Chapter 13 Chapter 3 The rise and fall of the world is everyone's responsibility

In 1644 AD, the Qing soldiers entered the pass, defeated Li Zicheng's rebel army, captured Beijing, established the last feudal dynasty in Chinese history - the Qing Empire, and then waved the southern finger.After eradicating the Hongguang regime of King Fu in Nanjing, they encountered stubborn resistance from the exiled monarchs and ministers of Nanming and the general people from all over the world: King Zhu Yihai of Lu proclaimed Jianguo in eastern Zhejiang, King Zhu Yujian of Tang established Emperor Longwu in southern Fujian, and King Gui Zhu Youlang established Emperor Yongli In the southwest, there are Zhang Huangyan, Zheng Chenggong, Li Dingguo, Li Guo, Gao Yigong and other powerful anti-Qing rebels, and they fought wholeheartedly for them.

In the last generation of Shunzhi, in the half of the south of the Yangtze River, the Qing army and the rebel army have been engaged in frequent and fierce bloody battles.Until 1662 AD, when the eight-year-old Aixinjueluo Xuanye (that is, Emperor Kangxi) came to the throne, the king of Tang had already died, King Gui and Li Dingguo had died successively, Zheng Chenggong and King Lu also died of illness one after another. The only ones holding high the banner of resistance to the Qing Dynasty are the coastal areas of Fujian, Zhejiang and Taiwan. At that time, Zheng Jing, the son of Zheng Chenggong, was guarding Taiwan.What the Qing court was worried about was Zhang Huangyan who traveled across the Zhejiang Sea.At that time, although Zhang Huangyan was alone, but because of his loyalty, he had always won the hearts of the army and the people, which constituted a serious threat to the Qing Dynasty in the southeast.

Zhang Huangyan (1620-1664), written by Xuan, named Cangshui, was born in Yin County, Zhejiang Province, and was born in a gentry family.Zhang Huangyan lost his mother at the age of eleven, and his father went to Beijing to serve as a small official, and he was always with him.At that time, the Houjin regime (later renamed the Qing Dynasty) of the Manchu nobles sent troops to detour into Zhili.The tragic situation of the enemy cavalry ravaging the local people left deep marks on Zhang Huangyan's young heart. Due to the increasingly corrupt politics of the Ming Dynasty, Zhang Huangyan's father resigned from office and returned to his hometown, where he studied and asked people to teach him martial arts.Zhang Huangyan took part in the county examination at the age of sixteen, including riding and archery. He hit all three arrows, and all the examinees were amazed.

It is said that Zhang Huangyan was unrestrained when he was young, he liked to gamble, and after winning the money, he would drink and get drunk.One day, he was drunk and lying in the shrine. In his dream, a fairy said to him: "You should love yourself, and you will be the one who will make great things happen in the future." Zhang Huangyan was inspired by this and began to study hard. ("Hidong Yat History") In the fifteenth year of Chongzhen (1642), Zhang Huangyan passed the examination, but before he had time to go to Beijing for the examination, the domestic situation changed drastically.This year, the Ming army fought a decisive battle with the Qing army in Songshan (near Jinzhou), and was defeated again. Hong Chengchou surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, and all the land outside Shanhaiguan was lost.Immediately afterwards, in the spring of 1644, Li Zicheng led a peasant uprising army to capture Beijing.Wu Sangui, the guard of Shanhaiguan in the Ming Dynasty, lured the Qing soldiers into the pass, jointly suppressed the peasant army, and forced Li Zicheng to withdraw from Beijing.The Qing army's iron cavalry drove straight in, trampling the land of the Central Plains, and ethnic conflicts became the main contradiction.When Zhang Huangyan, who was only 26 years old, heard about it, he was "indignant", and in order to save the nation from danger, he resolutely threw his pen into the army and began his fighting career against the Qing Dynasty.

