Chapter 6 Chapter 5 Rise

China is a piece of fat.In order to swallow this piece of fat, the boots of the Showa warlords stepped on three prime ministers in a row.When Yoshiichi Tanaka participated in the Sino-Japanese War, Daisaku Kawamoto was still wearing crotch pants.Zhang Zuolin loves the country, but loves the Zhang family even more.Ishihara, who swallowed thousands of tears, shed crocodile tears.Even the prime minister of the government is only the chief secretary of the army. In 1932, Japan won again in the "January 28th" Incident in Shanghai. On May 5, the Kuomintang government signed the "Songhu Armistice Agreement" with Japan: "China has no right to garrison troops in the area from Shanghai to Suzhou and Kunshan. Shanghai is a demilitarized zone, but the Japanese army can station 'some' troops in the above-mentioned areas."

These conditions signed by the Japanese government cannot satisfy the appetite of a group of young warlords who are rising in the military. Ten days later, at 5:30 pm on May 15th, Tokyo.Lieutenant Mikami Takuo of the Navy led young navy officers such as Isamu Kuroiwa and Hiroshi Yamagishi to break into the residence of Prime Minister Inuyang Takeshi.A total of 9 people came, divided into two groups.One group went through the front door, and the other group went through the back door.The police at the guard mansion were quickly subdued at gunpoint. In the restaurant of the official residence, Mikami Zhuo met Prime Minister Inuyang.He pulled the trigger without hesitation.

The gun did not go off.The bolt malfunctioned dramatically. "If you listen to me, you will understand." Prime Minister Inuyang tried to explain calmly when he was pulled into the reception room full of soldiers.He also wanted to convince these armed uninvited guests. "Why we came, you know! If you have anything to say, hurry up!" Mikami Zhuo roared. "Speaking is useless!" "Shoot!" Isamu Kuroiwa and Takumi Mikami shot Inuyang in the head together.Inuyang Takeshi was covered in blood, fell on the tatami and died instantly. "Take off your leather shoes!" were the last words of the prime minister who disapproved of the dictatorship of the military.

The officers had come to assassinate him.No one takes off their shoes when entering the house as is customary. With the funeral of Prime Minister Inukai, the brief period of party politics after World War I came to an end in Japan.It was not until Japan's defeat in World War II that someone came forward to say that the murder of Takeshi Inukai was a fatal blow to the development of Japanese democratic politics. Masamichi Inoki, a Japanese historian, commented, “The May 15 assassination overturned the parliamentary politics that the predecessors in the two constitutional protection movements worked hard to develop, and regressed to the period of detached cabinets that had no foundation in the imperial parliament.”

The era of domineering soldiers has arrived. Almost every assassination in modern Japanese political circles is related to the China issue.China is a piece of fat.In order to swallow this piece of fat, several Japanese prime ministers fell one after another. The assassination of Prime Minister Inuyang was caused by the differences in Japan's China policy after the "September 18th" incident. Inukai Takeshi is a well-known democrat in Japanese political circles. He has a deep friendship with Sun Yat-sen and devoted his life to establishing party politics.Sun Yat-sen listed 22 Japanese friends who provided great help to the Chinese revolution in "Strategies for the Founding of the Nation", and Inuyang Takeshi ranked third.

The number one Japanese revolutionary, Miyazaki Toten, once said: "Nowadays, all countries are coveting China, even Japan is also ambitious. Among the Japanese political parties, they have always been Chinese, and the only one is Kenyoshi. I went to China. All revolutionary things are funded by Inuyang." Inuyang Takeshi played a major role in supporting Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary activities in Japan.Whenever Sun Yat-sen was in trouble, he would mediate in Japan to accommodate Sun Yat-sen.After the outbreak of the Revolution of 1911, he quickly went to Shanghai to support Sun Yat-sen's rise to power and strongly opposed the compromise with Yuan Shikai.

Inuyang Takeshi is very short in stature.He became prime minister after the fall of the Wakatsuki cabinet, which could neither control the "September 18th" incident manipulated by the military, nor prevent the League of Nations from sending an investigation team.His relationship with Kuomintang leaders is his unique advantage.He even helped Chiang Kai-shek when he was in trouble in Japan.Many dignitaries in the Nanjing government have personal ties to him.Inukai Takeshi believes that the basic policy to solve the Chinese problem should be: to recognize the 1922 Washington's "Nine Powers Pact".Article 1 of the convention stipulates: "Respect China's sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity, and administrative power." Japan also signed the convention.Inuyang Takeshi insisted that if China's sovereignty over Manchuria and Mongolia were denied according to the intention of the military department, even if Manchuria could be separated from China for a while, the two would eventually become one.This has been proved by history.

After the "September 18th" Incident, Inuyang Takeshi decided to walk a dangerous tightrope: to take into account both Japan's rights and China's sovereignty in Manchuria and Mongolia. Around December 20, 1931, he secretly dispatched Kayano Nagachi as a special envoy to Nanjing. Xuan Ye is a retired soldier who joined the Chinese League and followed Sun Yat-sen for 30 years. His relationship with Sun Yat-sen and the Kuomintang is deeper than that of Inuyang Yi.Before the Wuchang Uprising, Sun Yat-sen entrusted Xuanye with the important task of being an adviser to the Guangdong Revolutionary Army. When Sun Yat-sen was dying in 1925, he was the only Japanese who served by his side.It is perfect for him to mediate the increasingly tense Sino-Japanese relations.

During the activities in Nanjing, Xuanye sent a long coded telegram to inquire about Prime Minister Inuyang's intentions, but there was no response.So several telegrams were sent in a row, but there was no news. Inukai Takeshi's secret activities were exposed through these telegrams.It was the cabinet secretary, Mori Ke, who withheld the telegram.He has a close relationship with the young soldiers of the military department. Mori Ke first told the officers of the young and strong faction of the telegram, and then warned Quan Yangyi himself through Quan Yangyi's son. Sen Ke is a figure with a very complicated political background.After the Revolution of 1911, on behalf of Mitsui & Co., he was the first to offer financial assistance to Sun Yat-sen; after the "September 18th" incident, he defected to the Japanese military, and was the first to betray his friend and accomplice Inukai Takeshi.Mori Ke alone is an encyclopedia of modern Japanese politics.For the interests of Japan in his mind, he can do anything, and he never cares about betraying anyone.

And it was an almost completely public betrayal. At that time, the Japanese Army, Navy and Ministry of Foreign Affairs were negotiating with the government of the Puppet Manchukuo, and reached a consensus on the policy of "making China's own regime give up on Manchuria and make it only recognize the fait accompli". In fact, it decided Do not negotiate with the Nanjing government on the so-called "Manchurian Question".Suddenly hearing that Prime Minister Inu Yangyi quietly sent a special envoy to Nanjing, the aggressive young soldiers all felt intolerable and filled with righteous indignation.

