Chapter 9 The South China Tiger Who Goes Northward: The Cantonese Army Without a Boss
Cantonese were a very active group in the history of the Republic of China. Guangdong was the base of Sun Yat-sen’s revolution. There were many revolutionaries in Guangdong, including Liao Zhongkai, Hu Hanmin, Wang Jingwei, Chen Jiongming, etc. Guangzhou was also one of the centers of political activities in the Republic of China. The revolutionaries once established political power in Guangzhou, the Whampoa Military Academy was also established in Guangzhou, and the Kuomintang's activities of uniting Russia and the Communist Party were mainly in Guangzhou.
There are also many Cantonese people who are active in the Beiyang government, such as Tang Shaoyi, Wu Tingfang, Liang Shiyi, Wang Chonghui, Luo Wenqian, Ye Gongchuo, etc. There is no shortage of people who have become prime ministers of the Beiyang government.
Birthplace: Guangdong Haifeng
Year of Birth and Death: 1878～September 22, 1933
Graduate School: Guangdong School of Law and Politics
Position: After the Republic of China, he served as deputy governor, governor, and military envoy of Guangdong, Minister of Army and Commander-in-Chief of the Guangdong Army during the extraordinary government period of Guangdong
Identity: Veteran of Guangdong military and political affairs
Claims: Federal Self-Government
Controversy: Separation and cooperation with Sun Yat-sen, once bombarded Sun Yat-sen's presidential palace
Nickname: King of the South
Birthplace: Fangcheng, Guangdong (now Fangchenggang, Guangxi)
Birth and death years: February 12, 1890 to November 3, 1954
Graduate school: Guangzhou Army Primary School, Guangdong Army Crash School
Position: Served as the garrison commander of Qin (state) Lian (state), and then in charge of Guangdong for many years
Zou Lu (1885~1954), was born in Dapu, Guangdong.When he was young, he was active in revolution. He and Chen Jiongming were classmates of Guangdong School of Law and Politics.He once founded Sun Yat-sen University in Guangdong and served as its president. He is the author of "History of the Chinese Kuomintang Party" and "Retrospective Records".
Wang Jingwei (1883-1944), whose real name is Wang Zhaoming, was born in Foshan, Guangdong, a member of the Old League, the author of Sun Yat-sen's "Premier's Will", one of the three giants of the Kuomintang (the other two are Hu Hanmin and Chiang Kai-shek), and the vice president of the Kuomintang.Graduated from Tokyo Hosei University, surrendered to Japan during the Anti-Japanese War, and organized the Wang puppet regime.
Wu Zhihui (1865-1953), born in Wujin, Jiangsu, was a veteran of the Kuomintang, an educator, a calligrapher, an academician of the Academia Sinica, and served as a member of the Central Supervisory Committee of the Kuomintang and a member of the National Government.
Wang Chonghui (1881～1958), born in Dongguan, Guangdong, was a jurist, one of the founders of modern Chinese jurisprudence, and a diplomat.Graduated from Tianjin Beiyang Western School (now Tianjin University), studied at Yale, and was the first person to translate the German Civil Code into English.A veteran of the revolution and a representative of scholarly bureaucrats, he served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Sun Yat-sen Provisional Government, the Chief Justice of Yuan Shikai, the Prime Minister of the "Good Man Government", and the Minister of Justice, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Acting Premier of the Nationalist Government.
Li Jishen (1885-1959) was born in Wuzhou, Guangxi.Graduated from Beijing Army University, a veteran of the Cantonese Army, served as the director of the coaching department of the Whampoa Military Academy, the vice-principal of the Whampoa Military Academy, and the chairman of the Guangdong Provincial Government.
⊙After Sun Yat-sen arrived in Tokyo from Nanyang, he approached Yang Du and asked him to join the Tongmenghui, but Yang refused.When parting ways, Sun said: "I've said it dry, but you still don't agree. Let time prove who's right. "Yang said: "I have a friend who is just like yours. The opinions are the same, let me introduce you, the two of you will definitely complement each other!" Yang wanted to introduce none other than Huang Xing. ⊙On July 8, 1914, exiles from the Kuomintang formed the Chinese Revolutionary Party in Tokyo. Sun Yat-sen was the prime minister, Chen Qimei was the minister of general affairs, Zhang Jingjiang was the minister of finance, Juzheng was the minister of party affairs, Hu Hanmin was the minister of political affairs, and Xu Chongzhi was the minister of military affairs .At the inaugural meeting, Sun Yat-sen designated Chen Qimei and Ju Zheng as his party introducers and swore to join the party. ⊙Sun Yat-sen visited Nanhua Temple in Shaoguan with Tan Yankai, Xu Shiying, Liu Chengyu, and saw a damaged Buddha statue. Sun Yat-sen said: "This monk has been determined for decades, but his body is so pitiful." Liu Chengyu joked: "Mr. No cure?" Tan Yankai went on to say: "Mr. Sun specializes in pediatrics, this Buddha is an adult, and since he is dead, why bother to revive him?" Xu Shiying said: "Mr. His bestowal." ⊙Sun Yat-sen preached the "Three Principles of the People". Zou Lu didn't understand a passage about civil rights, so he asked Sun Yat-sen.Sun picked up the pen and immediately blotted out the whole paragraph.Zou was puzzled, and Sun said: "Although the theory of the Three People's Principles is very profound, everyone who can read should be able to understand it. If you can't understand it clearly, then those who don't understand it, don't know how to understand it." How much. So delete them all.” ⊙After Chen Jiongming took Guangxi, he asked Mo Ji and Peng Chishu to win against Sun Yat-sen, and ordered him to quote Han Xin's allusion of "recovering generations as if they were left behind, and dying Qi as grass".This is, Chen Jiongming used "Han Xin" as a metaphor for himself, "Dai" as Guangdong, "Qi" as Gui, and Sun Yat-sen as "Liu Bang". ⊙In 1909, the Guangdong Consultative Bureau was established. Qiu Fengjia was the deputy speaker, and Zou Lu