When the Qing soldiers entered Beijing, some officials of the Ming Dynasty supported Fu Wang Zhu Yousong as emperor in Nanjing and established a small court of the Southern Ming Dynasty.But it only existed for one year before it was wiped out by the Qing Dynasty.Qing soldiers took advantage of the situation to invade Zhejiang.The people of Zhejiang did not surrender, and various places rose up one after another to defend their hometown.Zhang Huangyan participated in the Ningbo Juyi and welcomed Lu Wang Zhu Yihai to Shaoxing to supervise the country. At the same time as the Lu Wang regime was established, Tang Wang Zhu Yujian was also proclaimed emperor by Fujian warlord Zheng Zhilong. In 1646, Qing soldiers invaded Fujian and Zhejiang, Zheng Zhilong surrendered to Qing Dynasty, Tang Wang was captured, and died of hunger strike.Zhang Huangyan hastily bid farewell to his father, wife and children, and followed King Lu to the sea.

King Lu re-established a temporary regime in Changyuan, Fujian, and his prestige was revived.Under the order of the King of Lu, Zhang Huangyan and Zhang Mingzhen, the Marquis of Dingxi, returned to eastern Zhejiang, recruited scattered people, prepared to build an army, and tried to regain the lower reaches of the Yangtze River.At this time, the army of Gui Wang Zhu Youlang, the last emperor of the Yongli regime in Nanming, was fighting against the Qing soldiers in the southwest.Li Dingguo, the former general of Zhang Xianzhong's army, led the army to capture Guilin, then invaded Hunan, defeated the Qing army in Hengzhou, and was about to go eastward along the Yangtze River, so he specially asked Zhang Huangyan to attack from east to west.

In the first month of the 11th year of Shunzhi (1654), Zhang Huangyan conquered Chongming in a battle, then went straight up the river with Zhang Mingzhen, landed in Zhenjiang, and stationed in Jinshan in the northwest of Zhenjiang for a few days.However, because the southwest army did not arrive on time as agreed, they had to temporarily withdraw to Chongming Island. Two months later, most of the Qing troops were transferred from Nanjing to face Li Dingguo, and the troops in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River were weak.Zhang Huangyan decided to attack Nanjing again, attacking the important town of Zhenjiang all the way, while he himself went straight to Nanjing.However, because the main force of Zheng Chenggong in Fujian did not dispatch to respond, and at the same time, the battle in Zhenjiang was defeated, Zhang Huangyan was in a disadvantageous position strategically, so he had to give up the siege and retreat to Zhoushan.

The situation in the world before this was: Li Dingguo led an army of 80,000 troops out of Guangxi, went down to Guilin, and then invaded Hunan and Guangdong. Shi also accepted the title of Yongli and launched an offensive.According to the realization plan, the three parties should join forces in the Yangtze River. If it is realized, Jiangnan can be recovered in one fell swoop.It's a pity that this big operation carefully planned with Qian Qianyi as the core failed! Zheng Chenggong's refusal to send troops was due to his own agenda, while the delayed arrival of troops from the southwest was due to the fact that the Yongli regime was busy engaging in internal struggles at this time.With great power in his hands, Sun Kewang gradually developed the desire to proclaim himself emperor, relying on the Yongli court for self-respect.Emperor Yongli was sitting in a dangerous city. In order to protect himself, he conspired with the courtiers, and at this critical moment when things joined forces, he called Li Dingguo twice to lead his troops into the guard.So Li Dingguo, who was going to join Zhang Huangyan, hurried back to Guangdong from Hunan, but unexpectedly, Emperor Yongli plotted to vent his anger. The emperor's temperament was stubborn, and he was unwilling to admit his own responsibility.So Sun Kewang imprisoned and killed eighteen courtiers. This is the famous "Eighteen Gentlemen's Prison" in the history of Nanming.This historical event is recorded in historical works such as "History of the Ming Dynasty", "Drafts of Qing History", "Yongli Records", and "Anlong Chronicles".Under such circumstances, in order to protect his own interests, Sun Kewang naturally would not send Liu Wenxiu to assist Zhang Huangyan.