Inuyang Takeshi's son Inuyang Takeshi served as his father's secretary.After World War II, he testified in the Far East Military Tribunal: "Sen Ke warned me several times that the Prime Minister's policy of confronting the military and the Manchurian side's force policy would be very dangerous to the Prime Minister himself. In the two conversations, Senke said that if my father continues to adopt a policy against the military, then his life must be in danger." In Japan, the Military Department generally refers to the Japanese Army Command.Including the General Staff Headquarters, the Military Order Department, the Directorate of Education, the Ministry of the Army, and the Ministry of the Navy. Inuyang Takeshi, who was initially regarded as a thorn in the side of the soldiers, actually had a good relationship with the military at first.When the former Prime Minister Yuyuki Hamaguchi was overthrown, he was also a good helper of the military department.The Hamaguchi Cabinet came to power after the global economic depression in 1929 and the collapse of the Tanaka Cabinet due to the Huanggutun Incident.After half a year in power, he caught up with the London Naval Conference that killed him. Speaking of the London Naval Conference in 1930, the Washington Conference must be pulled out. The Washington Conference in 1922 stipulated that the large ships of the Japanese Navy could only be 60% of those of the United Kingdom and the United States.The Japanese military community has been dissatisfied with this ratio for a long time, so they set a policy before the London meeting to increase the ratio by 10 percentage points and adjust the ratio to 70%.Submarines maintain the existing level of 78,000 tons. In January 1930, a Naval Disarmament Conference was held in London.The United States opposed the revision proposed by Japan, insisted on the 60% ratio of the Washington Conference, and wanted to abolish all submarines. The meeting was deadlocked. At this time, the Great Depression was affecting Japan.Facing the economic downturn, the Hamaguchi cabinet is determined to tighten the budget, coordinate diplomacy, and reach a disarmament agreement to ease the disaster-ridden national economy. Of course there is another side.In the cracks between the royal family and the warlords, Hamaguchi trembling like walking on thin ice, cautiously climbed to the prime minister's position through party politics, and knew that he must take care of the mood of the military, otherwise the consequences would be unpredictable. The Hamaguchi Cabinet bargained for Japan during the talks, which was extremely difficult.Finally, the Japan-U.S. compromise was signed on March 13, and the total tonnage of Japan's ships was 69.75% of that of the United States. The military requested an increase of 10 percentage points, and the Hamaguchi Cabinet received 9.75 from the Americans.Japan's proposition can be said to have been almost completely implemented. The difference between 69.75% and 70% is only 0.25%. But it was this difference of 0.25 that caused an uproar in Japan.Naval Commander Kanji Kato and Deputy Minister Sueji Nobumasa took the lead in expressing their dissatisfaction, accusing the cabinet of violating the Constitution by signing the contract despite the opposition of the Military Command. The brutality of Japanese soldiers in Japanese politics can be seen. The problem is even simpler if the wave of opposition comes only from the military.The Opposition Political Friendship Association also immediately echoed the voice, saying that the Hamaguchi cabinet "knew that the Military Command had strong objections, but ignored this opinion, and rashly decided on major issues related to national defense" and used the London Treaty to carry out a campaign to overthrow the cabinet.Among them, the most active and even elevating it to the height of "violating the commanding power" is the president of the Political Friends Association, Inuyang Takeshi. Inukai Takeshi, because his own political party, the Toyokai, was defeated in the general election and only won 174 seats compared with the Gerakan Party's 273 seats, so he did not hesitate to take all means to overthrow the cabinet, and put the most important decision on the development of military power State affairs are also said to be matters outside the jurisdiction of the cabinet. Although the Hamaguchi cabinet was brought down, they eventually shot themselves in the foot. At that time, the Hamaguchi cabinet held firm for a while, and in spite of the resistance of the Military Command and the opposition of Inukai Takeshi’s Shiyoukai, they signed the “Treaty on Limiting and Reducing Naval Armaments” of the three major naval powers of Japan, Britain, and the United States. treaty".The exchange of instruments of ratification took place at the British Foreign Office on 27 October 1930.Hamaguchi attended. Eighteen days later, he was stabbed and seriously injured by right-wing violent activists at Tokyo Station. Assassin Sagoya Ruo is associated with notorious member of the imperial family and conspirator Higashikuni. Many assassination incidents in modern Japan were related to this Higashikyu Palace. Prime Minister Hamaguchi died on August 26, 1931. He graduated from the law department of Tokyo Imperial University in 1895, but died in the lawless empire. In May 1932, it was Inukai Takeshi's turn to accuse Hamaguchi of "violating the commanding power".When the dark muzzle of the young military officer of the blood alliance began to aim at Inuyang Takeshi's head, I wonder if he can remember his accusation against Hamaguchi? Inukai Takeshi is a