Chapter 7 Chapter 6 A pair of Longzhong, three points in the world

In the confrontation and disputes among the three countries, the gains and losses of "people's schemes" play a decisive role.The highest "human strategy" is strategic planning, and Zhuge Liang's strategy is a model of strategic planning for the pursuit of "triple-legged form".But the realization of "man-made plan" must fall into "man-made", and "man-made" always includes many subjective and objective factors, and any kind of change will lead to accidents.Zhuge Liang himself practiced the Longzhong strategy, but he did not achieve perfection, which is an unavoidable "man-made" anomie.

"Three Kingdoms" is a biography of the characters of the Three Kingdoms. There are a total of 437 protagonists in the biography. Except for Cao Cao, Cao Pi, Cao Rui, Liu Yan, Liu Bei, Liu Chan, and Sun Quan, who claimed to be kings and emperors, only Zhuge Liang of the Shu Han Dynasty and Dong Dong were among the generals. Wu Luxun and Wu Luxun are biographical separately (attached to their descendants and others), which is very obvious and outstanding. "Zhuge Liang's Biography" mainly describes his Longzhong strategy, envoy Wu Liansun, the Northern Expedition to Cao Wei, and other sporadic deeds.

These three major life actions run through a main line. The Longzhong strategy is the strategic plan he made when he first appeared on the political stage. The two major factual things done by "conspiracy" can be correspondingly referred to as the two major "man-made".Chen Shou's comments, which hailed him as "a good talent of knowledge and governance, Guan and Xiao's Yapi", mainly focused on these three major actions. Zhuge Liang, whose name is Kongming, was born in Yangdu County, Langye County, Xuzhou (now Yishui County, Shandong Province) in the fourth year of Emperor Guanghe of the Han Dynasty (181). He was only 4 years old when the Yellow Turban Uprising broke out. When he was 15 years old (195), he moved to Jingzhou with his uncle Zhuge Xuan; Zhuge Xuan died two years later, and at the age of 17, he married Lulongzhong (now west of Xiangfan, Hubei) and lived in seclusion of "Growing Longmu" Life.During this period, while studying with great concentration, he tried his best to understand military books and strategies, astronomy and geography. On the other hand, he traveled around and got acquainted with Shi Guangyuan and Xu Yuanzhi in Yingchuan (now central and southern Henan), Meng Gongwei in Runan (now Shangcai area in Henan) and other famous people. .Shi, Xu, and Meng strive to be proficient in reading, but Zhuge Liang "sees the general plan alone", revealing his extraordinary personality.He is eight feet tall (approximately 1.86 meters today), and he is usually called "Liang Fu Yin", and he often compares himself to Guan Zhong and Le Yi. Most people at that time did not agree with him. Zhouping believes that he is not bragging.He was also appreciated by Pang Degong and Sima Hui, famous scholars of the older generation in Xiangyang. Pang Degong compared him to a "Crouching Dragon"; Huang Chengyan, a famous scholar in Miannan (now Mianyang, Hubei), also took a fancy to him and took the initiative to recruit him as his son-in-law.Later, he recounted this period of life in his youth in "Chu Shi Biao", summarizing it as "a minister who is a commoner, who works hard in Nanyang, and Gou Quan lives in troubled times, and does not seek to be known to the princes".

In fact, "Gou Quan's life was in troubled times" is indeed true, while "do not seek to be heard and known to the princes" is a bit of duplicity.A person who often compares himself to Guan Zhong and Le Yi, how can he endure the loneliness of seclusion for a long time like Mr. Pang De and Sima Hui?When studying with Shi Guangyuan, Xu Yuanzhi, and Meng Gongwei, Zhuge Liang "hugged his knees and screamed" from time to time, and said to the three: "Everyone in the Qing Dynasty can go to the governor and county guard to become an official." But the three "asked him about his aspirations", but he "smiled without answering".Those three people can still be considered high-ranking officials at the provincial and prefectural levels. Couldn't he be able to go from general to prime minister, and be an extremely personable minister?Later, Meng Gongwei missed his hometown and planned to return to the north to seek progress. Zhuge Liang criticized him and said: "Chinese people (many of them are) scholar-bureaucrats, why travel (flying to the top) and why should the hometown be evil?" , If "it is also for oneself, it can be said that it has not reached its heart."Pei Songzhi quoted Lao Tzu's words that "one who knows others is wise, and one who knows oneself is wise", and explained Zhuge Liang's "when the time is high, the feeling is beyond words, and the existence of ambition is already determined at the beginning."

