Chapter 3 Chapter 2 The Dream of the East

China is the earliest teacher in Japan.Japan is China's newest teacher again.Chinese revolutionaries translated the "Communist Manifesto" from Japan, but Japanese ronin concocted fascist theories in China. The "Three Feather Crow" rises from the steam room, bringing great darkness to the east of the world. If it is difficult to say which country China has the most relationship with, it is probably Japan. No country in history has had such a huge influence on the Japanese as China. From Chinese characters to Go, from to the "Lotus Sutra", the Japanese have almost invariably learned the essence of these cultures from China.

No country in history has done such great harm to the Chinese like Japan. Since the beginning of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Japan has been indispensable in every war against China; no imperialism killed people like the Japanese massacred the city in Nanjing. The inexplicable relationship between China and Japan, the inexplicable grievances and grievances are all described in these four words: a piece of clothing with water. Because there is a strip of water, it is convenient to contact and influence; because there is a strip of water, it is convenient to plunder and invade. Japan was originally invaded.Moreover, China has always worried more about being invaded and plundered than China. In 1837, the ruler of the shogunate, Tokugawa Naishaki, predicted that Japan would be the first target of Western attack.China is too big, and Korea and Ryukyu are too small. For the gunboats of Great Britain, Japan just happens to be neither too big nor too small.

He had a premonition of the crisis before Emperor Daoguang of China. Three years later, the crisis came, but first came to China, where opium was smoked in bed. Even so, the impact of the Opium War had a great impact on Japan.Many people wrote books on the subject of the Opium War, discussing the ambitions of the West for the East, lamenting the failure of the Qing government, and warning the Tokugawa shogunate that if they did not quickly prepare countermeasures, they would repeat the same mistakes as China. Poet Yoshitani Yamada wrote a special poem: Don't insist that there are many reefs and sands in the inner ocean, and the overturning of China is the front car.

There is only flowing water in the Zhejiang area, and the giant ship traces back to Europa. Japan is still learning from China.This time the lesson is crisis. Japan's crisis followed closely behind China and arrived soon. On July 8, 1853, Perry, commander of the US East India Fleet, led four warships, Susquehanna, Mississippi, Plymouth and Saratoga, to open the gate of Japan. In 1854, the United States forced Japan to sign the first unequal treaty, the Treaty of Kanagawa, which stipulated that Japan would open Shimoda and Hakodate as treaty ports to the United States. In 1855, Russia forced Japan to sign the "Shimoda Treaty", which demarcated the border between the two countries in the Kuril Islands and forced Japan to open the three ports of Shimoda, Hakodate and Nagasaki as trading ports with Russia.

In 1856, the Netherlands forced Japan to sign the Peace Treaty, which unilaterally stipulated the rights and consular jurisdiction of the Netherlands. In 1857 and 1858, the United States signed two more so-called "Commercial and Friendship Treaties" with Japan, which not only won the concession and consular jurisdiction, but also deprived Japan of its tariff autonomy. After 1860, the United Kingdom and the United States also forced Japan to sign unequal treaties. From 1863 to 1864, the United States, Britain, France, and the Netherlands formed a joint fleet to bombard Shimonoseki, Japan, extort war reparations, control Japanese tariffs, and obtain the right to garrison troops in Japan.

Japan faces the same fate as China. Japanese society before the Meiji Restoration was also a super-solidified and super-stagnant society. In 1864, Professor Sugitoji of the Kaisei Institute, the predecessor of the University of Tokyo, read the chapter of the French Revolution in world history and exclaimed: "How can the changes in human society be so drastic? I am afraid of it!" It can be seen that the stagnation of society has had a profound impact on people's ideology. What really opened Japanese eyes to see the world.One is the strong ships and cannons of the West, and the other is Wei Yuan of China.

The "Pictures of the Sea Country", "Story of the Holy Warriors" and "The Chronicles of Yinghuan" written by Lin Zexu on behalf of Wei Yuan did not arouse much repercussions in China, but they were spread to Japan after the Opium War, but caused a strong shock.This is the knowledge of foreign studies that Japanese rulers and intellectuals first came into contact with.Wei Yuan's popularity in Japan far exceeds that in China. When I close Wei Yuan's book and open my eyes to look at the world, flames are raging on the other side - the Old Summer Palace of the Qing Dynasty was burned by the British and French allied forces.Crisis-ridden Japan must also make a choice-how to avoid repeating China's mistakes?

So there was the Meiji Restoration in 1868. Six years before the Meiji Restoration—in 1862, a Westernization Movement had begun quietly in China. The Meiji Restoration was not only inspired by China's crisis and Wei Yuan's thought, but also promoted by Japan's own crisis, and more or less imitated China's Westernization Movement. China's Westernization Movement is represented by three famous figures Zeng Guofan, Zuo Zongtang and Li Hongzhang. Japan's Meiji Restoration also had the so-called "Three Masters": Takamori Saigo, Takayoshi Kido, and Toshimichi Okubo.

The core of China's Westernization Movement is "learn from the barbarians to learn from the barbarians to improve ourselves", seeking to finally get rid of the threat of "strong ships and sharp guns" of Western powers. Japan's Meiji Restoration proposed "respecting the king and rejecting barbarians", which was also to save the national crisis and expel foreign aggressive forces. But China's Westernization Movement eventually lost to Japan's Meiji Restoration.Mrs. Mary K. Wright, an American scholar, commented on the reforms in China and Japan at that time, saying that the Westernization Movement was neither a coup, nor a revolution, nor a new era. A small spring left by the inevitable process of decline” is an attempt to re-establish “the foothold of Chinese conservatism.”