and Chen Jiongming were councilors. After the failure of the Guangzhou New Army Uprising at the beginning of the second year, the government found out that Zou and Chen were members of the Revolutionary Party and came to the Consultative Bureau to arrest them , Qiu Fengjia said: "Chen and Zou are the ones I trust the most. If they are revolutionaries, then I must be too. If you want to arrest people, please arrest me first!" Chen and Zou were thus able to escape. ⊙When the Whampoa Military Academy was first established, funds were tight, and it was necessary to go to the warlords who controlled Guangdong's finances. Often the food expenses for the next day were not settled until the night before.In order to raise military expenses, Liao Zhongkai didn’t go home until two or three o’clock in the morning every night, and said to his wife He Xiangning: “I’m very angry, I have to go to meet Yang Ximin and Liu Zhenhuan every night, wait for them to burn the cigarettes (opium), and then I will Only then can we speak to them and borrow money to run the Whampoa Military Academy.” ⊙In the first year of the Republic of China, during the peace talks between the North and the South, Yuan Shikai wanted to win over Chen Jiongming to drive away Hu Hanmin, the governor of Guangdong. He asked Zou Lu, the representative of Guangdong, what his opinion was. He's going to do it." ⊙Chen Jiongming rebelled against Sun Yat-sen, and Sun was very angry. Before the Northern Expedition, Wu Zhihui pleaded with Sun on Chen's behalf, and Sun said: "Everyone can forgive, but Chen Jiongming cannot be forgiven." Wu immediately knelt down after hearing this, and said: "This matter is related to the future of the Northern Expedition, and my husband does not agree. , I won’t get up.” Sun Cai agreed to forgive Chen Jiongming, but asked Chen to write a letter of repentance. ⊙In April 1921, the Extraordinary Congress elected Sun Yat-sen as the President, and Chen Jiongming was displeased.The descendants repeatedly told Chen that after taking office, they would lead the army to the Northern Expedition, and would not return to Guangdong regardless of success or failure. Chen had nothing to say, and promised to ask Sun Yat-sen to take the oath of office on May 5.Mr. Zhongshan said with a smile: "I am the president of Guangdong, and Jingcun (character Chen Jiongming) is the emperor of Guangdong. The emperor opened Jinkou, and I obeyed." ⊙At the beginning of 1923, under the banner of Sun Yat-sen, the coalition forces of Yunnan, Guangdong and Guangxi counterattacked Guangzhou and drove away Chen Jiongming.For a time, there were commanders-in-chief of 13 provinces in Guangzhou, such as the commander-in-chief of the Guangdong Army, the commander-in-chief of the Yunnan Army, the commander-in-chief of the Hunan Army, and the commander-in-chief of the Shaanxi Army. More than guns, more toes than bullets, and even the entire headquarters only has two homemade rifles, powder guns or foreign guns.The changing of the sentry is just a change of people but not a change of guns. ⊙Guangdong warlord Chen Jitang wanted to oppose Chiang. First, he ordered his brother Chen Weizhou to look around in Fengshui to find a good place to bury their mother, so that Chen Jitang could replace Chiang Kai-shek and win the world.Later, I listened to the words of the warlocks: this opportunity must not be missed, and I resolutely joined forces with Li Zongren and Bai Chongxi in Guangxi to fight against Chiang. ! ⊙When Chen Jiongming and Zou Lu were in the Guangdong Consultative Council, they once proposed a "prohibition of gambling".In a fit of rage, Zou Lu handed over both the list of those who voted for it and the list of those who voted against it to the newspaper for publication, causing an uproar. ⊙Xu Chongzhi has seniority and has always been the main leader of the Guangdong Army, second only to Hu Hanmin, Wang Jingwei, Liao Zhongkai, etc.Xu has old habits and loves sensuality and entertainment. Someone said bad things about Xu in front of Liao Zhongkai. Liao replied, "Since you (Xu's character) are willing to revolution now, you don't have to blame him." ⊙Chen Jitang listened to his brother Chen Weizhou's words, and bought the ancestral grave of Hong Xiuquan in Furongzhang, Hua County at a high price, and buried his mother, saying that this is the holy place where the son of heaven was born. In 1935, his brother went to Fenghua, Zhejiang to inspect Chiang Kai-shek's ancestral tomb. After returning, Chen Weizhou happily said to Chen Jitang: "Chiang Kai-shek's ancestral tomb is not as far away as the dragon in Furongzhang." This further strengthened Chen Jitang's determination to oppose Chiang. ⊙When Chen Jiongming shelled the presidential palace in Guangzhou, Wu Peifu was very contemptuous of this move. Wu said: "Jingcun (Chen Jiongming's word) is too impersonal, others can attack Zhongshan, how can Jingcun attack Zhongshan?" ⊙In 1936, Chen Jitang launched an anti-Chiang campaign and summoned generals to take an oath in the auditorium of Yanguang Military Academy.Before taking the oath, he sent someone to place a leather dummy above the auditorium of the military academy, with the words "Chiang Kai-shek" written on it.Before taking the oath, Chen personally called the name, and the generals stood together one by one, and read out "I am determined to be loyal to the party and the country, resist Japan and Chiang Kai-shek, and support Commander-in-Chief Chen. If he breaks his oath in the future, he will be punished by heaven."After reading, he approached the dummy, raised a wooden sword, and stabbed "Chiang Kai-shek" three times. ⊙Li Fulin is a local warlord in the Pearl River Delta, and has always regarded the Pearl River Delta as his territory.Someone reported that Li's subordinates were robbing in his own defense area. Li was furious. He assembled the officers and soldiers to give a lecture, and scolded: "Qidi, eat at Ni's place (here), and eat at Ni's place. If you want to eat, go farther away. "It means that robbing is not wrong, but if you want to rob, go to a place farther away, don't "shit" in your own home. ⊙Someone described