If he wants to "walk around China and ride his dragon's glory", he will not be content with "sinking".If he "entrusts the Wei family to show his abilities", he must not be "able to surpass" people like Chen Qun and Sima Yi, let alone the rest.He is not worried about "if the achievements are not successful, the way will not work", but has his own clear political choice.Pei Songzhi believed that Zhuge Liang "thought to restore the universe, but never turned north, because the power and imperial power had been transferred, Han Zuo was about to fall, Fang Jiangyi praised Zongjie, and took Xingwei's succession and restraint as his own responsibility."This sentence has three meanings: 1. The regime of the Eastern Han Dynasty is precarious and doomed to collapse. It is not worth knowing what can’t be done. Try to clean up the mess and be buried with him; 2. Cao Cao is a traitor who usurped the Han Dynasty. You should not surrender to the national traitor for the sake of mere fame and fortune; third, you must wait for the emergence of outstanding figures from the clan of the Han family, and assist them to follow the example of Guangwu Zhongxing, and realize the rise and fall of the Han Dynasty again.This is Zhuge Liang's ambition. He, the "Crouching Dragon", has been waiting for the right time.

The time has finally come.Recommended by Xu Shu (Yuan Zhi), Liu Bei visited the thatched cottage three times and invited him to come out of the mountain.It was the twelfth year of Jian'an (207), Zhuge Liang had lived in seclusion in Longzhong for 10 years, and he was 27 years old.And Liu Bei was 47 years old at the time, and it had been 8 years since he fled from Hebei to Jingzhou to attach himself to Liu Biao.Liu Biao asked him to station in Xinye (now Xinxian County, Henan Province). On the surface, he took care of the clan members with the same surname, but actually asked him to guard the north gate.Liu Bei, who lived in the small town of Xinye for six or seven years and was used to fighting on horseback, often felt so sad that "the sun and the moon are galloping, the old general is coming, but the achievements are not completed", and he was so sad that he shed tears.Fortunately, I have time to reflect on it, and feel that I have not achieved anything for many years. It is because although there are tiger generals Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, and Zhao Yun to fight here and there, there are no wise counselors to give advice, which breeds the desire to seek talents.On the one hand, they are thirsty for talents, and on the other hand, they "wait for the time to fly", so naturally it is easy to hit it off.But Zhuge Liang still had to be cautious about voting for Mingzhu, and he put on airs to test him out. Liu Bei repeatedly ignored him, and the two sat together.Liu Bei said earnestly: "The Han Dynasty is in ruins, treacherous ministers steal their lives, and the Lord is dusty. I don't live up to my virtues and my strengths. I want to believe in righteousness in the world, but my wisdom is short, so I use it rampantly. As of today!

However, the ambition is still unfinished, do you think the plan will be settled? "This set the theme of "Jian Jiangan Chu", and Zhuge Liang's answer became the famous "Longzhong Dui". Zhuge Liang's Longzhong strategy first used the traditional theories of timing, location, and harmony of people to make an incisive analysis of the overall strategic situation, and especially emphasized the importance of "people's strategy".The so-called "renmou" refers to the strategies of the parties in political and military struggles, and the highest level is strategic planning.He cut into the theme from the "contemporary history" of warlord rivalries and great powers' disputes since Dong Zhuo, and cited Cao Cao and Yuan Shao who competed in the Central Plains with Liu Bei once disturbed and still fresh in "today", "then he was able to overcome Shao, and the weak became strong" as an example. Arguments, put forward the central argument of "not only the time, but also the conspiracy of man".Borrowing from modern discourse, "Tianshi" includes various objective conditions, while "People's plan" is a subjective initiative dominated by strategic planning.Comparing the two, "Renmou" is more decisive.At that time, in the "today" world, Cao Cao "had millions of people", his military strength seemed to be in the position of hegemony, and he "led the emperor to command the princes", and his political advantages were unique, so Zhuge Liang believed that "this sincerity cannot compete with ".And "Sun Quan (according to) has Jiangdong, has experienced three generations, the country is dangerous but the people are attached to it, and the virtuous can use it for it." The timing, location, and harmony of people also have exclusive advantages, so Zhuge Liang believes that "this can be used for aid but not for it."This is tantamount to telling Liu Bei that the established situation is very serious, and it is impossible and undesirable to "struggle" to the north or "map" to the east. The only possible favorable options exist in Jingzhou and Yizhou.

