Chapter 7 Chapter 6 The Fall

The military advisers of the Comintern also want to crack down on fakes.Due to Bo Gu's difficulties, Li De played the modern Zhong Kui.The fifth "encirclement and suppression" Chiang Kai-shek encountered danger three times, and the most sad thing was that he smashed Mao Fumei's pickle altar.A former member of the Communist Party captured Ruijin, the red capital.The Red Army of Chinese Workers and Peasants who embarked on the Long March began the heaviest suffering and also the most dazzling glory. The fifth "encirclement and suppression" campaign was the most fully prepared "encirclement and suppression campaign" by Chiang Kai-shek.

The most troops were mobilized.With 1 million troops, it is almost the soldiers of the whole country.Among them, 500,000 were used in the Central Soviet Area.In addition to the left-behind troops, all mobile troops were transferred from all over the country, and the direct line troops even came out in full force. The most time to prepare. In May 1933, Chiang Kai-shek established the "Military Committee Chairman Nanchang Camp" in Nanchang, which had full authority to handle military and political affairs in the five provinces of Jiangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Hunan, and Hubei, and personally directed the fifth "encirclement and suppression" campaign against the Central Soviet Area. In July, the Lushan Officer Training Corps was established, and it took three batches of two months to train all the more than 7,500 officers above the platoon of the North Route Army, the main force of the "encirclement and suppression", in rotation. The rotation training ended on September 18, and the battle started 7 days later.

Strategic and tactical research is the most detailed.Chiang Kai-shek repeatedly studied in Lushan, and the German generals of the advisory group also participated in the drafting of a brand-new military plan, that is, protracted warfare and fortress warfare centered on fort blockade and road cutting.Its gist is: "Take defense as offense, take advantage of the opportunity to advance and suppress, mainly use the method of encirclement, and also use mobile divisions, explore secret fortresses far away, defend thinly with thick reinforcements, consolidate layer by layer, advance step by step, defend when confronted, and attack when there is a gap. "; plus Chen Cheng's "one gist", "two gist", "three slogans", "four elements", and "six principles" that Chen Cheng came up with in Lushan.

On September 25, the "encirclement and suppression" military operation began.The former enemy commander-in-chief of the Northern Route Army, Chen Cheng, commanded three divisions to attack Lichuan suddenly. Chen Cheng moved quickly. In accordance with the combat policy of the Central Revolutionary Military Commission, the Red Front Army issued on September 27, 1933 "Action Orders to the Corps in the Battle of Fuhe after the Annihilation of the Enemies in Lichuan", planning to "first destroy the enemies approaching Lichuan, and then join us in Fuhe. The western forces will fight the enemy at Fuhe with all their strength."

But on the second day after the order was issued, Lichuan, the northern gate of the Soviet area, was lost. In the early morning of September 28, Lichuan was occupied by the enemy. In order to restore Lichuan, the Red Army fought a series of arduous battles.Peng Dehuai led the main force to return in an emergency to attack the enemies of saltpeter and Lichuan; Lin Biao also led the main force to attack and contain the enemies of Nancheng and Nanfeng to ensure Peng Dehuai's attack on the Lichuan area. The commander of the 24th Division of the enemy who defended the saltpeter was Xu Kexiang who launched the "Ma Ri Incident".

Peng Dehuai continued to attack saltpeter for several days, but failed; Lin Biao also failed to stop the enemy from the south city, Dongyuan.Chen Cheng commanded Li Yannian's 9th Division, Huang Wei's 11th Division, Huo Kuizhang's 14th Division, and Li Shusen's 94th Division to arrive at Nitre.The arrival of the four main divisions of Jiang Jun's direct line forced Peng Dehuai to withdraw from the battle that night. The fall of Lichuan and the failure of the three armies to attack saltpeter for several days made the plan for the battle of Fuhe fail.Lin Biao led an army to attack Zixi Bridge and failed for several days, and the plan to fight the enemy in the Zixi Bridge area had to be abandoned.

At the first step of the fifth counter-campaign against "encirclement and suppression", the Red Army lost the initiative and fell into a passive position. Although they are all opponents in the past, the phenomenon of conservative strength, passive avoidance of battles and blindly aggressive, manic and light advance phenomena no longer appear.The enemy seems to have changed a group of people: the advance is decisive and closely linked; the defense is tenacious and reinforcements are timely. The enemy is changing. The enemy should change and we should change.How do we respond? On September 25, when Chiang’s military operations started and Chen Cheng attacked Lichuan, a person who was later called “the military adviser sent by the Communist International” arrived in the Central Soviet Area.

Where is he from?Is it really from the Comintern?What is he here for?What kind of changes will his arrival bring to the Red Army of Chinese Workers and Peasants? It took more than half a century of Chinese Communists just to figure out his true identity. This complex thread must be pursued from farther sources. On June 1, 1931, Joseph, a messenger of the Comintern, was arrested by the British police in Singapore.As a result of the interrogation, it was found that the funds that Joseph transferred to the Malaya Communists came from Shanghai, and the documents he carried included a registered telegraph address and a post office box in Shanghai.

Singapore is a British colony, and Shanghai has a British concession. The British responded efficiently: immediately notify the Shanghai Public Settlement Police Department.The Concession Police Department also quickly verified two suspicious locations: one was Room 4, No. 235, Sichuan Road, Shanghai. Ruge) Chinese name Wang Deliang, known as Mrs. Niu Lan; the couple hold Belgian and Swiss passports. The other is Room 30, No. 49, Nanjing Road, the Shanghai Office of the Pan Pacific Industrial Alliance, and the person in charge is also Niu Lan. On June 15, Niu Lan and his wife were arrested by the Shanghai International Settlement Police Department.

Because there was no warning in advance, the passwords and account books were too late to be transferred, and they were all seized by the concession authorities. It was indeed lightning fast. This is the case of the famous Niu Lan couple being arrested. Today, looking back on this important case that caused a sensation in the entire East, we should admire the quality and discipline of the secret workers of the Communist International.The Shanghai Concession authorities started from various sources, but they were unable to verify the real identities of Niu Lan and his wife.In the end, they tried to open a gap in the language spoken by Niu Lan's family to confirm that the suspect was indeed from the Soviet Union. It turned out that even the Niu Lan couple's son Jimmy, who was only 4 years old at the time, could only speak German.