famous democrat who has been elected as a member of the House of Representatives for 17 consecutive times since the first general election of the House of Representatives in Japan in 1890.The most famous democratic politician in modern Japan has personally buried the dismal management of democratic politics. This cannot but be said to be a great tragedy in the development of modern Japan. Two months before he was assassinated, Inuyang Takeshi had already realized the danger. On March 15, 1932, he wrote a letter to his friend in his youth, Marshal Uehara Yusaku. On the one hand, he expressed his concern about the phenomenon of military crimes, and on the other hand, he tried his best to express his China policy: "In order to stay in the formal In the separation of powers, and in fact our goal has been achieved, I have taken great pains"; "If this relationship (note: refers to the relationship with China) is not improved sooner or later, once Russia's five-year plan is completed and the country's strength is truly enriched, It will never remain silent for a long time like it is now. As a defense against Russia, I believe that relations with China should be improved as soon as possible.” Scholars of post-defeated Japanese history hailed this consideration as "excellent insight." Why did Quan Yangyi himself not want to annex Manchuria.It's just that compared with those manic and reckless soldiers, his worried eyes are more refined and long-term.Even when he worked hard to support Sun Yat-sen at the beginning, he also had unique considerations.In a letter to Lu Jianan, who was sent to take care of Sun Yat-sen, he said: "May my brother hold them for future use. But it may not be available immediately. Although they are a batch of worthless But now I am willing to spend a lot of money to buy it. Since last year, my brother has been secretly working on this plan." Those veterans of the Kuomintang who are inextricably linked to Japan, if they know the secret letter of Inuyang Takeshi, know that even Sun Yat-sen is called "a worthless thing" but "now they are willing to buy it with a lot of money" and then "use I don't know how to feel about those Japanese "friends" who support the Chinese revolution in their minds? Funding Sun Yat-sen is a card, and acknowledging China's rights and interests in Manchuria and Mongolia is also a card. The core is for the interests of Japan, especially to avoid the real danger that Japan will face. The so-called "rights" left to China by Inuyang Takeshi is just a formal shell. Even so, the military thinks he is betraying. Inuyang Takeshi, who wants to walk the tightrope, is dancing on the tip of the knife. On May 15, 1932, he finally fell off the tip of the knife. The person who presided over the assassination of Inu Yangyi was the extreme right-wing military organization "Blood League".During the court-martial, Lieutenant Kiyoshi Koga, the leader of the operation and an officer of the Kasumigaura Naval Air Force, told the court: "The state of the country has reached a point where it cannot be improved without bloodshed." It is said that this action is a revolution, the intention is to create harmony between the ruler and the ruled.Mikami Zhuo said loudly in court: "We are neither leftist nor rightist." Only Kuroiwa Yuryuke, who fired the first shot, expressed regret: "I am sorry. However, I think he is doomed, because he must become a national reformer. offerings on the altar." Officers interrogated received more than 110,000 letters of support.357,000 people have signed a petition calling for clemency for blood covenants.Nine people in Niigata City cut off their little fingers, soaked them in alcohol and sent them to the Minister of War, Sadao Araki, with a letter saying that although the accused "broke the law, their motives were pure. Their self-sacrifice spirit Moved us deeply."The Osaka Bar Association went so far as to pass a resolution declaring that, in the deepest sense, the assassins were merely self-defense.The joint statement of the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of the Army and the Ministry of the Navy, which was released later, said: The motive and purpose of this criminal case, according to the statements of the prisoners, was due to the recent situation in our country in which political, diplomatic, economic, educational, ideological and military On the other hand, stagnation has caused the national spirit to become decadent and depraved again.Therefore, if the status quo is not disrupted, the empire will be in danger of collapse.The root cause of this stagnation is the collusion among political parties, plutocrats and privileged classes, selfishness and fraud, contempt for national defense, disregard for the national economy and people's livelihood, and corruption.This root cause must be eradicated and the country's transformation must be completed in order to build a real Japan. The joint statement became almost a manifesto for those on trial.It can be seen how degenerated the Japanese law was at that time. As noted above, during the trial, the public showed great sympathy for the killers.Every day, crowds of petitioners gathered outside the Shuijiao Society, a social group for naval officers, and some even waited outside all night, hoping to meet with criminal defense lawyers to show their support.The father of the first criminal Koga Kiyoshi said that he received many letters from all over the country every day: "Letters, gifts, snacks, and a letter from a girl from Akita Prefecture, saying that she wants to be Koga's wife..." According to the defense lawyer, many girls recommended themselves to Lieutenant Mikami Zhuo. Japan's fascist movement was widely supported by society. Historian Masamichi Inoki said that Japan entered an era of madness.After Inukai Takeshi was buried, the new prime minister was Admiral Saito Mimi, nicknamed "the cabinet of the whole country." What is the whole country doing? The whole country is heading for war. The crazy and brutal Japanese chariot was removed from the last speed-limiting chain. Japan, which is so active, so active, so self-conscious, and has turned to fascism on such a large scale.Today, it is plausible to say that all this is rooted in others.Takushiro Hattori's "Complete History of the Great East Asian War" put forward three reasons for Japan's political transformation: First, the oppression of Japan by the great powers after the end of World War I, especially the oppression of the United States. The United States advocated the abolition of the Japan-British Alliance, limiting the tonnage of Japanese naval capital ships at the Washington Conference, abolishing the Ishii/Lansing agreement, restricting Japan's special rights in Manchuria and Mongolia, and enacting Japan-specific immigration bills, etc., casting a shadow on Japan's future. Second, the economic exclusion of Japan by Western powers. With the leap forward of industrialization, Japan increasingly needs to import materials from overseas and open up markets overseas. However, European and American countries have built high tariff barriers to protect their own industries. Faced with overpopulation, poor resources, and insufficient funds, Japan is gradually being excluded from the world market. Get out, and survival is fundamentally threatened. Third, China's anti-Japanese movement. It is believed that the movement to recover national rights in China was combined with the national self-determination movement after World War I, and the spearhead was directed at Japan. The anti-Japanese policy also provided China with a means to unify the country. The recovery of Lushun Dalian and the South Manchurian Railway finally led to the outbreak of the Manchuria Incident. This is why Hattori Takushiro proposed Japan's turn to fascism in "The Complete History of the Great East Asian War". The core is actually just one sentence: It's all other people's fault. Not only should Japan not be responsible for invading other countries, occupying their land, massacring their people, and plundering their wealth, Japan itself is full of complaints, grievances, and dissatisfaction.As for what responsibility should Japan bear?Not at all. The "September 18th" incident, the "July 7th" incident, and the "Pearl Harbor" incident are all other people's faults, and there is no fault of Japan. It seems that such a book was selected as a Japanese textbook, and it seems that it is not simply explained by the narrowness of the island nation's national character.If these upright fascist reasons and reasons for war were concocted earlier, why would Japan surrender unconditionally back then? Japan now prays for peace for the Japanese war victims every year on the day of the Hiroshima atomic bombing, but never for the Chinese, Koreans, Filipinos, Malaysians, Indonesians, Vietnamese, Thais, Peaceful prayers for these war victims of Myanmar.Only remember the two atomic bombs, only remember that I was victimized by the atomic bomb, forget the snowy letters supporting the fascists, forget the girl who offered to marry them, forget the fingers that were chopped off and soaked in alcohol, forget Zhang Lanterns and colorful lanterns, supporting the old and the young to cheer, parade, and celebrate for the army's siege of cities and lands, can we sum up the lessons that should really be remembered?If you only pray to keep peace and survival for yourself and don't care about the death and suffering of others, and even delete relevant records in textbooks, and even compile those so-called "textbooks" full of lies, can militarism really be eradicated in Japan? ?We also have some "knowledgeable (various statistics) and defiant (national characteristics, thinking habits)" scholars who believe that although the reason for Japan's turn to fascism is internal, it is mainly caused by a small number of soldiers who are dissatisfied with the status quo.It is believed that after the Nine-Power Conference in Washington in 1921, Japan began to disarm, and its military expenditure dropped from 730 million yen in 1921 to less than 500 million yen in 1930, a decrease of 40%, which aroused strong dissatisfaction among soldiers. "For professional soldiers, they have no specialties other than military affairs. Disarmament is tantamount to throwing away their jobs. In addition, before disarmament, professional soldiers were the most respected people in society, and the army was the most honorable profession. But after the disarmament began, professional soldiers The best students no longer apply for military academies, and some restaurants even refuse entry to those who wear military uniforms. It is conceivable that disarmament will bring a sense of loss and anxiety to professional soldiers.” A kind-hearted scholar like Mr. Dong Guo came up with a wonderful way out for the other party: the reduction of military expenditure has also become a reason to turn to fascism.The former said that turning to fascism was not Japan's choice but a choice forced by the United States, Britain, and China. The latter said that even if it was Japan's choice, it was the choice of the Japanese soldiers, not the choice of the Japanese nation and the Japanese state. Why did fascist seedlings grow so strong and so crazy in Japan?Where is its soil?What are nutrients?Where are the roots?Is it just a few bad elements who have deceived the broad masses of the people? The madness of the Japanese Showa warlord group dominated by young military officers is rooted in the madness of Japanese social sentiment.Every nation has its own passionate youth.They all want to use their blood to open up an ideal path forward.But one person will fall into the wrong place, and a generation will also fall into the wrong place, even including a nation.The responsibility for causing the entire country to turn to fascism must not be attributed to just a few Class A war criminals who were hanged by the Far Eastern Military Tribunal after the end of World War II.When the passionate youths of Russia overthrew the Romanov Dynasty and realized the February Revolution and the October Revolution in 1917, the passionate youths of China overthrew the Aixinjueluo Dynasty and realized the 1911 Revolution of 1911. After the May 4th Movement, the New Democratic Revolution began, but Japan took another path. On December 25, 1926, when the Northern Expedition was destroying China and Stalin and Trotsky in Moscow were arguing about the Chinese revolution, the 124th Emperor Hirohito of Japan ascended the throne and changed the name to "Showa".Thus began a "Showa Restoration" movement led by young soldiers and under the banner of eradicating corruption, which dragged the whole of Japan into the abyss of fascism. This group of young soldiers is also a passionate youth in Japan.They are full of criticism of the existing Japanese society.But the weapon they criticize is not Marxism, but fascism. The Young Military Organization Sakurakai said in the mission statement: "We must first point out the great responsibility of the rulers who are the core of the country." "They ignore their responsibilities, lack ambition in implementing national policies, and have no fundamental spirit to revitalize the Yamato nation. , just obsessed with seeking political power and property, deceiving the emperor from above, deceiving the people from below, the political situation is raging, and corruption is extremely high." , the Chinese do not consider the future of the country, the propaganda organs lead to the decadence of the national ideology, rural decay, unemployment, depression, activities organized by various ideological factions, the rise of corrupt culture, the lack of patriotism of the students, the prudence of officials and so on. " The ugly behavior of political parties and the mutual strife for the purpose of winning power have caused political and social turmoil, forming party thieves; financial groups are greedy, manipulating finance and markets, and disregarding the national economy and people's livelihood, forming rich thieves; The people are struggling to make ends meet and become power thieves. The "Three Thieves" colluded with each other and ran rampant in the country, and they must be defeated. How to defeat?Use Kita Ikki's "Outline of the Japanese Reconstruction Act" soaked in clear water rice in Shanghai in 1919.Corrupt party politics can only be broken if the soldiers rise up. Passion and devotion led to the most reactionary fascism in Japan.Throughout the 1920s, fascist organizations with soldiers as the backbone really sprung up in Japan. In 1919, Kita Ikki and Okawa Shumei established the first fascist organization, Yucunsha. In 1923, Yongtian Tieshan, the head of the "Sanyuwu", returned to China and established the Eryehui. In 1924, Asahiro Hiranuma initiated the founding of Kunihonsha, and Shumei Okawa established Gyojisha. In 1926, Toshiro Akao led the founding of the National Construction Association. In 1927, Suzuki Teiichi and Ishihara Wanji organized Muyaokai, and Nishida tax established the Tenken Party. In 1928, Wang Shihui appeared in the navy. In 1929, Eryehui and Muyaohui merged to form Yixihui. In September 1930, young officers from the General Staff Headquarters established the Yinghui. Beginning with the Erye Club of Nagata Tieshan, more than 100 fascist groups appeared in the Japanese army throughout the 1920s.Participants ranged from a retired marshal in his seventies, Admiral Togo Heihachiro, commander of the combined fleet of the Japanese Navy during the Russo-Japanese War, to a second lieutenant who had just graduated from a non-commissioned officer school. The most important of these are the Yixi Club and the Sakura Club.The so-called ambitious and capable "handsome people" among junior and lieutenant officers are mostly concentrated in these two organizations.These two groups gathered the elite of the Showa warlord group. The One Night Club was established on May 19, 1929. Among the members, there are Dasaku Kawamoto, Makoto Yamaoka, Tieshan Nagata, Toshiro Obata, Neji Okamura, Kazuo Ogasawara, Rensuke Isoya, Seishiro Itagaki, Kenji Doihara, Hideki Tojo, and Hisao Watanabe. , Yoshio Kudo, Iida Sadagu, Yamashita Fufumi, Okabe Naozaburo, Naoharu Nakano; Keisaku Murakami, Teiichi Suzuki, Tsukasa Okada, Hiroshi Netsu; Major Assistants include Takazo Numata, Yuitsu Tsuchihashi, Takuma Shimoyama, Akira Muto, and Shinichi Tanaka. The Sakura Club was established a little later than the One Night Club and was born on July 17, 1930.Among the members, there is only Chiaki Shigefuji as a member; there are Yoshiro Sakata, Jiichiro Higuchi, Kingoro Hashimoto, and Hiroshi Nemoto in the middle assistants; Nobuobu Managi, Changyong, Kiyoshi Tanaka, Tokutaro Sakurai, and Yaya Tanaka as captains. The list is not short.But those who are interested in the modern history of Japan, the history of the