He further pointed out that "Jingzhou occupies Han Mian in the north, benefits the South China Sea, connects Wuhui in the east, and connects Bashu in the west."But "the master can't keep it", and the discord between people makes it difficult to make the best use of the land. "This is the end of the sky, so you are a general", it depends on whether Liu Bei "intentionally" takes it into his hands.Yizhou's geographical advantages are also obvious. It is "advanced" in the military, and "fertile and thousands of miles away" in terms of economic conditions. The Han "Gaozu became an emperor because of it."But its master "Liu Zhang is dark and weak, Zhang Lu is in the north, the people are rich and the country is rich but they don't know how to save them, and the wise man thinks about the emperor."The detailed analysis is clear and unmistakable, the disadvantages and advantages are in sharp contrast, and the general trend of the world seems to be at Liu Bei's present.

Analyzing the overall strategic situation is only the premise and basis of "people's strategy". More importantly, what Liu Bei is more eager to understand is how to adapt to the situation and plan a set of feasible plans for making progress.So next, Zhuge Liang launched his countermeasure as a whole, which is the "Longzhong Countermeasure".He suggested that Liu Bei make full use of his orthodox status as "the man of the emperor's family" to seize the right to speak of political advantages, with a view to "faithfulness and righteousness will be written all over the world."Relying on it, the first step is to "take over heroes and look for talents and thirst for talents" in politics, strengthen one's own strength militarily, seize Jingzhou and Yizhou without losing the opportunity, and establish base areas.In the second step, once "there are thorns and benefits across the border", we must do everything possible to "protect the rocks and obstacles" and make good use of the geographical advantages. On "revision of political theory", and strive to solidify the foundation.The third step is the favorable time to capture the changes in the situation. When "the world has changed", the troops from Jingzhou and Yizhou will send two troops to the Northern Expedition.If these three steps are followed, "hegemony can be achieved, and the Han Dynasty can be prosperous."It was the first time for Liu Bei to hear such a realistic and attractive strategic plan, and he accepted it as if he had seen the sky through the clouds.Since then, the Liu Bei Group has achieved a fundamental breakthrough in strategic thinking and action lines, and the Shu Han regime has generally taken it as a basic national policy after the establishment of the Shu Han regime.

Zhuge Liang's "Longzhong Dui" roughly depicts the disputes between Cao, Liu, and Sun, and the basic trend and overall pattern of the history of the three kingdoms of Wei, Shu, and Wu. .In the year of countermeasures, Cao Cao, the overlord of the north, was concentrating his superior forces on the Northern Expedition to Wuhuan and wiped out Yuan Shao's remnants; Also relying on the advantage of the location to win, it seems to be the master of one side; Zhang Lu in Hanzhong, Han Sui and Ma Chao in Xiliang also occupy one side, and Han Sui and Ma Chao have the tendency to advance eastward; only Liu Bei is alone and weak , under the fence.The three-point trend has not been manifested, and even hypothetical does not exist yet.Since Zhuge Liang is well aware of the general situation of the world, it is absolutely impossible to ignore these.But it was through his unique multi-party comparison that he saw the possibility of contributing to the three points of the world, so he chose Liu Bei who was in line with his ambition of "Yi Zongjie, taking Xingwei to continue to overcome" as the "Ming Jun", Through Longzhong's countermeasures, we have taken the first step to display our talents and help the world.It can be said that in addition to the interplay of many intricate and changing "time and weather" conditions, his "human strategy" in planning the Longzhong strategy and the "artificial effort" in implementing the Longzhong strategy later promoted the development of the Longzhong strategy. The historical joint force of three points in the world has acted as the leading driving force.