This was not the case with the Meiji Restoration in Japan that began in 1868.At that time, Emperor Meiji led by "Guangxing Conference, all opportunities are determined by the public" and "abolishing old habits, seeking knowledge from all over the world", and carried out a radical reform from top to bottom that imitated the West: "Prosperity and Prosperity" Vigorously promote the development of capitalism in Japan; comprehensively promote modern technology and cultural education in Japanese society with "civilization and enlightenment"; establish a new military system and police system with "rich country and strong soldiers".The Meiji Restoration involved the system design and reconstruction of Japan's politics, economy, military, law, education, transportation, culture and many other aspects.

It was this radical reform that made Japan finally embark on the road of war expansion. China and Japan have since parted ways. In the process of China and Japan parting ways, the Japanese who are particularly noteworthy are not the Emperor Meiji, nor the so-called "Three Restoration Masters" such as Saigo Takamori, Kido Takayoshi, and Okubo Toshimichi, or even the design of Japan's modern political system like Ito Hirobumi Fukuzawa Fukuzawa, whose face is still printed on the 10,000 yen banknote to receive the highest tribute from the Japanese lucky. Fukuzawa Yukichi wrote "Encouraging Learning" in 1872, proposing that "all people are born equal", which is no different from a thunderbolt in the highly hierarchical Japanese society, which established his status as an enlightenment thinker; in 1875, Fukuzawa published "On Civilization" "Outline", it is proposed that as long as the goal is to develop civilization, no matter what kind of political system it is, it should be welcomed by the people; no matter what method it uses, it should be accepted by the society.From here, Fukuzawa's thinking took a turn, and this thinking eventually evolved into Japan's "war theory". Fukuzawa's famous article was published in 1885, "On Leaving Asia".This article has guided Japanese political practice for more than a century so far, and is still highly respected in Japan today.The core point of this article is: "For today, our country can no longer blindly wait for its neighbors to achieve civilization and enlightenment, and jointly revitalize Asia. It is better to break away from it and advance and retreat with Western civilization." Fukuzawa specifically pointed out in the article: "China and China North Korea is a neighbor of Japan, and there is no need to be particularly polite when dealing with them, and you can completely imitate the way Westerners deal with them.” No Japanese today thinks that Fukuzawa's ideas have any connection with the fascism that Japan later pursued.However, the viewpoint of "justice of aggression war" contained in his "Outline of Civilization" and the viewpoint of "the strong prey on the weak" contained in "Theory of Leaving Asia" all became the source of Japanese militarism thought later. Japanese rulers quickly tasted the sweetness of Fukuzawa's theory. The first is to dismember Ryukyu. In 1875, the year that Fukuzawa published "A Brief Introduction to Civilization", Japan sent troops to invade Ryukyu and ordered Ryukyu to no longer use the Qing Dynasty era name but the Japanese Meiji era name, and no longer pay tribute to the Qing government.At that time, Japan only had more than 30,000 standing troops in the army, 4,000 in the navy, and 15 warships, many of which were damaged and unable to go to sea. They were unable to fully compete with the Qing Dynasty.But at that time, the Qing government relied on the old way of negotiating with reason, and Japan found out its cowardly nature. In April 1878, the Japanese government abolished Ryukyu as a prefecture. In 1879, Japan sent troops and police to Ryukyu to forcefully relocate the royal family to Tokyo.In order to make the local people completely forget the title of "Zhongshan Country", the Japanese government changed the place name to Okinawa (Okinawa).In this way, the Ryukyu Kingdom became Okinawa Prefecture in Japan. After Japan dismembered Ryukyu, it directly attacked China. The Sino-Japanese War in 1894 brought Japan a huge harvest: China was forced to cede Taiwan and the Liaodong Peninsula, and paid 200 million taels of silver in compensation.Later, although Russia, Germany, and France's so-called "three-country intervention and return to Liaodong" exempted the cession of the Liaodong Peninsula, China also compensated Japan with 30 million taels of silver.Japanese scholar Nobuo Kiyosaburo said in his "Japanese Political History" (Volume IV): "The indemnity of the Nissin War became the fund for establishing the gold standard system, which improved the status of Japanese capitalism in the international economy. The Nissin War and Japan-Russia The war transformed Japan from a country in danger of colonization into an imperialist country with colonies." This is Japan after the Meiji Restoration.After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the Chinese scholar-bureaucrat class learned from the painful experience