酣时，阿济格也率满军谭泰部、汉军吴三桂、尚可喜、姜瓖部攻打高一功驻守的榆林。在高一功严防死守，榆林久攻不克时，阿济格留下姜瓖围而不攻，自带吴三桂和满军劲旅绕过榆林，打败李过，攻取延安。 在榆林争夺战进入白热化时，高一功接到李自成撤离防区、南下会师的命令。即率兵迅速撤离榆林转进，与先前失守延安西撤的李过兵团会合，准备去西安同李自成会师。 但这时李自成早已撤离西安，西安城内已有了阿济格、多铎两路清军主力，因此，直接经西安南下已不太可能。 高李兵团于是进驻宁夏的惠安堡，然后，等待驻守西北甘肃、青海等地的党守素、蔺养成、贺兰的老闯营兄弟。与此同时，在清政府“葫芦卜加大棒”的政策下，大顺军驻守西北的原明降将如马科、左瓖、牛成虎纷纷投降清朝。 但老闯营的兄弟就是心眼实在，打死也不降。会合后的大顺军兄弟，组成西路军，开始了漫漫艰苦的长征，他们计划由陕西经汉中进入四川，然后顺长江东下，到达湖北与李自成会师。 征途中，他们先经历了原大顺汉中守将，但现已降清的贺珍、罗岱的袭杀、死伤惨烈。冲出汉中后，他们又经历了断粮断饮的困境，蜀道艰危的考验，但曾经的建国理想、曾经的生死诺言、曾经的兄弟情义，使他们携手并肩，一往无前！ 1645年夏天，这支军队终于到达湖北荆州地区、人数也由出发前的十二万人下降为七万人。在这里，他们得知了李自成已死的消息。 这时整个西路军，已个个衣衫蕴缕、瘦骨嶙峋，憔悴的脸上，流露出前所未有的迷茫。 李自成死亡，标志着大顺政权的灭亡。 现在，有必要回答三个问题，对李自成及大顺朝作一个小结。 第一个问题：李自成是英雄吗？ 我的回答是：凡是以自己的行为推动了历史进步或人类发展的，就应该算作英雄。 从这个论点出发，明末农民造反领袖李自成乃“驿卒之子，氓隶之人，下岗无业之徒，也非有仲尼、墨翟之贤，陶朱、猗顿之富；蹑足行伍之间，而倔起阡陌之中，率疲弊、走投无路之饥民，将数百之众，转而攻明，斩木为兵，揭竿为旗，天下云集响应，赢粮而景从。”一举推翻了存在276年，腐朽、没落、贪婪的明王朝，使历史的发展进入了一个新的阶段，并再次验证了“那里有压迫，那里就有反抗”这一颠扑不破的人类真理。 因此，无论从那个角度来说，李自成都可称得上一个英雄！一个顶天立地的大英雄！ 第二个问题：李自成是一个什么样的人？ 我认为：李自成是一个优点远远大于缺点的人，他坚韧、顽强、勤奋、节俭、志存高远、律己甚严、与士卒同甘苦，更难能可贵的是，在苦难的人生及刀光剑影的博杀中，仍能有一颗真诚和宽容的心，率真不虚伪。而主要的缺点，是缺乏一种积极学习、与时俱进的心态，而正因为少了这种心态，导致了他在不断发展的现实面前，缺乏应该匹配的知识含量，从而不断出现认识盲点和误区。 第三个问题：李自成领导的明末农民造反运动为什么失败？ 是啊，李自成这样一个英雄，一个大写的“人”，他领导的明末农民造反运动，却在推翻明朝的统治后，功亏一篑地失败了？ 为什么失败？这是一个五百年来让人挥之不去、扼腕长叹的问题，同时也存在着众说纷纭、林林总总的答案。 但基本的观点是：李自成之所以失败，主要原因是原来明朝的山海关总兵吴三桂“冲冠一怒为红颜”，为报大顺朝“权将军”刘宗敏夺去其爱妾陈圆圆之仇恨，转而向关外的满清“投怀送抱”，并引清兵入关，在山海关联合打败李自成。之后，满清进入北京，建立满汉蒙地主联合政权，而李自成则从北京退到山西、陕西，最后退到湖北，撤退中丧师失地、一败再败，最后命丧九宫山，一代英雄骤然陨落，大顺朝由此黯然退出历史舞台！ 今天，我也来谈谈李自成失败的主要原因吧，在谈这个问题前，先谈一个问题，在我国历史上，象李自成这样农民造反有成功的先例吗？ 