The historical process of ancient and modern China and foreign countries is strange and changeable, and the promoting role of individual outstanding figures is undeniable. Zhuge Liang played a leading role in the historical process of the Three Kingdoms.Du Fu of the Tang Dynasty said in a poem that "Zhuge's name hangs down to the universe, and a feather soars through the ages." The valuation is naturally too high, but among the politicians in the Three Kingdoms period, there are only a handful of outstanding strategic theorists and strategic practitioners like him. countable. Being counted on the fingers does not mean being uncountable. Lu Su of Soochow is one of them.As early as eight years before Longzhong's countermeasures, when Lu Su met Sun Quan for the first time, he clearly opposed Sun Quan's pursuit of "Huanwen (partial hegemony) merit" and actively advocated Sun Quan's establishment of "Gaodi (unification) career".He analyzed: "The Han Dynasty cannot be revived, and Cao Cao cannot be eliminated. As a general, the only way to watch the world's provocations is to stand in the east of the river. With such a scale, there is no doubt about it. who?The north is sincere and multi-tasking.Because of his many tasks, he wiped out Huang Zu and attacked Liu Biao, and he managed to occupy the Yangtze River, and then established the title of emperor to map the world. This is the career of Gao Di. "At that time, Liu Bei was fleeing from Hebei to Jingzhou, so he didn't fall into the eyes of Lu Su. The strategic plan he provided to Sun Quan was also divided into three steps. The first step was to occupy Jingzhou, the second step was to dominate the entire Yangtze River region, and the third step Step "Picture the world". Compared with "Longzhong Dui", the first and third steps are very similar, and the second step is obviously different. It is a confrontation between the north and the south instead of dividing the world. In 207, when Zhuge Liang planned the three-part world, he started from the group he served, and took the unification of the world as the ultimate goal, and took the North-South confrontation or the three-part world as an indispensable transitional link in the process of achieving the ultimate goal. The common essence is the pursuit of national unity and historical progress, which is completely different from the peaceful division of the world and the hegemonic division of the country before, at that time, and later. By 208, when the Sun Wu Group conquered Huangzu, Lu Su, Zhou Yu, Gan Ning and others had the same opinion, and they all wanted to seize Jingzhou and gradually peek into Bashu. What Lu Su is better than others is that he is good at adapting to the times and adjusting his strategy realistically. When Liu Biao died and Cao Cao went south, he He took the lead in proposing the innovative strategic policy of "preparing and envoys to appease the public, unite as one, and govern Cao Cao together". This far-sighted and far-sighted "human strategy" was adopted by Sun Quan, and he took the initiative to request to go to Jingzhou, " Xuanteng Quanzhi, and Chen Jiangdong's strengthening, persuasion and power together", this led to Zhuge Liang's envoy Wu Liansun. Without Lu Su, the creative person and promoter who established the alliance between Sun and Liu Kangcao, Longzhong's countermeasures would be in vain. It is still difficult to find a breakthrough in reality, and the three-thirds trend may not be formed quickly. Zhuge Liang's shrewdness is that he paid full attention to the breakthrough value of Lu Su's suggestion, seized the fleeting opportunity of transshipment that came to his door in time, and proactively proposed to Liu Bei, "The matter is urgent, please be ordered to seek help from General Sun", and he was ordered Make Wu.At that time, Sun Quan supported the army in Chaisang, and had already received the threatening letter from Cao Cao claiming that he would "hunt in Wu". He was still hesitating whether to surrender or fight. Zhuge Liang's mission was not easy, and it was even dangerous. .If Sun Quan chooses to surrender to Cao Cao, he may throw himself into the trap and become a gift from Sun Quan to Cao Cao.This is the first time for him to do diplomacy. He must avoid bad possibilities and strive for good ones without losing his grace. He has shown great wisdom and courage. In response to Sun Quan's psychological doubts, Zhuge Liang, like Cao Cao, waged a psychological war. Straight to the point, he said: "There is great chaos in the sea, the generals raised troops to occupy Jiangdong, Liu Yuzhou also collected all Hannan, and competed with Cao Cao for the world", positioning Sun, Liu, and Cao on the same platform.Further analyzing the situation of the three parties, first affirmed that "the great disaster of the barbarians has been calmed down, and then Jingzhou was broken, and the world was shocked", which is tantamount to implying that Sun Quan is in the "megatron".Secondly, when talking about Liu Bei, he avoids talking about