Soon, Li Dingguo and Zheng Chenggong's plan to join forces in Guangdong also failed, so he led his army to Anlong in person, intending to rescue Yongli Emperor Zhu Youlang from the control of Sun Kewang.Sun Kewang sent people to stop Li Dingguo's army from going north, and even ordered "everything that Dingguo must pass through must be burned to prevent them from returning." In 1656, Li Dingguo supported Emperor Yongli to Yunnan, and defeated Sun Kewang the following year, and Sun Kewang fell to the Qing Dynasty.After Sun Kewang surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, the Qing army knew all about Yunnan, Guizhou and Guizhou. In 1658, Wu Sangui led the Qing army to invade Yunnan.At the beginning of the next year, when he went to Kunming, Emperor Yongli fled to Burma.Li Dingguo led the whole army to set up an ambush on Mopan Mountain, trying to annihilate the enemy's pursuers in one fell swoop, but failed because of the insider's leak. In 1661, Wu Sangui led an army into Burma to claim Emperor Yongli back, and executed him in Kunming in April of the following year. In July, Li Dingguo died of grief and anger when he learned of the death of Emperor Yongli in Mengla.

In this way, one's own people fought with their own people upside down, it is really "the loved ones hurt, the enemies are quick"!Throughout the history of Nanming, there are countless such things. In this way, Qian Qianyi and others' plan to join forces on the Yangtze River, due to the fact that the Nanming regime had their own ideas, fought against each other, and was busy with internal friction, unfortunately failed.Zhang Huangyan marched into the Yangtze River twice. Although he had to retreat both times, he greatly encouraged the people's fighting spirit against the Qing Dynasty.