Decades have passed, not to mention that the interrogators of the concession authorities and later the Kuomintang government did not figure it out, even the Chinese Communists who knew that Niu Lan and his wife were secret workers of the Communist International never knew the truth about them. Name and experience. It was not until the disintegration of the Soviet Union at the end of the 20th century and the publication of a large number of secret files of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Communist International that the Niulan couple's son, Jimmy, who is nearly 70 years old, disclosed the real situation of his parents to the world for the first time. Niu Lan's real name is Yakov Matejevich Rudnik. She was born in a working family in Ukraine in 1894. She lost her parents when she was 10 years old. He graduated from a commercial school in Kyiv in 1914, and entered the St. Petersburg Military School for bravery in World War I. In February 1917, he started his revolutionary career in the struggle to overthrow the tsarist rule, became a member of the Bolsheviks, served as a political commissar of the "Finnish Regiment", and led the team to attack the Winter Palace during the October Revolution. In 1918, he was elected to the "Cheka" of the Anti-Correction Committee led by Dzerzhinsky, and went to several European countries to perform missions. He was arrested in France and sentenced to two years in prison. After serving his sentence in 1924, he returned to the Soviet Union and was transferred to the Liaison Department of the Communist International as a secret messenger to communicate with the Communist Parties of Austria, Italy, Germany and other countries. After the failure of the Chinese Revolution in 1927, he was selected by the Comintern as the best candidate to be sent to China. He went to Shanghai in November 1927 and took full charge of the work of the China Liaison Station in 1929. Mrs. Niulan's real name is Tatiana Nikleviya Maisenko, born in 1891 in a prominent aristocratic family in St. Petersburg.Influenced by good culture since childhood, he studied in a local aristocratic school, and later became a teacher, specializing in mathematical logic.He has a wide range of hobbies and a high understanding of languages. He is proficient in French, German, English, Italian, and has also studied Georgian and Turkish. He joined the Bolsheviks during the October Revolution in 1917, and was appointed by the Communist International to work in Turkey, Italy, Austria and other countries. In 1925, he met and fell in love with Niu Lan in Vienna. In early 1930, he brought his son to Shanghai to assist her husband in his work. This is a pair of seasoned revolutionaries.The combination of Rudnick from a poor family and Mai Xianke from a rich family makes them more adaptable to various social environments. The tasks they want to accomplish in Shanghai can be summed up in three items: First, use various legal identities in the concession to complete the communication between the Executive Committee of the Communist International, the Far East Bureau, the Youth Communist International, the Red Workers International, the Communist Party of China and other parties in Asia. Receiving and transferring telegrams, letters, and postal parcels; the second is to handle various procedures for communists from various countries in the East who went to the Soviet Union to study, hold meetings, and report on their duties; Revolutionary movements in East Asian countries. Even a layman can know from the above tasks that the liaison station in charge of the Niu Lan couple was actually a hub for the exchange of information flow, personnel flow and capital flow of the Communist International in the Far East. Because the relationship is so important, the person in charge of this matter must be very experienced and must be extremely cautious in his behavior. Niulan and his wife fully meet this condition.Both of them have worked in many countries. In Shanghai, they hold multi-national passports, use several aliases, register eight mailboxes, seven telegraph numbers, rent ten residences, two offices and one shop, and change frequently. Contact locations, while trying to avoid direct contact with underground workers of the Chinese Communist Party.Niu Lan spent more than a year in Shanghai, either traveling to other cities in China, or going back and forth between Shanghai and Europe to clear trade channels.Later, the couple set up three trading companies, the largest of which was the "Metropolis Trading Company" with strong capital and a good reputation, and had a good reputation in the Shanghai business district.If Joseph, the courier far away in the sky, hadn't been arrested in Singapore, and if Joseph hadn't violated the regulations and kept Shanghai's registered telegram address and post office box in the document, the Niu Lan couple would not have been exposed in Shanghai. The arrest of the Niu Lan couple and the destruction of the organization cut off the information, personnel, and capital transfer channels of the Communist International to support the Eastern Revolution. And misfortunes never come singly. Originally, because Niu Lan and his wife adhered to the secret work system, even though the communication code and fund account books were seized, because the identity and the nature of the work could not be verified, the concession authorities had little choice.Shanghai itself is an "adventurer's paradise", where all kinds of speculators from all over the world use various legal, illegal, above-ground and underground means to pan for gold everywhere.Who knows who this couple is working for?Who is it?An official from the Police Department of the Shanghai International Settlement said privately: This case is very difficult, and if there is no real evidence, he will have to be released. At this time, there was a big problem with the Chinese Communist Party: Gu Shunzhang, one of the heads of the special committee of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, was arrested and rebelled. Gu Shunzhang, aliased as Zhang Hua and Liming, was born in Baoshan County, Jiangsu Province. He was originally a worker of Shanghai Nanyang Brothers Tobacco Company. He was a member of the bureau, and a member of the Central Committee after the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China. In November 1928, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China decided to establish the Central Special Task Committee—“a solid and capable secret agency to ensure the existence and development of various revolutionary organizations”—to lead the work of the hidden front across the country.The three leaders of the special committee are Xiang Zhongfa, the general secretary elected by the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Zhou Enlai, the actual head of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China at that time, and Gu Shunzhang.The importance and key of this person's position can also be seen. Gu Shunzhang knows almost everything about all the secrets of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.His defection put the CCP Central Committee in serious danger.Fortunately, Qian Zhuangfei, who broke into the enemy's interior, received the information on the second day of Gu's rebellion, and immediately rushed from Nanjing to Shanghai to report to Zhou Enlai, the head of the special committee.Zhou Enlai made a decisive decision, and with the assistance of Nie Rongzhen, Chen Geng, Li Kenong, Li Qiang and others, he arranged for the transfer and evacuation of central authorities and personnel overnight.Nie Rongzhen later recalled: "In the past two or three days, I was really nervous. Enlai and we didn't sleep a wink, and finally rushed ahead of the enemy and completed the task." , All the people have gone to the house to empty. It is said that Chen Lifu, the person in charge of the "Central Reunification" of the Kuomintang, looked up to the sky and sighed: only 5 minutes were left to capture Zhou Enlai alive. Zhou Enlai said to people many times later: If it were not for Comrade Qian Zhuangfei, all of us would have died at the hands of the reactionaries. Gu Shunzhang's rebellion led to the great transfer of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, which directly prompted Zhou Enlai to go to the Central Soviet Area in early December 1931. Under the leadership of Zhou Enlai, although efforts were made to minimize the impact of Gu Shunzhang's rebellion, losses were still inevitable.It is easy for outsiders to get away, and those who have been imprisoned in the Kuomintang prison will be in danger one after another. The most typical one is Yun Daiying.Yun Daiying was arrested in the International Settlement in April 1930.At that time, he tactfully scratched his face and changed his name to Wang, and he did not reveal his identity in prison.Under the command of Zhou Enlai, the rescue work of the Central Special Committee was quite effective: the inspector of the Laozha patrol room was given a generous gift as a "greeting", which enabled Yun to be given a lighter sentence and transferred to the Suzhou Army Prison; the judge of the Jiangsu High Court was also sent to Suzhou Army Prison Unclog the joints and prepare to release Yun early.Zhou Enlai had already sent someone to Suzhou to pay for Yun Daiying who was about to be released from prison. At this juncture, Gu Shunzhang rebelled and directly identified the soon-to-be-released Suzhou Army Prison "Wang" as Yun Daiying, an important leader of the CCP, and Yun Daiying was finally killed. Another couple identified by Gu Shunzhang, the Niu Lan couple. Gu Shunzhang had dealings with Niu Lan and his wife. At the beginning of 1931, the Communist International sent two military personnel to Shanghai to serve as military advisors in the Central Soviet Area. Niu Lan and his wife disguised them as missionaries, and Gu Shunzhang arranged for them to sneak into Ruijin.But the action was unsuccessful. After the two returned to Shanghai, Niu Lan and his wife quickly sent the two on a foreign ship to leave the country.After Gu Shunzhang rebelled, he immediately identified the matter.However, because the Niu Lan couple acted cautiously, they did not directly contact the CCP's underground workers, including Gu Shunzhang himself.Gu Shunzhang poured out all his brains, and he could only confess that the Comintern had a "Foreigners Club" in Shanghai. Sugar (Nougat) is similar.At that time, the Kuomintang was worried about running away from the big fish Zhou Enlai. When they heard about the "foreigners club" of the Communist International, they immediately became highly excited and quickly identified the Niu Lan couple who were arrested in the Shanghai Concession, spoke German, and their nationality was not confirmed. , is what Gu Shunzhang called "Nougat" - the head of the "Foreigners Club" of the Communist International in Shanghai. In August 1931, Niu Lan and his wife were "extradited" and escorted from Shanghai to Nanjing under the escort of a large number of heavily armed military police.The Kuomintang tried to use this as a breakthrough to cut off the international communication channels of the Communist Party of China and paralyze the Far East communication system of the Communist International. In this serious situation, the Communist International and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Communist Party of China were forced to respond and began to organize the rescue of Niu Lan and his wife. The specific organization of the rescue work was handed over to the Shanghai workstation of the Far East Intelligence Bureau of the General Staff of the Soviet Red Army. The person in charge of the Shanghai workstation was Richard