and finally realized that it was not that tools were inferior to human beings, but that manufacturing was inferior to human beings. The Meiji Restoration led to Japan's victory in the Sino-Japanese War of Sino-Japanese War.The defeat in the Sino-Japanese War of 1898 promoted China's Reform Movement of 1898. In 1898, Kang Youwei presented his "Review of Political Changes in Japan" to Emperor Guangxu, specifically suggesting that China should "use strong enemies as teachers", learn from Japan, implement reforms, and grow from weak to strong. The Reform Movement of 1898 failed very quickly, but learning from Japan has since become a trend, and it is unstoppable: the first group is the royalists: Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao and others; the second group is the revolutionaries: Sun Yat-sen, Huang Xing, Song Jiaoren and others; the third group is the future Communists: Li Dazhao, Chen Duxiu, Peng Pai, Zhou Enlai, Wang Ruofei and others. After the Meiji Restoration, Japan became a distribution center for advanced oriental theories.Mao Zedong said that from Hong Xiuquan to Sun Yat-sen, the advanced Chinese began to seek truth from the West.After all, the West is too far away from China, but Japan, which is separated by a strip of water, is very close.As a result, Chinese people looking for the truth from the west, as Zhou Enlai said: "Songs of the great river, stop turning east, and the profound science and technology will help the world poor."Travel east to Japan to learn new ideas. Because of this, before the gunfire of the October Revolution, Marxism had already been introduced to China from Japan. On June 21, 1960, Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai received a Japanese literary delegation headed by Hiroshi Noma in Shanghai.Mao Zedong said this: The spread of Marxism was earlier in Japan than in China. Marxist works were obtained from Japan, and Marxist political economy was learned from Japanese books. Mao Zedong told the truth.Marxism was first introduced to China from Japan. In January 1906, Zhu Zhixin, a member of the Tongmenghui, published "Biographies of German Social Revolutionaries" in Minbao, the official newspaper of the Tongmenghui published in Tokyo.Abstract translated "Communist Manifesto".The famous assertion of Marx and Engels that "all social history so far is the history of class struggle" was translated by Zhu Zhixin as: "From the grass and chaos, as far as I am alive, the so-called history is nothing but the traces of class struggle." .” This is the first Marxism introduced to China. The "Communist Manifesto" translated by Zhu Zhixin was translated from the Japanese version, and it was taken from the English version of "Communist Manifesto" jointly translated by Kotoku Shushui and Jie Liyan in 1904. This translation is of great significance, and the word "Communist Party" appears for the first time in China. The word "Communist Party" comes from the English communist Party.The literal translation of English commune is commune. In France, Italy, Belgium and other countries, urban areas and villages and towns with the smallest administrative divisions also use this name; while community, in addition to "village commune, commune", there is also "shared, shared, community". The meaning of "European Community" is now used.Whether it is commune or community, there is no direct relationship with the Chinese character "communist party". The literal translation of communist party is "communist party" or "communist party". However, Kotoku Qiushui and Jie Liyan translated it as "Communist Party" in Japanese.Zhu Zhixin conveniently copied the Chinese characters in Japanese.Thus, a term for which countless people threw their heads and shed their blood was created in the land of China through Zhu Zhixin's casual pen.People who are afraid of it curse it as "communism and common wives", while those who love it respect it as "elimination of private ownership"; no one will think about the part that has not been fully translated. This is all that happened afterwards.Zhu Zhixin, who translated it, died in 1919 and is no longer known. Japan knew about Marxism 36 years earlier than China. In 1870, the Enlightenment thinker Kato Koji of the Meiji Restoration era introduced this theory to Japan.The purpose of the presentation is not to learn, but to critique.At that time, the "ghost of communism" was already haunting Europe.Fearing that this specter would also linger in Japan, the Meiji government allowed this theory to appear as countermaterial. Therefore, Koji Kato, who first introduced Marxism in Japan, was a staunch opponent of this theory.In his book "The General Idea of ​​True Government", he said: "The two economic theories of communism and socialism...are similar, and both advocate the elimination of private property", which is "the most harmful system" to social security. The philosopher Xi Zhou mentioned the socialist movement for the first time in "Hundred Learning Links", also to offer advice to the emperor, "those who rule the world must consider such things", "only prevent it before it happens". The theory of Marxism spread to