East Asian War, and the history of the Chinese War of Resistance should remember these names.Almost all the main members of the Showa warlord group are in it. Now, almost all of these names appear in the "Yasukuni Shrine". The core of One Night Club is Nagata Tieshan.Its first goal was to break the personnel control of the Changzhou Domain over the army, and it advocated to use force to solve the Manchurian and Mongolian issues first, so as to gain living space for Japan. The members of the Sakura Club are younger and more radical.Its core figure, Hashimoto Kingoro, was very interested in Kemal’s top-down revolution when he was the military attache of the embassy in Turkey, and wanted to realize such a revolution in Japan. Of these two young military organizations, the former focused on using force externally to complete fascist expansion; the latter focused on using force internally to complete fascist transformation. The ultimate goal of the two groups is to control Japanese politics by the military and realize a military dictatorship. Japan is fully prepared for a sharp turn towards fascism. This process officially began with the Huanggutun bombing on June 4, 1928, when the Showa warlords first showed their prowess. On April 20, 1927, eight days after Chiang Kai-shek launched the "April 12" Incident in Shanghai, the Tanaka Yoshiichi Cabinet came to power in Japan. Yoshiichi Tanaka is a strongman in Japanese politics, and his personal history is closely tied to the Japanese Army.He graduated from the Army College in 1892. In 1894, he participated in the Sino-Japanese War with the rank of lieutenant. Participated in the Russo-Japanese War in 1904. From 1918 to 1921, he served as Minister of War and presided over the dispatch of troops to Siberia to intervene in the Russian Revolution.After the death of Yamagata Aritomo, he became the chief figure of the Changzhou clan, which held the most important position in the Japanese army, and also became the focus of the anti-vassal politics in Japan, and the young officers represented by Baden-Baden's "Sanyuwu" figure. The first proposition of the Tanaka cabinet is the so-called "Manchurian and Mongolian issue".The first major event he did was to preside over the Eastern Conference. At the meeting, he came up with a "China Policy Outline" that divided Manchuria and Mongolia and expanded its rights and interests in China. Mainland China is separated." How to achieve this goal?Tanaka has a disagreement with the military. The military advocated relying on the Kwantung Army to solve the problem by force.Tanaka believed that in order to avoid the interference of the British and American powers, it was up to Zhang Zuolin. Tanaka's wishful thinking is to divide China into the inside of the pass and the outside of the pass. Chiang Kai-shek rules the inside of the pass, and Zhang Zuolin rules the outside of the pass; and then builds the three railways of Sauron, Jihui, and Changha and the two railways connecting the Middle East and the second line of Jihui. There are five railways in total. Zhang Zuolin was forced to agree to borrowing railways; once the five railways were connected, the separation of Manchuria and Mongolia from Guannei would be realized substantially, and Japan's control of Manchuria would be a matter of course, without the need for the Kwantung Army to mobilize troops. If it fails, it will not be too late to come up with a plan of force. The core point of Tanaka's idea is Zhang Zuolin.Without Zhang Zuolin as Japan's agent in Manchuria, or if Zhang Zuolin was unwilling to be such an agent, Tanaka's plan would have failed. But Tanaka seems to have the certainty that he will not fail.Tanaka has a deep relationship with Zhang Zuolin. During the Russo-Japanese War in 1904, the horse thief Zhang Zuolin was captured by the Japanese army on charges of Russian espionage.On the point of being shot, Lieutenant Yoshiichi Tanaka, the lieutenant of the army, pleaded with the commander, Major General Fukushima Yasushi, to rescue Zhang Zuolin from the gunpoint.More than 20 years later, the horse thief Zhang Zuolin became the king of Northeast China, and Lieutenant Tanaka Yoshiichi became the prime minister of Japan. Tanaka will never save lives in vain.Zhang Zuolin, who escaped with his life from the Japanese guns, also knew that he, the king of the Northeast, could not live without the support of the Japanese guns. In the first Zhifeng War in 1922, most of Fengjun's combat plans came from the hands of the Japanese; in the second Zhifeng War, the Japanese army fully supported Zhang Zuolin, so that Fengjun drove the Zhili army across the south of the Yangtze River, and Zhang Zuolin became the ruler of Beijing. At the end of 1925, Guo Songling turned against him and led his army to Shenyang.At that time, almost all the elites of the Northeast Army were in the hands of Guo Songling. If the Japanese had not dispatched troops stationed in Yongsan, North Korea, to Shenyang for emergency reinforcements, Zhang Zuolin would have died long ago without a place to bury him. So Tanaka said "Zhang Zuolin is like my younger brother".He did not believe that Zhang Zuolin would not agree to his conditions. He guessed right. Five borrowing railway lines, the conditions are extremely harsh.Even Yang Yuting, Zhang Zuolin's chief of staff, also complained, "The Japanese are too stupid. To build a borrowed railway in other places, they need 18% interest." The Northeast spread out like a spider web.Zhang Zuolin is also a person who loves the Northeast and the country; he does not want the Japanese power to expand in the Northeast without