Chapter 7 Chapter Seven

The young Qin Ershi invited experts in consulting on national conditions—that is, a group of doctors—for a meeting.Doctor, it was the Internet at that time, as long as you searched on it, you could find the answer to your question, so they were often prepared by the emperor's side, waiting for the emperor to search. Qin Ershi asked: "It is said that Chen Sheng occupied Chencheng and established himself as the king of Chen. How do you think about the nature of this matter?" More than 30 doctors and students (should be counted as "undergraduates") who have no vision came forward together and said: "This group of people is a group of rebels. May your Majesty send troops to attack them."

Qin II was furious.What Qin Ershi meant was that if there was a rebellion, of course troops should be sent to attack it.But I am the emperor who is as wise as Yao and Shun, how can there be a group of rebellions below? !When you say that, doesn't it mean that you are denying the current excellent situation? We say that the Qin Dynasty has another problem, that is, it is taboo to talk about its own mistakes.I don't know how this problem developed. It may be that in the past, wars have always been about winning, pursuing success, and neglecting the past and favoring the present. In short, I am afraid that anyone will say that it has not been done well, and that "today" is not as good as the past.

At this time, an alternate doctor named Shu Suntong saw Qin Ershi's embarrassment. This Shu Suntong is more knowledgeable about current affairs and is also good at guessing the minds of leaders. He sang the opposite tune with other doctors, and instead praised Qin II vigorously: "The words of the doctors just now are all wrong. I think your majesty is a wise man. Lord, you are very competent. The Lord is above you, and you are very competent. How can there be rebellion below? According to my analysis, it is just a bunch of people who have stolen genes in their DNA—and they are very stubborn stealing genes. Molecules, just stirring up trouble. It’s just a group of thieves, without any political purpose. No matter how high the stage of social development, this group of people will exist. This is a biological problem rather than a sociological problem. It’s not worth letting them go Let’s bite between the teeth of our regular army. Order the police everywhere to bring more handcuffs and electric batons, and go regularly to crack down on them.”

So Qin Ershi was overjoyed, wandering around, you listen, you listen, how good it is.This is the correct understanding of the current situation.Qin Ershi was happy, so he said: "Since Shu Suntong delivered a good speech, I will reward Shu Suntong and immediately become a doctor." Qin Ershi then asked the other doctors one by one for their opinions. Some said it was a rebellion, and some said it was a robber.Qin II scolded: "The late emperor and I managed the country so prosperously, how could there be any rebellion?! All those who are said to be rebellious are sent to the judiciary for review, and the crime is 'unsuitable'." ( Speak inappropriately, negating the current good situation)

This matter can be compared with the burning of books and burying Confucianism back then, it is a shortened version of burning books and burying Confucianism.The historical materials of burning books and burying Confucian scholars are vague, but it is very clear.Qin II did not want to exterminate Confucianism, he used Confucianism, he just dealt with dissidents among his former Confucians, just like later emperors would demote Confucian ministers who disagreed with their views It's the same as relocating.Therefore, the term "burning books to slander Confucians" is not good, and should be changed to "burning books to slander", or just "burning books".Because it is a common thing to deal with those who hold opposing opinions ("slanderers"). It has been like this in all dynasties, and it is not worth mentioning. high.When Qin Shihuang is mentioned in ancient books, they always say "burning books".Just say "burning books", I think this is appropriate.

The burning of books is an event, what to do, compared with future generations, it is not an event. Shu Suntong was holding the prize and the certificate of regularization he received from the palace for telling nonsense. When the other Confucian scholars saw him, they all scolded him: "Dr. Class is ashamed. Don't do it!" Shusuntong smiled: "Don't flatter me a little, my head is hardly out of the tiger's mouth..." Of course, the situation forced him to tell lies.However, when everyone else is still telling the truth, you are the first to stand up and tell lies, flattering people, willing to be the vanguard of supporting the emperor, and accusing others of being wrong. Intellectuals, there is nothing wrong with it.Moreover, this is also the mastermind of infidelity.

Unfaithful or unbelieving is just a "self-serving Han" (Buddhist terms refer to those who have no altruistic thoughts, but only seek their own interests; that is, those who hold self-care. Therefore, it is commonly known as those who only take care of themselves and ignore the overall situation, as self-made Han) .Among the learned people, even today, there are many such people. What happened next was a bit uncanny.Shu Suntong suddenly fled with his luggage rolled up.Sima Qian did not give a clear explanation for the reason for his escape.He probably felt that telling lies would eventually be exposed by the facts one day. At that time, it would be the sin of deceiving the Holy One, and there would be no way out.So Shu Suntong saw that the situation was not good, so he simply fled, not even asking for his doctoral certificate.

In any case, because Shusuntong took the lead in making troubles and wiped out the boa constrictor in its small snake stage, that is, mobilizing the army in time, extinguishing the prairie sparks, and turning the empire's doom back, the best time was quietly missed.Shu Suntong fled overnight with the prize in his arms, regardless of whether Xianyang was flooded after he left.Shu Suntong looked back at Xianyang, but saw the moon sky above his head, which was as clear as water. Shusuntong ran back to Qilu's hometown and went "by himself". What happened later needs a bit more verbosity:

After Shu Suntong returned to his hometown, his hometown was soon occupied by Xiang Liang, so he defected to Xiang Liang.Later, he defected to King Huai of Chu (Emperor Yi), and then went to serve Xiang Yu. Finally, when Xiang Yu's Pengcheng was captured by Liu Bang, he switched to Liu Bang's subordinates again.In short, he stayed on every mountain during the Qin and Han Dynasties, including Qin Huangting.Sima Qian recorded that two "original orthodox Confucian scholars" of Lu State mocked him at that time: "Sir, you changed nearly ten masters, and every time you flattered your masters face-to-face in order to get close and rich-you go, don't Come! Don't insult my beauty!" (Original text: "Those who work in the public office are ten masters, and they all flatter their relatives and nobles. When the public is gone, don't pollute me.")

Shu Suntong finally transferred to Liu Bang's subordinates, and he was very fond of Liu Bang.Liu Bang is a member of the Chu cultural circle, and he is used to wearing short-cut clothes, while Shusun Tong wears Confucian clothes with wide robes and large sleeves, which Liu Bang hates.So he modified the Confucian clothing and changed the size to a shorter one, so Liu Bang liked it.Shu Suntong is well-behaved and good at catering to his master's wishes, and it has always been like this.Lu Rusheng said that he "flattered his face to win relatives and nobles", and he did not wrong him at all.