the weakness of the army, his haste and desperation, and he directly says that he "flees here" only because "heroes have nothing to use", leaving room for the promotion of alliances.Then he focused on Sun Quan and asked him to "handle according to his ability": either "use Wu and Yue to contend with China" and "destroy him as soon as possible", or "take the soldiers to the north and face the north."These words hide the sharp edge, Liu Bei did not make the latter choice, so he showed his true qualities as a "hero", so what about you, Sun Quan? In the end, he criticized Sun Quan quietly, "in the name of obedience on the outside, but hesitation on the inside, things are urgent and continuous, and disasters will never end", which hit the opponent's psychological key.As a result, Sun Quan had the initiative in the conversation, and he really followed his topic and asked, "If you are like the king, why did Liu Yuzhou fail to do things?" , still abide by righteousness and not disgrace. Moreover, Liu Yuzhou's royal family is so talented that all the people admire it, like water returning to the sea; Sun Quan, if you choose to surrender Cao, not only will you not be able to catch up with Liu Bei's "hero", but you will also not be able to match Tian Heng's "keeping righteousness and not being humiliated".How could Sun Quan be willing to be a bear?Immediately expressed his attitude generously: "I can't take the entire land of Wu, and a hundred thousand people are under the control of others. My plan is determined!" So, the first round of dialogue achieved satisfactory results, and Sun Quan was determined to join forces with Liu to resist. Cao, and let him know that Liu Bei is his only alternative strategic partner with equal status. Entering the second round of the dialogue, Sun Quan acknowledged Liu Bei's status as a strategic partner, and raised the question "after Yuzhou's new defeat, it will be difficult for An Neng to resist this".This question is directly related to the feasibility of forming an alliance against Cao Cao. Zhuge Liang must answer it positively to reassure Sun Quan.Following Sun Quan's remarks, he first presented the military strength of the Liu Bei Group, "Although it was defeated in Nagasaka, there are now tens of thousands of soldiers and Guan Yu's navy, and there are no fewer than ten thousand soldiers from Liu Qi and Jiangxia." Without so many, it is difficult to verify for a while.Secondly, although the Cao Cao Group is powerful and aggressive, one is "fatigued from afar" and has become "the end of the crossbow", which violates the taboo of war; The advantage is hard to beat the disadvantage of "not familiar with water warfare"; the third is that "the people of Jingzhou are attached to the operator, and they are forced to force the army, and they are not convinced", and the people and foundation are also very fragile.This tells Sun Quan that the seemingly powerful enemy is actually a paper tiger and is not scary.Then he gave encouragement to the Sun Quan Group and said with confidence: "Today, the general is sincerely able to order the fierce general to command tens of thousands of troops, and cooperate with Yuzhou to work together, and the army will be destroyed." He also made a prospect prediction: "If the army is defeated, the north will be lost." Also, if this is the case, Jing and Wu will be strong, and the tripod will be formed." Longzhong's countermeasures are "Jing and Wu will be strong", and "the tripod will be formed." It is easy to reach a common language for common interests. When Zhuge Liang said that "the chance of success or failure lies in today", Sun Quan was naturally "joyed".Coupled with Zhou Yu's return, the situation analysis and military analysis he made reassured Sun Quan. Sun Quan, who had the final decision on whether to join forces with Liu Kangcao, finally made up his mind, "send Zhou Yu, Cheng Pu, Lu Su and other troops With an army of 30,000, follow Liang to the First Lord, and forcefully reject Duke Cao."Zhuge Liang accomplished his diplomatic mission brilliantly, and made his personal outstanding contribution to forming the alliance between Sun and Liu, resisting Cao Cao, and winning the Battle of Chibi. If it is said that in Longzhong, he talked about the world and put forward a set of far-sighted strategic plans, showing Zhuge Liang's vision, wisdom and talents as a statesman and strategic thinker, then this time Wu Lian-sun will build on it. It shows the courage, acumen and talent of his diplomat and strategic practitioner.The turning point strategic significance of the Longzhong strategy for the Liu Bei Group's survival from a desperate situation is mainly in terms of understanding and vision, and it belongs to the Liu Bei Group alone; while making Wu Lian-sun enters the practical level from the theoretical level, it is politically and politically harmonious. In terms of the future, it had a turning point in the strategic significance of the Liu Bei Group's revival, and it also affected the allies