Chapter 6 Chapter 5: Behave like Sun Zhongmou

Sun Quan was born 27 years later than Cao Cao and 21 years later than Liu Bei, but he is the only founding leader among the three who has run through the three periods of the history of the Three Kingdoms. At the age of eighteen, he inherited his father and brother's career. For most of his life, he was a hero and a hero.After proclaiming himself emperor in his later years, he favored traitors and sycophants, and killed Zhongliang in vain, leaving behind the roots of the country. "Having a child should be like Sun Zhongmou", which ones are "should be like", and which ones are not "should be like", it is indeed worthy of careful scrutiny for generations.

Five years after the Battle of Chibi disappeared, in the first month of the eighteenth year of Jian'an (213), Cao Cao once again personally led his army to attack Soochow, and his troops reached Ruxukou (now Wuwei, Anhui). Sun Quan also personally led his army to the front line of the battle.That year, Cao Cao was 58 years old and Sun Quan was 31 years old. The two men with a 27-year age difference faced each other head-on on the battlefield for the first time.Cao Jun attacked first, and attacked the sandbar in the water as an oil tanker at night.Sun Quan sent a navy army to besiege and captured more than 3,000 Cao Jun, and the other party drowned and died "thousands".So Sun Quan turned to take the initiative to attack, and after several challenges, Cao Jun "couldn't hold out".Sun Quan personally took a big boat to visit Cao's camp. Cao Cao ordered "bows and crossbows fired randomly, arrows hit his boat, and the boat will capsize if it is too heavy."Sun Quan remained calm in the face of danger, "Because he returned to the boat, he received the arrows with one side, and the arrows were even on the boat, so he returned them."This chaotic arrow battle was transformed into Zhuge Liang's "grass boat borrowing arrows" by embedding flowers and trees, adding branches and leaves, and Sun Quan actually did this.

Later, he personally entered Cao Jun's water stronghold from Ruxukou in a light boat, trying to lure Cao Jun to fight. The generals of Cao Ying asked for a battle, but Cao Cao refused to allow them. He ordered strict guards, and no bows and crossbows could be fired indiscriminately.Sun Quan's boat sailed for five or six miles, and when it turned around, it played military music. It was an open challenge, and it was full of courage.When Cao Cao saw that Sun Quan was "purging the army with boats and boats", he couldn't help sighing: "Being a son is like Sun Zhongmou, and Liu Jingsheng's son is like a porpoise and dog ears!" The two sides "rejected each other for more than a month." , the public should go quickly." There is another postscript: "If you don't die, you can't be alone." They actually launched a psychological war against Cao Cao.Cao Cao understood the implication, and he didn't want to repeat the mistakes of Chibi. He told the generals, "Sun Quan doesn't bully the lonely", and ordered to withdraw his troops.This time the contest highlighted Sun Quan's formidable youth, and Cao Cao was convinced.

Sun Quan, styled Zhongmou, was born in Fuchun, Wujun (now Fuyang, Zhejiang). He was born in the fifth year of Emperor Guanghe of the Han Dynasty (182) and was the second son of Sun Jian.In "Three Kingdoms", "Wu Zhu Zhuan" Pei Zhuan quoted "Jiang Biao Zhuan" as saying that when he was born, he had "a big mouth and bright eyes", which made Sun Jian "different, thinking that he had a noble image".After Sun Jian's death, his eldest brother Sun Ce "raised Jiangdong, and Quan often followed him".He "has a strong personality, benevolent but decisive, good at raising scholars, and he became well-known only after his father and brother". At the age of 15, he served as the head of Yang Xian, and he was also "the county inspector is filial and honest, the state promotes talents, and he is a school captain in Fengyi".Liu Wan, who lived at the time, praised him as being particularly outstanding among the four brothers. He was not only "magnificent in appearance and unstable in bone and body", but also "has the appearance of great nobility, and he is the longest-lived".By the elder brother's side, "participate in the same strategy, the strategy is very strange, and I think I can't do it."Sun Ce was originally "broad-minded, listening, and good at employing people", and he was optimistic about this second brother from the bottom of his heart. When he invited guests, he often said to Sun Quan: "This gentleman is your general." In the fifth year of Jian'an (200), Sun Ce was assassinated Before he died, he called Zhang Zhao and others to the front and said: "China is in chaos. The people of Wu and Yue, and the solidity of the three rivers are enough to judge success or failure. The public is kind and good to my brother!" He also asked Sun Quan to wear the seal and ribbon, earnestly Send a message: "The people in the east of the river will decide the opportunity between the two Chens (arrays) and compete with the world. You are not as good as me.