In the second year, Zhang Mingzhen "died of poisoning, and his last words were based on his subordinate Huangyan" ("History of the Qing Dynasty Volume 224 Zhang Huangyan Biography").At that time, rumors abounded that Zhang Mingzhen's death was caused by Zheng Chenggong's poisoning. In 1658, Emperor Yongli Zhu Youlang sent an envoy from the southwest to make Zheng Chenggong the king of Yanping County and recruit a general.As a result, Fujian and Zhejiang stepped up preparations for the battle, and jointly planned a large-scale campaign. In the spring of 1659, Qing soldiers invaded Yunnan in three ways.In order to contain the Qing soldiers, keep the Yongli court, and then try to restore it, Zhang Huang wrote to Zheng Chenggong, asking him to send troops quickly and march north into the Yangtze River.In May, Zheng Chenggong set off with 170,000 elite soldiers.Zhang Huangyan led 6,000 soldiers from the headquarters, joined forces with Zheng Chenggong, and acted as the vanguard to advance to the mouth of the Yangtze River. Guazhou is located at the confluence of the canal and the Yangtze River, and it is the main route for the Qing soldiers to go south for reinforcements.Here, the Qing soldiers set up iron locks to block the river, and hundreds of Western cannons were set up on both sides of the river.On the narrow river, the Qing soldiers also built huge rafts, built castles on the rafts, and floated on the water, which was called "wooden floating camp".It's really sad for fish underwater, but it's hard for birds in the sky to fly. Zhang Huangyan led the army to break through the blockade of the river, while Zheng Chenggong sent the army to seize the river bank fort.The diving soldiers cut off the iron lock blocking the river, and Zhang Huangyan immediately commanded the fleet to attack.At this time, the forts on both sides of the strait fired guns like rain, and the wooden floating battalion of the Qing soldiers also flowed down the water, and all arrows were fired.Zhang Huangyan ordered the ship he was on to go straight forward. Seeing this, the soldiers fought even harder and captured the three wooden floating battalions in one fell swoop. The Qing soldiers on the river bank fort fled.Subsequently, Zheng Chenggong's army arrived, wiped out the defending enemies, and conquered Guazhou.For a while, the land of Jiangsu and Zhejiang was shaken, and people with lofty ideals from Hunan, Jiangxi, Shandong, Henan and other provinces came to contact and prepared to respond.The Qing court was shocked, and Emperor Shunzhi even prepared to "return it to the east". After the victory in Guazhou, Zheng Chenggong led the army to attack Zhenjiang to prevent the enemy from reinforcing.Zhang Huangyan led the navy to attack the Guanyin Gate in the north of Nanjing.Soon, Zhenjiang recovered.After hearing the news, Zhang Huangyan wrote to Zheng Chenggong to speed up his journey to Nanjing by land to buy time; on the other hand, he ordered his troops to march day and night to Nanjing.On June 28, Zhang Huangyan's navy arrived at Guanyin Gate. At that time, Nanjing's defense was weak and the soldiers were depressed.At this time, if Zheng Chenggong's army arrived in time, Nanjing would be broken immediately.It's a pity that Zheng Chenggong still took the waterway, and his progress was slow, but the Qing soldiers withdrew part of their troops from Yunnan and Guizhou, and came day and night, and the good opportunity to attack the city was finally lost. Five days later, Zheng Chenggong's army arrived at the city of Nanjing.At this time, the troops sent upstream by Zhang Huangyan had captured Jiangpu City.The Qing general in Wuhu also asked for surrender.Wuhu is a key town along the Yangtze River.Zheng Chenggong asked Zhang Huangyan to garrison Wuhu and manage the upstream military. On the seventh day of July, Zhang Huangyan arrived in Wuhu.He divided his troops into four routes: from Liyang in the east, Chizhou in the west, Hezhou in the north, and Ningguo in the south.He himself was stationed in Wuhu, the prime minister of military affairs. People on both sides of the Yangtze River have longed for the army of their motherland for fifteen years.Zhang Huangyan led the army to come this time, and the people rushed to tell the news, and they were very happy.Local officials also surrendered one after another.Within ten days, the city of Guangfu reached twenty-four counties in four prefectures, three prefectures.The number of subordinates and army has also increased to more than 10,000.At this time, people with lofty ideals from Hunan, Jiangxi, Shandong, Henan and other provinces came to contact one after another, either providing information on the enemy army, or making an appointment to raise troops to respond.Faced with this series of brilliant victories, Zhang Huangyan was even more gratified.He deployed his troops day and night, intending to take Jiujiang directly and open up the road connecting Yunnan and Guizhou.For a while, half the walls of the Jianghuai River trembled. At this time, Zheng Chenggong's army suffered a serious setback in Nanjing.It turned out that after Zhang and Zheng broke up, Zheng Chenggong was negligent in vigilance and missed the enemy's plan to slow down the army.He did not divide his troops to attack the surrounding cities, but just stationed troops outside Nanjing City, waiting for the Qing soldiers to surrender.On July 23, Qing soldiers defending the city poured out and launched a surprise attack.Zheng Chenggong failed in the hasty engagement, generals Yu Xin and Gan Hui were