Japan in the midst of harsh criticism. Emperor Meiji did not understand that Marxism is an unprecedentedly powerful weapon of criticism, and the least feared thing is criticism. So it was hard to get back. In 1882, Nakae Zhaomin, known as "Oriental Rousseau", introduced utopian socialism, Lassalleism and Marxism; in 1893, "Marx and Lassalle" written by Ujiro Kusakaka; in 1903, Katayama Qian's "My Society In 1903, Kotoku Shusui's "The Essence of Socialism"; in 1904, Kotoku Shusui and Kai Toshihiko jointly translated "The Communist Manifesto", and Abe Isuo translated and published the first volume of Marx's "Das Kapital"; in 1907, Kai Toshihiko et al. "Outline of Socialism", etc., Marxism was widely spread in Japan. In August 1905, Sun Yat-sen established the Tongmenghui in Tokyo, Japan, and these latest theories were translated and introduced to China by batches of members of the Tongmenghui. Dai Jitao mainly introduced the economic theory of Marxism.He translated the first four chapters of the Japanese version of Kautsky's "Marx's Economic Theory" into Chinese, and translated it as "Explanation of Marx's Theory of Capital".The whole book was jointly translated by Dai Jitao, Hu Hanmin, Zhu Zhixin and Li Hanjun.This is the earliest Chinese people learned about Marx's "Das Kapital".Dai Jitao said in his self-report: "I really want to spend a lot of research on Marx's economic theory." He also said: "If you want to avoid class struggle, you can only abolish class oppression, only abolish class. Classes exist for a day, class As long as the oppression continues, the class struggle will continue to support it." Hu Hanmin wrote the Japanese version of "The Holy Family", "The Poverty of Philosophy", "The Communist Manifesto", "Wage Labor and Capital", "The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte", "Critique of Political Economy (Preface)", "Das Kapital" " and other works on historical materialism were translated into Chinese and introduced to domestic readers.Hu Hanmin said: "The most important part of the above translation is the preface to the criticism of economics, which is the program of Marx's historical materialism. Marx claimed to have concluded his years of research, and all subsequent studies are guided by this. Believe in scientific socialism Some people regard it as precious as a religious classic." This later rightist of the Kuomintang asserted that in the history of human thought, it was only when Marx "struggled to explain the reasons for the precession of human history", while the historical materialism Founded, so that "sociology, economics, history, socialism, at the same time there are great reforms, almost marking a new era." The early Kuomintang people absorbed rich nutrition from Marxism.They introduced these new ideas to China, and indeed shed some light on the long-term silent and dark Chinese thought circle. So Qu Qiubai said in February 1927: "Mr. Dai Jitao, Mr. Hu Hanmin and Mr. Zhu Zhixin are all the first batch of Marxists in China." These Kuomintang veterans spared no effort to introduce Marxism at the beginning. Could it be imagined by those Kuomintang upstarts who later regarded Marxism as a scourge? Through their introduction, a large number of Marxist political and philosophical terms were passed from Japan to China. Words such as "socialism", "socialist party", "communism", "communist party", "anarchism", "dialectics", "metaphysics", "materialism" and "idealism" are all from Japan of.Slogans such as "the sanctity of labor" and "unity is strength" that resounded in China during the Great Revolution were also brought back from the United States in 1897 by Japanese revolutionaries such as Qian Katayama and Futaro Takano. Some scholars in the West say that the connection of culture means that the response of one country will be quickly transmitted to another country.China before the Opium War was the birthplace of Japanese civilization; Japan after the Meiji Restoration became the source of new ideas for China.The early leaders of the Communist Party of China, Li Dazhao, Chen Duxiu, Li Hanjun, Li Da, Chen Wangdao, Shi Cuntong, Shen Xuanlu, Shao Lizi, Zhou Fohai, etc. were all students studying in Japan. The ones who had the greatest influence on the Chinese Communists were not Japanese politicians like Okubo Toshimichi and Ito Hirobumi, but Japanese scholars like economist Hajime Kawagami, a professor at Kyoto Imperial University. Li Dazhao, who was the first to promote Marxism-Leninism among Chinese Communists, loved reading Hajime Kawagami's works when he was studying at Waseda University from 1913 to 1916, and came into contact with Marxism through Hajime Kawagami's works. When Zhou Enlai was studying in Japan, the first theoretical work that systematically introduced the principles of Marxism that Zhou Enlai saw was "The Story of Poorness" by Hajime Kawagami.At that time, in order to learn from Mr. Kawagami, Zhou Enlai specially applied for admission, and wanted to take courses in the Department of Economics of Kyoto Imperial University, but failed.I went to live with Wu Hantao, a classmate of Nankai in Kyoto, for a while, and wanted