the situation when Chiang Kai-shek, Wang Jingwei, Hu Hanmin, and Sun Ke met guests: Chiang Kai-shek met with guests, and the guests talked, but he did not speak; , he talks; Sun Ke receives guests, but neither speaks. ⊙In 1930, Hu Hanmin was secluded in Shuanglong Lane by Chiang Kai-shek, and visitors were forbidden. Many people dared not come to the door. Uniquely, Mao Heting, a former Qing Dynasty veteran, was not afraid of spy surveillance, and often visited to talk about poetry.Hu Hanmin was very grateful, thinking that he was a friend in need, and felt the warmth of sending charcoal in the midst of loneliness. ⊙In 1925, the Guangzhou National Government was established and voted for the chairman of the government. Wu Chaoshu read the votes: "Eleven ballots were issued, eleven ballots were withdrawn, and eleven votes for Wang Zhaoming (Jingwei) were elected." Wu read it once , felt a little weird, and read it aloud again. It turned out that Wang Jingwei had voted for himself.Wu said to others afterwards: "Wang advocated not being an official and self-proclaimed high. I originally respected Wang very much. After this election incident, I have despised Wang Zhaoming ever since." ⊙After Wang Jingwei became a traitor, there was a lot of criticism in the public opinion. Someone wrote a couplet sarcastically saying: Jinwei Wang Jingwei, you defend yourself, I defend myself, brother Lu and brother Wei.Chen Qun, Li Shiqun, come here, go there, dogs and foxes.Also wrote: Meng Guang rolled his concubine, Liang Hongzhi was short.Song Jiang was defeated, but Wu Yongwei disappeared. "Konoe" is the Japanese Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe, Chen Qun, Li Shiqun, Liang Hongzhi, and Wu Yongwei are all officials of the puppet government. ⊙After Wang Jingwei surrendered to Japan, there was a saying: "Without Mrs. Wang, Mr. Wang cannot succeed; without Mrs. Wang, Mr. Wang will not succeed." ⊙When Zou Lu was young, he wrote two lines of poems titled "Mei": "He has a very unique character, and he becomes more energetic after experiencing frost and snow." After seeing it, the teacher said: "Fortunately, I have this kind of courage. Although it is unavoidable, it is still possible Hope to succeed." Decades later, Zou recalled the past and felt that what the teacher was talking about was his own life. ⊙When Zou Lu was 19 or 20 years old, he was studying in an academy in Chaozhou, Guangdong. In his composition, he criticized the school's teaching methods. The teacher was furious: "You said this school is not good, you have the ability to create a good one for me Look!" Zou really went to start a school, relying on four yuan donated by others, after a lot of money, he even opened a middle school in his hometown with more than 100 students, and an attached elementary school. ⊙Zou Lu started a middle school with four yuan in his hometown. Later, Zou went to Guangzhou and wanted to apply for a normal school. When he arrived, he found that there was no normal school in such a big Guangzhou.Zou Yi worked hard and decided to open a normal school by himself in Guangzhou, a place he was not familiar with. The funds were 120 yuan brought from his family. After more than a month, the school was successfully established!This year, Zou was 22 years old. ⊙Chen Jiongming said to people: "We play soldiers like monkeys. We only need money for cultural undertakings? Looking for land, although I hate soldiers, but we must master the army in order to promote cultural undertakings!" ⊙Chen Jitang joined the army as a teenager and entered Guangdong Army Primary School. When he graduated, he was the last one.During the graduation toast, the students all made a toast to Liang Anbang, who was at the top of the list.Liang was so drunk that he said, "Everyone will be successful in the future, except Chen Bonan (Chen Jitang's character)." Someone said: "Don't underestimate Chen Jitang, he may go further than others." When Liang heard: "If Bonan can stand out, I'll hold his boots." Later, when Chen Jitang took control of the military and political power in Guangdong, Liang came to Chen Jitang and said, "Bonan, I'm here to hold your boots." ⊙Qiu Fengjia met Zou Lu for the first time. Qiu was in his forties and Zou was in his early twenties.Qiu asked: "Are you a child of a noble family?" Zou replied: "No." "Are you a child of a rich family?" "No." "Then do you have any rich relatives?" He said to himself: "Impoverished children, how can you have such a vast and vast mind?" Then he said to Zou, "Okay, you will be my student from now on!" ⊙Not long after the Revolution of 1911, Zou Lu brought a small army from Guangzhou to Nanjing. When entering the city, the crowd held the national flag and clapped their hands to welcome him. Zou Lu was very excited to see it.I found out afterwards that the crowd mistook Zou for the generalissimo Huang Xing who was going to take office that day, and they were all commenting, "Why is the generalissimo so young?" ⊙When the "Second Revolution" broke out, Zou Lu was in Beijing. He found that the concierge in his residence was getting richer day by day, and he called the State Council Secretariat from time to time.Zou suddenly woke up. These people must have been bought to monitor him, and he couldn't help but hate: In the past, during the revolution, for fear of leaking the news, there was absolutely no need for servants, and cooking and cooking were done by themselves. Boat! ⊙Before the September 18th Incident, the Japanese found Zou Lu and said: "Zhang Xueliang is in the cigarette casino all day long, and he doesn't care about anything... We are going to support you to preside over the three provinces in the Northeast and drive Zhang Xueliang away. You are from the Southwest, we think You are the ideal and most suitable." Zou refused. ⊙In 1936, when Zou Lu was the president of Sun Yat-sen University in Guangdong, the Japanese approached him and said, "Our university plans to exchange professors with Sun Yat-sen University. How about it?" Zou replied, "I dare not learn." I don’t believe in the Japanese at all, and as soon as the Japanese open their mouths, I will