Chapter 175 174. Movement for Federal Autonomy

The "self-government" movement was a new idea after the Civil War and the Zhiwan War. It was Hunan Province that first advocated autonomy. The desire to "rest the people" and hope not to intervene in domestic political disputes. The nature of "self-government" is quite different from that of "independence" or "self-government".Hunan is the first to advocate self-government, advocate the formulation of a provincial constitution, be free from external interference, oppose centralization of power, and oppose the invasion of Hunan by guest troops.

This movement dominated the Beiyang era for several years. In the following years, centralization and inter-provincial self-government have always been two different concepts competing with each other. One of the founders of the Federal Self-Government Movement, Zhao Hengti, once recalled the process of the initiative at that time as follows: "Hunan advocated the self-government of the provinces. Tan Gong organized Anshi to initiate this proposal, and the rest of the others will actively implement it in the future, in fact, to fulfill Tan Gong's unfinished intention. Due to the war of protecting the law, Hunan Province bears the brunt of the brunt and suffers the most. Zhang Jingyao's torment three Hunan is especially painful for the people of the province. Therefore, in the ninth year of the restoration of Hunan Province in Xia Dynasty, Tan Gong issued a telegram in the name of the commander-in-chief of the Hunan Army on July 17, announcing the purpose of Hunan Province's self-government, hoping to go beyond the political struggle between the North and the South. Give the people of the province a chance to recuperate. At that time, celebrities from all walks of life in Shanghai and Beijing expressed their sympathy. As for the initial development of the provincial government, it was after the removal of the opposite side in the winter of that year and the stability of the province. First, the Provincial Constitution Preparatory Committee was established, divided into Central Hunan, Western Hunan, and Southern Hunan. In Sanlu, Peng Zhaohuang, the chairman of the provincial council, Wu Jinghong, and Zhong Caihong, members of the National Assembly, served as the preparatory committee members for the Sanlu. Re-Dun hired celebrity experts Wang Zhengting, Jiang Fangzhen, Peng Yunyi, Li Jiannong, Tang Yi and other eleven members to draft the provincial constitution. Fake Yuelu Academy Meetings were held to draft the constitution. From mid-March to mid-April in the 10th year of the Republic of China, visitors were refused and carefully drafted. Later, a review committee was convened to review and amend in detail. The review committee consisted of two representatives elected by large counties and small counties One person was elected. Unfortunately, due to various reasons, the review of the draft constitution could not be completed for a long time, and the war to aid Hubei occurred again. The formal formulation of the provincial constitution and the specific progress of the joint governance movement came after the failure of the aid to Hubei. However, the joint governance The theory has become popular all over the country. The people have been suffering from the military affairs between the north and the south for many years, and the coalition governance movement has the hope of rain. Famous sages have written and expounded, and Sichuan, Yunnan, and Zhejiang provinces have followed suit one after another. Realize also.

Wang Zhanyuan of the direct lineage ruled the government of Hubei for a long time, and the daily affairs were concentrated, and the troops under his army returned to the army and rebelled frequently.When the inter-provincial autonomy movement was in vogue, the Hubei people wanted to expel Zhanyuan for autonomy, but they had no troops, so they pushed Li Shucheng, Jiang Zuobin, He Chengjun, Kong Geng and others to beg for aid in Hunan and Sichuan provinces to achieve their goal. Hunan not only advocates provincial governance first, but also has a close friendship with Hubei, so it is willing to send troops to help.Li, Jiang and others also announced a provisional agreement on self-government in Hubei Province, appointing Jiang Zuobin as the director, Kong Geng leading the self-governing army, and using the Hubei Army of Xia Douyin's Department who had stayed in Hunan for several years as the vanguard, and Hunan Province sent Song Hegeng as the first division reinforcement main force.Yu Zeng went to the front line to inspect the teacher. "

Since the winter of 1999, all provinces have been fighting for self-government. The power-up of groups fighting for self-government and the news that representatives of each province went to Beijing to petition for self-government filled the pages of newspapers. The self-government movement became the largest movement after the May 4th Movement. In Beijing, the self-government movement had two joint organizations. One was the Provincial Autonomous Federation composed of representatives from 12 provinces of Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, Shandong, Henan, Gansu, Guangdong, Sichuan, Fujian, Hubei, Guangxi, Shanxi and Beijing.One is the Autonomy Movement Comrade Association composed of representatives from 14 provinces including Zhili, Shandong, Henan, Shanxi, Sichuan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Anhui, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, and Guangxi.Outside of Beijing, Tianjin established a joint office for the self-government movement in the five provinces of Zhili, Shandong, Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Rehe.Shanghai established the autonomous federation of provinces and autonomous regions in Shanghai.