Relying on his "facial flattery" and "following the meaning" and some Confucianism he did have, Shu Suntong has been mixed under Liu Bang to the high position of "Prince and Taifu", focusing on etiquette and ideological work, and even He was named "Confucianism of the Han family" by Sima Qian. But Shusun Tong looks different from the "mighty and unyielding" Confucianism in the pre-Qin period (Dong Hu and the like), but looks like an "amoeba" Confucianism. Clothes can be changed, so can doctrines be changed, black and white and truth can also be changed? !If intellectuals become like this, then the country will lose its backbone.The reason why Pre-Qin Confucianism was later transformed into a fashionable ideological weapon in the era of imperial power was not transformed by others, but by people like Shu Suntong.That's why there are so many of these people. Zhang Han is a very "reactionary" person.However, if the Great Qin Empire does not fall because of him, then why is he not a historical hero who helped the crisis? In the early winter of 208 BC, when Zhou Wen's hundreds of thousands of rebels came, Zhang Han was serving as the "Minor Mansion" of the Qin government.Shao means small, and Shaofu means a small mansion, which means a small treasury.We said that the emperor also had private money.He can't move the money in the treasury. The money is the taxes paid by the counties and counties, which are used for the country to support the army, build the Great Wall and distribute to civil servants.The emperor cannot directly appropriate the taxation of the world for private use.However, the emperor also directly owned some fertile land, as well as fertile mountains, forests and water pools, which were rich in timber, ore, left-mouthed fish and hairy crabs, all of which could be sold for a good price.As a result, all the income generated from these treasure lands went into the emperor's small treasury.Zhang Han is in charge of the small treasury.Because it is for the emperor to see the money, the rank is extraordinarily high, ranking among Jiuqing. What is the money in the small treasury used for?In addition to supporting the royal family, another important thing is to repair the Afang Palace.So Zhang Han may also be the foreman on the construction site of Afang Palace. On this day, Qin II summoned his ministers in a panic.He leaned on the table, his face paled, and he called tremblingly: "You all say that it is some thieves gang who steal things, why have hundreds of thousands of people gathered now, densely packed at the foot of Lishan Mountain, this is completely unreasonable." A rebellion with a naked political purpose!" All the ministers closed their mouths tightly, silent like a cicada. Zhang Han raised his hand and said, "May I speak?" "Okay, please raise your hand, I'm sorry, please speak." Qin Ershi said in a panic. "According to my analysis, there are hundreds of thousands of Zhou Wen's rebels today. The bandits are very hot and their fronts are turbulent. We have 50,000 elite guards in Xianyang, and the armed forces in the nearby counties, although they are quite powerful Strong, but there is a certain distance, and it is too late to move towards Lishan." "Yes, yes," Qin Ershi roared, "It's all you who lied about the thief and delayed the battle. I have repeatedly emphasized that you should be truthful and pragmatic. You just won't listen to me when I tell you the truth!" All the ministers looked at each other in blank dismay.There are people who tell the truth, and they are still sitting in prison. "Could it be that these 50,000 people can only be used to beat his hundreds of thousands?" Qin Ershi asked, sweating on his head. "Your Majesty, don't be impatient. Fortunately, at the foot of Lishan Mountain, we have 700,000 people ready to mobilize." "What do you mean, who are you talking about?" "Those criminals who move stones and swing earth hammers are quite strong. As long as His Majesty pardons them as free men, they will be grateful and run for His Majesty. The thieves will be calm. For them, fighting is comparable to Moving rocks is easy." "Can the weapon be ready?" "The humble job is also in charge of weapon manufacturing. I can quickly send troops (issue weapons) to them and quickly counterattack Zhou Wen." Holding the letter of pardon in his hand, Zhang Han went to Mount Li.Let's follow his back and come to the Lishan construction site to see the excitement. Lishan is a well-known place. At the earliest, the old man Zhou Youwang was killed by the dog army by his beard.And Chiang Kai-shek was also captured in Lishan, and has left a memorial of the Xi'an Incident "Catch Jiang Pavilion".Two thousand years ago, Lishan was a sweatshop. There were 700,000 reform-through-labour prisoners busy in Lishan every day like worker ants. What crimes are these people committing? The first type is more serious crimes, such as collective theft. If you are caught, you will be fined as a Chengdan and sent to a labor camp for several years.They wear the work clothes issued by the state (called "Zhe Yi"), which are dark red and conspicuous, making them easy to catch when they run.Sometimes you may have to wear a shackle while working. The second type is some less serious crimes.For example, in the era of King Qin Zhao, people from a residential area gathered together to produce eight cows, and killed the cows to pray for the recovery of the sick King Qin Zhao.This violated the administrative regulation that only sacrifices in the twelfth lunar month can kill cattle, so