Sorge, who was unknown at the time and later became famous. Sorge has many similarities with Niulan. One is that they are about the same age.Niu Lan was born in 1894 and Sorge in 1895. The second is that the two were born in similar places. Niu Lan was born in Ukraine, and Sorge was born in the Caucasus. Third, the working languages ​​of both are German.Niu Lan is due to the needs of activities in Europe and work in Belgium, Switzerland and other countries, and his wife is a language genius who is proficient in multiple foreign languages; Sorge's conditions are better: his father is a German technician in the Baku oil field, and his mother is a Russian. When Sorge was 3 years old, he moved to Berlin, Germany with his parents to settle down. Fourth, their experiences of participating in the revolution are also very similar: first of all, both of them participated in the First World War and performed bravely; Niu Lan entered the St. Second-class Iron Cross Medal; Secondly, both of them went to revolution because of the war: Niu Lan joined the Bolsheviks in the February Revolution that overthrew the Tsar, and led the team to attack the Winter Palace in the October Revolution; Sorge joined Germany during this period. Communist Party, and in March 1925 secretly obtained Soviet citizenship and joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Both are now in Shanghai, both engaged in secret work.Although the affiliation is different: Niu Lan is in charge of the liaison station of the Communist International in Shanghai, and Sorge is in charge of the workstation of the Soviet General Staff in Shanghai; although Niu Lan has become a prisoner of the Kuomintang, Sorge is still a guest in the concession, but as a secret worker They all know the danger of work and the preciousness of rescue. Sorge's public identity is that he is a Shanghai-based reporter for the German newspaper "Frankfurter News", mainly researching China's agricultural issues.The Soviet General Staff sent Sorge to China, mainly targeting Japan.At that time, the Japanese Showa warlord group had already risen, and its aggressive expansion ambitions posed an increasingly serious threat to the security of the eastern Soviet Union.Conducting intelligence work against Japan has become imminent and has increasingly important strategic value.But Japan is recognized as the most difficult place in the world to carry out intelligence work.The shrewd Sorge chose Shanghai as the springboard for his entry into Japan.While writing boring agricultural reviews for the "Frankfurt News" in Shanghai, he carefully built a Shanghai workstation and made various preparations for entering Japan.The workstation was later widely known as the "Sorge Group".Soon two Japanese were also developed, and these two became important helpers for Sorge when he went to Tokyo to carry out intelligence work.After receiving instructions from the Soviet Army's General Staff, Sorge devoted himself to the rescue of Niu Lan and his wife. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China also dispatched Pan Hannian, chief of the intelligence section of the Central Special Branch, to assist Sorge in the rescue work.The rescue plan was jointly formulated by Sorge and Pan Hannian.At that time, the British, French and Japanese patrols in Shanghai had begun to follow Sorge.But he was calm and unafraid; while continuing to write his articles on agricultural issues calmly, he worked with Pan Hannian to carry out rescue work from both open and secret channels. Through public channels, Soong Ching Ling, Smedley, Snow, Yi Luosheng and others came forward to demand the release of Niu Lan and his wife.The secret channel is to open gaps from the concession and the KMT.Pan Hannian told Sorge that the Kuomintang investigators had the habit of accepting bribes. In September 1929, Ren Bishi, secretary of the Jiangsu Provincial Party Committee of the Communist Party of China, was arrested in Shanghai. The Central Special Section learned about it and used cash to bribe the inspector of the public concession, and then hired a lawyer at a high price to defend him. Ren Bishi was released safely through a multi-pronged approach; Similarly, various joints have been opened up. If Gu Shunzhang hadn't been identified as a traitor at the end, Yun Daiying would have been released from prison. After learning of the news, Sorge sent an urgent telegram to Moscow, requesting that someone send someone to send 20,000 U.S. dollars to Shanghai immediately to open up joints and complete the rescue. The Soviet General Staff immediately took action.After crossing Siberia, the remittance route passes through northeast China.At that time, the "September 18th" incident had already occurred, and the entire area was controlled by the Japanese.Considering the good relationship between Germany and Japan, the Soviet General Staff decided to send members of the German Communist Party to carry out this mission.For the sake of insurance, choose two people, each carrying 20,000 U.S. dollars, and take different routes.Neither of them knew that there was another person doing the exact same task as them. In the end, the two members of the German Communist Party who sent the money both completed this risky task, traveled through northeast China to Shanghai, and delivered the money to Sorge. Both are members of the German Communist Party with more than ten years of party experience.One named Hermann Sieberler, when writing articles in his later years, excitedly recalled the excited scene of embracing Sorge after arriving safely in Shanghai. The other was Otto Braun.In his later years, he wrote articles with a straight face, and did not mention the secret mission of the year, nor did he mention Sorge.Just vaguely said "In 1930, the staff member of the Comintern delegation, Nerlens Ruger, was arrested, and many documents in his office