to see Professor Kawakami Hajime himself, but it was still unsuccessful.Later when Zhou Enlai returned to China, the important item in the box was Hajime Kawakami's book. When Guo Moruo translated the book "Social Organization and Social Revolution" by He Shanghao, he wrote to his friend Cheng Fangwu: "The translation of this book brought a turning point in my life. It brought me out of a half-sleep state. It is it that wakes me up, it is it that pulls me out of my wanderings, it is it that saves me from the shadow of death." Mao Zedong, who had never been to Japan, was deeply impressed by Hajime Kawagami.So far in the Mao Zedong Memorial Hall in Shaoshan, there are still on display Mao Zedong's "Outline of Economics" by Hajime Kawagami, which Mao Zedong read in his early years, and Marx's "Wage Labor and Capital" translated by Hajime Kawagami. Hiroshi Noma, who led a Japanese literary delegation to visit China in 1960, recalled that Mao Zedong said to him: "The book written by Hajime Kawagami is still our reference book. Hajime Kawagami wrote in the book "Political Economy" how to start from The old political economy develops into the new political economy, Mr. Kawagami said that the new political economy is the political economy of Marxism, so it is republished every year.” It was also these factors that made the initial expectations of the Communist International and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Communist Party of the Communist Party of China far greater than their expectations for the Chinese revolution. On January 25, 1922, "Pravda" published Zinoviev's speech at the Congress of Revolutionary Organizations in the Far East, saying that "Japan is the key to the Far East" and that "without the Japanese revolution, the economic revolution in the Far East would be a small cup." The small storm of "; believes that the revolution in Japan will influence the revolution in China and even in the entire Far East.However, Japan, which provided advanced ideological weapons to the advanced Chinese, did not embark on the same revolutionary road as China. In 1901, Katayama Qian, Kotoku Shusui, Kawakami and others initiated and organized Japan's first socialist political party - "Social Democratic Party"; the manifesto proposed "total abolition of the class system" and "only socialism can solve labor problems" . The party lasted only a day under the crackdown by the Japanese government. In 1908, the Japanese government fabricated a "Great Rebellion Incident" that attempted to murder the emperor. Hundreds of socialists were arrested, and 24 people including Kotoku Shusui were sentenced to death. One year after the founding of the Communist Party of China in July 1922, with the help of the Third International, Japan finally established the Communist Party, but the development was difficult. Although Katayama Qian and other Japanese revolutionaries established contact with the Russian revolutionary pioneer Plekhanov at the Congress of the Second International in the Netherlands in 1904, the Japanese revolution could not enter the stage of implementation except for theoretical discussions.Because Japan has gathered enough energy for another doctrine - fascism. In 1928, Mao Zedong wrote "Why Can China's Red Regime Exist?" ", but no Japanese or any revolutionary from the Comintern wrote an article "Why the Red Regime in Japan Cannot Exist".Then write another article: "Why Fascism Can Exist and Develop Crazy in Japan". Seeing that Marx went in and out of the British Library day after day, Li Dazhao himself was the director of the library, and Mao Zedong also worked in the library, some people said: "The revolution starts in the library." Fascism also started in libraries. In 1904, when the Russo-Japanese War was in full swing, a 21-year-old Japanese youth came to the Imperial Library in Ueno, Tokyo every day to study hard.Two years later, his important work "National Constitution and Pure Socialism" was written and published at his own expense. He is Kita Ikki, the originator of Japanese fascist theory. Kita Ikki's first important work was "On the National System and Pure Socialism".He said in the book that Japan must realize the "communist system" or "social communism" through "public ownership and public management of land and production institutions", and the "lower class" is the one who realizes this task. Its original intention was to complete the "Great Socialist Revolution" through the emperor's "co-governance", but his painstaking work frightened the Japanese cabinet.Although self-published, it was banned by the government. At this time, Kita Ikki advocated the civil rights revolution and was not yet a fascist.Facing Japan, which was so imprisoned that he could not even publish a book, he turned to run for the Chinese revolution: he supported Sun Yat-sen, made friends with Song Jiaoren and Zhang Ji, and as soon as he heard the news of the outbreak of the 1911 Revolution, he immediately went to China and even wrote a This "Chinese Revolutionary History"; and changed his name from Huijiro to Bei Yihui in China. The May 4th Movement broke Kita Ikki, who was determined