答案是肯定的，在我国的历史上，农民造反有两次成功的范例。 一次是秦末农民起义，农民兄弟中不务正业的“二流子”刘邦同志领导农民造反军先推翻秦王朝统治，后打败项羽，建立了立国近四百年的汉王朝； 另一次是元末农民起义，贫农兼和尚的朱元璋同志借助农民造反的风暴，驱除胡虏、恢复中华、扫灭群雄、兼并天下，建立了大一统的明王朝。 在我国数量众多的农民造反史上，除了这两个“成功人士”外，再无他人。张角、黄巢、李自成及后来的洪秀全等均以失败而收场。 恭喜我，答对了！那继续讨论，这两位同志造反成功的社会背景是什么？ 大体而言，这两位成功人士的造反的社会背景就是四个字——“官逼民反”。秦末，秦朝繁重的徭役、兵役、沉重的赋税逼得人民只能揭竿而起；元末，除了上述原因外，自然灾害和元政府的民族歧视剥削政策也成为农民造反新的“催化剂”。 但是，除了这些，还有一个大大的原因千百年来被忽视，这就是这两次农民造反中，知识分子都曾大量加盟，并最终理性地促使造反由“破坏型”转向了“建设型”。 那么，这两个时期知识分子为什么会大量参加造反运动呢？在其它时期，一贯标谤以“冶国平天下”为己任的知识分子转而就成了“把头埋在沙丘里的驼鸟”，对造反大业视而不见呢？ 先从秦末说起吧！秦末，也就是秦朝刚统一建国后的11年，在这11年中，所谓的知识分子，成份比较庞杂，战国时期的儒、法、墨、道、兵、纵横家都可称为知识分子，但这中间，除了法家在秦政府中有些地位外，其余的几家都统统作为被专政的对象，这些知识分子与战国时期“游走列国、出将入相、倍受尊崇”相比，社会地位一落千丈，时不时还应犯点小错误，把小命儿送上，“焚书坑儒”则揭开知识分子被“暴力打压”的序幕。 元朝呢，知识分子（此时以“儒生”为绝大多数）更是进入了继秦朝后的第二个“寒冬”，来自草原的统治者把一个好端端的社会分为“十等”（一官二吏三僧四道五工六农七医八娼九儒十丐），知识分子不但丧失了前朝（即宋朝）“与君王共天下”高高在上的地位，反而被降为了连娼妓都不如的窘境，从此有了一个流芳千古的绰号——“臭老九”！ 这还罢了，元统治者连碗饭都不赏给知识分子吃，90多年的立国中就有80多年，把已好好执行了近500年的科举制度废止了，知识分子想“好好学习、天天向上”的梯子都被扔到一旁。在元末的后十多年里，元统治者也意识到了知识分子的力量，被迫举行了十六期科举，但前后只象征性地录取了1600多人，这对全国几十万的知识分子而言，分明是永无出头之日。 还是那句话，“哪里有压迫，哪里就有反抗！”知识分子也是人，而且是有强烈愿望用知识改变命运的人。所以，当秦末、元末农民造反的风暴掀起来时，知识分子就人数众多、争先恐后地入股农民起义，以推翻现存的，让知识分子倍感屈辱和痛苦的王朝，建立尊重其自身地位，实现其自身价值的新王朝。秦末，张良、萧何、陈平、韩信、范增、郦食其、陆贾；元末，李善长、刘基、宋廉、杨宪、章溢、叶琛等大知识分子纷纷“毛遂自荐”地跑到农民造反领袖的麾下效力，在他们的“名人效应”带动下，成千上万的小知识分子也纷纷加入农民造反队伍中来，并在其间起了三大作用： 1、为农民造反及后来的建设运动提供了充足的人力资源。大到张良这种“运筹帷幄之中，决胜千里之外”的特殊的“万里之才”，小到大批大批管理一县一域的“百里之才”，这些大小人才在造反成功后顺利转轨为建设新国家的各级社会管理官员，使农民政权由短暂存在“武政府”转身变为长久发展“文政府”。 2、以吸纳古今、博取众长的知识，在长年累月中潜移默化地改变了农民起义领袖的知识结构，使这些原本“文盲或半文盲”的领袖们知识含量大幅提升，视野大幅开阔。