limit. But he loves the Zhang family more. On that night when national affairs and family affairs were incompatible, it was said that Zhang Zuolin was full of worries, worried, and almost heart failure.Because of these five railways, this all-powerful figure aged ten years in one night.Dashuai Zhang who appeared in front of the Japanese the next day was a completely broken man. He spoke incoherently, his eyes wandered, evasive and vague, but he agreed to Tanaka's conditions. The Japanese also know that "subduing the enemy without fighting" is the highest state of the art of war.Tanaka thought he had reached the highest level.Manchukuo Railway President Jotaro Yamamoto was drinking beer on the train back to Northeast China, and said proudly with a smile on his face: "This is equivalent to buying Manchuria, so there is no need to use force to solve it." They were too happy.There is also an old saying in China that the mantis catches the cicada and the oriole follows. The oriole behind Tanaka is Daisaku Kawamoto, a senior staff officer of the Kwantung Army. In the 1980s, Dasaku Kawamoto’s dictation notes were found in Japan. They were written on rough “Army Provincial Framed Paper”, which is quite similar to the “Explained Materials” after the incident happened that year.Kawamoto said: "In March 1926, when I came to Manchuria as a senior staff officer of the Kwantung Army, Manchuria was no longer the Manchuria it used to be. At that time, the Consul General Yoshida Shigeru went to negotiate with Zhang Zuolin. Zhang Zuolin slipped away saying that he had a toothache, so unresolved problems piled up like a mountain. Zhang Zuolin’s anti-Japanese atmosphere is actually stronger than that of the warlords in North China. So I think we must hurry up and do something.” “In 1927 Muto He will take office as the commander of the Kwantung Army. In August of that year, Commander Muto, who attended the Eastern Conference, advocated that the Manchurian issue could not be resolved by force, and the solution by force became the country's policy. Before that, in December 1925, the Guo Songling incident occurred At that time, Zhang Zuolin even wanted to flee to Japan because he lost his confidence in the crusade. But after overcoming the crisis, Zhang Zuolin not only did not come to thank him, but also did not solve the land problem. Zhang Zuolin wanted to unify China, but the Japanese wanted to split China.From this point of view, Daisaku Kawamoto's understanding of the depths of Zhang Zuolin's heart was no shallower than that of Prime Minister Yoshiichi Tanaka. Kawamoto participated in Tanaka's "Oriental Conference" as an attache of Muto Nobuyoshi, commander of the Kwantung Army.It never occurred to Tanaka that he was planning to occupy Manchuria, and Kawamoto was also planning.Moreover, this unknown junior Heben, who had no right to speak at the meeting, capsized his carefully designed boat in one fell swoop. Kawamoto used to be an assistant to the military attache stationed in Beijing. After returning to China, he went to the university dormitory organized by Okawa Shuming at the Imperial Palace Meteorological Observatory. He was an important member of the Nagata Tieshan One Night Club.For members of the One Night Club, dissatisfaction with Tanaka Yoshiichi's mainland policy is not so much dissatisfaction with Tanaka himself.Their primary goal of reforming the army's personnel is to overthrow the rule of Changzhou.After the death of Youtomo in Shan County, the leader of the Changzhou Domain was none other than Yoshiichi Tanaka himself. With the support of this group of young officers, Heben Dasaku independently planned the Huanggutun conspiracy: taking the opportunity of killing Zhang Zuolin to plunge the Northeast into total chaos, the Kwantung Army took the opportunity to clean up the situation and seized the entire Northeast. This is what Kawamoto said in "Explained Materials": "The Chinese army is the relationship between the leader and the minions. As long as the leader is killed, the minions will disperse. The conclusion is that we can only take the method of burying Zhang Zuolin. We also have Conclusion: To carry out this plan, only the intersection point of the Manchukuo Line and the Jingfeng Line is safe. However, the Manchukuo Line is above the Jingfeng Line, so it is not easy to act within the scope of not destroying the Manchukuo Line. So we installed 3 disconnectors, in case of failure, we have to disconnect it so that it can be solved by the knife-drawing team." 田中要玩傀儡游戏，少壮军官们便要把田中手中的傀儡砸碎，让他的把戏玩不成。 1928年6月4日，沈阳城外皇姑屯方向一声巨响，黑烟飞扬到两公里上空，张作霖乘坐的蔚蓝色钢铁列车被炸成两截。田中听到这个消息后，流着眼泪写信给满铁总裁山本条太郎：“一切都完了。” 他不是单哭张作霖。自皇姑屯那辆列车出轨之后，日本政治便脱离了田中的控制。想处理这些打乱自己全盘计划、无法无天的少壮军官，军部坚决反对，自己的政党政友会也不支持、不处理，天皇裕仁又甩过话来，说首相说话前后矛盾，不愿意再同他见面了。河本大作的一包炸药要了田中义一的老朋友的命，也使田中本人成了日本政治风箱里两头受气的老鼠。 田中义一后来大骂河本大作：“真是混蛋！简直不懂为父母者之心！” 从历史角度看，田中义一等老派人物对“夺占”这一概念的理解与运用，远比河本等少壮军官老辣深沉。但日本军部这台战车已经由一批更加年轻、更加野蛮的军官操纵。田中精心规划的不战屈兵之谋略，随着皇姑屯那股冲天的黑烟化成齑粉。 河本大作也大骂：“田中义一出卖了军部！” 日本也有冤假错案。田中当年参加甲午战争，占领朝鲜侵略中国时，河本还在穿开裆裤。田中的“意欲征服中国，必先征服满蒙；意欲征服世界，必先征服中国”更是日本军部后来实行的战争步骤。此人可以被称为日军中的施里芬。 说这样的人“出卖军部”，确实是“欲加之罪，何患无辞”了。 田中义一至死不知，不愿与他见面的裕仁天皇早已定下了用“三羽乌”替换长州藩的决心。 一生从事侵略扩张的田中突然之间变成一件过时的工具，孤家寡人，只有下台。 皇姑屯事件不单单炸翻了一个张作霖或垮掉了一个田中义一内阁。以一个幕僚军官策划一起国际阴谋事件并导致内阁下台为契机，日本昭和军阀集团在黑烟之中腾空而起。 此后，日本政治中一再出现的“下克上”现象自河本大作始。日本军部左右日本政治，则自皇姑屯爆炸案始。这一事件成为日本政治演化的里程碑。 下一个事件的发生已经是必然的了，只不过时间或迟或早。 三年后，它来了：震惊中外的“九一八”事变。 记录在“陆军省格纸”上那份“交代材料”的最后，还有河本大作一句话：“这个事件后，我要石原中校来关东军帮我。这时，已经开始计划'九一八'事变的方策了。” 河本说到的“石原中校”，就是后来在日军中大名鼎鼎的石原莞尔。 如果说，在1928年的皇姑屯事件中，河本大作的个人活动色彩依然很浓的话，1931年的“九一八”事变，则已经是昭和军阀集团在成熟地集体运作了。 谈“九一八”事变，必谈三个日军军官：板垣征四郎、石原莞尔、土肥原贤二。三个人没有一个是部队的主官，都是参谋。人们若不知道这些参谋有多么巨大的能量，就很难理解日本军队为何如此凶残与如此疯狂。 