to serve the Chinese revolution.He regards this movement as anti-Japanese movement, "the frontlines of the anti-Japanese movement, propaganda, agitation and command are all comrades who have lived and died together for ten years", and he went on hunger strike for this reason.When the protest failed, he decided to leave China, "say goodbye to the life of the Chinese revolution that he participated in for more than ten years, and return to Japan. I saw that if our country, which has accelerated corruption and degeneration in the past ten years, continues like this without paying attention, the Whether it is world policy, or China policy, or domestic policy, it is clearly on the verge of ruin."His conclusion is "let the soul of Japan rise from the bottom to take on Japan's own revolution." Before returning to China, Bei Yihui completed his research on fascism in Shanghai. Chinese young patriots went to Japan to find the truth of saving the country, but the Japanese fascist organizations sent people to China to find their leaders. In August 1919, the Japanese right-wing group Yucunsha, which advertised as "nationalism", was established, and Okawa Zhouming was sent to China to find Kita Ikki. Okawa Shuaki was three years younger than Kita Ikki, a doctor of law at Tokyo Imperial University, and later became as famous as Kita Ikki as two ideological leaders of the Japanese fascist movement.Okawa is no stranger to China, having worked for the "Manchurian Railway" in Northeast China in 1918.But when he arrived in Shanghai on August 23 and saw Bei Yihui for the first time in a dilapidated house, he was still taken aback.He did not expect that the latter lived in such a poor life, only eating rice balls and drinking water, and was writing the 8-volume masterpiece "The Principles of the National Reform Project". Bei Yihui handed over the first seven volumes that had been written to Okawa, and agreed to return to China immediately after finishing the eighth volume.He wants to complete his masterpiece of fascist thought in Shanghai. Kita Ikki has freed himself from the anguish of the May Fourth Movement in China, and is determined to fully serve Japanese nationalism.He integrated revolution and expansion, and believed that "Japan, which is in the position of a proletarian in the world", should become a country that "defeats Britain, revives Turkey, makes India independent, and makes China stand on its own. After that, the sun flag will give sunshine to all mankind." "Revolutionary Empire". Although Bei Yihui, who concocted the "revolutionary theory" in the Shanghai pavilion, also advocated the restriction of private capital, the equal sharing of profits between employers and employees, and the suppression of feudal consortiums, his "revolution" relied not on workers but on soldiers.He bluntly described the Japanese soldiers as "workers with soldier quality", and advocated the establishment of a "Workers' Union" similar to the Soviet of Soviet Engineers and Soldiers of the Russian October Revolution, so that the most organized and most effective soldiers in the countryside could become Transform the backbone of the country.So he built a convenient springboard between nationalism and militarism. Some people later said that Kita Ikki's theory seemed to be pouring new Marxist wine into old Japanese rice wine bottles, but it was actually the opposite.He poured old Japanese rice wine into a Marxist bottle.He said: "Although Marx was born in Germany, he was a Jew who had no country but only society. Therefore, although his doctrine was first based not on the country but on society, if Japan, as a social organization, seeks At that time, only the country can be seen.” Therefore, “Socialism in Japan becomes nationalism”. The object of his service is not a specific class, but an abstract country.As a result, his nationalism, like that of his unknown partners in the West, quickly turned into out-and-out militarism and fascism. The year 1919 after the end of World War I was a fruitful year for the world fascist movement. In May of that year, Mussolini organized "Fighting Fascism" in Italy; in September of that year, Hitler joined the "National Socialist Workers' Party" in Germany; Outline". When the Russian revolution had just succeeded, the German revolution was underway, and the Chinese revolution was about to begin, fascism also coincided with it, and fell to the ground simultaneously in the West and the East. For fascism to take root, it must rely on crises. Japan is facing an unprecedented crisis due to sending troops to Siberia and the "rice disturbance". Poverty, the Japanese are great talents, and they can endure it; no matter the endless rise in prices, they can still live on drinking boiled water and gruel. what!Be at ease! He ate Nanjing rice and was bitten by Nanjing bugs, and lived in a house like a pigsty; even though he did not have the right to vote, he was proud to be a Japanese citizen. what!Be at ease! Expansion, expansion, expansion of national power, the rampant expansion of capitalists; my wife's belly is expanding, and poverty is also expanding. what!Be at ease! This is a folk song