prevent him from using aggressive means.” ⊙After the Xi'an Incident, Zou Lu met Chiang Kai-shek in Mount Lu.Jiang asked: "After you return to Guangdong, when will you come to the central government again?" Zou replied: "If the central government does not launch the anti-Japanese incident, I plan not to come here for the time being; if the anti-Japanese incident occurs, I will come to Beijing immediately." Jiang smiled and said "Then I'm afraid it won't be long." Afterwards, the "July 7th Incident" broke out, and Jiang delivered the "Lushan Speech", announcing a full-scale war of resistance. ⊙Luo Wenqian and Wang Chonghui are both Cantonese. They used to be classmates, and later they both served as high-ranking officials in the government, but Wang Chonghui is not as strong as Luo Wenqian.According to Ma Xulun's recollection: When Wang Chonghui was the prime minister of the cabinet, Luo Wengan was the chief financial officer, and Zhang Shao, the chief of the army, framed Luo Wengan for accepting bribes, and Luo was imprisoned in the court.According to the usual practice, the cabinet should resign collectively if there is a scandal. Saving the country comes first." Tang Erhe urged him to resign, and in the end Wang Chonghui resigned and Zhang Shaozeng came to power. ⊙Liang Shiyi and Ye Gongchuo are both Cantonese. They formed a "transportation department" in the political arena of the Republic of China, controlling the economic vitals of the previous Beiyang governments. Key positions in various departments such as railways, postal services, and banks were almost all held by personnel from the transportation department.Most of the time, Liang himself served as the director of six or seven banks at the same time, known as the "God of Wealth in Troubled Times". ⊙Sun Yat-sen often said to people: "Chen Jiongming is not good at women, don't be comfortable, hardworking and frugal, I am not as good!" ⊙Mr. Sun Yat-sen passed away in Beijing. Chen Jiongming personally wrote a joint memorial to Sun Yat-sen. The article said: "Only a hero can live and kill. His meritorious deeds and crimes have their own history. An inch of heart knows!" ⊙Sun Yat-sen passed away, and Xu Shuzheng issued an elegiac couplet saying: "A hundred years of government is like the people's first, and everyone prospers with one word, and dies with one word; after ten years, there is no public, and I don't know how many people proclaim themselves emperors, how many People call themselves kings." ⊙After Chen Jiongming died, three Japanese sent condolence messages and sent wreaths.They are: Tou Shanman, Kawamura Toshige, Umeya Shokichi.These three were also close friends of Sun Yat-sen during his lifetime. ⊙Tang Shaoyi and Wu Tingfang were at odds.Wu once bought large properties in Hong Kong and Shanghai, and was criticized for making foreign money.When the French Prime Minister visited, the Shanghai KMT was in charge of receiving it. Tang suggested that the Wu family had many houses and a large place, which could be borrowed and used.Wu felt that Tang was mocking him, and cursed: "I can give birth to you!" ⊙After Chen Jiongming's death, Wu Peifu wrote an elegiac couplet saying: "The truth of the world is nothingness, how can it be that life is not at the right time, and sorrow hurts people like this; the people who come and go are clean, and the house is empty, and the true nature of a hero has lingering sorrow." ⊙When Chen Jiongming's body was buried in Hong Kong: some privately donated money, went to the funeral in secret, and went quietly, but refused to leave their names; There are those who send elegiac couplets but hide their surnames; those who ask others to tell their difficulties, but they dare not hang themselves; ⊙ Around 1920, Chen Jiongming occupied southern Fujian, established a new government, was keen on education and local construction, ran a newspaper to talk about socialism, and widely publicized and introduced various socialist schools. At one time, people called Chen "the socialist general".But the political power must be monopolized in Hailufeng (Chen's hometown), and military power must be concentrated in the Chen family.Therefore, it is ridiculed that "destroy all property and maintain the Chen family's army". ⊙Three things Wu Tingfang was most proud of in his life: first, representing the Republic of China to sign a foreign policy; second, when he was prime minister, he refused to sign the order to dissolve the National Assembly;When people have something to ask Wu, as long as they talk about these three things with Wu, the matter will be easy to handle. ⊙Chen Jiongming married his wife Huang Shi. At the age of forty, he had four daughters and no heirs.Relatives and friends persuaded him to take a concubine, but Chen refused.There are two seals engraved by Chen, with two sentences "no two colors" and "no private wealth" engraved. ⊙When Chen Jiongming talked about Chinese politics in the 1920s, he said: "The big warlords disturbed the center, the small warlords disturbed the provinces, and the bureaucratic politics, the Democratic Party was attached to it, and the thieves were robbed by the welfare... Together they became the 'Republic of China Four fierce'." ⊙Guangzhou newspaper once commented on Chen Jiongming: "My husband, Chen Zhi, is in Guangdong. He is proud of his support of the soldiers, and he is proud of the disabled people. Those who serve in the army are also in office, and the office of the army is like a ancestral hall of the Chen family." ⊙Zou Lu advocated "reading the real book from no words". When he was young, he loved to read the newspapers of the revolutionaries and the newspapers of the royalists. Zou said: "Because you can often get the doctrine of the revolutionaries indirectly from the opposing words. " ⊙Zou Lu concluded that Japan has five faces to China: to the central government, it says, "I will help you unify, and you are friendly to me"; If you don’t fall for X, I can make Nanjing follow the example of Xuezhong and Song Zheyuan, and remove you from office.” ; to non-KMT people, "I will help you to defeat the Kuomintang, and I will help you to defeat the Kuomintang government"; to the world, it is said, "Don't meddle in China's affairs, Nanjing is of course pro-Japanese, the north is also pro-Japanese, and the south is also pro-Japanese. up". ⊙For a period of time, Dai Jitao wanted to study in the United States, so he first asked Jiang Menglin to ask Sun Yat-sen, and Sun said, "What kind of books should I study when I'm old?" Dai didn't give up, so he asked again, and Sun took out a silver dollar from the drawer and said, "You can use it for tuition fees." Dai said, "Sir, are you kidding me?" Sun said, "No, you should go to Hongkou to watch a movie." ⊙Wu Tingfang taught people the secrets of diplomacy: Wu is good at English. When foreigners negotiate with him, they don’t want to use an interpreter. In order to buy himself more time to think, Wu often pretends to be deaf. ⊙Ye Gongchuo joined the Tongmenghui in his early years, and later became an important member of the "Transportation Department". He was a celebrity in the political arena of the Republic of China. He also had high attainments in calligraphy and painting.Ye and Zhang Daqian had a close relationship. One day at Zhang's house, he suddenly became interested and painted a picture of bamboo.Zhang Daqian was shocked when he saw it, and called Ke Danqiu, a famous bamboo painter in the Yuan Dynasty, reborn! ⊙Zhang Daqian once gambled and lost Wang Xizhi's "Cao'e Tablet" handed down by his ancestors.More than ten years later, his mother was seriously ill. Recalling this ancestral treasure, Zhang Daqian asked Zhang Daqian to fetch it for her to see.Zhang agreed, and when he got home, he was worried about where Cao Ejuan had gone.Ye Gongchuo came, and when he asked about the situation, Ye pointed to his nose and laughed, and said, "This one, it's just here." So he didn't want Zhang to pay, and he didn't want Zhang's other collections in exchange, and gave them back to him free of charge. he.
⊙After Sun Yat-sen arrived in Tokyo from Nanyang, he approached Yang Du and asked him to join the Tongmenghui, but Yang refused.When parting ways, Sun said: "I've said it dry, but you still don't agree. Let time prove who's right. "Yang said: "I have a friend who is just like yours. The opinions are the same, let me introduce you, the two of you will definitely complement each other!" Yang wanted to introduce none other than Huang Xing. ⊙On July 8, 1914, exiles from the Kuomintang formed the Chinese Revolutionary Party in Tokyo. Sun Yat-sen was the prime minister, Chen Qimei was the minister of general affairs, Zhang Jingjiang was the minister of finance, Juzheng was the minister of party affairs, Hu Hanmin was the minister of political affairs, and Xu Chongzhi was the minister of military affairs .At the inaugural meeting, Sun Yat-sen designated Chen Qimei and Ju Zheng as his party introducers and swore to join the party. ⊙Sun Yat-sen visited Nanhua Temple in Shaoguan with Tan Yankai, Xu Shiying, Liu Chengyu, and saw a damaged Buddha statue. Sun Yat-sen said: "This monk has been determined for decades, but his body is so pitiful." Liu Chengyu joked: "Mr. No cure?" Tan Yankai went on to say: "Mr. Sun specializes in pediatrics, this Buddha is an adult, and since he is dead, why bother to revive him?" Xu Shiying said: "Mr. His bestowal." ⊙Sun Yat-sen preached the "Three Principles of the People". Zou Lu didn't understand a passage about civil rights, so he asked Sun Yat-sen.Sun picked up the pen and immediately blotted out the whole paragraph.Zou was puzzled, and Sun said: "Although the theory of the Three People's Principles is very profound, everyone who can read should be able to understand it. If you can't understand it clearly, then those who don't understand it, don't know how to understand it." How much. So delete them all.” ⊙After Chen Jiongming took Guangxi, he asked Mo Ji and Peng Chishu to win against Sun Yat-sen, and ordered him to quote Han Xin's allusion of "recovering generations as if they were left behind, and dying Qi as grass".This is, Chen Jiongming used "Han Xin" as a metaphor for himself, "Dai" as Guangdong, "Qi" as Gui, and Sun Yat-sen as "Liu Bang". ⊙In 1909, the Guangdong Consultative Bureau was established. Qiu Fengjia was the deputy speaker, and Zou Lu and Chen Jiongming were councilors. After the failure of the Guangzhou New Army Uprising at the beginning of the second year, the government found out that Zou and Chen were members of the Revolutionary Party and came to the Consultative Bureau to arrest them , Qiu Fengjia said: "Chen and Zou are the ones I trust the most. If they are revolutionaries, then I must be too. If you want to arrest people, please arrest me first!" Chen and Zou were thus able to escape. ⊙When the Whampoa Military Academy was first established, funds were tight, and it was necessary to go to the warlords who controlled Guangdong's finances. Often the food expenses for the next day were not settled until the night before.In order to raise military expenses, Liao Zhongkai didn’t go home until two or three o’clock in the morning every night, and said to his wife He Xiangning: “I’m very angry, I have to go to meet Yang Ximin and Liu Zhenhuan every night, wait for them to burn the cigarettes (opium), and then I will Only then can we speak to them and borrow money to run the Whampoa Military Academy.” ⊙In the first year of the Republic of China, during the peace talks between the North and the South, Yuan Shikai wanted to win over Chen Jiongming to drive away Hu Hanmin, the governor of Guangdong. He asked Zou Lu, the representative of Guangdong, what his opinion was. He's going to do it." ⊙Chen Jiongming rebelled against Sun Yat-sen, and Sun was very angry. Before the Northern Expedition, Wu Zhihui pleaded with Sun on Chen's behalf, and Sun said: "Everyone can forgive, but Chen Jiongming cannot be forgiven." Wu immediately knelt down after hearing this, and said: "This matter is related to the future of the Northern Expedition, and my husband does not agree. , I won’t get up.” Sun Cai agreed to forgive Chen Jiongming, but asked Chen to write a letter of repentance. ⊙In April 1921, the Extraordinary Congress elected Sun Yat-sen as the President, and Chen Jiongming was displeased.The descendants repeatedly told Chen that after taking office, they would lead the army to the Northern Expedition, and would not return to Guangdong regardless of success or failure. Chen had nothing to say, and promised to ask Sun Yat-sen to take the oath of office on May 5.Mr. Zhongshan said with a smile: "I am the president of Guangdong, and Jingcun (character Chen Jiongming) is the emperor of Guangdong. The emperor opened Jinkou, and I obeyed." ⊙At the beginning of 1923, under the banner of Sun Yat-sen, the coalition forces of Yunnan, Guangdong and Guangxi counterattacked Guangzhou and drove away Chen Jiongming.For a time, there were commanders-in-chief of 13 provinces in Guangzhou, such as the commander-in-chief of the Guangdong Army, the commander-in-chief of the Yunnan Army, the commander-in-chief of the Hunan Army, and the commander-in-chief of the Shaanxi Army. More than guns, more toes than bullets, and even the entire headquarters only has two homemade rifles, powder guns or foreign guns.The changing of the sentry is just a change of people but not a change of guns. ⊙Guangdong warlord Chen Jitang wanted to oppose Chiang. First, he ordered his brother Chen Weizhou to look around in Fengshui to find a good place to bury their mother, so that Chen Jitang could replace Chiang Kai-shek and win the world.Later, I listened to the words of the warlocks: this opportunity must not be missed, and I resolutely joined forces with Li Zongren and Bai Chongxi in Guangxi to fight against Chiang. ! ⊙When Chen Jiongming and Zou Lu were in the Guangdong Consultative Council, they once proposed a "prohibition of gambling".In a fit of rage, Zou Lu handed over both the list of those who voted for it and the list of those who voted against it to the newspaper for publication, causing an uproar. ⊙Xu Chongzhi has seniority and has always been the main leader of the Guangdong Army, second only to Hu Hanmin, Wang Jingwei, Liao Zhongkai, etc.Xu has old habits and loves sensuality and entertainment. Someone said bad things about Xu in front of Liao Zhongkai. Liao replied, "Since you (Xu's character) are willing to revolution now, you don't have to blame him." ⊙Chen Jitang listened to his brother Chen Weizhou's words, and bought the ancestral grave of Hong Xiuquan in Furongzhang, Hua County at a high price, and buried his mother, saying that this is the holy place where the son of heaven was born. In 1935, his brother went to Fenghua, Zhejiang to inspect Chiang Kai-shek's ancestral tomb. After returning, Chen Weizhou happily said to Chen Jitang: "Chiang Kai-shek's ancestral tomb is not as far away as the dragon in Furongzhang." This further strengthened Chen Jitang's determination to oppose Chiang. ⊙When Chen Jiongming shelled the presidential palace in Guangzhou, Wu Peifu was very contemptuous of this move. Wu said: "Jingcun (Chen Jiongming's word) is too impersonal, others can attack Zhongshan, how can Jingcun attack Zhongshan?" ⊙In 1936, Chen Jitang launched an anti-Chiang campaign and summoned generals to take an oath in the auditorium of Yanguang Military Academy.Before taking the oath, he sent someone to place a leather dummy above the auditorium of the military academy, with the words "Chiang Kai-shek" written on it.Before taking the oath, Chen personally called the name, and the generals stood together one by one, and read out "I am determined to be loyal to the party and the country, resist Japan and Chiang Kai-shek, and support Commander-in-Chief Chen. If he breaks his oath in the future, he will be punished by heaven."After reading, he approached the dummy, raised a wooden sword, and stabbed "Chiang Kai-shek" three times. ⊙Li Fulin is a local warlord in the Pearl River Delta, and has always regarded the Pearl River Delta as his territory.Someone reported that Li's subordinates were robbing in his own defense area. Li was furious. He assembled the officers and soldiers to give a lecture, and scolded: "Qidi, eat at Ni's place (here), and eat at Ni's place. If you want to eat, go farther away. "It means that robbing is not wrong, but if you want to rob, go to a place farther away, don't "shit" in your own home. ⊙Someone described the situation when Chiang Kai-shek, Wang Jingwei, Hu Hanmin, and Sun Ke met guests: Chiang Kai-shek met with guests, and the guests talked, but he did not speak; , he talks; Sun Ke receives guests, but neither speaks. ⊙In 1930, Hu Hanmin was secluded in Shuanglong Lane by Chiang Kai-shek, and visitors were forbidden. Many people dared not come to the door. Uniquely, Mao Heting, a former Qing Dynasty veteran, was not afraid of spy surveillance, and often visited to talk about poetry.Hu Hanmin was very grateful, thinking that he was a friend in need, and felt the warmth of sending charcoal in the midst of loneliness. ⊙In 1925, the Guangzhou National Government was established and voted for the chairman of the government. Wu Chaoshu read the votes: "Eleven ballots were issued, eleven ballots were withdrawn, and eleven votes for Wang Zhaoming (Jingwei) were elected." Wu read it once , felt a little weird, and read it aloud again. It turned out that Wang Jingwei had voted for himself.Wu said to others afterwards: "Wang advocated not being an official and self-proclaimed high. I originally respected Wang very much. After this election incident, I have despised Wang Zhaoming ever since." ⊙After Wang Jingwei became a traitor, there was a lot of criticism in the public opinion. Someone wrote a couplet sarcastically saying: Jinwei Wang Jingwei, you defend yourself, I defend myself, brother Lu and brother Wei.Chen Qun, Li Shiqun, come here, go there, dogs and foxes.Also wrote: Meng Guang rolled his concubine, Liang Hongzhi was short.Song Jiang was defeated, but Wu Yongwei disappeared. "Konoe" is the Japanese Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe, Chen Qun, Li Shiqun, Liang Hongzhi, and Wu Yongwei are all officials of the puppet government. ⊙After Wang Jingwei surrendered to Japan, there was a saying: "Without Mrs. Wang, Mr. Wang cannot succeed; without Mrs. Wang, Mr. Wang will not succeed." ⊙When