Sun Quan Group and the enemy Cao Cao Group, and played a vital role in promoting the final formation of the Three Kingdoms.As long as it is admitted that Zhuge Liang's plan to divide the world into three parts and Lu Su's plan to confront the north and the south are not to satisfy the separatism and division, but to seek the road to unification, it should be recognized accordingly that Zhuge Liang is worthy of being an outstanding figure in Chinese history who conforms to the general trend of history and is proactive .Like that, forcing him to predict the prophet, to fight against the scholars, to shake the goose feather fan, and to let the wind blow through his hair, on the contrary, it demonized and dwarfed this outstanding figure, and suppressed what he wanted to promote. During the 15 years from the Battle of Chibi to the Battle of Yiling, the Three Kingdoms finally formed. repeated shocks.Judging from the records of the biography of relevant characters in "Three Kingdoms", both Sun and Liu sought to occupy Jingzhou in order to occupy a position that is beneficial to themselves in geopolitics. , You will live and die, and you will not give in to each other.In comparison, the Sun Quan Group initially lent Jingzhou Nanjun to the Liu Bei Group, and Liu Bei returned Jingzhou after occupying Yizhou, which is a little more reasonable.However, Liu Bei played tricks again and again, Guan Yu played tricks again and again, and Sun Quan, as the highest authority on the other side, although he was so angry that he yelled "cunning prisoner" and had itchy teeth, he was still more restrained and forbearing.On the contrary, Liu Bei, the most powerful person in the Shu Han Dynasty, claimed to be benevolent and loyal to the world, but he was a legacy of political rogues who were dishonest and used to cheating in his ancestor Liu Bang. Playing tricks on Liu Bei and Guan Yu, Zhuge Liang either served as a helper or ignored him in silence, which inevitably reflects the limitations of him as a feudal politician.As the creator of Longzhong's countermeasures and the facilitator of the alliance between Sun and Liu, he should have put Gu Quanlian and Sun Kangcao first on the premise of benefiting both parties in the process of implementing the established line of Longzhong. The interests of the group were given second place under the principle of reason, advantage, and restraint, but he did not always insist on doing so.What is more important is Lu Su of the Eastern Wu. No matter how Sun Quan blamed him, how Zhou Yu before him and Lu Meng later advocated to seize Jingzhou, he always tried his best to maintain the alliance between Sun and Liu.Later, Sun and Liu Huo merged, and the alliance broke down. Jingzhou belonged to the Sun Quan Group by means of war instead of peace. Lu Su has passed away, and the living Zhuge Liang cannot control it. Of course, the main responsibility lies with Liu Bei, Guan Yu, Sun Quan, and Lu Meng. But Zhuge Liang is somewhat responsible.At least in "The First Master's Biography" and "Zhuge Liang's Biography", there is no word that he insisted on maintaining the Longzhong line on the Jingzhou issue.On the eve of the loss of Jingzhou, Guan Yu launched the Battle of Xiangfan, which indeed had a bit of a shadow in "Longzhong Dui" "ordered the general Jingzhou's army to Xiang Wan and Luo".However, practice has proved that the Northern Expedition did not meet the necessary and sufficient conditions of "the world has changed" and the situation is favorable in the "Longzhong Pair". Therefore, on the one hand, the old enemy in the north has not changed, and on the other hand, the allies in the southeast have turned into enemies, which has led to Facing enemies from both sides, even Jingzhou's lifeblood was lost.Jingzhou was lost, and Guan Yu was also dead. Liu Bei brazenly launched an army to attack Wu, completely and completely ignoring the Longzhong line.At that time, even Zhao Yun and others were able to offend Yan Qiang: "The national thief is Cao Cao, not Sun Quan. If Wei is destroyed first, then Wu will submit to himself... due to the hearts of the people, he should plan to pass Guanzhong early." However, as the prime minister Zhuge Liang still chose to keep silent.No matter how many other factors make it so ("A Cloud of Doubt Stays in Yong'an" will explore this briefly), in order to implement the Longzhong line, he should not adopt this attitude. As a result, the Shu Han lost miserably in the battle of Yiling, which was much worse than Cao Cao's defeat in Chibi, which caused great damage to their vitality, and never realized the presupposition of "hegemony can be achieved, and the Han Dynasty can prosper" The possibility of the ultimate goal.Later, Sun and Liu restored the alliance relationship, and there were no major conflicts between Shu and Wu, so they could "repair political principles internally", resist Cao Wei in the north, and maintain their status as a trio.The comparison of positive and negative shows that the alliance between Sun and Liu is as important as the heart to the Longzhong route.On this issue, Zhuge Liang did not do as well as Lu Su. It is not just his personal regret, but it is related to the life and death of the Shu Han. After the death of Liu Bei in the third year of Zhangwu (223), Zhuge Liang, as a trustee of Gu, took over the military and political power of the Shu Han, "Everything depends on Liang."The vitality of the Shu Han was seriously injured. He should have focused on the "internal repair of politics" mentioned in "Longzhong Dui", stabilizing the society, developing production, and gradually recovering vitality, waiting for "the world will change."However, he did not do this, but chose to "use troops without fighting, and show off his strength repeatedly."If it is said that in the third year of Jianxing (225) he personally led the Third Route Army to pacify Nanzhong (now southern Sichuan, Yunnan, and northern Guizhou), which was indeed necessary for stabilizing the rear, then from the fifth year of Jianxing (227) to the thirteenth year of Jianxing (234)'s "five out of Qishan Mountain" (written as "six out of Qishan Mountain", including Wei's attack on Hanzhong in 230 and sending troops to resist), sent troops to the Northern Expedition, and it was even more lacking in "the world has changed" than when Guan Yu launched the Xiangfan battle. According to.In doing so, there may be hidden secrets, that is, Liu Beituogu made him a condition, and he had to fulfill his promise ("A Cloud of Doubt Stays in Yong'an" has a specific discussion on this), but he can also procrastinate.Being able to delay but not willing to delay, at least partly shows that he thinks it is time to launch the Northern Expedition.In fact, it was a lack of "time and timing" and a mistake in "conspiracy by people", which can be called Zhuge Liang's biggest mistake in governing power.Because from the perspective of "time and weather", the military strength and economic strength of the Cao Wei Group are still the leaders of the Three Kingdoms, and the Guanzhong area where the Northern Expedition is directed is easy to defend and difficult to attack, and the Shu Han front line is too long, and supplies are extremely difficult. Exhausting national power and resorting to military action is tantamount to defeating oneself.From the perspective of "people's strategy", strategic judgment has gone astray, and in the use of tactics, "consider more and decide less" (Sima Yi's words in "Book of Jin·Xuandi Ji"), dare not use strange things, and are unwilling to reuse capable people (such as Wei Yan ), but misused cronies (such as Ma Di), which led to the failure of the staff.As a result, for himself, he was "determined to wipe out the army and work hard", and died of illness in the military camp at the age of fifty-four. For the Shu Han, it was "transporting Han Zuo, and it will be difficult to recover". The national power was too much, and it was less than 30 years after his death. The Kingdom of Shu was destroyed. To re-evaluate Zhuge Liang realistically, his starting point in politics is very high, and no one in the Three Kingdoms can match it except Lu Su, who can be called a shining debut; It is also incomparable, especially showing that strategic planning is out of the ordinary and outstanding.From ancient times to the present, such an outstanding strategic thinker cannot emerge from every dynasty, so he has been admired by hundreds of generations (and of course his loyalty).In "Three Kingdoms", strategic planning is called "human strategy" (the invention right may really belong to Zhuge Liang). "Smart people" may not reach the same level even though they are smart.It has been passed down to later generations, inspiring people not to be infatuated with "intelligence" and "smart planning", but also to pay attention to strategic planning for the sake of the country and the nation. And any "man-made" must go through "man-made" to show and carry forward the inherent value, "man-made" is not limited to "man-made" creative people.Zhuge Liang, as the creative person of Longzhong's strategy, is not only superior in wisdom, but also able to put it into practice, which makes him better than some thinkers who can think, speak, and write but can't do.Envoy Wu Lian-sun is a model work, a model work, and the pinnacle work of his life's achievements in practicing the Longzhong strategy.Since it is put into "man-made", it involves all aspects. Subjective factors and objective factors will always interact with each other. Liu Bei, who accepts everything but does not fully understand it, adopts a pragmatic attitude and follows the Longzhong line when necessary. "At that time, I will do something else.Zhuge Liang himself was either constrained and influenced by him, or political power figures misread the situation, misjudged the strategy, or a combination of the two or more. Man-made" anomie, and finally went to "make the hero burst into tears".This point should be regretted, and it should also lead to historical lessons.