captured, and the soldiers suffered heavy casualties. When the news of Nanjing's defeat reached Wuhu, Zhang Huangyan immediately wrote to Zheng Chenggong, asking him not to withdraw his entire army to the east. As long as he sticks to Zhenjiang, he can still keep the upper reaches of the city. "There is nothing wrong with the world."However, the letter could not be delivered.After Zheng Chenggong suffered a sudden defeat, he had abandoned Zhenjiang, withdrew his troops stationed in the Yangtze River valley, and returned to Jin and Xiamen. After Zheng Chenggong's army withdrew, the Qing soldiers focused on dealing with Zhang Huangyan.Zhang Huangyan went deep alone, with few soldiers and food shortages, and fell into an extremely dangerous situation, and finally the whole army was defeated.There was only one boy servant left beside Zhang Huangyan. Under the cover of the people from all over the country, he traveled more than two thousand miles and spent more than half a year before returning to the east of Zhejiang.Later, while reorganizing the army, Zhang Huangyan summed up experience and lessons, and wrote the article "A Brief Introduction to the Gains and Losses of the Northern Expedition". In 1660, Zhang Huangyan led his troops back to Linmen. At this time, the Qing government attempted to take advantage of the new defeats of Zhang Huangyan and Zheng Chenggong to wipe out the anti-Qing forces in Zhejiang and Fujian in one fell swoop.So the troops were divided into several groups and continued to sweep.They arrested Zhang Huangyan's wife and son, and then ordered all coastal residents to move to areas within 30 miles of the sea, strictly prohibiting boats from going out to sea, in an attempt to cut off the people's connection with the anti-Qing troops. In the winter of 1661, Wu Sangui led troops into Burma, captured Emperor Yongli and his son, and Nanming was completely destroyed.Li Dingguo, who fought hard on the Yunnan border, died of illness in the army the following year. In 1662, Zheng Chenggong died of illness in Taiwan.His son, Zheng Jing, was forced to abandon the coastal islands and retreat to Taiwan under the sweep of the Qing soldiers.Soon, King Lu died of illness in Jinmen. "It is difficult to change the country's hatred and the family's relationship." A series of unfortunate news made Zhang Huangyan deeply feel the difficulty of the cause of restoring the country, but it also strengthened his determination to die unyielding.Now there is only Zhang Huangyan standing alone in Linmen. Facing the difficult and critical situation, some people suggested to retreat to Taiwan and rely on Zheng Jing.Zhang Huangyan believes that rather than "stealing life and dew, it is better to die to establish faith" and insist on refusing to retreat.Both Zhang Huangyan and Lu Wang had personal experience of being controlled by the Zheng family, and this may be the real reason. Zhang Huangyan joined forces with Ruan Chunlei, the former general of the Japanese Ministry, and assembled more than a hundred warships, preparing to attack the coast of Funing.Unexpectedly, he was betrayed by traitors from the Ruan tribe and failed to fulfill his wish.And the Qing court gathered several times more troops than Zhang to attack.Outnumbered, this anti-Qing team suffered heavy casualties and had to retreat to Zhoushan Island.Since the Qing government forced all the residents of Zhoushan Island to evacuate, coupled with the blockade of the coast, Zhang Huangyan faced new difficulties of running out of food and cooking. At that time, Zhao Tingchen, governor of Zhejiang Province, repeatedly surrendered to Zhang Huangyan with silk scripts through various channels, and Zhang Huangyan also rejected Zhao's temptation twice with steadfast integrity and sonorous words.There is one thing worth noting here, that is, Zhang Huangyan's view of the Manchus entering the Central Plains has undergone a fundamental change. At the beginning of the latter letter, Zhang Huangyan pointed out that "the past and present have never been abandoned", and recognized that the change of dynasties is an objective existence in the development of ancient history. His ambition to "turn the tide"Then, he said: "Even with the passage of time and the changes of the court and the market, King Xing often wins the guests and courtesies of the monarchs and ministers, and employs the clan of the previous dynasty." Thinking" effective measures.If we can continue to "save punishments and restraints, suppress martial arts and cultivate literature, and reform the world", then there will be a peaceful scene of "singing praises from all over the world, and the heroes return to their fate".These concise and clear expressions are enough to prove that Zhang Huangyan has seen the achievements of the Manchu rule and the irreversible trend of history. Ever since King Lu died of illness, Zhang Huangyan has been completely desperate for the future. Although there are still many survivors of the Ming Dynasty running around, and the Zheng family is still living in Taiwan, people are determined, and the general trend is over; If you don't, you can't force the world to accompany you to die for your country just because you want to die for your country.At this time, Zhang Huangyan was quite depressed. After repeated consideration, he made a major decision, disbanded the rest of the tribe, and lived in seclusion on Xuan'ao Island in Nantian (now south of Xiangshan, Zhejiang).Zhang Huangyan has always been a man of anti-Qing ideals, not a person who is alone. This is the