each family was fined to pay two pairs of leather armor for combat.Punishment with a pair of armor or a shield is a common punishment measure in the laws and regulations of the Qin Empire.This is fine.It is a kind of administrative penalty.This is better than reform through criminal labor. However, what should we do if some poor families cannot pay the fine?Then come to work and go to Lishan too. I once went to the Mausoleum of Emperor Qinhuang in Lishan Mountain, and saw some epitaphs of prisoners on display in the museum.The epitaph, made of tiles, was buried with the corpses, summarizing the "glorious life" of each prisoner: they usually belonged to the latter case, and were fined for some small mistake.But this guy is poor, and after adding the family property, it is still not enough.Judging from the epitaph, some people owed the government more than a thousand dollars (referring to "Qin Banliang"), some people owed seven or eight thousand dollars, and at most one person owed more than 10,000 dollars-in view of the fact that this person owed At most, we had to announce his glorious name.He is called "Xiaohai owes", and he owes eleven thousand two hundred and seventy-one money. "Hai Qiao" means cough, so his name can be called "Little Cough". I don't know what crime Little Cough committed. Did he raise impotent cows, or did he steal something valuable?In short, the property of the family is not enough to pay the fine. After all the money is paid, the government still needs more than 10,000 yuan.According to estimates by contemporary scholars, the annual income of a family of five in the Qin Dynasty was about 6,000 yuan. The Qin government stipulated that labor can be used to cover its arrears. This is the so-called redemption doctrine, and it is a positive measure to ease the contradiction between the empire and the people.What kind of redemption?According to the "Sikong Law" of the Qin Dynasty: every day of labor is equivalent to eight dollars, and if you eat working meals provided by the state, it is only equivalent to six dollars.Gay men earn a little more than lesbians a day.In other words, "Little Cough" worked for six years, which should be enough to pay a fine of 10,000 yuan.Haha, I was afraid that at that time, he would be so tired that he would have a big cough. Now that the world is in chaos, this group of people has been liberated and organized into an anti-rebel army. They fought bravely, and beheading the enemy can be converted into freedom.I don't know if "little cough" is also included in the anti-rebel army that countered Zhou Wen. Little Cough was summoned to the edge of the construction site by the "contractor" and began to receive weapons. Here I want to talk about the weapons of the Great Qin Empire.Not far from the outer tomb of the imperial mausoleum, where Xiaoke was buried, is the famous Terracotta Warriors and Horses, where more than 40,000 arrowheads have been unearthed so far.Except for one that is two-edged, the others are all three-edged, which is more lethal.When Little Cough received this kind of triangular arrow from the general, he found that each arrow has three curved surfaces, and the three curved surfaces are almost identical. This nearly perfect streamlined arrow is almost the same shape as a bullet. Similarly, air resistance during flight can be reduced.Moreover, some curved surfaces have blades, so-called "blade clusters", which can better cut the human body.The most peculiar thing is that the small cough may not be found, but the tour guide of the Terracotta Warriors Museum told us that the 40,000 unearthed three-edged arrows actually have the "national standard" standard: the average error of the width of the arrow base is only plus or minus 0.83 mm .Tens of thousands of arrowheads were all cast to the same technical standard—although they may have come from different factories and produced at different times.The advantage of this is that even if the arrow products produced by different factories are sent to the front line, the soldiers will not use them thickly, some are thin, some are miniature, and some are like fire sticks.But it can be placed on any bow and crossbow made by the Qin Empire, and it can be shot towards the enemy smoothly and angrily.This is called "interchangeability". We have reason to believe that the Great Qin Empire has established a large and complete standardized weapon manufacturing system. There are more than 40,000 arrows unearthed from the Terracotta Warriors and Horses, all of which are of the same model except seven.They are all triangular-sided arrows, and a spot check of 172 arrows found that the main size error of different sides is only a few millimeters. The batches of arrowheads are large, and the size, shape and surface quality have reached a high level of precision, which is extremely difficult even for advanced craftsmen in modern times.Therefore, it is necessary to achieve clear and unified size and precision requirements, relatively stable processing technology, production equipment conditions and strict quality management system to ensure such an effect.It can be inferred from this that the mechanical engineering of the Qin Empire has reached a standardization level, and has reached a considerable level in the standardization of manufacturing processes.This is probably the so-called "national standard" of the Qin Dynasty. Because the geometric shape and geometric parameters of the copper arrow are consistent, there is good interchangeability, and it can be fired on any different crossbow.And under the same ejection force, there is a relatively consistent range and hit rate. Moreover, the production of the parts of the crossbow machine is also standardized, achieving good matching accuracy and interchangeability.The same goes for vehicle components. Then, Little Cough received a bronze short sword with a cold light. The bronze weapons of the Qin Dynasty also had patented technology.Its surface is chromized to form a ten micron thick protective layer.Chromium is an extremely corrosion-resistant rare metal, which can ensure that weapons will not rust.Some bronze swords were unearthed from the pits of the terracotta warriors and horses. Although they have spent more than two thousand years underground, they are still cold and bright as new.It is that chrome-plated ten-micron oxide film that protects the blade from corrosion.This discovery shocked the whole world, because in foreign countries, it was not until 1937 that Germans invented the chrome plating process.It should be noted that in earth rocks, the content of chromium is very low, and it is very difficult to extract it.Moreover, chromium is very resistant to high temperatures, with a melting point of about 4000 degrees Celsius.How did the people of Qin plate chrome on their swords?Moreover, the crystal structure inside Qin Jian is also very dense, showing that the sword body is extremely sharp, and it can still cut through nineteen layers of newspapers at a time after being unearthed (that means there is no problem dealing with ordinary leather armor). Before the war, General Zhang Han gave simple training to prisoners such as Little Cough: "Your task is to stab these bronze objects into the stomach of the attacker. But I must remind you that after stabbing , must be stirred immediately to break his intestines and five internal organs, otherwise you will end up in the same end!" - At that time, the spearhead or halberd tip had a blood groove on it, which was used to heal the wounded faster The patient bleeds.The blood flowed out quickly and abundantly, so that the opponent's physical strength and combat effectiveness could quickly return to zero.Otherwise, he will bite you back. So, with a bow and an arrow in his hand, and a lotus halberd in armor, Little Cough followed General Zhang Han, accompanied by the dusty footsteps of the hundreds of thousands of prisoners version of the provisional government army, towards Zhou Wen's hundreds of thousands of rebels at the foot of Lishan Mountain. Run away.It was the beginning of winter at that time, and the strong wind from the northwest was rushing fiercely.The cold wind beat people like a cold iron bucket.Little Cough glanced sideways, and the faint winter sun was flying through the bushes with its wings flat. However, there are not many shields in the Qin army.Shields and helmets are rare in terracotta warriors.Maybe Little Cough and they just want to attack, not defend. Let's talk about the weapons of the rebels.Zhou Wen's weapons and equipment were actually not bad. History books said that he owned a thousand chariots.It should be noted that a chariot is an extremely luxurious thing. If there is a chariot, there must be such small pieces as spears and arrows. The rebel army must have obtained weapons and chariots from the arsenal of Qinjun County along the way.Also, when Zhang Han described the rebel army, he used the word "all strong", which is numerous and strong. It can be inferred that the rebel army is not a group of shabby refugees.In fact, the history books say: "(Zhou Wen) is very close to withdrawing troops, with thousands of chariots and hundreds of thousands of soldiers." The words "bing" and "zui" indicate that his army is mainly composed of county soldiers recruited from various counties and counties.At that time, many counties and counties killed their officials in response to Chen Sheng, and the local armed forces in these counties and counties were incorporated.Therefore, these hundreds of thousands of people are not peasant army or refugee army. Many of them should be county soldiers recruited from various counties and counties. However, the key to a large battle with hundreds of thousands of people is not weapons and equipment, not courage, nor geographical advantage, nor political opinions, but the commanding ability of the general.It's too late to compare, the killing is about to start, like a snow always comes in a certain season.Snow and war are always the eternal themes of mankind.In the Lishan battle, both sides invested hundreds of thousands of soldiers, the dust rose to the sky, the shouts shook the ground, and the arrows flowed like rain. The sacrifice of human life was a function of the flow of time due to the melee combat. Zhou Wen's command ability is far inferior to Zhang Han's.It may be okay for him to bring tens of thousands of people, but now there are hundreds of thousands.In history, there are very few who can bring hundreds of thousands of people. Bai Qi and Wang Jian are the two who can bring 600,000 people. Others such as Liu Bang can only bring 50,000 people.Therefore, although the rebel army had a large number of people, they failed to form an effective organization. They were beaten dizzily by Zhang Han and retreated steadily.In the end, Zhou Wenjun laid down tens of thousands of corpses and thousands of broken vehicles.Zhou Wen was forced to withdraw from Hangu Pass. Then, at Caoyang Pavilion outside Hangu Pass (in today's Lingbao County), Zhou Wen collected scattered soldiers and slowed down his vitality for two or three months.We have reason to speculate that during these two and three months, Zhang Han has already mobilized the regular Qin army from various counties in the Xianyang area, while the "Punisher Clan" provisional government army represented by Little Cough may have been left behind and deserted The fugitives no longer became the main force of the Qin army.Subsequently, Zhang Han used the army to conquer the north and the south, all with the regular Kansai Qin army as the main force. With the gathering of the regular Qin army, Zhou Wen finally tasted the invincible combat power of the regular Qin army. Sima Qian recorded that Zhou Wen was defeated again at Caoyang Pavilion, and Zhou Wen retreated eastward to Mianchi.After settling down for more than ten days, Zhang Han, who was chasing after his tail, was defeated again. This time, he was "destroyed". Zhou Wen pulled out his sword and saw that the generals under his command were almost dead. After burning all the treasures around him that could be burned, it started to rain again. The sun also comes out of the rain), and it’s self-defeating.There was hatred in the bleeding, and it meandered for two or three steps, full of the resentment of the Chu people who had failed. The great competition between the Chu people and the Qin people after the unification of the six countries ended in the failure of the Chu people again. Zhang Han, who was chasing death to the north, was sitting in a chariot that was rumbling eastward.Outside the carriage, the scarlet plum blossoms of the Central Plains flashed again and again. Because it was winter, the water of the Yellow River around me was much clearer. Under the patches of ice here and there, the river was flowing and whimpering.The snow covered the ice, and the water glistened from the cracks in the ice. Zhang Han was born in the management of a small treasury, so we have reason to believe that he likes to keep everything in the account.So he took out a pair of "Poker Killing Orders" from his arms, which were his carefully prepared accounts.He handed out the deck of cards to each soldier and asked to "meet and kill" - kill them when they meet them. Opening this deck of playing cards full of hints of death, I found that the rebels on top of it were all Chu people.As follows: Chen Sheng: Heart A (boss, now from the junction of northern Anhui and Henan, now according to Chencheng) Wu Guang: Plum Blossom A (false king, now Taikang County, Henan Province, now attacking Xingyang) Zhou Wen: Square Piece A ( Chen Ren, now Huaiyang County, Henan Province, has now been defeated and died in Mianchi) Xiang Liang: Ace of Spades (active in Wudi, today Suzhou, in response to Chen Sheng) Ge Ying: K of Hearts (now Su County, Anhui Province People in Fuliji area died because of violating Chen Sheng's control In the Linhuanji area of ​​Xixian County, Chen Sheng’s general, currently occupying Nanyang, Henan Province) Cai Ci: Plum Blossom K (from Shangcai, Henan Province, now the Shangzhu Kingdom of Chen Sheng, Feng Fangjun, arranged by Chen Sheng nearby) Qin Jia: Spade Q (Native of Suqian in northern Jiangsu, active in northern Jiangsu, not subject to Chen Sheng's restraint) Zhaoping: Hongtao Q (from Yangzhou in northern Jiangsu, now based in Yangzhou, controlled by Chen Sheng) Deng Zong: Meihua Q (born in Fuyang County, Anhui Province today) , Chen Sheng’s general, partisan in Huainan) Zhoushi: Square Piece Q (Chen Sheng’s general, partisan in Shandong) Deng said: Spade J (from Yangcheng, Henan, Chen Sheng’s general, now based in Jiacheng, Henan) Lu Chen: Red Tao J (under Chen Sheng, general of the Cangtou Army, according to Anhui Jieshou) Zhang He: Meihua J (general of Chen Sheng, stationed in the west of Chencheng, Henan) Tian Zang: Fang Pian J (general of Wu Guang, attacking Xingyang, Henan) In addition, There are also Wu Xu, Zhujishi, Dong, Ding Ji, Zheng Bu, etc., leaders of various uprising armies, all from Anhui. Like many other uprising armies in Chu, they are slightly or slightly not controlled by Chen Sheng , shared many playing cards below J. Generally speaking, the main body of this uprising at the end of the Qin Dynasty was the Chu people—but not the old Chu people in the Hubei area, which was annexed by the Qin Kingdom early and Qin was transformed well—but more Chu people in Anhui and Jiangsu The people who ruled the area at the end of the kingdom (the Huaisi area where Pandora's box is buried). Zhang Han is known as the butcher, and almost none of the guys with names in this deck can escape Zhang Han's butcher knife.After the death of the square A Zhou Wen, the plum blossom A Wu Guang will follow. At this time, Wu Guang was staying east of Hangu Pass, besieging Xingyang City, an important town east of Hangu Pass.Wu Guang could not attack Xingyang, because the county guard in Xingyang was Li Si's eldest son Li You.Unbeknownst to Wu Guang, Zhang Han had left Hangu Pass and came behind him to collect his body. According to Wu Guang's ministry general speaking at a non-enlargement meeting, Wu Guang has recently committed the problem of "arrogance". "Arrogance", in the old saying, does not mean being dazzled by victory, but the meaning of being meritorious and benevolent to others and hoping for flattery from others.For example, Xu You in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms offered a plan to help Cao Cao win, and since then he has been shouting everywhere: "Without me, Xu You, would you have taken this Jizhou?" In the end, Xu Chu chopped off his head with a sword to feel comfortable.This is "arrogance", thinking that you have contributed to others, virtuous to others, and others depend on you, so you are arrogant and pretend to want others to rely on and flatter you. "Arrogance" must have a certain capital, such as being kind to others, I give you food, like the above-mentioned monarch to ministers. The opposite of "arrogance" is "flattery". "Poverty without flattery, rich without arrogance." Wu Guang was like this, because he participated in the revolution early and had a lot of capital. At that time, he grabbed the general's sword and stabbed the general to death, making the first cut for the revolution!From then on, his hands were too precious to know where to put them.This precious, precious hand that cut the first knife for the revolution, just by it, I should be worshiped by all the people in the uprising team, old and new, old and new - "flattery". In short, Wu Guang always plays tricks on old and new generals. General Tian Zang said: "Such an arrogant guy thinks that his qualifications are as high as the sky. If we make some reasonable suggestions, will he listen? He must go against our opinions! But in fact, he is fundamentally He doesn't know how to fight. For example, he is here to supervise us to attack Xingyang City. Long-term consumption of the vital forces of the rebel army is a rigid and stupid military decision-making. In the end, it will delay everyone. We might as well kill him so that we can implement our plan smoothly. " The other generals said, "What's your plan?" "Everyone, the butcher Zhang Han's hundreds of thousands of Qin troops have already eaten Zhou Wen in Mianchi. And the city of Xingyang we attacked is only one or two hundred miles away from Mianchi, so Butcher Zhang can arrive in no time. But we General Wu Guang supervised us to attack the city of Xingyang foolishly for half a year, and the soldiers suffered heavy casualties. Once Zhang Han touched us from behind and surrounded us with a centripetal encirclement, and the center blossomed, wouldn't we all ascend to heaven! " "Then what to do?" "I suggest that the main force of the elite soldiers be separated from Xingyang City quickly, and choose a favorable terrain to meet Zhang Han's army. However, Wu Guang will not approve my rationalization proposal, and must risk our lives to hit the useless Xingyang City. So I am going to kill him tonight, and this is also to save the lives of tens of thousands of our brothers." All will unanimously agree.It was believed that, in a sense, Wu Guang was like a house's electrical fuse—better to blow the fuse than to burn the house down. The generals recruited a person who was in charge of "documentation" at that time—that is, the person who produced various ancient fake diplomas and certificates. They gave him 20 yuan to make a fake order, and then stamped it with Chen Wangsheng's seal. Chapter, the content is to scold Wu Guang.Tian Zang and others took this false certificate and went to Wu Guang. Wu Guang is now acting as a fake king—there were a lot of fake things back then.The so-called "false king" means that when Chen Sheng is not around, he is the same king as Chen Sheng.Chen Sheng's intention in doing this was that he was afraid that the generals would turn against him, so he sent a fake king to supervise the army. Wu Guang was eating mahua (of course, he might be eating something else) in the curtain, when Tian Zang stepped in and said, "Comrade fake king, now the real king has sent you a letter. You can read it yourself. Forget it, I'll read it again." Let me tell you: "False King Wu Guang has always been arrogant, ignorant of military power, partial to the military, and does not listen to the general's discussion. Today, all the people in Tian Zang are specially ordered to work together to punish Wu Guang and sacrifice their heads to Chen Cheng. I will not be pardoned!" The signature is——Chen Wangsheng !" Wu Guang yelled: "Impossible, you... who dares to see?! Tian Zang, you have the guts, come and cut me! Wow! How dare you cut me—wow! Ah—" Wu Guang's neck was sprayed with blood, and he fell down.When he was dying, I don’t know if he saw the time when he was in a trance and shouted "Da Chuxing... inginging, Chen Shengwang angangang..." behind the earth temple with a bonfire.What a great place to start.What a beautiful summer night. When Wu Guang was about to die, he looked at the sky and murmured something like this: "I'm going to see God, that's fine. If I can see God, I want to ask him a question, that is, what will Da Chu do?" Not happy. If he has more time, I would like to ask more questions about my pregnant daughter-in-law...Forget it, I'll just ask the first question." When he was dying, he was still thinking about revolution. The great leader of the people's uprising, Plum Blossom A, a hero, Comrade Wu Guang, died just like that. He did not die on the battlefield of killing the enemy, but fell under the sword of his subordinates.It seems that the word "arrogance" really kills people. If he hadn't been so "arrogant" that he couldn't discuss it, the subordinates wouldn't have been forced to kill him. Tian Zang and others watched Wu Guang die slowly. The next step is how to notify Chen Sheng. There was no photography at that time, and the only way to prove that a person was dead was to disrespectfully cut off the dead man's head and paint it (it was more beautiful and less prone to damage).So they cut off Wu Guang's head, painted it, and sent someone to give it to Chen Sheng in Chencheng, more than 200 kilometers southeast.Ace of Hearts Chen Sheng was still intact at this time, and he saw that Ace of Plum Blossoms, Wu Guang, had only one head left, which was placed alone in the box, like a philosopher thinking about a problem. Chen Sheng was surprised, happy and afraid.Surprisingly, the fake king Wu Guang was sent by himself to supervise the generals on the western front, and the generals dared to kill him without asking himself, which shows that his prestige and the system of supervising the army are starting to fail; hi What's worse is that the Ace of Clubs is dead, and my Ace of Hearts is one of the best cards; what's more frightening is that Tian Zang and the others dare to kill the A of Clubs, and they dare to kill my Ace of Hearts at any time. With the enemy at hand, Chen Sheng felt that Tian Zang had to be appeased, so he finally made a correct decision: instead of holding Tian Zang accountable, he appointed Tian Zang as his commander-in-law, with the seal in his hand, to resist Zhang Han's soldiers with full authority. So Tian Zang took the initiative to lead his troops to the west to meet Zhang Han, and fought fiercely with Zhang Han in Aocang.Zhang Han was indeed a military genius. After a series of slayings that were not recorded in historical data, he defeated Tian Zang's army and beheaded Tian Zang (square piece J) in front of the battle.Tian Zang's defeated army retreated to the city of Xingyang, followed by Zhang Han, smashing the rebel army below the city and breaking the siege of Xingyang.Tian Zang's subordinate Li Gui and other generals (all of plum blossom 9 and square piece 9 level) could not resist Zhang Han's soldiers, and all died in the battle outside the city. Li You, the son of Li Si and Li You, the governor of Sanchuan County, who commanded the defense in Xingyang City, withstood the siege of Wu Guang and Tian Zang for a long time.If it wasn't like this, if both Wu Guang and Zhou Wen rolled into Hangu Pass, it would be really hard for Zhang Han, and maybe the ending of the Lishan War would be reversed.Therefore, Li You contributed a lot to the Qin Empire.His contribution is basically equivalent to that during the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion of the Han Dynasty, King Liang Xiao resisted the rebel army attacking Kaifeng for a long time, creating time and space opportunities for Zhou Yafu's counterattack.Even so, Zhao Gao later falsely framed Li You as "unfavorable in combat" in order to achieve the goal of scolding and bringing down Li Si. Club A Wu Guang, diamond J Tian Zang, and a few 9s, after Zhang Han checked them out of the playing cards with a red pen, the adjacent area east of Hangu Pass was basically cleared. However, Spade J Deng said that he was still dying alone in Jiacheng (Sanchuan County) in Henan.Zhang Han felt that Deng said that he was already a turtle in the urn, and he refused to go on a grand expedition, so he only sent his generals to defeat him.Deng said he fought a bloody road alone, fled to Chencheng, the base camp more than 200 kilometers to the southeast, and defected to Chen Sheng there.Chen Sheng saw that Deng said that he had lost the army and returned, so he executed him and executed him.Zhang Han grinned and wrote off Deng Shuo, the spade J. Therefore, Zhang Han moved to Chencheng in the southeast direction, arrived at Xuchang, an important military town halfway, and defeated the general of the rebel army who was guarding Xuchang.Wu Xu's whereabouts were unknown, and his subordinates dispersed to the southeast to Chencheng, preparing to set off a tragic battle to defend Chencheng. Chencheng is equivalent to Chen Sheng's capital, and it is the base camp of the revolution. Chen Sheng dare not neglect.He ordered Cai Ci (Plum Blossom K) to lay out defenses.Cai Cijue's name is Shangzhu State, and Shangzhu State of Chu State is equivalent to Xiangguo of the Central Plains princes. It is a K-level big name, and he ascends the city to organize defense.But I saw Zhang Han's soldiers overwhelming the sky. Chencheng is the original capital of Chen State, and it is a century-old city.However, after Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, he was afraid that the world would fall into local chaos again. In addition to abolishing all the princes, he also destroyed all the famous cities where the princes and kings could rely on their separation.This is the so-called "Falling City".Therefore, the city walls of Chencheng may not be as impregnable as before. It was too late to think, Zhang Han ordered the Qin army to hold a large shield to make a wall to resist the projectile weapons on the city, and began to attack the city.The Qin army hid behind the big shield and slowly advanced until it approached the foundation of the Chen city wall.盾牌后的秦兵开始往地下挖掘，往城里打洞。秦军从城底挖，从城顶爬，上下作业。梅花K蔡赐不能阻挡，终于城破而死。 在最初，陈胜占据陈城为王的时候，孔子的第八代孙子孔鲋，也抱着祖传的青铜礼器，跑来加盟革命。陈胜看看没有太适合孔鲋当的官，就让他当了博士，职责是随时准备回答陈胜提出的各种光怪陆离的提问。有时候，孔博士也主动抢答问题。他对陈胜说：“我读书很多，看过兵法，兵法有云，不恃敌之不我攻，恃吾不可攻。”意思是，不要把宝押在敌人不来攻打我们上，而应该主动加强自己，让敌人打也打不过我们。孔鲋的意思，是提醒陈胜加强陈城地区的战备工作。 但是陈胜看见周文等诸将朝着四个方向攻城略地，异常风顺，就有了轻视秦帝国的心思。他觉得没必要把陈城修成军事堡垒，而是大修了很多享乐的宫殿。他对进谏者孔鲋说：“寡人管着军队，下边的将领如狼似虎，先生就不用操心了。” 果然，秦兵急促动员，组织大规模反击，周文等人一败涂地，陈胜因为缺乏事前部署准备，被章邯打得措手不及。不但丢了陈城，孔鲋也在城下被乱军杀死。 陈胜见老窝陈城丢了，惶惶出走，蹿进陈城以西驻扎的一支义军——梅花J张贺的兵营里，与章邯再次邀战，再次被大破，梅花J张贺败死。 接下来，陈胜居然找不到任何一支救兵——都是因为陈城地区兵力布置太空虚了，而诸将们都分散到遥远的四方，撒出去圈地去了。陈胜分散用兵、急于进袭咸阳，大本营不牢固的战略错误，如今结了苦果。 陈胜于是就剩一个光杆司令了。看看整个河南地区已经没法待了，他只好坐上一辆马车，向东南方向逃遁一百多公里，进入安徽地区（往回，朝大泽乡那个方向去了）。 给陈胜开车的司机，名字叫庄贾，由于是给领导开小车，级别也比较高，在扑克牌上排名梅花4。他瞥见陈胜坐在他身后，随着车子的颠簸，摇摇晃晃，呆望着前方。庄贾心想，这位伟大的赫赫有名的起义家，还不是跟其他人一样，一个骨瘦憔悴的脊椎动物而已，而且脑袋已经不稳了。 梅花4庄贾正在胡思乱想，陈胜从后面对他说：“咱们不能再往前走了。你下车看看，淮北这里的情况怎样，有没有我们的人？” 庄贾下去观察了一下，不一会儿就匆忙跑回来，用食指和中指做了个“V”的手势。陈胜高兴地说：“我们胜利啦？” 庄贾说：“别胡扯了，我的意思是，就剩咱们两个了！” “啊？那该如何是好？” “这样吧，我已经想好了。不如我杀了你，然后我跑去向秦军请赏，这样就可以避免咱俩同归于尽啦。” 不等陈胜分说，庄贾一头扑向陈胜，陈胜慌忙拿起自己的大印来自卫。两人像两个细肢昆虫那样打了起来。庄贾是赶车的，经常扯弄牲口，力气相当于半个牲口，很快把陈胜扑倒，用马鞭子紧紧勒住陈胜的脖子。陈胜则用后腿猛踢庄贾的肚子。 马车上的马儿都奇怪地看着这两个人类。左马好心地提醒右马说：“尽量躲远一点啊。车上这两个人突然惊了，小心他们踢到你！” 最后，战胜的庄贾，把断了气的陈胜的尸体载在车上，跑到附近的秦军兵营里请赏。 秦兵打开扑克牌，把红桃A的那张，比到陈胜的脸旁边，没错，就是他！ 一代骄子，中国历史上第一位人民大起义的领袖，一代豪杰，陈胜同志，就这样哀凉地死了。红桃A的扑克牌上，沾染了一缕他嘴角殷红的血。当此之时，正是腊月，天似乎飘起了雪花，雪花很细，洋洋洒洒，沾衣就化。每一粒雪花都是那么柔美，它差不多柔美得禁不起在稍大的一点风里飞翔。但它是阴冷的。一场轰轰烈烈的革命，在雪的阴冷中化为无形。 一切都陷入雪压之后无缝可寻的绝对平静里了。 大地上触目悲感，人生略无欢情。 在最初，人们普遍认为：敢与秦军作战，不是疯子就是傻子。而陈胜、吴广敢为天下，真是多米诺骨牌的第一张，他们的勇气，极大地鼓励了后进的各路英豪。史书上说，陈胜作为俊雄豪杰建号一呼，天下之士云集雾合，鱼鳞杂沓，烟风至起，终于把大秦帝国给搞颠倒了，这都是陈胜“一夫作难”的首唱效应。陈胜就是当时的超级女生。他也因此赢得了诸如刘邦、项羽的崇敬。 至今，大泽乡的人民还都深深怀念着陈胜——譬如在陈胜第一个攻下来的蕲县县城入口处（下辖大泽乡），坑坑洼洼的城关县道上，我看见一个破破烂烂的几平米的农民作坊，门口插着“陈胜涂料厂”的牌子，这是我入蕲县地区开车看到的第一个有关陈胜的地标，很有农民的创意。 公元前208年以后的若干年，当宝贵的胜利终于来临，陈胜被他的崇敬者们埋葬在了安徽芒砀山县——距离大泽乡不算远，并且得到了一个“隐王”的谥号，意思是“哀伤的王”。陈胜最终实现了他那“王侯将相宁有种乎”的理想，在地下当起了“隐王”。 刘邦还特意把三十户人家安排在陈胜墓边，从事守墓和四时祭奠工作。所以，在地下当隐王的陈胜，一直有猪肉和冷酒摆给他吃。西汉二百年都是如此。至今，芒砀山南侧山脚还有陈胜墓，碑上有郭沫若题词“秦末农民起义领袖陈胜之墓”（农民起义领袖之称是不恰当的）。 陈胜在地面当真王——“陈王”的时候，虽然一共只有六个月，从夏季到隆冬，但住得非常阔气，待遇高极了。他给自己修了一个宫殿，殿宇巍巍。这一天，宫门口有一帮农民朋友——郭沫若所规定的，陈胜所应该代表的农民阶级的朋友——来找陈胜。他们嚷嚷着：“我们要见陈胜，我们要见陈胜！” 传达室穷凶极恶，说：“先不着急见，先把你们抓起来再说。”（这算什么“代表”啊？） 农民朋友们极力反复自辩，一边叉开双手和对方摆过来的绳子相抵抗。他们拼命自辩说是陈胜少时做“佣耕”时伙伴，也跑来弹冠相庆的。他们说：“当时，我们和陈胜一起正在自然界里给庄稼苗粪。陈胜突然对我们说，等他富贵了，他一定不会忘了我们的。我们就笑他，说他是个土地硬件维修工程师，能有什么富贵阿。他说，凤鸟上击九千里，满眼高天大地，粪田之燕怎么能理解它呢？现在他果然富贵了，我们这些粪田之燕特来找他，哈。” 传达室如狼似虎：“算你们能讲，今天饶了不捆你们了。” “什么意思啊？” “算你们运气好，你们快走吧！” “我们想请您进去通禀一下，也许陈胜会愿见我们的，可好哇？大哥！” “想得美！今天不捆你们已经算你们运气了。你们快走吧。知道不知道，政策规定，叫花子和衣冠不整者不得入内！走开！快走开！” 几个农友面面相觑，说：“那，我们还是到街上去想办法去吧。”（见都见不到，甚至还要“缚之”，这算什么“代表”啊。所谓代表农民阶级，不过是郭沫若一相情愿地硬贴标签罢了。其实陈胜不是农民，起义重点在于复国，也不是解决农民推翻“地主政权”。他代表和围绕他的是一帮三老、官吏、豪杰，他们商量复国还是复立“地主政权”的国） 于是他们相携跑到街上。不久，陈胜出来下饭馆了。这帮人动作慢了一点，没来得及靠近，陈胜的辚辚高车就已经开过去了。 但是大家没有失望，等陈胜吃饱喝足从饭馆出来，一帮农友们已经占据了有利地形，遮道而呼：“等一等，等一等，车上边的老总，往这边看啊！我们是……啊……喂！喂！啊……” 陈胜发现是一堆叫花子在喊他，叫花子们排着队，好像一帮追星族那样堵着明星的车，陈胜心里很高兴，就手抚着肚子，对副官说：“你下去给这帮叫花子弄几份珍珠翡翠白玉汤吧。” 副官说：“为什么啊？” “好让他们快些散开。” 副官下去，正要把吃剩下打包的盒饭分发给叫花子。叫花子们纷纷大喊：“不要珍珠翡翠白玉汤。不要珍珠翡翠白玉汤！是我们啊，陈涉……我是王麻啊，以前的地球硬件维护工程师啊！你看看啊！” 陈胜恍然明白了，露出高兴的神色：“原来是以前的同事啊。”俗话说，他乡遇故知，富贵须还乡，在故人老乡面前才最能显示出自己的事业有成啊。 陈胜赶紧把“工程师”朋友们请上车。这帮人被他车上的豪华饰件惊得目瞪口呆，陈胜笑吟吟地欣赏着他们发傻的样子。副官说：“你们不要乱动，那是安全气囊，小心弹出来——说你呢王麻。你自己按一下这个钮，怕冷的话，屁股下面的坐椅就可以自动加热。” 王麻们全都目眩神迷，从头顶到屁股，都晕菜了。 王麻们直着背，坐着车，张着嘴，流着哈喇子，开进了陈王的宫殿。他们东张西望，油然产生了一种北京人在纽约的感觉。但见陈胜所居住的世贸大厦，殿宇何其雄峻，栋宇巍峨，面积磅礴，在中间夹着的是时代广场，这是陈王胜接待外宾的地方吧。而往后边去的中央公园里，有很多娘娘贵妇人们在遛狗、裸奔或者日光浴。许多阳光像漏了的水，从荫翳的殿檐角间大把大把泼下，王麻们被奢华的王宫阳光殴打得死去活来——似乎宫殿间的阳光比外边也更灿烂。他们看见殿宇内外都饰以繁复的帷帐。 众所周知，当时没有玻璃，甚至没有窗户纸，怎么防止古代的苍蝇钻进来呢？或者怎么防止别的古人们拿着望远镜进行偷窥呢？古代的有钱人有办法，他们把窗上挂了细纱，叫做帷，冬御风寒、夏挡蚊蝇。而床的四面则封以帐，以防蚊子。级别高的人，不但用丝帐围住床，连办公吃饭的桌子，也用丝帐围上，那就叫“幄”了。人和桌子就待在“幄”里，守着暖炉——所谓运筹帷幄之中，大约就是这样的感觉吧。在幄里想问题，不易被蚊子苍蝇干扰，难怪能决胜千里之外呢。而高级别的人出行，也要用紫幄在露天里罩着他。陈胜大约就是每天都用丝帐罩着走在去上厕所的路上吧。 这还是当初那个“瓮牖绳枢之子”吗？ !农民朋友们不禁高声惊呼：“夥颐！涉之为王沈沈者……”这是一句著名的成语，翻译成现代汉语就是：“哇塞！陈胜——陈王胜——大款胜！……你真深啊！”深就是高大深邃的意思，是原文的“沈沈”，通“深深”，形容宫殿崔峨。 “夥颐”就是“哇塞”，而且不同的是，“夥颐”还带有多的意思，是楚人的方言——总之不好翻译。 “夥涉为王”遂成为当时秦汉时期的一句成语。 这帮农民朋友被陈胜留住下来之后，不但不怎么感谢陈胜，反倒极力给陈胜到处爆料。他们逢见宫廷里的人，就嚼舌头说：“陈胜少年的时候，穿的是露股装，跟狗抢过食，还背着他的小妹妹要过饭！” 这些超大无耻传声扩音喇叭把陈胜气得够戗，正好身边有个马屁精进言道：“留着这帮人在宫中到处妄言，对您的威信可不利。将来谁还会相信您是上天的选民，'鱼腹丹书'、'篝火狐鸣'，这些包装全被他们拆穿了。” 马屁精的话确实说在了点子上。在当时，干什么都讲出身，这是一贯的社会传统，所以，佣耕朋友们散布的那些“谣言”，对陈胜的打击无疑是致命的。它揭了陈胜的老底。陈胜怒了，于是把这帮老乡，都杀了。打人怕打脸，骂人怕揭短，影星怕被传是拍三级片的出身，革命领袖怕被说成是人。他们总要被说成是天煞星下凡、青蛇赤帝才好。 杀了这些佣耕朋友以后，司马迁说，“诸陈王故人皆自引去，由是无亲陈王者”。那就是说，在陈王宫里，还有一批“故人”，这批故人是亲陈王者，为他谋划奔走的。那么这些“故人”是不是农民呢？回答应该不是，因为他们不曾说陈胜曾经种地的事，也不曾被陈胜杀。那么，如果这些“故人”不是农民，那作为与之对应关系的陈胜，是不是农民呢？那就应该也不是了！ 这是推论陈胜不是农民的一个重要证据。 而且，如果陈胜起义前夕是农民，那他的农友在九百人里必然有，早知道他是种地的了，这些早期的佣耕朋友过来说他，何至于要专门去杀呢？ 种种迹象证明，陈胜少年一度为佣耕之后，壮年之后开始游走社会诸层，不再是农民，他结交了各类贤俊“故人”，这些人在陈胜起义后迅速加入陈胜班底，忠于陈胜而且颇有能力，构成了陈胜呼风唤雨、统治全军的“亲陈胜者”，是他的核心小集团成员，有的还外出做了将军或者监军。 但是这帮人兔死狐悲，看见陈胜这么同苦而不能共甘，大有勾践之风，而且陈王也越来越骄奢了，于是纷纷找机会溜去。从此，陈胜身边没有贴心人了，没有精忠能干的心腹人了，陈胜成了光杆司令，只能勉强遥遥地节制着那些面附心不附、各怀其心的诸将们了。陈胜之败，乃至最终凄惨地被叛徒谋杀，岂不指日可待。 也可以这么说，如果陈胜胜利了，他以后也一定是个很独裁的王或者帝。 陈胜首先是输在了一个“私”字上。 陈胜在起义时喊出的“王侯将相宁有种乎”，听上去发聋振聩，实际上不够高拔，反映出他的主要个人动机，是追求当“王侯将相”，所谋的是一种“私”的东西。他在“革命”过程中，没有类似“均田地”那种为农民求利益的口号，而是以替六国复国作为政治目标和行动指导，一度号称“大楚兴”和“张楚”，替楚国复国的意思，但是他实际上没有彻底贯彻这个政治目标，表现为不肯封立楚王族的后人，反倒杀了楚王族的人。所以，他所能号召大家的，只是一个“谋求王侯将相”这样一种去当官发财、私心勃勃、不够崇高的东西。 陈胜年少时曾因不能富贵而浩叹，他在田头怅恨久之，仅仅因为自己不能富贵。两千年后我们看他，仍然能从他这个剪影中感到压抑，感到他被自己的私欲压迫得那么不开心。他实在是个“私心”和“私欲”很重的人。而这样的人是不适合做领袖的。因为你的私心和私欲太重，就会和别人的私心、私欲相碰撞，就会有矛盾，别人就会脱离你，你就当不成领袖。当领袖，要有容乃大才行，要有刘邦那种豁达，主动与别人共享利益的观念。而且，推翻秦王朝这样的大事，更要有一种为公奋斗的政治大目标、大口号（或者是为农民利益，或者是为六国利益，但是他都没有落实，前者未见他触及——他也并不代表这一利益，后者则很快变形）作为纲领的。 现在，再返回去看陈胜杀佣耕朋友的事，也就不觉得奇怪和突兀了。问题也是出在了一个“私”字上。 作为一个“私”字当先的人，把别人的性命看得并不重要。 一切围绕自己利益转的人，不免要杀别人。总是顾及着自己的利益而杀别人，最终会把自己搞得众叛亲离。isn't it?那些在陈胜身边出谋划策的故人以及诸将，踩着大嗓门老乡们的血迹，纷纷离他而去了。 最后，在众叛亲离中，他终于被身边一介小小的车夫，轻易地杀死了。这竟是中国历史上第一个人民大起义的领袖的最终结局。 从技术上来讲，陈胜的部将无能也是个大原因，周文、吴广都不是章邯的对手，没有项羽这样的雄人。 但是，问题还不在于这些诸将无能，更严重的是这些诸将对陈胜“不亲附”。众将不亲附的原因是什么呢？司马迁给了清晰的回答。 司马迁说，陈胜任用朱房为人事主任（中正），胡武为考核专员（司过），这两个位置就是专门为了跟诸将过不去而设，用于考核和纠察诸将。这两人都是整人专家，善于“苛察”，是凡他们不喜欢的将官，就都自行打掉之，根本越过司法机关。而陈胜信用这两个人，自然引起诸将不满。 陈胜对于战胜略地回来的诸将，还特意找他们的微咎，捏造他们的罪名，把他们杀了，目的就是怕他们力量强了而反自己。“诸将多以谗毁得罪诛。” 陈胜是糊涂吗？no. 陈胜这么做，还是出在了一个“私”字上，唯恐自己的权力利益被下面人侵夺。 诸将不亲附的局面，走到了极端，就变成了这样：以武臣为代表的陈胜诸部将，鉴于陈胜有拘杀诸将的行为和癖好，以及其他原因，居然拉着枪杆子脱离了陈胜，另外自立为王了。他们随后不肯发兵配合周文、吴广军队的西征，也不肯对章邯围击下的陈胜施以援手，直接导致了起义力量的大分裂。 有人看到这里会说：不对！陈胜手下的那些部将们，问题就正出在他们身上。他们本来就是分裂主义者，都打着各自的小算盘，本性就是搞割据，各自为政。所以他们才纷纷脱离陈胜的节制，自立山头。 呵呵，在我看来，与其把大失败的原因归罪于这些部将们没有组织性和大局意识，一味破坏和分裂革命形势，不如把它归结为陈胜的领导力不足。 试问，为什么到了刘邦时期，天下的诸侯，却都肯跟着刘邦走，而不闹分裂呢？ 陈胜作为秦末大起义的领袖，他的私心和专制，是导致起义力量分裂和失败的重要原因，这就跟太平天国领袖洪秀全的专制与猜忌，导致了太平天国运动的分裂和失败是一样的。