Zou Lu was young, he wrote two lines of poems titled "Mei": "He has a very unique character, and he becomes more energetic after experiencing frost and snow." After seeing it, the teacher said: "Fortunately, I have this kind of courage. Although it is unavoidable, it is still possible Hope to succeed." Decades later, Zou recalled the past and felt that what the teacher was talking about was his own life. ⊙When Zou Lu was 19 or 20 years old, he was studying in an academy in Chaozhou, Guangdong. In his composition, he criticized the school's teaching methods. The teacher was furious: "You said this school is not good, you have the ability to create a good one for me Look!" Zou really went to start a school, relying on four yuan donated by others, after a lot of money, he even opened a middle school in his hometown with more than 100 students, and an attached elementary school. ⊙Zou Lu started a middle school with four yuan in his hometown. Later, Zou went to Guangzhou and wanted to apply for a normal school. When he arrived, he found that there was no normal school in such a big Guangzhou.Zou Yi worked hard and decided to open a normal school by himself in Guangzhou, a place he was not familiar with. The funds were 120 yuan brought from his family. After more than a month, the school was successfully established!This year, Zou was 22 years old. ⊙Chen Jiongming said to people: "We play soldiers like monkeys. We only need money for cultural undertakings? Looking for land, although I hate soldiers, but we must master the army in order to promote cultural undertakings!" ⊙Chen Jitang joined the army as a teenager and entered Guangdong Army Primary School. When he graduated, he was the last one.During the graduation toast, the students all made a toast to Liang Anbang, who was at the top of the list.Liang was so drunk that he said, "Everyone will be successful in the future, except Chen Bonan (Chen Jitang's character)." Someone said: "Don't underestimate Chen Jitang, he may go further than others." When Liang heard: "If Bonan can stand out, I'll hold his boots." Later, when Chen Jitang took control of the military and political power in Guangdong, Liang came to Chen Jitang and said, "Bonan, I'm here to hold your boots." ⊙Qiu Fengjia met Zou Lu for the first time. Qiu was in his forties and Zou was in his early twenties.Qiu asked: "Are you a child of a noble family?" Zou replied: "No." "Are you a child of a rich family?" "No." "Then do you have any rich relatives?" He said to himself: "Impoverished children, how can you have such a vast and vast mind?" Then he said to Zou, "Okay, you will be my student from now on!" ⊙Not long after the Revolution of 1911, Zou Lu brought a small army from Guangzhou to Nanjing. When entering the city, the crowd held the national flag and clapped their hands to welcome him. Zou Lu was very excited to see it.I found out afterwards that the crowd mistook Zou for the generalissimo Huang Xing who was going to take office that day, and they were all commenting, "Why is the generalissimo so young?" ⊙When the "Second Revolution" broke out, Zou Lu was in Beijing. He found that the concierge in his residence was getting richer day by day, and he called the State Council Secretariat from time to time.Zou suddenly woke up. These people must have been bought to monitor him, and he couldn't help but hate: In the past, during the revolution, for fear of leaking the news, there was absolutely no need for servants, and cooking and cooking were done by themselves. Boat! ⊙Before the September 18th Incident, the Japanese found Zou Lu and said: "Zhang Xueliang is in the cigarette casino all day long, and he doesn't care about anything... We are going to support you to preside over the three provinces in the Northeast and drive Zhang Xueliang away. You are from the Southwest, we think You are the ideal and most suitable." Zou refused. ⊙In 1936, when Zou Lu was the president of Sun Yat-sen University in Guangdong, the Japanese approached him and said, "Our university plans to exchange professors with Sun Yat-sen University. How about it?" Zou replied, "I dare not learn." I don’t believe in the Japanese at all, and as soon as the Japanese open their mouths, I will prevent him from using aggressive means.” ⊙After the Xi'an Incident, Zou Lu met Chiang Kai-shek in Mount Lu.Jiang asked: "After you return to Guangdong, when will you come to the central government again?" Zou replied: "If the central government does not launch the anti-Japanese incident, I plan not to come here for the time being; if the anti-Japanese incident occurs, I will come to Beijing immediately." Jiang smiled and said "Then I'm afraid it won't be long." Afterwards, the "July 7th Incident" broke out, and Jiang delivered the "Lushan Speech", announcing a full-scale war of resistance. ⊙Luo Wenqian and Wang Chonghui are both Cantonese. They used to be classmates, and later they both served as high-ranking officials in the government, but Wang Chonghui is not as strong as Luo Wenqian.According to Ma Xulun's recollection: When Wang Chonghui was the prime minister of the cabinet, Luo Wengan was the chief financial officer, and Zhang Shao, the chief of the army, framed Luo Wengan for accepting bribes, and Luo was imprisoned in the court.According to the usual practice, the cabinet should resign collectively if there is a scandal. Saving the country comes first." Tang Erhe urged him to resign, and in the end Wang Chonghui resigned and Zhang Shaozeng came to power. ⊙Liang Shiyi and Ye Gongchuo are both Cantonese. They formed a "transportation department" in the political arena of the Republic of China, controlling the economic vitals of the previous Beiyang governments. Key positions in various departments such as railways, postal services, and banks were almost all held by personnel from the transportation department.Most of the time, Liang himself served as the director of six or seven banks at the same time, known as the "God of Wealth in Troubled Times". ⊙Sun Yat-sen often said to people: "Chen Jiongming is not good at women, don't be comfortable, hardworking and frugal, I am not as good!" ⊙Mr. Sun