popular in Japan in 1918. Nanjing rice is the rice shipped from China.Nanjing bug is a bedbug.This folk song is widely sung, and it is a true portrayal of Japan's polarization and bureaucratic corruption during this period. In the late period of World War I, the Japanese government sent troops to intervene in the nascent Soviet Russia under the pretext of rescuing prisoners of war from various countries and taking back war supplies from the Allies.This matter has greatly stimulated Japan's ambitions, and Emperor Taisho and the cabinet are already discussing the possibility of incorporating Eastern Siberia into Japan. The result backfired.Just after dispatching troops to Siberia, the "rice disturbance" occurred in the country, affecting 32 counties, with 700,000 people joining, and the Japanese government was greatly shaken.Fearing that there would be a Russian-style revolution that overthrew the Romano dynasty in Japan, the emperor and the important ministers who had always opposed the party's cabinet had to agree with the party to form a cabinet. As a result, the Hara King Cabinet of the Cabinet Seiyukai, the earliest political party in Japan, came into being. The political party cabinet in Japan was a pressure relief valve and a maintenance committee from the very beginning.Because of this, starting from this cabinet, the ruling party cannot arrange the three most important positions of Minister of War, Minister of Navy and Minister of Foreign Affairs.National security issues are more outside the purview of political parties. Party politics has been a facade in Japan since the beginning. The facade couldn't hold up either.The Prime Minister of the first cabinet died unexpectedly. After the end of World War I, China became the last piece of fat in the world.Even the great powers feared another world war as they fought over the fat.Out of this consideration, in August 1921, the United States came forward and invited nine countries including Britain, France, Japan, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Portugal, and China to hold a meeting in Washington to discuss disarmament and China issues.The "Nine-Power Pact" reached at the meeting stipulates that all countries respect China's sovereignty and preserve China's territorial integrity; China must open its door to all countries and have equal opportunities.Although the treaty was the product of a compromise of interests and required China to open the door to allow the interests of all countries to share, but for China, which was politically chaotic at the time, it still objectively restricted the colonial activities of the big powers and played a certain role in maintaining the country’s territorial integrity. role. At this meeting, on behalf of Japan, the Hara Kei Cabinet announced the withdrawal of some of the unequal treaties in the "Twenty-One" and the return of Qingdao and other former German colonies, making some concessions to China.This move was immediately regarded by Japan as a compromise diplomacy, which attracted strong opposition from hardliners, who accused Hara Kyoshi's cabinet of being weak and traitorous. Yuan Jing was born as a commoner and wanted to end feudal lord politics and implement Western-style democracy, but his country did not give him such an opportunity at all. On November 4, 1921, Hara Takashi was assassinated by Nakaoka Kenichi at Tokyo Station.The murderer, a 19-year-old railroad employee, claimed to be protesting the slackness of pleasure-seeking and the growing tide of Westernization.The murder weapon was a white sheathed dagger bought at a hardware store near the station. A short knife from a hardware store ended Japan's fledgling democracy. Since then, Japanese politics has been known as "assassination politics".Kita Ikki's nationalism came in handy: every assassination was done with "sincere patriotism."The Japanese who are keen on "leaving Asia and entering Europe" and learning from the West have forgotten the words of the British writer Samuel: patriotism is used by hooligans as an invisibility cloak on many occasions. One week before Prime Minister Takashi Hara was assassinated, a secret party was held at a spa called Baden-Baden in the noble castle area of ​​the Black Forest on the upper reaches of the Rhine in Germany.The three Japanese military attaches abroad, all with major ranks, gathered together to discuss their superiors and the country. The purpose was similar to that of Genichi Nakaoka, who will act 7 days later: to end domestic corruption. These three people—Nagata Tieshan, Obata Toshiro, and Okamura Ningji were good friends when they were in Tokyo Army Elementary School.Many students in the school come from famous or wealthy families. They consider themselves superior in political and economic status, and often gang up to bully others.In order not to be bullied, Nagata Tieshan, Okamura Ningji and Koyan Toshishiro also formed their own gang.Once, Okamura Ningji got into a fight with a high-ranking samurai family from Changzhou called Kameda when he was practicing Trojan horses. Help others to follow; Seeing that Neiji Okamura is about to suffer, fortunately