were also found. It was only at that time that corrupt Chinese judges were bribed to prevent him from Death penalty and execution”; not only misstate the time and number of arrests, but also keep tight-lipped about his relationship with this incident. Otto Braun was the man who later became known as "Military Adviser Sent by the Comintern" Li De. He is 4 years younger than Sorge, but he joined the German Communist Party one year earlier than Sorge.Otto Braun was born in Munich, Germany. He was an active member of the workers' uprising and fought bravely for the "Bavarian Soviet Republic".During this period, he was arrested twice. After the second arrest, he successfully escaped from prison and fled to the Soviet Union. Entered Frunze Military Academy in 1929.When Joseph, the messenger of the Comintern, was arrested in Singapore and the British police discovered the address of Niulan and his wife, Otto Braun was still a student, attending lectures at the Frunze Military Academy in Moscow.After that it was all lightning for him.He was assigned to the General Staff of the Soviet Army just after graduation; he was dispatched to China just after he was assigned to the General Staff of the Soviet Army. Otto Braun is on the same system as Richard Sorge.The only difference is that the latter is already an intelligence worker with a major mission in the Soviet Army's General Staff, while the former is a money delivery officer who has just reported for duty, and is a traffic officer. After arriving in Shanghai, he will naturally be led by Sorge. Sending money to Sorge was the first and last task Otto Braun received in the Soviet General Staff.No one thought that this traffic officer would become a "military advisor to the Comintern" in China after he left. His coming to China was not what he said, but was assigned by the Communist International. From the mid-1920s, the Comintern paid great attention to the Chinese revolution.Many famous figures were sent to China successively to guide the revolution. Weijingsi came to China and threaded the needle between "South Chen and North Li" and promoted the establishment of the Chinese Communist Group. Marin participated in the First Congress of the Communist Party of China, and after an unexpected situation occurred at the venue, he first proposed to transfer. With his rich experience in underground struggle, he avoided a major loss that the Communist Party of China might suffer in the early days of its establishment.Marin was also a major advocate of KMT-CCP ​​cooperation.Those who met him were impressed by his knowledge and experience.At that time, the Far East Bureau of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and the Far East Secretariat of the Communist International adopted a policy of focusing only on strength, with Wu Peifu in the north and Chen Jiongming in the south, and alienating Sun Yat-sen. It was not until Marin came to China that they set the right course. Borodin stayed in China for five years. During the Great Revolution, he played a pivotal role in Chinese politics and had far-reaching influence. He was called "Lenin of Guangzhou". Miff is a well-known "China hand" in the Bolshevik Party. At the end of 1926, he put forward the "Miff Outline" at the Seventh Enlarged Plenary Session of the Executive Committee of the Communist International, arguing that peasant Soviets should be established immediately in rural China; Stalin later published "On The Prospect of the Chinese Revolution" speech, although he believed that the establishment of peasant Soviets was too early, but he believed that Miff's formulation of the weakness of the Chinese national bourgeoisie was completely correct; the nature of China's future political power raised in Miff's theses was a contribution. Rominaz drafted the "August 7th Conference of the Communist Party of China Report to All Party Members" for the August 7th Conference of the Communist Party of China, and made a political report, advocating armed riots, carrying out the land revolution and establishing the Soviet regime, which played an important role in the transformation of the general policy of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. effect. The above-mentioned people can be said to be veteran revolutionaries in the international communist movement. Veteran revolutionaries have made mistakes of one kind or another in China.Therefore, after Rominaz, the representatives of the Comintern in China only attended the meetings of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, and no longer had the right to make decisions.The Comintern never sent the so-called "plenipotentiary representatives" to China. Why did such a graduate of a military academy who had no special training from the Comintern and even a superficial understanding of the Eastern revolution come to China in the year of graduation to serve as a so-called "military adviser"?Even the official representative of the Comintern in China no longer has the "right to make decisions". Where did such an adviser who can directly and fully command the Red Army in the Soviet area come from? Where did the problem go wrong? It is still bad for the Chinese themselves. It was not the Comintern or the Soviet General Staff that helped Otto Braun complete the identity change, but the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in Shanghai. At that time, Gu Shunzhang's arrest and rebellion caused the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China to face serious difficulties.Less than a week after Niu Lan and his wife were arrested, General Secretary Xiang Zhongfa was arrested and rebelled.Two of the three leaders of the Central Special Committee were arrested and rebelled. Under this double blow, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China suffered great damage.The remaining leader of the Special Committee, Zhou Enlai, was forced to hide and went to the Jiangxi Soviet Area at the end of the year.Wang Ming, who was not in obvious danger in Shanghai at the time, found various excuses and went to Moscow in October 1931 ahead of Zhou Enlai.Far less than half of the members of the Central Committee and the Politburo remained in Shanghai.According to the proposal of the Far East Bureau of the Comintern, before Wang Ming and Zhou Enlai left, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China stationed in Shanghai was changed to a temporary central committee. The meeting to decide the interim head of the central government was said to be held in a hotel, and said to be held in Bogu's home. Bogu is young, energetic, enthusiastic and unrestrained, and doesn't take the white terror in front of him seriously.He is also very eloquent and good at giving passionate speeches; after the Fourth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee, he served as the secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League, and was praised by the Communist Party International for his ability to organize and agitate.At the meeting to determine the candidates for the provisional Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Wang Ming suggested that Bogu should take the overall responsibility. He said: OK, let me do it!No worries. This year he was 24 years old. That's how things settled down. At that time, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China sent reports to the International and received instructions from the International through the Far East Bureau of the Communist International in Shanghai.As the temporary head of the Central Committee, Bo Gu became a frequent visitor to the Far East Bureau.Although Sorge's team was affiliated with the Soviet Army's General Staff, it also operated as a member of the Communist International, and team members often came to the Far East Bureau to exchange information.As a result, Yurt, the head of the Far East Bureau, Bogu, the head of the Interim Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, and Sorge, the head of the Shanghai Workstation of the Soviet General Staff, had close contacts. After the arrest of Niu Lan and his wife, another money delivery man, Otto Braun, came from afar from the Soviet Union.Although Ewart, Sorge and Otto Braun represent different aspects, they are all Germans. This is really a historical coincidence of "folks meet fellows".The reason why Braun did not complete the task and return home as quickly as another money delivery man, Hermann Siberel, was because he met two acquaintances here at once. Braun is an old acquaintance with Ewart, the head of the Far East Bureau.The two had done party work together in Germany.Ewert had a high status in the German Communist Party at that time, but he disagreed with the leader of the German Communist Party, Thälmann, and was transferred out of the German Communist Party by the Comintern, away from his compatriots, and assigned to work in China. The second is Bogu, the head of the interim Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.In the Soviet Union, Braun was a student at the Frunze Military Academy, and Bogu was a student at Sun Yat-sen University, both in Moscow, and they had known each other since then. Three old acquaintances met in the white and terrifying Shanghai. Although they had different identities, they all shouldered important missions.Both very excited and very affectionate. Before Otto Braun came to China, Bo Gu had just assumed the post of the provisional Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, and the work in the white areas had gradually relegated to a secondary position.The main task of the CCP is no longer organizing demonstrations and flying rallies, nor is it launching armed urban riots.All Soviet areas across the country are carrying out armed struggles like fire and tea.Work in the Soviet area has risen to become the main work of the Chinese revolution.The military question is becoming the primary, urgent and crucial question in the revolutionary struggle.Organizing a truly revolutionary war is the latest test facing the Chinese Communists. The conclusion is surprisingly simple.If you don't understand military affairs, you can't steer the rudder. The most unfavorable person facing this conclusion is Bogu, the temporary head of the central government.As a leader who went out of his home to enter the Sun Yat-sen University in Moscow, and then entered the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China after leaving the Sun Yat-Sen University, he had engaged in the student movement and the labor movement, but he had never been involved in the peasant movement, let alone the military movement. Contact with armed struggle.The most lacking in self-awareness is the military lesson. Just at this time came Otto Braun, a graduate of the Frunze Military Academy. Bogut had retained his acquaintance as bosun in his precarious ship. This year Otto Braun was 31 years old and Chang Bogu was 7 years old. From the beginning of 1932 to the beginning of 1933, Bogu and Otto Braun spent a whole year together in Shanghai.During the year, what views did the two exchange on the issue of the Chinese revolution?How to evaluate the armed struggle in the Soviet area?How can this struggle be further developed?Now there is no third person who knows.The subsequent facts show that during this period of time, Bo Gu established absolute trust in Otto Braun. Soon the Temporary Central Committee could no longer stay in Shanghai. In the spring of 1933, Bo Gu went to the Central Soviet Area.Before he left he offered to ask Otto Braun to go with him.Braun did not lack the courage to go to the Soviet area, but he had his own considerations.As an international revolutionary who has escaped from danger many times, he is not afraid of the dangers that may lie ahead.Moreover, the military adviser Manfred Stern (Fred for short) sent by the Comintern was on his way to Shanghai. After Bo Gu left, he would soon have nothing to do in Shanghai.These are the reasons why he is willing to go to the Soviet area with Bogu. There was only one reason why he couldn't go: he was from the General Staff of the Soviet Army, not from the Comintern.So when Urt sought his opinion on behalf of the Far East Bureau, he put forward a condition and asked the Executive Committee of the Communist International to issue a corresponding instruction. He needs to rely on this instruction to complete his identity transformation. Things are not as simple and smooth as Otto Braun imagined.He later recalled, "Ewart and Bogut therefore sent several telegrams to Moscow." How many, he could not say. It took a while, until Bogulin left Shanghai, to receive a formal and vague reply from the Comintern: Otto Braun, as an advisor without directive authority, was at the disposal of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. The Comintern seems to want to use this instruction to let the Far East Bureau, the Provisional Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and Otto Braun understand two points: first, as a consultant, Otto Braun "has no authority to instruct" and only has the right to suggest; , as a consultant, Otto Braun was not entrusted by the Communist International, but only by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Obviously, the Comintern did not help Li De complete the identity change.It only requires the provisional Central Committee of the Communist Party of China to be responsible for the consultants it has selected.Braun later said, "I have not received any other orders and instructions"; the Comintern never telegraphed any instructions directly to him.He also never established direct contact with the Comintern.Fred, the military adviser sent by the International, sent a telegram to Li De from Shanghai, but only as a temporary assistant to help understand the situation. Until entering the Soviet area, Braun also knew that his relationship with the Communist International was delicate.At the military meeting in the Soviet area, he stated repeatedly at first that his position was only a consultant, and he did not have the power to issue instructions; but Bo Gu did not allow him to continue talking like this.At the first welcome meeting to introduce him, the enthusiastic Bogu unfolded his oratory skills: "Comrades! We are holding a special meeting here to warmly welcome the long-awaited Communist International to the Central Committee of our party. Consultant, Comrade Otto Braun." "For the sake of confidentiality and the safety of the consultant comrades, he will be called 'Li De' in Chinese after the meeting, and his identity and original name must not be revealed." "Comrade Li De is a An outstanding Bolshevik military strategist and an internationalist fighter with rich struggle experience. His coming to China reflects the Communist International's deep concern and great support for our party, the Red Army and the Chinese revolution, and also reflects the old revolutionary and his The spirit of internationalism of the military strategist and the lofty sentiments of devotion to the world revolution." Bogu gave him the precious sword of "the military adviser of the Communist International stationed in the Central Committee of our party".He also put on a series of glorious hats such as "excellent Bolshevik military strategist", "internationalist fighter with rich struggle experience", "old revolutionist and military strategist", and personally gave him a Chinese name: Li De. Since then, Otto Braun entered the annals of Chinese revolution under the name "Li De". As the person in charge of the provisional Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Bo Gu further explained that Li De attended the meetings of the Central Committee and the Military Commission as a non-voting military advisor to the Communist International, and participated in the research and formulation of various policies and decisions of the Party and the Red Army, especially for military strategies, campaigns and tactics. Responsible for guidance and supervision. Otto Braun had not graduated from the military academy for a long time, and at first he was not used to the name "Li De" or the status of "the Supreme Emperor".Over time, everyone seemed to think that he was an advisor with great power, and he wrote in his diary: "Bogus may have consciously tolerated this misunderstanding because he thought it would strengthen him. prestige." He was right.Young Bogu needs Zhong Kui next to him in order to establish and solidify his authority - especially that of military work, which he knows nothing about.Li De played such Zhong Kui. The working procedure at that time was that the telegrams coming from the front had to be sent to Li De's residence first, and after the exact location of the location mentioned in the telegrams was found out and translated, they were drawn into sketches for Li De to review.After reviewing, put forward corresponding handling opinions, and then translate it into Chinese and send it to Zhou Enlai, vice chairman of the Military Commission.According to the importance of the call, Zhou Enlai handled general issues by himself, and submitted major issues to the Military Commission or the Politburo for discussion. Otto Braun gradually became familiar with the name Li De, and gradually got used to his status and role, and he really became the emperor. 他与博古商量以后，在10月中旬中革军委一次会议上说，游击主义的黄金时代已经过去了，山沟里的马列主义该收起来了，现在一定要摆脱过去一套过时的东西，建立一套新原则。 “游击主义的黄金时代”和“山沟里的马列主义”，明显是博古的语言，借李德之口说出而已；新原则基本就是李德自己的东西了：用鲜血保卫苏维埃，一切为了前线上的胜利，不让敌人蹂躏一寸土地，不被敌人的气势汹汹吓倒，消灭敌人于阵地之前。 这都是李德从伏龙芝军事学院的一套老战法。 这些新的原则被通过、付诸实施了。 11月11日，寻淮洲率新成立的红七军团进攻浒湾，遭敌夹击，彭德怀率三军团赴援。陈诚以部分兵力牵制我三军团，以主力向七军团猛攻。七军团阵地被突破，寻淮洲率部仓忙后撤。彭德怀的三军团也在多次向敌阵地冲击过程中，遭密集火力杀伤和低空飞机扫射，伤亡重大；两个军团伤亡1100余人。 11月15日，红一军团和红九军团一部从敌人堡垒间隙北出，配合三军团作战。17日，陈诚以10个师兵力从侧面出击，企图断我归路；另以5个师向我发动正面攻击。云盖山、大雄关一带，一军团、九军团蒙受重大伤亡，被迫放弃阵地。 如果说这些仗都是李德在那里指挥，也不完全是事实。但同样是事实的是，此时李德已经拥有了决定性发言权，红军各级指战员不得不执行他的原则方针。 中革军委11月20日致师以上首长及司令部的一封信，已带有鲜明的李德印记：“如果原则上拒绝进攻这种堡垒，那便是拒绝战斗。” 军人不能拒绝战斗。更何况是革命军人。 于是革命军人不能拒绝进攻堡垒。 红军开始了一场与敌人硬碰硬的决战。 历次反“围剿”中机动灵活能征善战的红一军团，由于陷入李德的“短促突击”战术，从1933年10月到1934年4月共打了黎川、云盖山、大雄关、丁毛山、凤翔峰、三岬幛、乾昌桥和广昌战斗，除了凤翔峰、三岬幛战斗苦守阵地而取得小胜外，其余都打了败仗，损失严重。1933年12月丁毛山战斗，一军团一师三团9个连队，竟然阵亡了13个连级干部。 历次反“围剿”猛打猛冲能啃硬骨头的红三军团，1933年11月的浒湾战斗伤亡重大，12月的德胜关战斗伤亡重大，1934年3月的驻马寨战斗伤亡重大。 下一个，便是李德亲自出马指挥的第五次反“围剿”中规模最大、影响最大、几乎将红军主力拼光、导致中央红军不得不突围长征的广昌战斗。 4月10日，国民党北路军陈诚指挥十一个师进攻广昌。面对敌军的严重攻势，以博古为首的中共中央决定调集红军主力一、三、九军团共九个师坚守广昌。博古、李德赴前线组织野战司令部直接指挥。司令员在名义上是朱德，实际上是李德，博古担任政治委员。周恩来被放在远离前线的瑞金留守。 4月中旬，保卫广昌的政治命令下达。命令签署者是中国共产党中央委员会博古、中革军委主席朱德、代总政治部主任顾作霖：“我们的战斗任务，是在以全力保卫广昌。为完成这个光荣的任务，一切战斗员指挥员政治工作人员应有最大限度的紧张与努力，我们的坚定的坚决的顽强的英勇的战斗，非但能够保卫赤色广昌且可能消灭大量的敌人及最后的粉碎五次'围剿'。” “我支点之守备队，是我战斗序列之支柱，他们应毫不动摇地在敌人炮火与空中轰炸下支持着，以便用有纪律之火力射击及勇猛的反突击，消灭敌人的有生兵力。” “我突击力量应该努力隐蔽地接近（爬行跑步利用死角等），以便避免在敌火下之不必要的伤亡而进行出于敌人意外的突然的攻击，在攻击时应不顾一切火力奋勇前进坚决无情地消灭敌人。” 从这些令很多指挥员费解的西化语言中，人们活脱脱看见的是李德。 陈诚以10个师构成5公里宽的攻击正面。5个师为河西纵队，5个师为河东纵队，一个师为预备队。以河东受阻则河西推进、河西受阻则河东推进战法，夹抚河两岸交替筑碉，向广昌推进。 红军9个师，敌军11个师。这是一场以主力拼主力、以堡垒对堡垒、以阵地对阵地的搏斗。中国革命的前途和命运，被压缩到了广昌一隅。 陈诚的主力在河西。其起家部队十一师、十四师都在那里；河东部队相对较弱。李德抓住这点，计划以九军团和红二十三师在西岸牵制敌主力；以主力一、三军团和五军团十三师集中在抚河以东大罗山、延福嶂地区，对河东之敌实施短促突击，给其以歼灭性打击。 结果弱敌不弱。我主力一、三军团还未突击，敌河东纵队就向大罗山、延福嶂地区发起猛攻。河西纵队也乘红军主力集中东岸作战之机，4月14日突破九军团阵地，占领甘竹。 河东红军主力也未顶住敌河东纵队，于19日丢掉了大罗山、延福嶂阵地。 计划好以我弱旅吸敌主力，以我主力歼敌弱旅，反被敌以弱旅胶着我主力，以主力突破我防线。 敌人似换了一个人。 我们也似换了一个人。 4月27日，陈诚指挥河西河东两岸敌军同时向广昌发起总攻。 当晚，红军被迫撤出广昌保卫战。 广昌保卫战是李德战略战术发展的顶点，红军损失巨大。战斗持续18天，红军伤亡5500余人，占参战总兵力的1/5。中央苏区不得不被放弃、中央红军不得不突围长征这个第五次反“围剿”的结局，在广昌已经奠定。 红军在广昌的确战败了。因为失败，出现了一些不准确的说法。例如说在战前就提出了口号：“为着保卫广昌而战，这就是为着保卫中国革命而战”，“胜利或者死亡”。其实这些口号是4月28日《战斗报》发布的。发布之日，红军已经退出了广昌。 又有文章说：“博古和李德害怕敌人突破所谓根据地的门户广昌，荒谬地提出要'把广昌变成马德里！''像保卫马德里那样保卫广昌！'”这就偏离当时的事实更远了。西班牙内战发生在两年之后。没有人能够用1936年底发生的保卫马德里战斗，来形容1934年4月的广昌保卫战。 李德的作战指挥给中国革命带来的损失巨大，事实已经铁一般地摆在了那里。脱离了事实的感情升华和添油加醋，只能使想真正总结出经验教训的人们，陷入另外一种迷雾。 李德的翻译之一王智涛说：“他是由上海那个真正军事顾问派来打前站的。” 如果来苏区的不是假顾问李德，而是真顾问弗雷德，中国革命的运气是否能够稍微好一些呢？ 正式顾问弗雷德1933年春天来华。他在中国时间虽短，却于6月13日以中共中央名义发给中央苏区一封著名的“长电”，指示红军今后作战方针。他反对集中使用兵力，主张两个拳头打人，要求红军以主力组成东方军，打通福建出海口，获取苏联可能的武器支援。 连国际代表尤尔特和还未出发去苏区的李德都认为他的想法不切实际。 即使如此，弗雷德对提出异议的苏区中央局还去电严厉申斥：“必须时时记着：我们不能允许以讨论或含糊的步骤来浪费我们的任何时间。” 有个正式头衔，说话口气便不知比李德强硬出多少倍。 为了弗雷德不切实际的空想，红一方面军只有按照其意由一、五军团组成中央军，留守原地，以三军团为基干组成东方军东出福建。 幸亏弗雷德来华时间不长。否则“长电”之上再加几封“长电”，李德之上再多个弗雷德，中国工农红军的命运便真要雪上加霜了。 弗雷德来去匆匆，1934年春天便离开中国。 他后来成名于西班牙战场。真正的“保卫马德里”去了。看来他在那里更有成绩，人们称他克勒贝尔将军。 欧洲更适合于他。 李德也是如此。 李德的身影中，人们总看见博古。博古的错误里，最大的又是李德。 李德的另一个翻译伍修权回忆说：“李德的权力，不是他自己争来的，而是中共中央负责人拱手交给他的，造成失败的主要责任应该是中国同志本身。” 国际只允许他有建议权。但他最后有了指示权、决定权。那不是共产国际的决定，而是中共中央的决定。 有人说，博古当时抓住李德，像抓住一根救命稻草。 话说得刻薄了一些。不懂军事向别人请教，无可非议，哪怕被请教者是个外国人。如果仅仅如此，也许中国革命史和博古、李德的个人历史，会有另外一种写法。 起初的确局限于请教。但后来则想把自己的某些东西塞到里面。借伏龙芝军事学院的招牌、借共产国际的身份帮助自己压台，压人。于是李德变成了钟馗，用他来“打鬼”——威吓那些在革命战争中积累了丰富经验、坚持红军独特战法的人。 首当其冲者自然是毛泽东。 当时的左倾中央，无一人想起要向苏区中自己的同志请教。 1929年，李德刚刚成为伏龙芝军事学院的一名学员，彭德怀、林彪等人已经完成了他们那段最艰难困苦的战争实践；1932年春天，李德从军事学院毕业，江西革命根据地已经完成了第一、二、三次反“围剿”，毛泽东军事路线已经完全形成。 为什么不信任自己的将领、自己的理论，偏要请来一个李德呢？ 从地理气候上说，中国经常是东南暖湿气流与西北干寒气流的交汇地点。1931年这两股气流在上海碰撞得分外猛烈：新加坡生成的热带台风卷走了牛兰夫妇，西伯利亚南下的强劲气流却把奥托·布劳恩送到了中国。 历史链条的某些环节，总由一些既五光十色又啼笑皆非的怪圈组成。没有那个倒霉的共产国际信使在新加坡被捕，本已曲折艰难的中国共产党历史上，又何用再添上一位李德。 要说命运的话，这是李德的命运，也是中共的命运。 第五次“围剿”中蒋介石三遇其险。 一遇于彭德怀。 二遇于蔡廷锴。 三遇于宋美龄。 当时蒋介石的侍从秘书邓文仪回忆： 在福建叛变行动才发生的时候，江西的共匪，以彭德怀为指挥，发动了一次空前的大兵团钻隙远袭，围攻蒋委员长在江西临川的前进指挥所的冒险的战争。当时剿匪的部队，都分散在赣西南及赣东北，与匪军对峙，时有或大或小的战斗，在赣中临川（抚州）委员长前进指挥所附近，几乎没有成团的军队防守，只有不到一营或二营的警卫部队。因为是南昌委员长行营的中心地带，一般认为是安全的军事区域，想不到共匪竟能实行这样一次的奇袭作战，当时的情况，危急万分，如果共匪奇袭成功，整个大局就将面目全非，而两场战争都将无法进行、同时失败了。 ……彭德怀以其指挥的第一集团军，加上第三、第五集团军的大部，在很短时间内，绕道山岭昼伏夜行，衔枚疾走，一支十万人以上的匪军，竟在不知不觉中，出人意料之外，到达了江西中部的临川附近。他以一部部署在赣东北黎川方面，阻击我汤恩伯兵团救援。而以主力包围攻击临川委员长前进指挥所。指挥所设在临川第八中学，委员长这时正在那里指挥前线作战。有一天晚上，临川附近发生枪声，经过短期的侦察，便知道了共匪有很大的部队到达赣东北与赣中，抚州空虚，危急万状，南昌后方没有军队可以增援。幸赖蒋委员长指挥若定。沉着应战，一面命令赣东北的汤恩伯兵团攻击当面匪军主力，同时要他迅速派兵，到抚州附近增援解围。这时冷欣指挥的第四师、宋希濂指挥的第三十六师等约5个师兵力，都是能征惯战部队。他们接到命令，听到委员长指挥所被围的消息，都是英勇奋进，冒一切恶战苦斗的行动，以劣势的兵力和共匪作战，幸赖将士用命，他们竟把彭德怀的主力囊括住了，而且节节胜利。……经过不到一周之恶战苦斗，彭德怀部脱离战场，逃逸无踪，来如洪水猛兽，去若流水落花，这场战争，可谓有惊无险，胜得很轻松。 邓文仪所讲的是红军的浒湾、八角亭战斗。当时一定极为惊慌的邓文仪，连着搞错了几件事。红军进攻发生的时间并不在福建事变中，而在事变之前。彭德怀的兵力也不是十万，而是不足两万。蒋军以九十八师防守临川，以第四师、三十六师、八十五师参加战斗，兵力不但不处于“劣势”，且两倍于红军。 但邓文仪也说出一些真情。当年幸存下来的浒湾战斗参加者，也不知道后来被指责为李德式硬拼仗的浒湾战斗，竟然差点儿端掉了蒋介石的老巢。如果他们知道当年长途奔袭的红军在神不知鬼不觉之中，竟然挺进到距蒋介石设在临川第八中学的前进指挥所仅30公里的地段，那颗已经衰弱的心脏，也要突然间像年轻人一样怦然跳动几下的。 对红军来说，奔袭浒湾，确实是一个大胆的战役行动。但行动的目的不像邓文仪所述“围攻蒋委员长在江西临川的前进指挥所”。红军并不知道蒋介石在临川指挥作战。中革军委的设想是以红七军团深入抚州地区活动，牵动围攻苏区的南进之敌回援，然后运用主力一、三军团与回援之敌在运动中决战。 11月11日，红七军团发起浒湾战斗，攻击未能奏效，敌向浒湾方向紧急增援。12日，红三军团投入战斗，攻击也未能奏效。13日凌晨发动总攻，攻击动作也不一致，天明以后敌机12架前来支援地面部队，低空猛烈轰炸扫射。 当时任红七军团参谋长兼二十师师长的粟裕回忆说：这是一场恶战，这次作战从战役指挥到战术、技术上都有教训。战役指挥中通信联络差，军团之间未能协同配合，当三军团迂回到敌后，向敌人猛攻时，我们不知道；而当敌人向我们这边猛攻时，三军团又不知道，所以未能配合上，打成了消耗战。从战术上看，敌人在向我发起反击时，派飞机、装甲车协同步兵作战，这是红七军团未曾经历过的。五十八团团长是一位打游击出身的干部，人称“游击健将”，打仗很勇敢，但从来没有见到过飞机轰炸的场面。敌机集中投弹，他叫喊：“不得了啦，不得了啦！”其实他不是胆小怕敌，而是没有经过敌人空袭的场面。十九师是红七军团的主力，战斗力强，擅长打野战，但没有见到过装甲车，这次敌人以两辆装甲车为前导冲击他们的阵地，部队一见两个铁家伙打着机枪冲过来，就手足无措，一个师的阵地硬是被两辆装甲车冲垮。 粟裕是我军著名的常胜将军，常胜将军却爱如数家珍一般回忆曾经历过的失败，尤其是重大失败。“一个师的阵地硬是被两辆装甲车冲垮”决不能说是光荣记录。 但记录历史，不是只记录光荣。 正是这样，我们这些后人才更加懂得，胜利从何而来。 浒湾、八角亭战斗历时3天，毙伤敌人520多人，红军伤亡和失踪合计1095人，伤亡重大。 蒋介石却受刺激重大。 邓文仪回忆： 当前面战争紧急的时候，委员长除了紧急指挥前线军队作战之外，内心也很焦急。因为抚州空虚，增援部队不能迅速到达，万一匪军主力急攻抚州，实在无法以空城计对付彭德怀。曾想令南昌行营派来水上飞机，迎接统帅回南昌去。某天下午，委员长带卫士二三人与我散步到抚河畔，侦察水上飞机起落场所，行进途中委员长对我说：剿匪部队师劳无功，作战不力，危急战况，竟在抚州附近发生，证见我们的剿匪部队，已无能力战胜共匪，说罢连连慨叹。 这一几乎击中国民党军神经中枢之举，令蒋介石沮丧不已。 更令他沮丧的事情来了：“闽变。” 对第五次“围剿”准备极为精心、极为充分的蒋介石，几乎将一切都考虑到了，就是没有考虑到彭德怀奔袭浒湾，没有考虑到“闽变”——1933年11月20日，十九路军将领蒋光鼐、蔡廷锴发动抗日反蒋的福建事变。 十九路军本来是“围剿”的东路力量，负责扼守闽西及闽西北地区，阻止红军向东发展。东部防线的突然崩塌，精心策划的第五次“围剿”几乎全盘泡汤。 侍从室主任晏道刚回忆，蒋介石在抚州得知“闽变”消息，神色异常紧张，深恐红军与十九路军联合。好几次与晏道刚同坐汽车时，忽而自言自语，忽而挥拳舞掌。一个人坐在房子里时，便不时掏出自己写的“剿匪手本”，翻到后面的军歌，竟独自高声歌唱起来。 蒋介石刺耳的歌声一起，侍卫长宣铁吾就跑去找晏道刚，说老头子又发神经了。 据蒋介石身边人回忆，蒋失去控制一个人唱歌，在中原大战结束后有过一次。那是打垮冯玉祥、阎锡山后得胜而归，靠在车子里不停地哼小曲，还随手向沿途士兵、难民撒钱慰劳，欣喜之状，殊非一般。哼又哼不成调，惹得周围人欲笑不敢。 这回因蒋光鼐、蔡廷锴，他又唱起歌来，但感觉完全不一样了。 他的阵脚乱了。 其实对福建事变中新成立的“生产人民党”、“中华共和国人民政府”、上红下蓝中间嵌一黄色五星的“国旗”，甚至新颁发的对蒋介石、汪精卫、何应钦等的通缉令。蒋介石并不多作看中。 他看中的是蔡廷