Yat-sen passed away in Beijing. Chen Jiongming personally wrote a joint memorial to Sun Yat-sen. The article said: "Only a hero can live and kill. His meritorious deeds and crimes have their own history. An inch of heart knows!" ⊙Sun Yat-sen passed away, and Xu Shuzheng issued an elegiac couplet saying: "A hundred years of government is like the people's first, and everyone prospers with one word, and dies with one word; after ten years, there is no public, and I don't know how many people proclaim themselves emperors, how many People call themselves kings." ⊙After Chen Jiongming died, three Japanese sent condolence messages and sent wreaths.They are: Tou Shanman, Kawamura Toshige, Umeya Shokichi.These three were also close friends of Sun Yat-sen during his lifetime. ⊙Tang Shaoyi and Wu Tingfang were at odds.Wu once bought large properties in Hong Kong and Shanghai, and was criticized for making foreign money.When the French Prime Minister visited, the Shanghai KMT was in charge of receiving it. Tang suggested that the Wu family had many houses and a large place, which could be borrowed and used.Wu felt that Tang was mocking him, and cursed: "I can give birth to you!" ⊙After Chen Jiongming's death, Wu Peifu wrote an elegiac couplet saying: "The truth of the world is nothingness, how can it be that life is not at the right time, and sorrow hurts people like this; the people who come and go are clean, and the house is empty, and the true nature of a hero has lingering sorrow." ⊙When Chen Jiongming's body was buried in Hong Kong: some privately donated money, went to the funeral in secret, and went quietly, but refused to leave their names; There are those who send elegiac couplets but hide their surnames; those who ask others to tell their difficulties, but they dare not hang themselves; ⊙ Around 1920, Chen Jiongming occupied southern Fujian, established a new government, was keen on education and local construction, ran a newspaper to talk about socialism, and widely publicized and introduced various socialist schools. At one time, people called Chen "the socialist general".But the political power must be monopolized in Hailufeng (Chen's hometown), and military power must be concentrated in the Chen family.Therefore, it is ridiculed that "destroy all property and maintain the Chen family's army". ⊙Three things Wu Tingfang was most proud of in his life: first, representing the Republic of China to sign a foreign policy; second, when he was prime minister, he refused to sign the order to dissolve the National Assembly;When people have something to ask Wu, as long as they talk about these three things with Wu, the matter will be easy to handle. ⊙Chen Jiongming married his wife Huang Shi. At the age of forty, he had four daughters and no heirs.Relatives and friends persuaded him to take a concubine, but Chen refused.There are two seals engraved by Chen, with two sentences "no two colors" and "no private wealth" engraved. ⊙When Chen Jiongming talked about Chinese politics in the 1920s, he said: "The big warlords disturbed the center, the small warlords disturbed the provinces, and the bureaucratic politics, the Democratic Party was attached to it, and the thieves were robbed by the welfare... Together they became the 'Republic of China Four fierce'." ⊙Guangzhou newspaper once commented on Chen Jiongming: "My husband, Chen Zhi, is in Guangdong. He is proud of his support of the soldiers, and he is proud of the disabled people. Those who serve in the army are also in office, and the office of the army is like a ancestral hall of the Chen family." ⊙Zou Lu advocated "reading the real book from no words". When he was young, he loved to read the newspapers of the revolutionaries and the newspapers of the royalists. Zou said: "Because you can often get the doctrine of the revolutionaries indirectly from the opposing words. " ⊙Zou Lu concluded that Japan has five faces to China: to the central government, it says, "I will help you unify, and you are friendly to me"; If you don’t fall for X, I can make Nanjing follow the example of Xuezhong and Song Zheyuan, and remove you from office.” ; to non-KMT people, "I will help you to defeat the Kuomintang, and I will help you to defeat the Kuomintang government"; to the world, it is said, "Don't meddle in China's affairs, Nanjing is of course pro-Japanese, the north is also pro-Japanese, and the south is also pro-Japanese. up". ⊙For a period of time, Dai Jitao wanted to study in the United States, so he first asked Jiang Menglin to ask Sun Yat-sen, and Sun said, "What kind of books should I study when I'm old?" Dai didn't give up, so he asked again, and Sun took out a silver dollar from the drawer and said, "You can use it for tuition fees." Dai said, "Sir, are you kidding me?" Sun said, "No, you should go to Hongkou to watch a movie." ⊙Wu Tingfang taught people the secrets of diplomacy: Wu is good at English. When foreigners negotiate with him, they don’t want to use an interpreter. In order to buy himself more time to think, Wu often pretends to be deaf. ⊙Ye Gongchuo joined the Tongmenghui in his early years, and later became an important member of the "Transportation Department". He was a celebrity in the political arena of the Republic of China. He also had high attainments in calligraphy and painting.Ye and Zhang Daqian had a close relationship. One day at Zhang's house, he suddenly became interested and painted a picture of bamboo.Zhang Daqian was shocked when he saw it, and called Ke Danqiu, a famous bamboo painter in the Yuan Dynasty, reborn! ⊙Zhang Daqian once gambled and lost Wang Xizhi's "Cao'e Tablet" handed down by his ancestors.More than ten years later, his mother was seriously ill. Recalling this ancestral treasure, Zhang Daqian asked Zhang Daqian to fetch it for her to see.Zhang agreed, and when he got home, he was worried about where Cao Ejuan had gone.Ye Gongchuo came, and when he asked about the situation, Ye pointed to his nose and laughed, and said, "This one, it's just here." So he didn't want Zhang to pay, and he didn't want Zhang's other collections in exchange, and gave them back to him free of charge. he.