知识的增加必然会影响领袖们的思维、决策，从而也为农民起义提供理性的、正确的发展方向。元末老知识分子朱升曾向朱元璋提出“高筑墙、广积粮、缓称王”是一个典型的例子。至于其它的例子是不胜枚举的。 3、为整个社会提供有利于新政权的舆论导向。“士为民之首”，在任何一个社会里，知识分子在引导舆论导向上都有着得天独厚的优势。这种优势如果为农民起义者所利用，将会使农民造反运动迅速深入人心、做大做强。 这就是知识分子加盟造反运动后的作用，正因为这些作用，使刘邦、朱元璋有了“被成功”机遇。 反观那些失败的农民造反运动，小的不说了，大的如张角、黄巢，及本文讨论的李自成及后来的洪秀全，都没有这样的知识分子被虐待、被迫加盟起义队伍的机遇。在这四位同志起义时，知识分子有了通过保举或科举能大规模参与原政权建设的路径，当然就没必要舍近求远、弃安取危地加盟造反这种“高风险”的投资事业。 相反，大量的知识分子在造反事业初起时，出于保护“既得利益者”的目的，往往会站在造反者的对立面——政府那边去，成为反对造反，镇压造反的生力军。 最后要补充的是：在大明体制下，知识分子和国家政权的关系还是很密切的。明朝不但恢复了科举，甚至连举人都有了做官的资格，还创建了大量的学校，上学的知识分子不但自己有些工资挣，而且家属还能跟着有补助。这项“助学兴教”的国策与明朝相始终，这种情况下，知识分子主动投奔闯王造反，不是牛金星那种因官司丢了“举人”功名的主，就是小时候被门夹过，属严重政治脑残的“怪异人士”。 这样细细想来，李自成在历史的大背景下，落了个“粗人造反，廿年不成”就不为怪了。他刚开始造反时，大明的知识分子视其为“洪水猛兽”，惟恐避之而不及，即使后来眼看大明政府将要倒台，大顺政府像一轮“红太阳”冉冉升起时，知识分子仍然处于观望状态。 但在随后，李自成也一直拿不出吸引知识分子加盟的“优惠政策”来，而“追赃助饷”中，有些资产的知识分子又首当其冲，成为被无情剥夺的目标。因此，从李自成整个造反事业的发展轨迹来看，大明的知识分子是一贯与之对抗到底的，水火不融的，更不要说参加协助了！ 这样，我们就发现李自成的人才库里，只有众多打打杀杀的军事人才，却不见众多治国安邦的政治及社会管理人才（牛金星、宋献策、顾君恩算大顺集团有些名气的文治人才，但这三位与萧何、李善长等人才相比，太小巫见大巫了！）。 没后一类人才的支撑，我们就发现李自成始终建立不起一套完善的国家政权机构来管理得到的人民和地盘，也就无法给人民以稳定的生活环境和生产条件，社会依然在痛苦中呻吟和期待。 另外，在大的决策方面，没有知识分子这些有头有脑的人来提合理化建议，终究顾此失彼、失误多多。 看来，出来混，最怕的就是没赶上好时光啊！ 把李自成赶下岗的多尔衮呢，则幸运多了，因为李自成帮他把知识分子效忠的对象搞掉了，知识分子转而去找新的效忠对象了。多尔衮也紧握机遇，快快地编了个套，把大量的知识分子套了进来。这一套，也套出了大清267年的江山。 “知识分子加盟是造反成功必备条件”这一定律也可验证我们伟大的祖国——中华人民共和国，为什么也能在农民造反的基础上建立，因为领导农民造反的是伟大的中国共产党。而中国共产党，就是当时先进的知识分子在引进先进共产主义理论的基础上，团结工农而建立起来的政党。在她发展壮大的过程中，不但有广大的工农群众积极加入，而且更有数以百万的知识分子投身其中呢！ 大顺朝的那些事就说到这里吧，“滚滚长江东逝水，浪花淘尽英雄。”历史在各位英雄的推动下还在不舍昼夜地前行，南明，登场吧！