Nagata Tieshan and Toshishiro Obata got the news and rushed to rescue Neiji Okamura with fists and kicks.Among the three, Nagata Tieshan and Okamura Ningji have the best relationship, and they call each other "Iron" and "Ning" affectionately; Obata Toshiro is in the same student team as Okamura Ningji.The three of them have played and fought together since then, and they are close friends with compatible personalities and tempers. Later, the three were admitted to the Army Non-commissioned Officer Academy and Army University together.In the Japanese military academy known for its harsh training, Nagata Tieshan graduated fourth in the NCO School and second in the Army University; Toshishiro Obata ranked fifth in the NCO School and first in the Army University; Okamura Ning The second time was the sixth place in the Non-commissioned Officer Academy. He received an award from Emperor Taisho for his outstanding performance at the Army University. All three were favorites in the army—later known as the "Three Feather Crows"—meaning "three crows" in Japanese.Any study of Japanese military history after World War II must mention the names of these three individuals. The three became symbols of the Showa warlord group in Japan. But when they met at the spa resort in Baden-Baden on the upper Rhine River, these three military attaches who were also classmates in the Army Elementary School, Non-commissioned Officer Academy, and Army University did not have the same appetite as they did later.At that time, what they were focusing on was corruption in Japan. Domestic corruption is first and foremost political corruption in their eyes.Political corruption is first manifested in the personnel corruption of the Army.Japan has always had a very heavy breath of vassal valves.明治维新后海军由萨摩藩把持，陆军则由长州藩把持；山县有朋、桂太郎、田中义一等陆军中坚人物，无一不是出自长州；非长州籍人士休想晋升到陆军高位。 三个泡在蒸汽浴室里的武官谈起这些事情，义愤填膺、慷慨激昂。在陆军小学与长州藩后代龟田打架之事，不知是否也在三人的议论范围以内？ 巴登巴登正值旅游淡季，这个清静的地方正好进行他们规划未来的密谋。 三人的核心，是留着普鲁士式短发、嘴唇上胡子修剪得像一只海鸥、具有学者风度的永田铁山。他以优异的服务，自1920年6月起就被授予在欧洲巡回的全权。但即使是他，也不是一个能系统提出自己思想的人。贵族出身的小畑敏四郎最瘦最精明，又最易激动，驻俄国期间正值俄国革命，拼命看了不少马克思主义的书，但除了想通过所谓“部落共产主义”实现与天皇感情沟通这种模糊混乱的概念外，提不出什么像样的政治见解。不修边幅的冈村宁次摘了眼镜，就成了可怜的半盲人，戴上眼镜又像凶猛的猫头鹰，最崇尚像前线指挥官那样直接行动，也不是思想者。 三人在热腾腾的蒸汽中闷了半天，仅想出两条：第一，从陆军——长州藩的栖身之处打开一个缺口。 第二，走法国的路线以恢复国力。 别的就记不起来还有些什么了。 作为行动纲领来说，这两条确实有点不伦不类。 第二次世界大战结束后，“三羽乌”中的幸存者冈村宁次有过这样的回忆：“有一本《昭和军阀兴亡史》的书，提到了大正十年（1921年）我和永田铁山、小畑敏四郎在德国南部城市巴登巴登点燃了革命烽火。其实，这么说太夸张了。当时我们根本没有考虑到满洲等其他国家的事，只是讨论了日本陆军的革新问题。当时，我们的想法是很认真的。所说的革新，其包括的内容是：第一，当时陆军人事有派系，长州派垄断军队人事安排的做法必须打破；第二，因为日本陆军独立实施统帅权，而使军政、军民关系疏远，这一定要扭转。当时，我们3个人下定决心要改变日本军队这些不正常的东西。因为我们到欧洲后，看到了这些国家的军事状况，认为不这样干不行。那时我们3人都是少佐，事情就是这样开始的。” 三个发誓拿长州藩开刀以开始他们革命的青年军官，照样秉承了日本军队极强的辈分意识。其实巴登巴登聚会有四个人，第四人是东条英机。尽管他后来出任日本战时首相，只因为在士官学校中比“三羽乌”低了一年级，他在巴登巴登除了替永田铁山点烟和站在蒸汽浴室门口放哨，便无别的事可做。既不能被列入“三羽乌”之内，更不能参加他们的讨论。 这两条不伦不类的纲领由谁来实施呢？ 除了在巴登巴登这四人之外，“三羽乌”从不属于长州藩且才华出众的同事中又选出7人。11人的“巴登巴登集团”形成了：巡回武官永田铁山、驻莫斯科武官小畑敏四郎、巡回武官冈村宁次；驻瑞士武官东条英机、驻柏林武官梅津美治郎、驻伯尔尼武官山下奉文、驻哥本哈根武官中村小太郎、驻巴黎武官中岛今朝吾、驻科隆武官下村定、驻北京武官松井石根及矶谷廉介。 巴登巴登聚会内容浅薄。被日本近代史所视甚高，全在会议的三个参加者和他们拟就的11人名单。11人都成为后来日本军界的重要人物。 永田铁山被刺前是日本陆军军务局长，裕仁天皇直到最后决定无条件投降的时刻，还在地下室里挂着他的遗像；小畑敏四郎为陆军大学校长；冈村宁次为侵华日军总司令； 东条英机为日本头号战犯，战时内阁首相；梅津美治郎后来成为日军参谋总长；山下奉文任驻菲律宾日军司令，率军横扫东南亚，被称为“马来之虎”；中村小太郎任过陆相；松井石根为侵华日军华中方面军司令官，南京大屠杀要犯；中岛今朝吾任第十六师团长，南京大屠杀中最惨无人道的刽子手；下村定为华北方面军司令官，后接任陆相；矶谷廉介是后来与中国军队在台儿庄发生血战的日军第十师团师团长。 这11人是日本赖以发动第二次世界大战的昭和军阀集团的核心骨干。 巴登巴登聚会之1921年10月27日这天，被视为昭和军阀诞生的第一天。 当被称为“三羽乌”的三只乌鸦从巴登巴登腾空离去之时，他们那张开的黑色翅膀，将给东方带去巨大的灾难。 三个未入日本陆军主流的青年军官能量为何如此巨大？一伙驻外武官如何能够组成一个庞大的、令全世界毛骨悚然的军阀集团？ 这既与日本历史相关，又与日本皇室相联。 日本自从1549年织田信长上台至1945年东条英机自杀，近400年的政治，实质就是军阀政治。完成近代日本统一的织田信长、丰臣秀吉、德川家康这三位重要人物，皆是拥兵自重的军阀。在近代日本，要成为有实权的政治家，首先必须成为军人。明治时代的长州藩山县有朋、桂太郎，萨摩藩大久保利通、西乡隆盛等人如此，昭和时代的田中义一、荒木贞夫、永田铁山、东条英机等人也如此。 进入20世纪20年代后，日本军阀政治中出现一种独特的低级军官通过暴力手段左右高层政治的所谓“下克上”现象，更与日本皇室紧紧相连。 1919年，日本大正天皇因脑血栓不能亲政，权力落到皇太子裕仁和宫廷皇族手中。1921年3月裕仁出访欧洲，不经意做的两件事对后来影响巨大：一是皇室长辈、明治天皇的女婿东久迩宫带领一大批日本驻欧武官和观察员前来晋谒，裕仁特意为这批少壮军官举行了宴会；一是在法国，裕仁第一次也是唯一一次微服出游中，亲手购买了一尊拿破仑半身像。 晋谒裕仁的驻欧武官和观察员，后来基本都上了巴登巴登11人名单；拿破仑半身像则被一直放在裕仁书房，一遍又一遍加深着裕仁对武力征服的印象。 裕仁刚刚回国，由东久迩宫负责联系的驻欧青年军官集团首领“三羽乌”便举行了巴登巴登聚会。还未上台的裕仁已获得这伙少壮军官的鼎力支持。 这是一伙不缺乏野心和献身精神、只缺乏思想的青年军官。他们没有谁能像北一辉那样，对国家未来做出框架设计。要为他们补上这一课。裕仁选中了大川周明。 裕仁不喜欢北一辉。北一辉在上海用清水饭团泡制出来的激进思想，甚至要求把皇室拥有的财产也交给国家。但裕仁的弟弟秩父宫却对北一辉兴趣极大。他在北一辉身上看到了巴登巴登11人集团正在寻找的思想。 《国家改造案原理大纲》被秩父宫找人油印出版了。此书一出，影响巨大。日本青年军官们纷纷把它作为策动法西斯活动的理论依据。 能够阅读中文、梵文、阿拉伯文、希腊文、德文、法文和英文的大川周明异常聪明。他和北一辉两人一边喝米酒一边争吵闹了一夜，然后削去了北一辉理论中皇室不能接受的部分。两人最后分道扬镳：北一辉隐匿进智慧寺，大川周明则受命担任了宫内学监。 宫内学监即所谓“大学寮学监”。这是一个秘密去处，连二战结束后的东京审判都很少涉及。 裕仁自1921年11月代替患病的大正天皇摄政后，办的第一件紧要事，便是把以巴登巴登集团为基础的“为理想献身的年轻人”，集中到皇宫东面围有城墙和壕沟的幽静的宫廷气象台，听大川周明讲课。 陈旧的气象台是裕仁小时候放学回来的经常去处。他在这里观看六分仪、星座图、测雨器和18世纪的荷兰望远镜。现在他给它起了一个新名字：“大学寮”——大学生寄宿处之意。几乎全部后来昭和军阀集团的骨干成员，都在这里听过37岁的法学博士大川周明讲述大和民族主义、大亚洲主义、法西斯主义。 1922年1月开张的“大学寮”，实际成为日本皇室培养法西斯军官的教导中心。日本后来企图征服世界的那些庞大计划的草图，几乎都是在这里提出最初构想的。 裕仁小时候曾在这里流连忘返。长大了的裕仁只需坐在屋里凝视拿破仑半身像，由未来的昭和军阀集团成员在这里流连忘返了。 皇室权贵的支持，是法西斯主义在日本获得的得天独厚的条件。 北一辉虽然没有出席，但他在上海亭子间熬成的思想却通过大川周明，病毒一般流进讲台下青年校尉的头脑中。 救国与革命，是20世纪最激动人心、最具号召力的口号。在这个口号的影响下，20世纪20年代初期，一伙优秀的中国青年聚集在上海成立中国共产党；聚集在广州加入黄埔军校。另一伙不能不说“优秀”的日本青年却聚集在东京皇宫，完成了钦定的法西斯思想改造。 《战争呼声》杂志1920年7月发表过大川周明等人的“集体信条”：日本人民必须成为解放人类的旋风的中心。日本民族注定要完成世界的革命化。这一理想的实现以及对日本的军事改组就是我们这一代人的精神产品。我们认为我们的任务是不仅仅以日本的革命或改革而告终的，但我们必须满意地首先进行我国的改革，因为我们对日本解放全世界的使命抱有信心。 打着“革命”与“解放”的旗号，一头法西斯怪物在世界的东方出笼了。 第一个目标便是中国。