板垣、石原、土肥原三人，被称为“关东军三羽乌”。 巴登巴登“三羽乌”的头子是永田铁山，关东军“三羽乌”的头子是板垣征四郎。 板垣身材矮小，总是服装整洁，袖口露出雪白的衬衫，头剃得精光，脸刮成青白色，黑色的眉毛和小胡子特别显眼；加上有个轻轻搓手的习惯动作，颇给人一个温文尔雅的印象。他早年的职务几乎都与中国有关。1916年陆军大学毕业后任参谋本部中国课课员。1919年任中国驻军参谋，之后任云南、汉口、奉天等处日军特务机关长和使馆武官。长期对中国的研究观察，使他成为日军中著名的“中国通”。他又是一夕会的重要成员，政治上胆大妄为，一意孤行，具有少壮军阀的一切特点。虽然身份不过一个参谋，但连内阁首相也不放在眼里。军事上则深思细虑，尤其重视地形。1929年他以大佐官阶担任关东军高级参谋，立即拉上关东军作战参谋石原莞尔组织“参谋旅行”，几乎走遍了东北。他的理论是：“在对俄作战上，满蒙是主要战场，在对美作战上，满蒙是补给的源泉。从而，实际上，满蒙在对美、俄、中的作战上，都有最大的关系。” 在这一点上他与石原莞尔一样，都主张把中国东北变为日本领土。并对整个中国“能立于致其于死命的地位”。 板垣征四郎的特点是大刀阔斧，石原莞尔的特点是深谋远虑。一个是关东军的干将，另一个则是关东军的头脑。 石原是河本大作实施皇姑屯爆炸案后求助的第一人。他长着一副小孩脸，面孔常带忧郁。一旦陷入深思，周围便没有人敢上来打扰他。他还有一个“天不怕地不怕”的名声，对部下温和，对长官尖刻。石原给所有上司都起了诨名，而且敢当他们的面使用。这在极讲资历和官阶的日军内部，确实十分反常。石原比板垣小4岁，但比板垣到关东军早半年。1928年10月，他由陆军大学教官调任关东军作战参谋，而板垣第二年5月才来。 “天不怕地不怕”的石原一踏上中国土地，立刻被大豆、高梁和像绿色海洋般一望无际的东北平原惊呆了。他的眼睛一直贴在照相机上和望远镜上，头脑中帝国扩张的梦想一下子找到了依托的地方。他似乎喃喃自语，又似乎对身边的人倾诉说：“对这样的地形地势，我们也许得采用海军战术。” 谁也没有听懂他说的是什么意思，他跟谁也不再解释。同僚们都知道他是个极其刻苦、极其舍得下本的人。到了关东军总部旅顺，一连8个月，他的时间都花在了阅读书籍、研究地图以及和关东军经验丰富的老手谈话上面。一副小孩脸的石原实际是一头凶猛的猎豹。第一眼被他看中的东西，便被紧紧咬住，决不松口。凡是梦想，他就要顽强地把它变成现实。 到中国不满一年，石原进行了三次“参谋旅行”。在哈尔滨乘汽车实地侦察，作攻占前的地形判断；研究了松花江渡江作战和占领哈尔滨后的前进阵地。齐齐哈尔、海拉尔等地的进攻与防御、兴安岭东侧地区可能发生遭遇战等问题，都在他那个不知疲倦的脑子中理出了头绪。后来令裕仁天皇赞叹不已、以“最高机密，应急计划”存入皇家秘密档案的《国家前途转折的根本国策——满蒙问题解决案》，就是石原莞尔在侦察旅行的路途中，在颠簸的火车上完成的。 完整的事变蓝图绘制出来了。石原提出的要点是： 一、解决满蒙问题是日本生存的唯一途径。只有对外扩张才能消除国内的不安定局面。为了正义，日本应该果断地行动。即便从历史的关系上来看，满蒙与其说是属于汉民族，莫如说是属于日本民族。 二、解决满蒙问题的关键由帝国军队掌握。只有日本占领满洲，才能完全解决满蒙问题。对中国外交也就是对美外交，就是说，要达到上述目的，就要有对美作战的决心。 他还提出了由七个总督来统治中国的方案：长春为满蒙总督，北京为黄河总督，南京为长江总督，武昌为湖广总督，这四个总督由日本军人担任；西安为西方总督，广东为南方总督，重庆为西南总督，这三个总督由中国军人担任。日本人经营大型企业和从事脑力劳动方面的事业，朝鲜人开垦水田，中国人从事小商业或体力劳动，以图共存共荣。 连集团的最高负责人板垣征四郎也像普通学生那样，悉心听取石原莞尔对“解决满洲问题”的讲述。 西方人在战后评价说，石原莞尔是日本陆军少壮派中最有创见的战略家，更是日本陆军中最为刻苦、最为拼命、胃口最大的野心家。看看其“七总督统治中国的方案”、“日本人经营大型企业和从事脑力劳动，朝鲜人开垦水田，中国人从事小商业或体力劳动”的设计，其战略之疯狂已经无以言表。 石原毕业于陆军大学，1922年留学德国，研究过拿破仑军事思想和第一次世界大战情势。全部兴趣和爱好，都集中在如何完成日本的扩张上面。回国后任陆军大学教官期间，起草《日本国防的现在和将来》，说“人类的最后斗争，正如日莲（注：日本和尚日莲于13世纪自创日莲宗，为日本独创佛教宗派之一）所说，是一场'空前绝后的大斗争'。从军事上来看，它也已迫在眉睫。当飞机能在全世界自由自在飞行之时，也就是这场大斗争开始之时，也是以日本为中心的世界大战开始之时”。 历史中一个值得注意的特点，就是不论从石原莞尔或是北一辉身上，你都能看到法西斯分子在追求他们理想的时候，是如何之坚忍与刻苦。这些人并不像很多人想象的那样只会狂热地呼喊万岁和砍头那么简单粗暴。 他们越是坚忍刻苦，对别的民族就越是危险。 关东军“三羽乌”的最后一头鸟：土肥原贤二，后面会专门谈及。这里只提一句：1931年8月18日，“九一八”事变的30天前，这个玩弄阴谋就像主持正义一样庄重的土肥原贤二大佐，由天津特务机关长调任为奉天特务机关长。“九一八”事变后第三天，他就公开出任奉天市长。 回到先前那个问题：为什么等级极为森严、上级可以抽下级耳光的日本军队中，竟然出现下级军官左右大局、最后甚至越级指挥的现象呢？ 对日本统治者来说，有一种更深层次的考虑。 首先是那个直接培植、间接支持少壮军官们的裕仁天皇。从河本大作到板垣征四郎、石原莞尔，无法无天的少壮军官们不是参加过宫内的大学寮、就是反长州藩的驻外武官集团，基本都是一夕会或樱会的成员。 天皇乐意与他年龄相仿的这些年轻军官在前面打头阵，却不用承担他们失误的责任。所以表面上一切都由参谋们越权直接指挥部队进行，实际一切早已规定停当了。 这也造成日本政局出现一种奇怪的局面：所有人都知道马上要入侵中国东北，但见不到任何指示批复或成文的命令。 事变的准备，是早就开始且有条不紊的。 1930年11月，永田铁山以陆军省军事课长身份到东北与板垣征四郎面商。板垣征四郎正式提出武力解决，永田表面上装作慎重不明确表态，却答应从日本拨两门240毫米攻打沈阳的巨炮。 1931年7月，这两门充满神秘色彩的重型榴弹炮秘密运抵沈阳。它们先由东京兵工厂用火车运到神户。再由神户通过客轮运到旅顺要塞。为不让人们知道是炮，将炮身、炮架拆开，伪装成棺材和澡盆运入沈阳，放置在独立守备队兵营内。 安装也是在夜里进行，佯称是挖井或造游泳池。当东北军派便衣侦察时，日军即加以阻止。除关东军外，这两门巨炮的使命甚至对日本领事馆也保密。大炮的安装由松本炮兵大尉为首的几位专家负责，安装时一律伪装，身穿中国服。预定的目标从安装一开始就对准了：一门攻北大营，一门攻奉天飞机场。 在大炮运来以前，1931年4月，士兵基本出生在日本北部寒冷地区的第二师团调来东北换防，以适应东北作战需要。板垣征四郎在该师团大队长以上干部集会上，讲了一段我们中国人今天也应该牢牢记住的话：“从中国民众的心理上来说，安居乐业是其理想，至于政治和军事，只不过是统治阶级的一种职业。在政治和军事上与民众有联系的，只是租税和维持治安。……因此，它是一个同近代国家的情况大不相同的国家，归根到底，它不过是在这样一个拥有自治部落的地区上加上了国家这一名称而已。所以，从一般民众的真正的民族发展历史上来说，国家意识无疑是很淡薄的。无论是谁掌握政权，谁掌握军权，负责维持治安，这都无碍大局。” 应该承认，此人对中国研究极深，对长期以来中国一盘散沙的现状了解极深，对中国政治人物和民众的心理把握极深。这即是这些日本侵略者敢于乘虚而入的最大资本。而抗日战争之初我方一败再败，也决不仅仅败在军事力量上。 板垣上述讲话两个月后，6月中旬，日本陆军省《解决满洲问题方策大纲》传达给关东军。 但临门一脚到来时，为准备好失败和随后推卸责任，日本也是慌张混乱的。毕竟是要吞并一个数倍于自己领土的地方。而且日本本身的力量也不是很充沛，又处于各种势力的夹缝之中。 1931年6月出现一个机会。关东军中村震太郎大尉隐瞒身份冒充“农业技师”，前往兴安岭、索伦山一带进行地形侦察活动，被东北军关玉衡部逮捕处决。 石原莞尔立即致信陆军省军事课长、一夕会核心人物永田铁山，称最好机会已到，应立即行动。 因准备不足，日本决策层没有敢利用这个机会。 于是板垣征四郎把下一个行动日期定在9月28日。 如果不是消息走漏，“九一八”事变应该是“九二八”事变了。 关东军准备炸毁铁路采取战争行动的秘密计划传到了东京。9月15日，军部召开三长官会议，陆相、参谋总长、教育总监所谓“陆军三长官”全部出席。考虑到国内外形势尚不成熟，会议决定派作战部长建川美次少将去中国东北，“要他们再隐忍自重一年”。 此消息再次走漏。三封电报、两个特使涌向关东军总部。 第一封电报是作战部长建川美次发给关东军司令官本庄繁的正式电函：9月18日晚7点5分乘火车到达奉天。 第二封是参谋本部中国课课长发给板垣征四郎的非正式电函，通告建川行程和目的：“其任务系阻止事变。” 第三封电报至关重要。它是参谋本部俄国课课长、樱会头目桥本欣五郎发给石原莞尔助手的。电报上盖着“绝密，私电”印记，电文简明又十分紧要：“事机已露，请在建川到达前行动。” 旅顺的关东军总部9月16日收到这三封电报。电文内容引起恐慌。本庄司令官在沈阳视察，留下板垣征四郎和石原莞尔看家。这两人几乎被电文内容搞糊涂了，但还是决定立即行动。他们把电报扣下，板垣坐火车去找本庄，石原留下来草拟给军队的命令。 两个特使解开了板垣和石原的疑团。与皇室关系密切的铃木庄六老将军，在作战部长建川拍电报的时候已经乘上了飞机。当板垣征四郎气急败坏地在辽阳找到本庄司令官时，本庄第一件事就是带板垣去见铃木，并对板垣说，多担负责任，细节自行处理，“不要来打扰休息中的老将军们”。 公开的特使建川美次却把时间花在路上。他坐着慢腾腾的火车，好让关东军有充分的动手时间。 天皇已开了绿灯。从参谋本部的建川，到关东军的本庄、板垣，内心明细之致。如果出事了，事情搞砸了，高级参谋板垣替本庄司令官、本庄司令官替建川部长、建川部长替军部、军部替天皇分头承担责任。 这是事先默认的承担责任方式。但1948年上绞架时，这种放手让下层去干、再层层分担责任的方式却消失得无影无踪。被绞死的，只是板垣征四郎一人。 1931年9月18日夜10时20分，日本守备队制造中国士兵炸毁柳条湖铁路的借口，向东北军北大营开火。当永田铁山调拨的240毫米大炮震颤着沈阳大地时，关东军司令官本庄繁正在旅顺泡热水澡。刚刚到达沈阳的作战部长建川正在和艺妓睡觉。本庄听取了关东军三宅光治参谋长、石原莞尔参谋的意见后，犹豫片刻，断然作出了“惩罚中国军队”的决定。 他的命令完全是多余的。部队早已在板垣征四郎的安排下行动了。板垣在电话上一遍又一遍向各部队重复同一句话：“我是板垣，立即按计划进行。” 震惊世界的“九一八”事变，就这样在板垣、石原等人的直接策动下发生了。 西方称“九一八”事变为“一夜战争”。 事变第二天，日本内阁召开会议，作出不扩大事态的决定。日本驻奉天总领事林久治郎还以为关东军少壮军官的行为是犯上。他给板垣打电话通知不要扩大事态，并通过外交途径处理善后。板垣给他一个硬邦邦的回答：“为国家和军部的威信，军部的方针是彻底干下去。” 板垣不仅指挥了关东军部队，还以关东军司令官的名义给驻朝日军司令林铣十郎拍报，要求派遣部队增援。驻朝日军步兵第三十九旅团于9月21日下午渡过鸭绿江，进入中国东北。林铣十郎司令官连参谋本部的命令也未接到，凭板垣一个电报就采取了调动大部队的行动。 板垣征四郎加上石原莞尔，一个大佐，一个中佐，竟然完成了应是参谋总长和陆军大臣职责的指挥关东军发动战争和驻朝日军的越境出动。 当时日本内阁首相是若槻礼次郎。这位虚权首相后来写了《古风庵回忆录》，以《不听从命令的军队》为题，洗刷自己的责任。他记叙说：“内阁制定出关于不扩大事态的方针，并责成陆军大臣将此方针下达给满洲军，但满洲军却仍不停止前进”；“驻满洲的兵力大约只有一个师团。为此，满洲军向日本驻朝鲜军司令官林铣十郎讨援兵，林立即派往满洲两个师团。本来，不得到准许的敕令是不能向外国调动军队的。可是，日本驻朝鲜军司令官未经这道手续就调兵了。” 军部留给内阁的事情只是办理手续、批准经费。但在内阁会议上，有的成员反对支出军费，以作为对军部无视内阁的惩罚。但善揣摩天皇本意的若槻首相是聪明的。他说：“可是，在未出兵期间，自当别论；如若出了兵还不给其军费，军队连一天也不能生存，因为军队还要吃饭。那么，如果把这些军队撤回，就有可能全军覆没，因为满洲军仅以一个师团的兵力进行冒险。所以，既已出兵却不给其经费，不仅南次郎（陆军大臣）和金谷（参谋总长）感到为难，而且连日本侨民也要倒霉。于是，我不顾内阁成员反对与否，马上去觐见天皇，上奏说，政府正在考虑对朝鲜军派兵的问题支付经费。我退出后，金谷来到天皇前面，得到了出兵的敕令。” 若槻礼次郎回忆到此，似乎很轻松就摆脱了自己的责任。似乎政府对发动侵略的责任充其量只是软弱无能。 身为首相，却忘记了连平民也深知的道理：那拨出的经费可绝不仅仅是用于吃饭的。从哪一个国家的宪法上看，政府首相也不仅仅是军队的司务长。 天皇又多了一道发动战争的掩护。若槻心甘情愿用自己做这道掩护。 得到充足经费的关东军，其势更难被内阁抑制。 若槻自己也说原先“满洲军进入铁路的西侧是为了要守护嫩江铁桥。本来认为到了嫩江总可以停止，不料敌军就在