"Self-government" became a fashionable name at this time. The warlords wanted self-government in order to separate one side, and people who opposed the warlords wanted to protect the country and the people also called for self-government. The self-government movement originated in Hunan and flourished in the southern provinces, but soon spread to the jurisdiction of the Beijing government.The Yangtze River Basin set off a movement to abolish the governor and advocate democratically elected governors: after Li Chun's suicide, the Jiangsu Provincial Assembly decided to abolish the Governor. The Jiangxi Provincial Assembly impeached Governor Qi Yang and passed the democratically elected governor. .In the north, the Zhili Provincial Council suggested that the provincial councils send representatives to Shanghai to hold an inter-provincial meeting on January 17, 2010 to discuss the formulation of the Provincial Autonomy Law; various groups in Gansu and fellow villagers in Beijing appointed Cai Chengxun as Gansu After the warlord, on December 31, 9, he launched the movement of rejecting Cai, abolishing the governor, and "governing the Gan people". Cai Chengxun was so scared that he dared not take office.

Faced with this "centrifugal" movement, the Beijing government was also at a loss. For example, it had decided to appoint Wang Kemin as the governor of Jiangsu. In response to the opposition of the Hubei group, Xia Shoukang, a native of Hubei, was sent.The difficulty for the Beijing government was that it did not dare to offend the military governors of the provinces, and could not mobilize them casually. Therefore, it only dared to appoint people from this province as the governors of the provinces, so as to ease the wave of self-government of the provinces.The governors with military power are of course opposed to the Beijing government's approach, because some governors want to be governors themselves, and some want to use themselves as governors, so it often happens that the governors appointed by the Beijing government have not consulted the governors of the provinces in advance. blocked by consent.A living example, Xia Shoukang, governor of Hubei Province, had no choice but to set up a provincial governor's office in Hankou because of opposition from the governor Wang Zhanyuan, and was expelled from office soon after.

In fact, a prerequisite for the self-government movement is to abolish the military governor system. If the military governor system cannot be abolished, even if a native of the province becomes the governor, the governor is just a puppet and cannot play any role.Even if the warlord is a native of the province, it is just self-government in name, and military dictatorship is in reality. The self-government movement was a political desire in the early years of the Republic of China, but this desire ran counter to the actions of military careerists. Contrary to "self-government", the Beijing government emphasizes "unification". When the Guangxi clique withdrew from Guangdong, it announced the abolition of the military government and the abolition of the autonomy of Guangdong and Guangxi. Therefore, the Beijing government declared "national unification".

On December 29, 9, the Beijing government appointed Lu Rongting to supervise the Guangdong border defense, Tan Haoming as the governor of Guangxi, and Li Jingcheng as the governor of Guangxi. On the 30th, Liu Cunhou was appointed as the governor of Sichuan, Xiong Kewu was the governor of Sichuan, and Liu Xiang was the military envoy of Chongqing. On January 31, 2010, Lu Rongting was reassigned to supervise the military affairs of Guangxi's frontier defense.At the same time, for the three provinces of Hunan, Yunnan, and Guizhou, personnel were sent to "contact unification matters."However, the order of the Beijing government was only followed by the province of Guangxi. Except for Liu Cunhou, the soldiers in Sichuan unanimously refused to accept Beijing's appointment.Zhao Hengti from Hunan repeatedly sent telegrams to deny attachment to the North. Tang Jiyao from Yunnan and Lu Tao from Guizhou also ignored Beijing's orders.

In order to create an impression of reunification in the international community, the Beijing side wrote a self-talking "unification" article, set up a "unification aftermath committee" under the State Council, and set up receptions for foreign journalists every Thursday to announce and answer questions about "unification". aftermath” issues. In order to facilitate superficial unification, the Beijing government announced on November 17, 9, the establishment of local self-government. This was the same as the Manchu Qing Dynasty allowing the establishment of a constitution during the Xuantong period, just to delay time.Of course, all requirements cannot be met.Since the National Assembly was illegally dissolved before, the constitution-making work was not completed. The representatives of the provincial self-government movement and the Southwest advocated that each province formulate a provincial constitution "Provincial Autonomy Law" from the bottom up, specifying the powers of a province, and realizing the provincial Election by the people, so that when the national constitution is formulated in the future, the fait accompli will be recognized and the provincial constitution will be incorporated into the national constitution.

The abolition of governors is a key point. Because Hubei has had more than 20 mutinies within a few months, people's lives and properties have been greatly damaged. Therefore, they elected representatives to petition for the removal of Hubei Governor Wang Zhanyuan. The abolition of governors began in Hubei. .Both President Xu Shichang and State Premier Jin Yunpeng refused to meet them, and sent Wu Jisun, Secretary-General of the Presidential Office, and Xu Zhonglu, Secretary of the State Council, to meet them.Both Wu and Xu told the petition representatives frankly: "The central government has no strength to cut troops, nor does it have the strength to abolish supervision." The representatives said angrily: "Then why do we want a central government? We might as well separate central government".Xu Zhonglu sneered and said, "That's good too. Anyway, the central government is just empty-handed. It doesn't matter if you take it off or not."

After Li Chun's suicide in Jiangsu, his fellow countryman in Beijing elected Zhang Yimin as his representative and asked Xu Shichang not to send a new governor, but took this opportunity to start from Jiangsu.But what was the result?The Beijing government not only announced a new warlord, but also announced a new tour envoy including the Jiangsu area. The Guangzhou military government led by Sun Yat-sen also opposed autonomy, because the autonomy of the southwestern provinces destroyed the military government. The purpose of Sun's restoration of the military government in Guangzhou was to send troops to the Northern Expedition to defeat the Northern Warlords. The autonomy of the southwestern provinces was an obstacle to the Northern Expedition. Hunan is the first province to advocate self-government, and it is also the first province to formulate the Hunan Provincial Constitution.The contents of the Hunan Provincial Constitution are excerpted as follows: Preface: In order to promote happiness and consolidate the foundation of the country, the people of Hunan Province have formulated a constitution as left. Chapter 1: General outline: Hunan is an autonomous province of the Republic of China, with the existing land as the region, and the provincial autonomy belongs to all the people of the province. Chapter Two: The rights and obligations of the people. All people are equal in law, and there is no distinction between men and women, race, religion, or class.The people have the right to protect their bodies and lives, the right to protect their private property, the right to protect their homes, the right to freedom of business, the obligation to receive education, etc. Chapter 3: Provincial powers, including the supervision of local systems and local autonomy, formulation of household registration laws and registration laws, protection of mining, agriculture and forestry, and power generation, military, political and military orders in the province, administrative matters of the provincial police, etc. Chapter Four: The provincial assembly is organized by members directly elected by the citizens of the province. Citizens over the age of 30 can be elected as provincial members. The term of office of the provincial members is three years. There is one speaker and two deputy speakers. When the meeting is closed Set up a permanent committee.If the governor commits a serious crime, members of parliament can propose impeachment. Chapter V: Governor and State Council 1. Governor: Provincial administrative power is exercised by the governor and provincial officials.The provincial governor is elected by the provincial assembly and submitted to the general vote of the province's citizens. The candidate with the most votes is elected.After being elected, he will be appointed by the patriotic government.All Hunan citizens over the age of 35 and who have lived in Hunan for more than five years can be elected as governors. Once re-elected, the duties and powers of the governor include: promulgating laws and issuing orders to implement laws, commanding the province's military to manage the province's military affairs, appointing and dismissing the province's civil and military officials. 2. The Provincial Council consists of the Department of Internal Affairs, the Department of Finance, the Department of Education, the Department of Industry, and the Department of Justice.The Provincial Council is located in the Governor's Office, the Governor is the Governor of the Province, and the heads of departments are the Ministers.The term of office of the directors of each department is three years.The Provincial Council shall set up a Council of Government Affairs, and the Governor shall be responsible to the Provincial Council in accordance with the policies determined by the Council of State Affairs. Chapter VI: Legislation Chapter Seven: Administration includes finance, education, industry, and military affairs Chapter 8: Justice Chapter IX: Audit Office Chapter Ten: County System Outline Chapter Eleven: Outline of Municipal and Township Autonomy Chapter XII: Amendment and Interpretation of this Law Chapter Thirteen: Supplementary Provisions: Before the promulgation of provincial laws, the current laws of the Republic of China and orders based on laws that do not conflict with this law may still apply to this province.Prior to the implementation of the National Constitution, it should be vested in the state's affairs, which may be implemented by the resolution of the provincial assembly. The Hunan Provincial Assembly is organized by members indirectly elected by the citizens of the province. Anyone who has the following qualifications can be elected: 1. Those who have graduated from specialized schools at home and abroad; 2. Have been recommended for more than one year, or appointed 3. Those who have served as provincial and county councilors for more than 3 years; 4. Those who have served as principals and teachers of secondary schools and above for more than 2 years;The number of provincial councilors is tentatively set at 108, and the province is divided into three districts, with 37 in the first district, 36 in the second district, and 35 in the third district. The first list of the Hunan Constitution Conference is as follows: Chairman: Jing Siyou, Vice Chairman: Jiang Jun Members: Tang Guozhen, Huang Yinghao, Chen Xiaoyuan, Tang Rixin, Yan Xiaoze, Yan Guozhen, Zuo Quanzhi, Tang Tao, Lei Feipeng, Wang Kejia, Chen Zhendong, Huang Yue, Peng Dingjun, Zhou Tianjue, Lu Zhaoqing, Hu Yuzhen, Huang Chungai, Huang Yan, Yang Hua, Chen Jian, Xiong Yanhua, Fang Rongxuan, Yang Yunhe, Tang Dedu, Li Zongrong, Huang Zaoqi, He Binglin, Bin Bucheng, Zhu Jicheng, Ma Xuchang, Cao Dianqiu, Tang Yu, Yang Shugu, Fu Dingyi, Cheng Zishu, Li Xixian, Chen Qiang, Zhang Shengshu. Director Secretary Li Honghui. In the formulation of the Hunan Provincial Constitution, 11 people, including Wang Zhengting, Jiang Fangzhen, Peng Yunyi, and Li Jiannong, were hired as committee members for the drafting of the provincial constitution. It has the right to amend, but the decision-making power belongs to the general referendum of the whole province.The preparatory work was presided over by members of Congress Wu Jinghong, Zhong Caihong and the chairman of the provincial council Peng Zhaohuang.After more than a year of preparation, the provincial constitution was not announced until New Year's Day in the eleventh year of the Republic of China. When soldiers from all factions and departments in Sichuan jointly expelled the Yunnan-Guizhou Army, they set up a joint office in Chongqing, and promoted Liu Xiang, the commander of the Second Army, as the division chief, Dan Maoxin, the commander of the First Army, and Liu Chengxun, the commander of the Third Army. Deputy Director.The head of the joint office is equivalent to the warlord or the commander-in-chief. As early as December 10, 9, Sichuan soldiers held a military meeting in Chongqing, during which a decision on Sichuan autonomy was made, which was signed and announced by all Sichuan army generals.Sichuan is the second province after Hunan to declare itself autonomous. The Beijing government believes that Sichuan has turned to the north, so it announced that Liu Cunhou is the governor of Sichuan, and Xiong Kewu is the governor of Sichuan. Xiong sent a telegram on January 12, 2010 to refuse to accept the governor. In this atmosphere, Liu Cunhou, who is inclined to the north, did not dare to accept the appointment of the warlord. At the same time, he could only agree to self-government, and put up the signboard of preparing for self-government in Chengdu.However, Liu Cunhou still wanted to get closer to Beijing, so he sent a secret telegram to Beijing, expressing that he always supported the "central government". Due to the special environment in Sichuan, he could not express his attitude publicly. Please forgive me by the "central government".At this time, because the Beijing government had lost face on the Sichuan issue and hit a wall, it published Liu Cunhou's secret telegram to cover up its embarrassment.As a result, Liu Cunhou became the enemy of the Sichuan people. Everyone scolded Liu for duplicity and willingly surrendered to the north.Liu Cunhou was ashamed, so he sent a telegram to Beijing, complaining that the Beijing government should not disclose his secret telegram, which made him feel ashamed.What made Liu Cunhou even more embarrassing was not only this. He once bought Liu Xiang's subordinates and used the position of army commander as a bait to lure Liu Xiang's second division commander Chen Nengfang to defect. Liu Xiang found out that Chen Nengfang was about to be dismissed.At the same time, before Tang Jiyao stepped down, Liu Cunhou sent Zhou Yang to Kunming to persuade Tang to counterattack Sichuan. Transfer to the "Joint Office" in Chongqing for processing. Because of this series of incidents, the generals of the first and second armies of the Sichuan Army were very angry. They jointly reprimanded Liu Cunhou for "obstructing self-government, loving the Northern Court, organizing elections, calling himself the governor, and expanding the army." The army is in charge of the east route, and the two routes will attack Chengdu. The "United Army" wanted to take Chengdu. Lai Xinhui, the commander of the frontier army to which Liu Cunhou belonged, was the first to defect, and drove from Baoning to Tongchuan, and Mianyang to join the North Route Army. The two division commanders, Tian Songyao and Tian Songyao, took a wait-and-see attitude. Under the situation of rebellion and disintegration, Liu Cunhou was forced to go to the field in Chengdu on March 12 and retreated to Guan County. Before leaving Chengdu, his troops were handed over to Liu Chengxun, the commander-in-chief of the Chengdu Garrison and the commander of the Third Army. The coalition army marched into Jianyang and Xindu, and took peaceful measures against the Deng and Tian divisions that retreated to Xinfan and Peng counties, absorbing and reorganizing them. The generals of the Sichuan Army publicly elected Liu Xiang as the commander-in-chief of the Sichuan Army. Liu Cunhou gathered more than 10,000 of his subordinates and retreated to the Ningqiang area in southern Shaanxi, preparing to regroup. Guizhou was the third province to declare autonomy after Hunan and Sichuan on 1/28/10. Guizhou soldiers have two systems, one is the old army, headed by Liu Xianshi; the other is the new army, headed by Wang Wenhua.In the early years of the Republic of China, the Qian army often invaded Huang County and Hongjiang area in western Hunan. These areas were the traffic channels for exporting opium and exchanging arms and materials.The Hunan authorities felt that "although the whip is not as long as the belly of a horse" for this place.Turn a blind eye and close one eye, ignore it. During the period of defending the country against Yuan, Wang Wenhua, the commander of the Guizhou Army, was transferred to Sichuan to fight, and Liu Xianshi reassigned the old army commander Wang Huayi to station in Western Hunan.Later, Wang Wenhua was promoted to division commander and was awarded the post of commander-in-chief of the Sichuan-Guizhou Army. Therefore, the new army in Guizhou gradually rose, and its strength surpassed the old army day by day. In October 9, Wang Wenhua's Guizhou army withdrew from Chongqing, intending to return to Guiyang to seize the throne of the army governor, but Wang Wenhua was Liu Xianshi's nephew, so he was embarrassed, so he sent Lu Tao to act as the commander-in-chief of the Qian army, and ordered him to lead the army back to Guiyang to seize Guiyang. However, Wang Wenhua himself quietly ran to Shanghai, watching the fire from the other side and watching the success. Lu Tao led his army back to Guizhou, but Liu Xianshi was unable to resist, so he abandoned Guiyang and followed the Yunnan-Guizhou Highway to Kunming, intending to seek help from Tang Jiyao.At the same time, Yuan Zuming, his confidant general, was sent to Hubei to seek help from Wang Zhanyuan. Liu Xianshi also knew that Wang Wenhua was Lu Tao's behind-the-scenes instigator, so he hated Wang Wenhua to the bone. Yuan Zuming went to Shanghai via Hankou to buy Shanghai's hooligans and planned to stab Wang Wenhua to death. On March 16, 2010, Wang Wenhua was assassinated by hooligans in Shanghai Yipinxiang Hotel and died on the spot. After Wang Wenhua was assassinated, it created an opportunity for Lu Tao virtually. After he learned of Wang Wenhua's official death, he was automatically adjusted from the acting commander-in-chief to the commander-in-chief of Guizhou. Not long after Liu Xianshi arrived in Kunming, Tang Jiyao, whom he was protecting, was also driven away by his subordinates and left Kunming in a hurry. His fate was the same as Liu Xianshi's leaving Guizhou. null. Because Yuan Zuming had a close relationship with Wang Zhanyuan, he hitched up with Wu Peifu, the emerging leader of the direct lineage, so he got military expenses and arms support, secretly returned, and organized a force on the Hunan-Hubei border, named "Dingqian Army".Since this "Dingqian Army" was supported by northern soldiers, Lu Tao became an enemy of the North. On April 2, 2010, Lu Tao sent a telegram to respond to the inter-provincial self-government, and organized a provincial constitution meeting. As early as March, he had formally accepted the appointment from Guangzhou as commander-in-chief of Guizhou. Mr. Zhao Hengti (Yanwu) once elaborated in detail on Hunan's proposal for self-government at that time, and coping with various internal and external situations in Hunan at that time. The special recording is as follows: Mr. Zhongjiang Renshi Wen Xi: I read the great work of the Beiyang Army's invasion of September 72 on November 6, 1955. It is said that I call for self-government to protect the environment and the people.On the one hand, the four provinces of Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Guangdong have established a federal autonomous front; on the other hand, they have formed a joint defense treaty with Hubei and Jiangxi provinces.Chang Province advocated self-government, but did not pay attention to joint provinces.The intention is to formulate provincial constitutions and jointly formulate national constitutions.If there is a conflict between the provisions of the provincial constitution and the national constitution, the provincial constitution must be amended.Therefore, in the Hunan Provincial Constitution, there are absolutely no joint provinces.At that time, in the southwest situation, Lu Tao was in charge of the government of Guizhou, not the native of Guizhou.Therefore, it is extremely indifferent to self-government.The Sichuan Provincial Army was divided into defense areas and could not be unified. They only had contacts with Yang Zihui (Sen), Xiong Jinfan (Kewu), and Liu Fucheng (Xiang), and had absolutely no contacts with other leaders.The main drama of the dispute between Tang and Gu in Yunnan is a little far away, and communication is also difficult.Guangdong Bus has its own line of defense, which is neither unified nor self-governing. It only has contact with Xu Ruwei (Chongzhi) because of his classmate relationship and Xu Chongqing's connection.Chen Jingcun (Jiaoming) and other important military officials seldom negotiate.The situation in the southwestern provinces is complicated, so we cannot actively persuade them to use self-government.Only when Li Zongren and Bai Chongxi presided over the government of Guangxi, they saw that they were full of vigor and efforts to govern and unify the whole province. It is of great benefit to save, prevent and cure.This was the actual situation in the Southwest at that time.As for the administrations of the two provinces of Hubei and Jiangxi, they are all under the Beiyang military expedition, and there is no such thing as the establishment of a joint defense treaty.If there is a joint defense treaty, won't he sternly criticize him for aiding the battle of Hubei?I asked myself that I was extremely alienated from current affairs at that time, and my political strategy was more naive (if I could understand the situation of all parties as described in the great book at that time, I would have been more flexible in dealing with it and made considerable contributions to the country).Also due to successive years of wars, people's power is weak, and finances are exhausted, it is often difficult to raise travel expenses for sending representatives, which is delayed for a long time, or terminated.How can it be possible to stand on its own in the field of competition? … At that time, Sun Yat-sen was in Guixiu and was eager to make the Northern Expedition. I thought that the Northern Ocean was still powerful, and I had to train for two years.Without Sun Yat-sen's permission, he negotiated with Hu Yisheng to exchange rice and salt from Hunan and Guangdong to make money.There are two plans for the military: 1. The Hunan and Guangdong armies will fight separately, that is, the Cantonese army will use the railway to attack Puqi from the Yuezhou Yangke Division.The Hunan Army copied Puqi from Changshou Street in Pingjiang to achieve the effect of flanking.It is also because the Hunan Army's route is relatively familiar, and it is easier to walk.2. The Hunan-Guangdong Army will fight in a mixed manner. Yuezhou and Pingjiang will be jointly operated by the Hunan-Guangdong Army.Let Sun Yat-sen decide.He also sent Senator Li Hancheng to Guilin to welcome him, but unfortunately because of Chen Jiongming's rebellion, this plan fell through. ... this song.compose Qi Brother Zhao Hengti announced on November 9th