I am not as good as you in promoting the virtuous and appointing the capable, each doing his best to protect Jiangdong. "He died that night at the age of 26. Sun Quan, who was only 18 years old, assumed the legacy of his father and brother. Practice has proved that Sun Ce's evaluation of Sun Quan was basically correct, and Sun Quan did not Live up to brother Nai's dying will. At the age of 18, he rushed to power and took over the command of a military separatist group. Sun Quan's ability to control was facing a severe test.In the three aspects of weather, location, and people, people and harmony are in a prominent position.

The Jiangdong heroes who had been with Sun Jian and Sun Ce, as well as the guests and travelers from the north, somewhat looked down on this brat, so they "would care about safety, not the solidarity of monarchs and ministers."Fortunately, "Zhang Zhao, Zhou Yu, etc. said that power can achieve great things together, so they are dedicated to serving." The "old people" (old qualifications, not certain ages) who are in the backbone position are still willing to escort them and maintain the overall situation. Stablize.Objectively speaking, Cao Cao in the Central Plains had fought the Battle of Guandu with Yuan Shao, and was still fighting for the control of the northern unification, so he had little time to use his troops in the Jiangdong area.The six counties in the east of the Yangtze River under Sun Quan's command, and the Jingzhou ruled by Liu Biao in the northwest are still separated. Cao Zhiran's decision to use troops is also quite close to Lao Shi's attack.Therefore, when Sun Ce just died, even though he had thought of defeating Wu due to mourning, he finally adopted Zhang Hong, Sun Ce's former subordinate and then the censor of the court. Well, it’s better to be generous because of this.” On the contrary, it means that Sun Quan is the general who seeks captives and the prefect of Kuaiji.Such favorable timing and geographical location also brought Sun Quan a rare opportunity to improve his people and situation, allowing him to tide over the difficulties more calmly.Sun Quan seized this opportunity, and waited for Zhang Zhao to serve as a master, and appointed Zhou Yu, Cheng Pu, Lu Fan and others as generals to lead the army, and soon made "the people who live in the house have to use themselves in peace."He also lost no time in "recruiting handsome men and recruiting celebrities", either by recommendation or by hearing the news, such as Lu Su, Zhuge Jin, etc., all joined Sun Quan's command and were honored. He recruited more talents than Sun Ce. too much.

So the troops were further divided and generals were dispatched to crusade against those who "disobeyed". Li Shu, the prefect of Lujiang, became the first target of the crusade.Li Shu was originally employed by Sun Ce. When Sun Ce died, he refused to accept Sun Quan.Sun Quan was furious. On the one hand, he presented Cao Cao with enumeration of Li Shu's crimes and asked Cao Cao not to rescue him. On the other hand, he mobilized troops to besiege Wancheng (now Qianshan, Anhui), where Li Shu was guarding.As soon as the attack "slaughtered the city, the owls took the lead, and moved more than 30,000 people from its trilogy", it was quite like Cao Cao's bloodthirsty gale.Huairou and killing were carried out simultaneously, and Sun Quan's heroic demeanor was quickly revealed, and his leadership position was established.

The six Jiangdong counties occupied by Sun Quan refer to Kuaiji, Wujun, Danyang, Yuzhang, Luling, and Lujiang. They belonged to the Yangzhou Governor's Department at the end of the Han Dynasty. The area includes today's Shanghai, northwestern Zhejiang, most of Jiangxi, Anhui, and southern Jiangsu , about a quarter of the territory of the later Wu State.The counties of the six prefectures have many deep mountainous and dangerous lands, which have been occupied by Shanyue people for a long time.The so-called Shanyue, that is, the Baiyue in the Qin and Han Dynasties, is a minority that has been semi-Sinicized.The Shanyue people live in groups according to the blood relationship, support the "Zongshuai" to support themselves, and form several "Zongbu" and "Zongwu". There are tens of thousands of large families and thousands of small ones.Facing the long-term accumulation of ethnic conflicts, Sun Quan first implemented the "Suppression" policy, with little effect.In the eighth year of Jian'an (203), Sun Quan went west to attack Huangzu and surrounded Xiakou (now Wuhan, Hubei). Due to the rebellion of the Shanyue people in Danyang, Yuzhang, and Luling counties, he was forced to give up the military victory that was just around the corner and return to the army to suppress it.He sent Lu Fanping, the general of Zhenglu Zhonglang, to Poyang (now Boyang, Jiangxi), and Cheng Pu, the general of Dangkou Zhonglang, Cheng Puqiu Le'an (now Dexing, Jiangxi), and they succeeded one after another.Immediately, he appointed Tai Shici, the captain of Jianchang, to lead Haihun (now Yongxiu, Jiangxi), Sima Handang of another department to be the head of Le'an, Zhou Tai to be the head of Yichun (now Luling, Jiangxi), and Lu Meng to be the head of Guangde (now Guangde, Anhui). They appease those counties that are too mountainous and overcrowded and difficult to govern.Han Dang "feared the mountains and conquered" in Le'an, and Zhou Tai "eat it to collect Fu" in Yichun, and gradually saw results.He Qi, the southern captain, was also sent to lead an army to conquer the Shanyue people in Jian'an (now Jianou, Fujian), Hanxing (now Pucheng, Fujian), and Nanping (now Nanping, Fujian) counties who refused to accept the township. The famous generals were all captured, and the county was restored."In the tenth year of Jian'an (205), He Qi was re-sent to discuss the Shanyue people in Shangrao (now Jiangxi), and Jianping County (now Fujian).During the three years of suppression and appeasement, the resistance of the Shanyue people was temporarily weakened. Sun Quan not only stabilized the rear, but also expanded his territory.

The internal people were harmonious, the rear was stable, and after the expansion of the territory, Sun Quan actively marched westward to conquer Huang Zu, the prefect of Jiangxia.The reason why Huang Zu was chosen as the first attack target was to avenge his father, because when Sun Jian "conquered Jingzhou and attacked Liu Biao" in the third year of Emperor Xian's Chuping (192), he was "shot and killed by the soldiers of the ancestors".The second is that after the Huang Zu tribe sent Gan Ning to Sun Quan, they proposed to seize Jingzhou to "gradually (peep) Bashu", and to seize Jingzhou as "taking Huang Zu first", and it was suitable to raise troops before Cao Cao went south.This opinion coincided with Lu Su's. Starting from strategic development, Sun Quan was determined to defeat Huang Zu.In the twelfth year of Jian'an (207), he personally led the army to "conquer Huangzu in the west". Because of his mother's death, he just "captured his people and returned them".In the thirteenth year (208), he personally led the army to the west again. Generals such as Lu Meng, Ling Tong, and Dong Xi were unstoppable, and they conquered Jiangxia (now Wuhan, Hubei) and "slaughtered its city".Huang Zu broke through and fled, but was "chased by the owl's head" by the knight Feng Gang, and Sun Wu's army "captured tens of thousands of his men and women."This time, the city was massacred again, which was the same as in Wancheng eight years ago, showing that Sun Quan was as cruel as Cao Cao in nature, mixing private and political enemies with innocent people, and killing them indiscriminately.But putting aside this misdeed, only in terms of his strategic vision, decision-making ability, and military ability, he is indeed very different from Liu Biao's son.After occupying Jiangxia, before Sun Quan had time to continue westward, Cao Cao led his army south to capture Jingzhou, and peeped at Jiangdong. Sun Quan faced a greater test.

Sun Quan, who was only 26 years old before and after the Battle of Chibi, performed quite well.Cao Cao, who was fifty-three years old at the time, was full of arrogance, and he didn't pay attention to Sun Quan, his son and nephew, thinking that he would be succumbed if he was threatened.He wrote a letter to this hairy boy, saying, "There are 800,000 people in the Jinzhi navy, and Fang and the general will hunt in Wu."When Sun Quan "obtained the book to show off to the officials, he would be overwhelmed with shock", Zhang Zhao and others urged him to "welcome him".Du Lusu said nothing, waiting for "Quanqi to change clothes", "chasing after Yuxia", and advised him to "make a big plan early, and don't rely on everyone's opinions".Sun Quan immediately said: "Everyone is holding discussions, and I am very disappointed. Today, Qing Kuo has a big plan, and he is with Gu." He accepted Lu Su's suggestion, summoned Zhou Yu back from Poyang, and together determined a strategy for fighting Cao Cao.Sun Quan publicly expressed his attitude of "incompatibility with the old thief", and he drew his sword and cut down the seat before the case, saying: "The generals and officials who dare to say something should be confronted with it are the same as this case!" , The will to fight decisively and win a decisive battle, among the many influential figures in the Three Kingdoms, it can be called a rare match.At the same time, Liu Bei, who was 47 years old at the time, sent Zhuge Liang to discuss the joint fight against Cao Cao, and Sun Quan decided to form a military alliance.So he sent "(Zhou) Yu and (Cheng) Pu as the left and right governors, each leading ten thousand people, advancing with preparations, meeting Chibi, and defeating Duke Cao's army."Although he did not go to the western front to fight against Cao, the decision was made and his role was irreplaceable.If he greeted Cao with "hands-on" like Liu Cong, no matter whether it was Lu Su, Zhou Yu, Liu Bei, or Zhuge Liang, they would have nothing to do with him. With the weak against the strong, and with the few to win the many, even the history of the Three Kingdoms will never appear.Not only this, but he also "led the crowd to encircle Hefei, and made Zhang Zhao attack Dangtu in Jiujiang (now all belong to Anhui)", and launched military support on the eastern front.Five years later, Cao Cao confronted him head-on at Ruxukou, lamenting that "having a son should be like Sun Zhongmou". He clearly regarded him differently and regarded him as a stronger opponent in disputes than Liu Bei.

Throughout the ages, any political and military alliance has been a strategic choice for the time being, and cannot be unbreakable. During its existence, it is also doomed to have twists and turns, and even conflicts and ruptures. The alliance between Sun and Liu is no exception, there is both alliance and struggle.After the Battle of Chibi, Liu Bei asked Sun Quan to be a charioteer general to lead Xuzhou Mu. Sun Quan also recognized Liu Bei's status as Jingzhou Mu, and "beautiful as a younger sister". The alliance between the two sides entered the "honeymoon period".However, capturing Jingzhou and "graduating (peeping) Bashu" is Sun Wu's established policy. Sun Quan lent Nanjun to Liu Bei just to form a horn and jointly resist Cao Cao.He once sent envoys to test Liu Bei and proposed to take Bashu together, but Liu Bei refused on the pretext that "the clan was attacked and could not save himself, and he had no face to stand in the world", so he understood that Wen's single hand could not achieve his goal.Switching to Wu's hand, he sent troops to advance westward, and Liu Bei deployed Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and other troops to stop them, but it was still difficult to reach Bashu.Later, Liu Bei himself "Xituzhang" and left Guan Yu to guard Jingzhou. Sun Quan angrily scolded Liu Bei, "the cunning captive dares to blackmail".In the nineteenth year of Jian'an (214), Liu Bei replaced Liu Zhang and after occupying Yizhou, he sent Zhuge Jin as an envoy to ask for the return of the prefectures in Jingzhou. In the north of today’s Qingshui County in Gansu Province, Liangzhou was established, and Jingzhou and Wu’er were all used.” Sun Quan angrily denounced Liu Bei’s failure to return the borrowed land and acted as an “old Lai”, saying, “This is a fake, but not against it, and he wants to use false words to lead the year ( procrastination)".So he appointed Changsha, Lingling, and Guiyang county magistrates, intending to forcefully take over, but was driven back by Guan Yu.Being deceived and humiliated again and again, Sun Quan had no choice but to fight against each other. He sent Lu Meng and Lu Su to lead the troops to march separately, stationed in Lukou (now Puqi, Hubei) to Jiedu the army, and quickly captured the three counties.Liu Bei hastily led troops from Chengdu to Gongan (now Hubei), and Guan Yu to Yiyang (now Hunan).Just when Cao Cao led the troops into Hanzhong, Liu Bei was afraid that Yizhou would lose, so he sent envoys against his will to seek peace.Sun Quan also paid attention to rationality, benefit, and restraint, so that Zhuge Jin reciprocated, and the two sides "found a better alliance, so they divided Jingzhou, Changsha, Jiangxia, and Guiyang to the east, and Nanjun, Lingling, and Wuling to the west."In all fairness below EMI, compared with Sun and Liu, Sun Quan is more strategist and more concerned about the overall situation of uniting against Cao Cao, while Liu Bei is too narrow and not honest.Later, the alliance between Sun and Liu broke up for a time, which eventually triggered the Battle of Yiling. The main responsibility lay with Liu Bei and his brother Guan Yu. On Cao Cao's side, Sun Quan has been judging the situation and implementing a two-handed strategy of resistance and forbearance.Following the Battle of Ruxukou in the eighteenth year of Jian'an (213), in the nineteenth year (214) he kissed Maoshishi twice and led his army northward.For the first time, he personally conquered Wancheng, with Lv Meng and Gan Ning as the generals to attack the city, and conquered it in one fell swoop, "won Zhu Guang, the prefect of Lujiang, and Dong He, who joined the army, with tens of thousands of men and women", and achieved a small victory.Hefei was conquered for the second time, but he failed to take it. On the way to retreat, he was attacked by "Wei general Zhang Liao" with his generals Ling Tong and Gan Ning, and almost became a prisoner.Fortunately, Ling Tong, Gan Ning and others "defended power with death", and his attendant Gu Li followed closely behind the horse, whipping "to help the horse's momentum".In the winter of the twenty-first year (216), Cao Cao attacked Ruxu again. In the spring of the following year, Sun Quan sent his captain, Xu Xiang, to "please surrender to Mr. Cao, and the communique envoy will repair it, and vow to remarry", in exchange for respite. In October of the twenty-fourth year (219), he also sent an envoy to write to Cao Cao, praising the destiny and urging him to become emperor.In December of the same year, he captured Jingzhou, captured Guan Yu, Guan Ping and his son, and offered Guan Yu's head to Cao Cao, and made a tribute at the same time.Cao Cao then presented Sun Quan as the general of hussars, led the Jingzhou herdsman under false festivals, and was granted the title of Marquis of Nanchang.The purpose of Sun Quan's humility and professment is to further exchange Cao Cao's favor, so as to reduce the pressure from the north, so that he can let go of his brothers and feet to "take all of Jingzhou", and get Cao Cao's recognition.This is by no means a sincere surrender, but a kind of flexible strategy, which finally allowed him to effectively occupy the entire Jingzhou that he had dreamed of day and night, and doubled Expanded the separatist territory opened up by Sun Ce.The exchange of small bends for big extensions shows that he is more capable than Brother Nai in "struggling for balance with the world". This is not only true for Cao Cao, who was in charge of his father, but also for Cao Pi and Sun Quan, who were of the same generation.Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor in 220 A.D., and Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor the following year, but Sun Quan refused to follow suit.On the contrary, he warned his subordinates: "If a husband survives, he will never forget death. When he is safe, he must worry about danger. The ancients are good at teaching." "Danger and disgrace" is the big one, and one's "legacy" is the small one, and we should earnestly "be vigilant and respect the bigness".Teaching by example is more important than teaching by words, and he is setting an example by example.Therefore, as soon as Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor, he sent envoys to "proclaim the vassal" and repatriated Cao Wei Suyu Jin who was originally captured by Guan Yu and later transferred to Soochow.Cao Pi granted him the title of King of Wu, and the rulers and ministers of the Eastern Wu thought that "he should not be granted the title of Wei." Taking the opportunity to ask for sparrow-head incense, big shellfish, pearls, ivory, rhinoceros horn, tortoise shell, peacock, jadeite, fighting duck, long-winging pheasant and other rare and exotic objects, the officials of Soochow Wu thought that "it is indecent, and it should not be given to you", so he did not miss it. .He compared "the one he seeks" to "tiles and stones" and "Jiang Biao Yuanyuan" to "love son", and asked everyone when "there is something in the northwest", shouldn't we use "tiles and stones" instead of Do people "want to strike" the "beloved son's head"?It can be seen that Sun Quan has a fairly accurate grasp of big right and small wrong, big gain and small loss, and neither lacks in principle nor flexibility.In this way, as he wished, he confused the Cao Wei regime, avoided the enemy on both sides, and enabled him to deal with the invasion of the Shu Han with all his strength, providing a political guarantee for Lu Xun's complete victory in the Battle of Yiling. However, Sun Quan's humiliation also has his insurmountable political bottom line, that is, the Cao Wei regime must not be caught by the neck, leaving no room for movement at all.He "entrusted Wei to work outside, but was sincere and unreasonable", which was concentrated in the "Renzi" incident.The so-called "Renzi" is a hostage, let the prince be a hostage.Soon after Sun Quan defeated Liu Bei, "Wei Nai sent his servants Xin Pi and Shang Shu Huan Jie to make an oath of alliance and recruit Ren Zi".Once the crown prince Sun Deng became a hostage, the Cao Wei regime could threaten his life at any time, and Sun Wu would have no peace from now on, so Sun Quan "resigned."Cao Pi became angry, so he sent troops on September 3rd in the third year of Wei Huangchu (222), and approached Dongkou (in today's He County, Anhui), Ruxu and Nanjun. Sun Quan quickly dispatched troops to resist separately.But at that time in Soochow, "Yang and Yue barbarians have not yet settled down, and internal difficulties have not been resolved", so he had to "submit a humble resignation and ask for self-improvement".Its "Humble Citation" even wrote, "If the crime is hard to get rid of, it will not be punished. You should return the land and the people, and beg for your life in Jiaozhou (in today's Guangdong and Guangxi areas, ruled in today's Panyu, Guangdong) for the rest of the year."Cao Pi had no room for relief, and wrote back threatening: "If the king must be loyal to the Festival, in order to resolve doubts, (Sun) ascends to the court, and summons troops to return at night, the sincerity of this statement is like a river!" ". The armies of the two sides fought on land and water, and they won and lost each other. The outcome was still undecided until November.Sun Quan made a prompt decision, and in December sent Tai Zhongfu Zheng Quan to Yong'an City to ask Liu Bei for peace.Liu Bei died in April of the following year, and he "sent Feng Xi, the captain of Lixin, to Shu to prepare for the funeral", resuming the alliance between Sun and Liu that had been interrupted for five years.A month earlier, Wu general Zhu Huan defeated Wei general Cao Ren, and "all Wei troops retreated."After such repeated battles of wits and strength, Sun Quan finally changed from passive to active, and he remained invincible. "However, he still communicated with Emperor Wen of Wei until the next year (224)."Chen Shou praised him for "bending his body and enduring humiliation, being able to use talents to pursue his plans, having the extraordinary hero of Goujian, and being an outstanding person", which can be said to be well deserved. While flexibly using military and diplomatic means to gradually expand the frontiers and expand the universe, Sun Quan, similar to Cao Cao, attached great importance to the development of production and used enough food to strengthen his army.Since the seventh and eighth years of Jian'an (202 and 203), he has implemented the system of garrisoning land, and set up a series of officials for management, including Diannong Xiaowei, Diannong Duwei, and Tuntian Duwei.There are two types of Tuntian in the Eastern Wu Dynasty: Army Tunnel and Civilian Tunnel. Tuntians were combined with military farming and warfare, and Tuntian people were specialized in farming and were exempted from corvee.Tuntian areas were distributed in the north and south of the river, and the scales of the various Tuntian bases varied. For example, there were thousands of Tuntian soldiers in Wancheng, and tens of thousands of Tuntian people in Piling (now Wujin, Jiangsu).Jiangdong has more fields and less soil, and oxen are mostly used for plowing, and the farming techniques are better than those in the north.In the fifth year of Huangwu (226), Lu Xun's garrison area was limited, and the above table asked Sun Quan to order the generals to increase the number of acres and expand the fields.Sun Quan replied, "It's very good. Today, the father and son alone receive the fields in person, and the eight oxen in the car think they are four couples. Although they are not as good as the ancients, they want to work equally with everyone." The conversion of cattle to farming cattle is not the only one in the world, and it is rare in ancient and modern times.At the same time, a "lenient interest rate" was ordered to alleviate the difficulties caused by "the military has been prosperous for a long time, and the people are away from the farms", which is conducive to the settlement of the people.Similar tax reduction and exemption orders were issued again in the third year of Huanglong (231) and the third year of Chiwu (240), and it was indeed not just a show.Also pay attention to the construction of water conservancy, for example, in the second year of Huanglong (230) Dongxing embankment was built to contain the water of Chaohu Lake, and in the thirteenth year of Chiwu (250) Tutang of Tangyi (now Jiangsu Liuhe Huliangyan) was dug.Several canals were also dug, which not only communicated inland navigation, but also facilitated irrigation.Therefore, during the reign of Sun Quan, the agricultural production in Soochow was running relatively well, and there were intermittent big and small battles against Shu in the west and Wei in the north, and they could get a relatively sufficient supply of military food, which could also be relied on to expand the territory to the southeast. get braced.From the sixth year of Jiahe (237) Fuyue General Zhuge Ke pacified Shanyue to the fifth year of Chiwu (242) General Nie You and Captain Lu Kai conquered Zhuya and Dan'er (now Hainan Island), the territory of Soochow covered today's China The total area of ​​East China and South China is approximately equivalent to four of the six Jiangdong counties of that year. Accumulate grain widely, expand land greatly, and proclaim emperor slowly. Although Sun Quan, who also established the capital of today's Nanjing, did not put forward this slogan, he actually became Zhu Yuanzhang's teacher in the late Yuan Dynasty of "accumulating grain widely, building walls high, and proclaiming king slowly".After Cao Pi and Liu Bei proclaimed themselves emperors one after another, although he could follow suit, he "was still in the minority, unable to prestige the crowd, and wanted to be humble first and then occupy the top".In April of the second year of Huangwu (223), he still "not allowed" "the ministers persuaded him to be the title".He confided in his ministers that there is Liu Bei in the west and Cao Pi in the north, and proclaiming himself emperor prematurely will prompt Cao Wei to "emerge quickly", resulting in a situation of "going to the west and being enemies in two places". I hope everyone understands his "humility fun".Liu Bei died shortly thereafter, and Cao Pi also died in the seventh year of Wei Huangchu (226). Liu Chan, the second emperor of Shu Han, and Cao Rui, the second emperor of Cao Wei, were not only much younger, but also mediocre and incompetent. ". Under the background that the alliance between Wu and Shu had been restored, Zhuge Liang made three Northern Expeditions in the two years of 228 and 229 AD. Wei and Shu were too busy to take care of themselves.So far, it was a matter of course. In April 229 AD, Sun Quan "became the emperor" and changed his name to Huanglong.In May of that year, the Shu Han sent Wei Wei Chen Zhen as a special envoy to congratulate Sun Quan on "practicing the throne". Sun Quan immediately stated that after the destruction of Wei, "the world will be divided in the middle": Henan, Qing, Xu, and You belong to Wu, Yan, Ji, The four prefectures of Bing and Liang belong to Shu, and the territory of Sizhou is bounded by Hangu Pass.And a covenant was concluded: "Since the alliance between Han and Wu today, we will work together to fight against Wei thieves", and the two sides will "keep their land and do not invade each other."In the history of our country, this should be the first formal non-aggression treaty, and its practical significance cannot be underestimated.It marks that the relationship between Wei, Shu, and Wu has since entered a new stage where the enemy, ourselves, and friends are relatively distinct, and Sun Quan has played a leading role. The change in the overall situation has objectively led to changes in Sun Quan's psychological situation and behavior. "Never forget death, be safe and worry about danger" has gradually become the past tense, and "the boss" has gradually become the present tense, which is highlighted in two things superior.One is that in the second year of Huanglong (230), that is, the second year when he became emperor, Sun Quan, who was 48 years old at the time, "sent generals Wei Wen and Zhuge Zhi to send thousands of soldiers to the sea to seek Yizhou and Danzhou".Yizhou is today's Taiwan Province, and Danzhou is now the Ryukyu Islands. "The elders rumored that Emperor Qinshihuang sent alchemist Xu Fu to send thousands of boys and girls into the sea to ask for Penglai fairy mountains and fairy medicines, and they will not return them on this island."Sun Quan's subjective desire is obviously to follow Qin Shihuang's example and go beyond mobilizing teachers and mobilizing people.But "the location is so far away that soldiers cannot be obtained, but (only) thousands of people from Yizhou can be returned."This is also a false attack. In the history of the development of the Chinese nation, it was the first time that a mainlander arrived on the island of Taiwan and brought back thousands of Taiwanese aboriginal people at that time.The second is that in October of the first year of Jiahe (232), Gongsun Yuan, the prefect of Liaodong who belonged to Wei, sent an envoy to become a minister and presented a sable horse.Sun Quan was overjoyed, and in the first month of the following year, Gongsun Yuan was granted the title of King of Yan, the governor of Youzhou, the leader of Qingzhou Mu, and the prefect of Liaodong. , "Thousands of soldiers, treasures of gold and treasures, nine tins for supplies, and the sea to teach the abyss".From the prime minister Gu Yong down, all the ministers "remonstrated", thinking that Gongsun Yuan's claim to be a minister was unbelievable, "he was favored too much", and "the power never listened".Sure enough, Gongsun Yuan killed Zhang Mi and others, "sent his head to Wei" to please, and took all the soldiers and assets that accompanied him.Sun Quan heard this and said angrily: "I am sixty years old (actually fifty-two years old), the world is difficult and easy, and I have never tasted it. I am almost in front of the mouse, and I am so angry! Don't cut off the mouse's head!" Throw it over the sea, and come back to all nations without face!" He planned to take a boat across the sea to conquer Gongsun Yuan, but fortunately Shangshu servant Xue Zong and others gave up his advice, so he gave up. Pei Songzhi, an annotator of "The Biography of Wu Zhu", severely criticized Sun Quan for "remonstrating against the public". From a subjective point of view, Sun Quan's nature was originally composed of multiple combinations, but before proclaiming himself emperor, he was always prepared for danger in times of peace, worried about his own survival, and often suppressed the bad roots of stubbornness, tyranny, and suspicion.In the ninth year of Jian'an (204), he killed the 29-year-old Shen You, a famous scholar who "established the court with integrity and made strict discussions" for the unreasonable crime of "people say that you want to rebel". He refused to accept Zhang Zhao and others before the Battle of Chibi. His opinion of surrendering Cao Cao, killing the case to show his decisiveness, and using troops to "slaughter the city" twice all revealed that he really had Cao Cao's negative side.Times change, and pretending to be the "boss" is naturally domineering. Feudal emperors often have the "sex and jealousy, and the fruit is killing" and let it overflow.Under the dominance of the imperial power, he implemented spy rule, set up two posts of school affairs, inspection and warfare, and appointed treacherous cronies to monitor civil and military officials.The school official Lu Yibing was "tough in nature and profound in usage", relying on Sun Quan's favor and favor "increasingly becoming a powerful blessing", to the point of "prosecuting crimes and prosecuting adulterers, and he must be heard about the details, focusing on serious cases and slandering, slandering ministers". Even the prime minister Gu Yong was imprisoned for no reason, and Diao Jia, the prefect of Jiangxia, was framed and almost punished.Sun Deng, the crown prince, made repeated admonitions, but Sun Quan refused to accept them.The civil and military officials reached the point where they couldn't bear it anymore. The top general Lu Xun and the Taichang Pan Jun "concerned with each other and talked until tears flowed." Pan Jun even wanted to attack and kill Lv Yi under the guise of a banquet.Although Lv Yi eventually framed Zuo General Zhu Ju, and his evil deeds were revealed, Sun Quan refused to abolish his spy post.After executing Lv Yi, Sun Quan made a gesture of blaming himself, and sent Zhongshu Lang Yuan Li to "thank the generals" and "ask them about the profits and losses due to current affairs". The generals said that "if you don't take care of civil affairs, you will make a report if you don't want to." Lu Xun and Pan Jun "have a sense of danger and fear, and feel uneasy."In this regard, Sun Quan not only did not reflect on himself deeply, but instead issued an edict to reprimand the ministers for failing to treat him like Guan Zhong admonished Duke Huan of Qi.The traitors were favored, and the spies were rampant, which resulted in loyal and good people keeping their mouths shut and innocent people suffering. The previous situation of harmony between monarch and ministers and concentricity was gone forever. What is more serious than the rule of secret agents and framing Zhongliang is the arbitrariness of the imperial power, implicated and purged.The feudal autocratic regime has always been maintained by the relationship of blood and patriarchal clan. The heir to the imperial power is an extremely important link in this bond. If it is violated arbitrarily, chaos will inevitably arise.When Sun Quan proclaimed himself king in 222 and emperor in 229, he followed the imperial etiquette and appointed his eldest son, Sun Deng, as the crown prince and crown prince.Sun Deng died early in the fifth year of Chiwu (242), and his second son, Lu Gengxian, died. He appointed his third son, He, as the crown prince, and made his fourth son, Ba, the king of Lu. This also maintained the order of seniority, which was understandable originally, but he favored Sun Ba, so he allowed King Lu and the prince to live in the same palace and receive equal treatment, which artificially created court conflicts.Some ministers believed that "the order of etiquette should be different", so he rashly ordered the two sons to divide the palace, and each should have staff members.Sun Ba coveted the crown prince's position, formed cliques in private, and cultivated his buddies.Follow the etiquette or follow the selfishness, support the elders or support the young, the civil and military generals inside and outside are divided into two factions.Seeing that Sun Ba's ambition to seize the crown became more and more obvious, the then prime ministers Lu Xun, Tai Chang Gu Tan, and the prince Tai Fu Wucan, who supported the Chang faction, repeatedly stated the righteousness of the elders and the younger, and urged that the ceremony should not be taken away.However, Sun Quan listened to Quanji and Yang Zhu, who supported the Shaopai, "sued Rixing", sent Wu Can to prison and executed him, and exiled Gu Tan to the remote Jiaozhou (now Panyu, Guangdong). The struggle between elder and younger became more and more intense, which made Sun Quan deeply feel that "if the sons and daughters are not in harmony, if the ministers divide into branches, the Yuan family will be defeated", so he came up with the "rule of changing heirs".In the ninth year of Chiwu (246), regardless of right and wrong, the prince and grandson were first claustrophobic.Zhu Ju, Qu Huang, Chen Zheng, Chen Xiang, etc. who supported the Changpai wrote a letter saying "there is no end to admonishment", "Quan was furious, the family tree Zheng, Xiang, Ju and Huang were brought into the palace, and the stick was one hundred".He also sent eunuchs to blame Lu Xun, causing the outstanding Lu Xun to die of illness and anger.In the thirteenth year of Chiwu (250), the crown prince Sun He was further abolished, and as many as dozens of officials were killed or exiled because of their admonitions.At the same time, Sun Ba was bestowed with death. Quanji, Wu An, Sun Qi, Yang Zhu, etc. who supported the young faction also punished him for "the yin and tyrant were attached to the tyrant and tried to endanger the prince". Yu Jiang".Then Sun Liang, the youngest son, was changed to be the crown prince. Sun Liang was only ten years old at the time.The heirs were exchanged in this way, their own sons were abolished or killed, and dozens of ministers were imprisoned and exiled, which caused the state of Wu to suffer greatly.Therefore, Pei Songzhi compared Sun Quan in his later years with Yuan Shao and Liu Biao, and criticized him for "he regained favor and hegemony by (already) establishing harmony, creating chaos and creating family troubles, and Fang Yuan and Liu were so confused and rebellious." Two years after Sun He was abolished, Sun Ba was killed, and Sun Liang was established, Sun Quan died in April of the second year of Taiyuan (252) at the age of 71.In the 28 years after his death, the state of Wu experienced the three heirs of Sun Liang, Sun Xiu, and Sun Hao, and was destroyed by the Western Jin Dynasty in 280 AD. The history of the separation of the three kingdoms has thus come to an end.Throughout Sun Quan's life, the early and middle age is worthy of being the master of a generation of heroes. His strategy and achievements are second only to Cao Cao, and Liu Bei cannot be compared; in his later years, he was a faint and violent emperor. Nothing like him.If Cao Cao was later than him, he might not have lamented that "having a child should be like Sun Zhongmou".Xin Qiji, a poet of the Southern Song Dynasty, repeatedly eulogized that "there is no hero in the ages, and Sun Zhongmou is at the place", "you should be like Sun Zhongmou when you give birth to a child", and he only admired him "Youth is ten thousand pockets, and the southeast war has not stopped; who is the hero of the world? Cao Liu", Feeling the inaction of Zhao's small court.Putting aside the sustenance of "having a child" and only looking at Sun Quan's life, if the two are really one person, is it not just the feudal emperor who can be used as a warning?Pull away, let's not talk about him.