reason why he still did not go to Taiwan like other gentry after disbanding his army. However, the Qing Dynasty did not fully understand Zhang Huangyan's thoughts. In the eyes of the enemy, his disappearance was considered to be a bigger move. Therefore, his existence made the Qing court extremely disturbed, and they tried their best to remove this "thorn in the eye".Zhang Jie, the admiral of the Zhejiang Navy in the Manchu and Qing Dynasties racked his brains, and finally found Xu Yuan, Zhang Huangyan's former subordinate, and asked him to pretend to be a walking monk to search for Zhang Huangyan's traces in Zhoushan. One day, several soldiers under Zhang Huangyan were running into Zhoushan to buy rice when they were bumped by Xu Yuan.He drew a knife and threatened everyone to reveal Zhang Huangyan's address.Several soldiers would rather die than speak, and were killed one by one by Xu Yuan.The last remaining boatman confessed the location of Xuan'ao Island under torture. On July 17, Zhang Jie sent soldiers to sneak into Xuan'ao Island in Zhang Huangyan's rice boat at midnight.They climbed up the mountain secretly from the back of the mountain behind the island.Zhang Huangyan woke up from his sleep and stretched out his hand to draw the sword, but it was too late.The Qing soldiers rushed into the house in a swarm and bound him tightly.They found the silver seal of "Shishi Bingbu" issued by Emperor Yongli, nine Guanfang, manuscripts of Zhang Huangyan's poems, and two boxes of secret letters between him and the heroes of the Central Plains. On the 19th, Zhang Huangyan was taken to Ningbo, the hometown he had been away for nearly 20 years.He wore a square scarf from the Ming Dynasty and Gebu clothes, and his expression was still so peaceful and resolute, which left a deep impression on the people gathered on both sides of the road. Zhang Huangyan, the admiral of the Qing Dynasty, hosted a banquet for Zhang Huangyan, but Zhang Huangyan refused, saying only: "Father's death cannot be buried, and the country's death cannot be saved. There is more than one crime in death. Today's matter is just a quick death." There is no other word. More than ten days later, Zhang Huangyan was escorted to Hangzhou. After hearing the news, thousands of Ningbo people rushed to the wharf to see him off.Once out of the city gate, Zhang Huangyan got off the sedan chair, bid farewell to his homeland and hometown, and bowed his hands to the people who saw him off.The onlookers were weeping. On the banks of the Qiantang River, Zhang Huangyan wrote a tragic poem "Life is more than a feather, but still a burden to the country, and death leaves green blood to reach the sky".He has long understood that there is no hope of regaining his enlightenment, and his attitude towards the Manchu Qing has also changed, but he still does not lose his integrity. This is the most precious spirit of sacrificing one's life and becoming benevolent among Chinese literati and bureaucrats for thousands of years.This spirit will not be diminished by the ending of failure, it will shine forever! When he arrived in Hangzhou, Zhao Tingchen, the governor of Zhejiang, once again persuaded Zhang Huangyan to surrender to the Qing Dynasty, and promised that the Qing court would use his original position as Minister of the Ministry of War, but Zhang Huangyan refused.In the prison, Zhang Huangyan’s great book "Singing Songs" was written on the prison wall. The lyrics read: "If you live, you will be China; if you die, you will be bright; if you are alive, you will be heavy; if you are seven feet, you will be light. . . . , the rest of the spirits are divided into sun stars, and there is still enough to stay in the sky for thousands of years, and the righteousness for thousands of ages!" On the seventh day of September, official documents from the Ministry of Criminal Affairs of the Qing court arrived in Hangzhou.On this day, the sun was overcast and there were many guard posts in Hangzhou City. A team of cavalry escorted Zhang Huangyan to Bijiaofang.Looking up at the Phoenix Mountain area, he sighed: "What a beautiful mountain!" Then he asked for a pen and paper, took out a Jueming poem, and ordered the scribe to copy it: "I am now fifty-nine (note: referring to forty-five years old), It will be September 7th again. The building is no longer supported, and everything will be done with Chengren." Then, he sat down and died.His wife Dong Shi and son Zhang Wanqi have been detained in Hangzhou and were killed three days ago. Also died with Zhang Huangyan were staff Luo Lun, boy servant Yang Guanyu and others.Seeing Yang Guanyu's handsome features and innocent expression, the supervisor wanted to excuse him.But Yang Guanyu flatly refused, saying: "Mr. Zhang died for loyalty for the country; I am willing to die for Mr. Zhang because of righteousness. If you want to kill, you don't need to say more." After speaking, he knelt in front of Zhang Huangyan and was tortured.He was only fifteen years old.Everyone who saw it wept. "It's the day, it's raining and the day is dark, and the people of Hangzhou know it and don't know it, and they all cry." (Shao Tingcai's "Southeast Chronicle") At that time, Zhang Huangyan had grown from a scholar to a banner in the southeast against the Qing Dynasty.Xia Xie thought that once Zhang Huangyan died, the fate of the Ming Dynasty would also decline accordingly, "therefore, the situation of remaining water and mountains in the 270th year of the Ming Dynasty is not so simple!" Zhang Huangyan wrote a poem before his death: