Chapter 45 44. Russian Invasion of Outer Mongolia and British Invasion of Tibet

Russia's aggressive plan in Asia relies on the Siberian Railway as its only lifeline. For the safety of Siberia, it must invade and occupy Outer Mongolia.Because if China establishes a province with Mongolia and stationes a large army in Kulun, the Siberian Railway will be occupied by China at any time.Therefore, after the construction of the Siberian Railway, the ambition of the Russian emperor to occupy Mongolia was clearly revealed. On the one hand, he treated Buddhists preferentially to win people’s favor. Giving rare and rare treasures, Jebtsundamba gradually had the intention of clearing away his pro-Russia.In addition, the improper implementation of the New Deal in Outer Mongolia at the end of the Qing Dynasty made the Mongolians alienated from morality, and the Qing minister in charge of affairs in Kulun, San Duo, failed to deal with it, so the Russians had an opportunity to take advantage of it.In the second year of the Xuantong reign of the Qing Dynasty (1910), Japan and Russia signed a secret treaty, and the Russian emperor became more active in aggression against China. At the same time, he stepped up to encourage Jebtsundamba to become the Mongolian monarch in order to sever the vassal relationship with China.Jebtsundamba took advantage of the outbreak of the Chinese revolution, declared independence, and expelled Qing officers and soldiers from outside Mongolia. At the same time, the Russian government also made the following demands to the Qing Ministry of Foreign Affairs: (1) The Qing Dynasty recognized Russia’s borders from Kulun to Russia. The right to build railways; (2) The Qing State must enter into an agreement with Mongolia on three points: (1) The Qing State shall not station troops in Outer Mongolia.B. The Qing Dynasty shall not colonize Outer Mongolia.C. Mongolian self-government is under the jurisdiction of the Minister of Qing Affairs. (3) All the ministers of the Qing Dynasty who governed Mongolia and changed their sovereignty to subordinates.Negotiations between Qing and Russia were still negotiated between the two governments. (4) The Russian consular officer assists and guarantees the Mongolian people's obligations to the Qing Dynasty; (5) If the Qing Dynasty has any reforms in Mongolia, it must first discuss with Russia.

After Russia made these demands to the Qing court, it was at a time when the Qing court was unable to cope with the revolutionary army, and the imperial line would also be in jeopardy. It could not take care of itself, so it was too late to negotiate with Russia.On November 30, the third year of Xuantong (1911), the concentrated army of Outer Mongolia announced the establishment of the Great Mongol Empire, and expelled Sanduo, the Qing minister stationed in Kulun, and his civil and military subordinates. On December 28, Jebtsundamba ascended the throne in Kulun and organized a puppet government with the reign title "Gongdai".

After the founding of the Republic of China, Japan was in turmoil, and there was no spare power to take care of Outer Mongolia. Russia took the opportunity to snatch it, and sent the former Minister to China Kosowitz to meet with the "Zhebtsundamba Government" in Kulun on October 3 of the first year. The "Russian-Kurkish Treaty" was signed.The text is as follows: (1) The Russian government supports Mongolia in maintaining the self-government order that has been established, and the national army organized and trained by Mongolia, prohibiting Chinese troops from entering the Mongolian border, and colonizing Mongolia with the Chinese.

(2) The Mongolian government allows the Russian people and Russian businesses to enjoy the rights and special rights specified in the special articles attached to this treaty within the territory of Mongolia as usual.Other foreigners shall not enjoy in Mongolia the same rights as the Russian people. (3) If the Mongolian government thinks that it is necessary to conclude a contract with China or other countries, in any case, the new contract signed without the permission of the Russian government cannot violate or change the conditions in this agreement and special articles. (4) This Friendship Agreement shall come into force on the date of signature.

The appendix of the "Russian-Kurkish Treaty" is very detailed, stipulating that Russians in Outer Mongolia enjoy the right to live freely, move and do business, trade tax exemption, lease or buy land and build houses, reclamation rights, enjoy minerals, forests, and fisheries rights, The Russian Bank has the right to open branches in Outer Mongolia, and the Russian government negotiates with the local officials in Outer Mongolia to dispatch consular rights, set up postal rights, freedom of navigation, etc.This appendix has almost monopolized the entire Outer Mongolia, and its encroachment on the rights of Outer Mongolia is tantamount to ruling Outer Mongolia.

Kulun declared "independence" and spread it to the various leagues in Inner Mongolia. From the call to action, we can see everything about the Kulun puppet regime. (The first call to action): "Kalka Kulun gathered all the kings and beizigong Zasak Khenpo Shangzhuo Tebada Lama and others to act for the consultation: the deputy general He Bei, the leader of the alliance, and others came together to gather the Kulun Khan Wang Beizi Gong Zhasake, Deputy Khenpo of Leng Khenbu Nomon Khan, Lama Erdeni Shanzhuo Tebada, etc., discussed with each other and made a consensus. On October 8 this year, they submitted the Mandal for instructions to the Living Buddha (Note: that is, Jebu Zundanba Living Buddha, the highest figure in Outer Mongolia) stated: the current situation is difficult and very frightening. Before this Mongolia, the Qing emperor was benevolent and respected the Yellow Sect, so he wholeheartedly surrendered. Difficulties are increasing day by day, the situation is clear, and everyone can see it. At present, the chaos in the south, the independence of the provinces, the power of the Qing emperor is on the verge of overthrowing the barbarians, and the change of the national system is just around the corner. How should we Mongols be born at this time? Please understand the instructions, etc. Today, the living Buddha ordered: All the festivals presented are related to the current situation, which is very suitable for me. The phenomenon of Manchu and Han is like this, and it is also caused by the immorality of Manchuria. It is also appropriate for Mongolia to unite with all alliances and establish itself as a country in order to protect our yellow religion. To avoid the suffering of oppression by human power, we should work together and work hard together. This lama treats all the monks equally and without prejudice. This intention should be passed on to all the monks to know the same reason. Kneel down and read, Now that the current situation is like this, and the instructions of the Living Buddha are detailed, it is like waking up from a big dream, and all doubts are cleared, and I am very happy. The way to build a country is first to have strong soldiers. All the soldiers of the alliance should be dispatched and trained to defend the Living Buddha. To maintain the yellow religion, you can stick to the ground and protect the people. It has been discussed and announced on the record. The matter of establishing itself as a country was discussed again and again by Khan, Prince Gezasak, who gathered in Kulun, and they agreed with each other. Let Erlinqin go to Russia to make good friends, and please protect everything. With the permission of the Russian government, Mongolia and Russia will become more and more consolidated. On the one hand, Lama Jebtsundamba will be promoted as the Mongolian monarch, and the Mongolian state will be established, and the north will communicate with Russia. Help each other, in the hope that the Yellow Sect will continue to be promoted, not only to protect lives, but also to avoid future disasters. This situation should be known to everyone, and correspondingly fly to consult with the chiefs of the Mongolian alliances inside and outside, and make a proper announcement when the article arrives..."

(Second call to action): "Since the Qing Dynasty dispatched ministers to the treasury, they have oppressed the Mongolian people and harassed the local area, and they have been expelled from the country. To establish the Mongolian country, all alliance flags should work together to defend the outside world. Each of the nomadic key points should immediately send troops to garrison in order to patrol and pacify the border areas. The Khan King Ge Zhasak and others have discussed with each other repeatedly, and Han officials are always in charge of state power. People, corrupt religion, do not understand all the old rules, so each is disappointed. Now the Han people are hostile to each other, where the army is flourishing, it will be difficult to calm down for a while, obviously we all see it together. Now, by presenting Mandel with the Living Buddha, the situation is critical, I am of the same family and ancestors, I will agree, and now I am afraid that the enemy on the south road is about to raise troops, so I should defend it properly to consolidate the border. All border crossing points must be carefully inspected from time to time to avoid disaster. . . . In order to be independent, it is difficult to survive. Follow the old system. Khalkha Mongolia established the capital, publicly elected the living Buddha as the king, and expelled the Han officials. Then quickly send troops to the Guanjin pass and other places of our Mongolian nomads to garrison and defend. If there are unscrupulous people coming and going, they will be expelled immediately and not allowed to go forward.

These two calligraphies are translated from Mongolian into Chinese, so there are many Mongolian grammars, which are not very smooth to read. Inner Mongolia is divided into six alliances, and the four eastern alliances are Zhelimu, Zhuo Suotu, Zhaowuda, and Xilinguonuo.The West Second League is Ulanchabu and Ikezhao.Yikezhao League governs a part of Ordos, which is divided into left and right wings, three banners on the left wing, and four banners on the right wing, a total of six banners.At that time, the head of the Islamic League was Prince Albin Baja, and the deputy head was Prince Tegus Algarn Huyaktu.After Kulun spread his message to Inner Mongolia, the leader of the Yi Kezhao League objected, and raised 13 questions to Kulun:

"...Stealing that the core of the current era is different from the situation in the past. Mongolia intends to establish itself as a country. The holy Buddha of Zhazhe Buzundamba was originally the orthodox sect of the Yellow Sect. It was originally respected by the whole family, and there is no violation. The officials of Zasak Khenpo Taiji are all Mongolians. After thinking twice, they have a lot of doubts, so they send it to a meeting and draw up 13 questions to ask: Although this matter has been decreed by the Holy Buddha Lama to be independent, whether the Holy Buddha will allow him to be the king is something that has not yet been explained in this league;

If the Holy Buddha is allowed to occupy the great position, who will be the leader of the Yellow Sect?To be regarded as a national teacher is the second unexplainable thing; If the holy Buddha's intention is to attach importance to the yellow religion, and he does not occupy the throne, and he is said to be independent, it is not clear who will be the king, three; There must be auspiciousness in the prosperity of the country. Since the ancient times, the rise and fall of the past dynasties are all preceded by omens. Now the prosperity of the country is auspicious. What has been seen and heard here is unknown. Four;

An independent country must have sufficient military and financial resources to protect itself. Mongolia has a vast territory, and tens of thousands of troops may not be enough to defend the various places.In addition, to handle state affairs, there must be large and small yamen, officials and divisions, and there must be many people to employ. Where will all the salaries, administrative expenses and military supplies and silver taels come from, and how they will be stipulated? This Mongolia is based on the yellow religion, focusing on the cause and effect of future generations. My Mongolian people only know Buddhism, Hongdu is superior to thousands of Han people, but they have not been seen in the world's cultural books and history. There are very few talents. That is to say, when my Yuan Taizu established the tripod, he also invited Yelu Chucai and Guo Yushi to serve as military advisers and generals. Now I heard that even though we have eighty-one people with great spiritual power, can they all be enlightened? The unspeakable six; The way of governing the country must have talented people. Military and political schools, administrative and judicial circles must have a large number of fully qualified people before they can be applied. I am naive. If it is an independent country, it is not clear whether talents can be used. I have not yet determined the balance of the people's administration, can I maintain permanent independence and not spoil the overall situation?Eight of these unspeakable ones; Asking Russia for protection, the Russians are willing to accept my rights and interests, but their military supplies, such as salaries and firearms, are expensive. I have financial difficulties, and it is not clear whether Russia can help me. If Russia can help, how will they be rewarded afterwards?Erben is greedy, does he have no special requirements, this is unexplained ten; My Mongolia has been the territory of China for two hundred years, and it has been known to all countries around the world. This time the Russians recognize protection, whether to notify the countries to obtain their consent, this is unknown Eleven; The year and month of our founding have not been foreseen by any country. It is unknown whether there are diplomats directly requesting countries to declare and recognize it now. The way to build a country is to build a capital. Where is the capital of Mongolia now?With Russia's protective power, whether to protect the capital or the borders, and whether or not we will serve as a national defense force, in case of misfortune and war, how to protect and how to deal with it is unknown. I would like to reply to the thirteen articles of my humble opinion.There is an old saying: Heaven is determined to overcome man, but man cannot overcome heaven.Therefore, according to Fugui Lama and others, please discuss all the situations in detail and see Fuke. " The Beijing government used political methods rather than military actions against the puppet regime in Outer Mongolia. Apart from trying to win over Inner Mongolia and preventing it from colluding with the "Kulen regime", it also put a lot of effort into Outer Mongolia.Yuan Shikai's correspondence with Jebtsundamba, the monarch of the "Kulen regime", was one of the strategies. Yuan Shikai sent a telegram to Jebtsundamba as follows: "Outer Mongolia is a Chinese nation, and they have been like one family for hundreds of years. Now the current situation is dangerous and the border affairs are getting more complicated. Public blog, use special details to avoid misunderstanding. An independent country of each continent must have its own people, wealth, military strength, and politics. It can become a country and not be swallowed by people. Although Mongolia has a large land area, the number of people is too small It is not as large as a small province in the interior. The livelihood of the Mongolian people is poor, and the income of wealth is very small. The strong men of Outer Mongolia are not able to get a living every day. Now they want to order all the expenses for setting up officials, raising soldiers and buying weapons. If they do not betray Filling the ditch, where can I get it? If it is borrowed from others, the Tai Ah will hold it upside down, and it will definitely make a noise. Since the Yellow Sect, it has become natural to love life and avoid killing. All arrows only know how to ride and shoot, and they cannot prepare swords and spears. What about guns? If you want to discuss offensive and war, you must have nothing to rely on. Politics follows the system of the Huang family. Administration and judiciary are stronger than those of the continents. It is impossible to be independent, and it is even more difficult to stand on their own. Moreover, the Mongolians have not obeyed as much as possible , the noble lama’s order only touches the three parts of Tuche Saiyin, and I have not yet fully accepted it. After reading it for a long time, people complain about the lack of money and the masses are eccentric. Although what is the regret? For a hundred years, everything close to Mongolia, but The Mongol and Hui tribes that are not part of China, do they have any self-surviving ones? Is there anyone who is not a prefecture or county? The Mongolian and Han territories are closely related to each other, as if they are in the court. If they are united, both will benefit, and if they are separated, both will suffer. Today, we will talk about the power of the whole country. , is enough to turn the poor and weak of Outer Mongolia into rich and strong, and put it in a safe area. The old Dutch government, when this new foundation is established, will do its best to wipe it out. In addition, if there is a request, but it can cancel independence, it can be discussed. Your lama If you have knowledge and understanding, you will be able to judge misfortune and good fortune, don't be confused by heresy, and you will suffer endless misfortunes, sincerely report, and hope to see you back." Zhefu Yuan telegram is as follows: "Longing for the voice of benevolence is not a day and night, and it is inexplicable to accept the telegram and admonish it earnestly. It is inexplicable to declare independence only because of the urgency of the situation, and jointly promote the Botsundamba Lama as the monarch of Mongolia. I have no choice but to submit to public opinion. I have accepted his request and accepted his gift. I have announced it to China and foreign countries. I apologize for the good use. The uprising in Outer Mongolia was originally for the sake of protecting the clan and religion and the territory. There was no other hope. It is not because of heresies, but because of the tyranny of the government. The so-called Outer Mongolia has too few people, is extremely poor and weak, and is not as good as soldiers, and it is difficult to establish a country. It is all true. The president of Zhengzheng is able to turn the crisis into safety, and the virtue is enough to help the world and the people. Qin Jing hangs high, meticulous, and admires Xiru. The disaster and welfare harm only depends on whether the noble president is good or not. If the lotus is successful, the capital will be diligent in repairing internal affairs, good-natured diplomacy, proper arrangements for border defense, and consolidating the national foundation, it will not be the only one in Outer Mongolia If it can be preserved, even China will not have to worry about going north. Although this Lama is not sensitive, he also knows that the way to live with neighbors is to be optimistic and fearful of the sky. The land cannibalize human flesh, the benevolent will not do it, and the civilized country can't bear to say it. This is a remote and remote area, approaching its neighbors, and it is like a pile of eggs. There are no strong men. If there is no danger, it will be the successor of Taiwan and North Korea. China is far away Across the vast sea, the whip is beyond reach. Although there are many soldiers and civilians, I am afraid that they will be useless. This is the real situation that I am not self-reliant and difficult to get out of the bag when I am in the middle of Outer Mongolia. Before the Qing emperor resigned from power, the businessmen were independent, and announced to China and foreign countries, how can they be free to rise and fall. If you want to order Naier, please consult with your neighbors immediately, and put an end to dissent. In the current situation, the survival of Outer Mongolia is controlled by the public. If it is too strict, if it is not broken, it will overflow, so what is the difference from being a Congqu Jue, and I hope that Bodhisattva will use the power of the Buddha to make this move so as to avoid the worries of the gully, which will create immeasurable blessings for all generations. How fortunate is it? The overall situation is at stake. , If you dare to take the liberty to say it directly, you still pray and never give up. I will give you a guide from time to time, so as not to fall over. This is what I pray for. Please reply to this telegram.” Yuan Fuzhe sent a telegram: "I have received a telegram. Your Lama loves all living beings, maintains the overall situation, and disgraces the honor. I am deeply ashamed. In recent years, the border officials have neglected their duties and abused me. As a result, the crowd has boiled with grievances and become independent. The inland Xu Tong, the apology of the noble lama, is shared by the people of the country. Now that the country is determined, the Hanmeng family must work together to consolidate the new base. Call to operate a section, and I know that returning to the center is not pointless. The vain name, Jia Hanmeng used real disasters to cause people to sit back and reap their benefits. The holy Buddhas of heaven and earth have learned from this heart. Today, the five ethnic groups are united to organize Xinbang. The president and the noble lama are like brothers and feet in one body, and they are like Kun in the same room. Brother, we all share the same interests and interests, but if we treat each other wholeheartedly, there is no doubt about it. Why bother to interfere and lose sovereignty. Previously, the provinces complained about the tyranny and declared independence. Since the Republic was announced, all of them have been cancelled. I can't bear the people's desperation and the prejudice of fighting for the city without dispute. The purpose of the call is especially contemptuous. I hope to expand my compassion and watch the current situation. I will abolish independence in the near future and still unite with the mainland as one country. The crisis can be eliminated, and the state can be consolidated. The people are deeply grateful to the noble lama, and must be treated preferentially, that is, the princes and other personnel must also be treated preferentially. After that, all politics must be based on public opinion and detailed regulations , to satisfy the hope of the security of the Mongols, to achieve great harmony, and the happiness of the republic is boundless. Otherwise, the wall will be endless, and the whole country will be harmed, and there will be regrets of being slaves. This is also the case. As far as Mongolia and the interior are concerned, cooperation will benefit both, and separation will harm both. The previous telegram has already said bitterly, and all aspects should be discussed. The face is full of heartfelt songs, discuss everything, and I hope to see you when the time comes, and I pray for it, and I still hope to see you again." Yuan Xiangzhe made a direct call because he hoped to save the situation politically. The situation had reached such a level that it could not be solved by text messages alone. At this time, Beijing established a "Han-Mongolian Federation" and issued a declaration: "Since the Yuan Dynasty, Han and Mongolia have united different lands. However, the classical Chinese is different, the state and the church are separated, and the laws of the country and the customs of the people often follow the old tradition of "Meng is Mongolia, and Han is Han". Communication... Today, the five major clans are united into one family, showing unprecedented splendor in history. I, Hanmeng, are encouraged and rejoiced. What can I do? , to share the happiness of peace... If Han and Mongolia can unite as one, then all the major administrative departments can seek happiness together and advance civilization together...In terms of industry, the wealth of gold mines is the best in the world, and coal and iron There are many places where lead and tin are rich, the production of salinity and alkali, and the abundance of forests. All kinds of industries cannot be achieved by one person and one family...It must be done by a group of people, but it can be realized gradually...This meeting uses a collection Han Menghong, a man of knowledge and understanding, studied together, and the above-mentioned major points are to help the new foundation for the establishment of the republic, and it is the overall situation of peace in East Asia, which is the inspiration." The independence of Outer Mongolia from Russia has become a trend of riding a tiger, and the Beijing government has to fight for Inner Mongolia. Yuan Shikai assigned this task to Zhang Shaozeng, the general of Suiyuan who had just taken office. As mentioned earlier, Inner Mongolia is divided into six leagues, namely, the East Four Leagues (Zhelimu, Zhuosuotu, Zhaowuda, Xilinguonuo), and the West Two Leagues (Ulanchabu, Ikezhao).Xiermeng has 13 banners under its jurisdiction, but the territory is quite wide, with Shanxi in the south, Shaanxi in the southwest, Shangxietu Sanyin Nuoyan in the north, and Chahar in the southeast.The Western League has not been in contact with Suiyuan since the Republic was proclaimed. On October 29, the first year of the Republic of China, Zhang Shao sent a note to the banners of the Ukrainian League and the Iraqi League to send important officials to Suiyuan. His note said: "The republic was established, five clans and one family, and the names of the former vassals have all been removed. This general was ordered to come to guard the land, and to benefit the alliance flag as the top priority. But how should all the difficulties before be relieved, and how should all the obstacles be eliminated , The status of each alliance banner, the investigation is more detailed, on the day when the text arrives, each member of the Tongda government will be selected as the representative of each alliance banner, and they will gather in Suiyuan on October 25th of the lunar calendar this year to jointly discuss all measures , if there is anyone who can benefit the banners of the alliance, this general will be happy to use it as a facility." Zhang Shao once summoned the representatives of the Western Union for the following reasons: (1) to seek the welfare of the alliance flags, (2) to cut off the wings of Kulun, and (3) to understand the true purpose of the republic.Unexpectedly, after Zhang's note was sent, all the banners of the Ulanchabu League jointly opposed it. Zhang Naimi sent Major General Zhu Panzao to recruit and supervise the first battalion of the cavalry, the first battalion of the infantry, one company of the machine gun team, and the second team of the patrol cavalry. The four sons of the Wumeng League surrounded the palace of the four sons, and used force to welcome the leader of the Wumeng, Prince Levan Norbu, back to Sui.After arriving in Sui, King Le met with Zhang Shaozeng, and after a chat, the previous suspicions were cleared away. Zhang Fu sent Meng Xiaozeng to lead a team to welcome Albin Bayar, the leader of the Ikezhao League. The banners of the Iraqi and Two Leagues persuaded Lai Sui to negotiate and sponsor the republic. King Le's statement said: "My Mongolian people live in a secluded place in the northern part of the Great Wall. The land is vast, the culture is blocked, and the people stick to their prejudices. When they hear about the reform, they are not surprised. They are ignorant of the cruelty of dictatorship, and they are deceived by outsiders. The next time I went to Sui, General Zhang was well treated and gracious. He talked day and night about the origin of the founding of the Republic, the rights that the people should enjoy, the dangers of outsiders, and the happiness of freedom and equality. After hearing this, the king realized his worries.  … It was stated by the leader of our alliance and the princes of all ethnic groups. The establishment of the Husband Republic was originally the Qing government that advocated autocracy, and the country was presided over by one or two people, because of many failures in internal affairs and foreign affairs... The remedy is not reasonable. The five major ethnic groups have formed a large group, pooling their brains and efforts, which is not enough to overcome foreign aggression and strengthen the country's prestige. Therefore, they are not afraid of sacrifice and life, and have created today's republic... The treatment of Mongolia is especially affectionate. Apart from equality, it is even more special. In other words, how can we, the Mongolian people, not be the people of the Republic of China? Our Mongolian land is connected to the Russian border, and the Russians have been spying on them for a long time. They want to pretend to protect Mongolia in order to fulfill their wish to annex Mongolia. That is to say, the Russian library As far as the conditions of the agreement are concerned, the Mongols have been deprived of their freedom, and their desire to annex them has shown their words. If they enter the Russian territory in the future, the suffering will be even more unimaginable. This is due to the stupidity and ignorance of Kulun Jebtsundamba and other living Buddhas, willing to accept it It is also caused by stupidity. Anyone who is fooled by me should know the conspiracy of the Russians. The shapelessness of the living Buddha is not for my welfare, but for my hidden worries. In view of this, this king has awakened and realized the goodness of the republican government. I look forward to my princes of the Mongolian nationality, and work together with me to help carry out..." At the same time, Zhang Shao sent the second telegram to convene the Western League meeting: "This general sent a note to all the banners, and sent orders to representatives of various Zhasaks to come to the meeting... This meeting is mostly for the welfare of the banners and for the country's security. In my heart, after the former four sons of the county king arrived in Sui, the Mongolian president was appointed as the prince. You can see the preferential treatment of the Mongolian people in the Republic of China. Guizasak’s suspicion should be relieved. I hope that Guizasak will bring it to you when the article arrives. Yin Lai Sui, joint meeting..." The Ximeng Conference was formally held on January 23, 2001, and passed the following points: (1) Implement the sponsorship of the Republic: A. Fly the national flag.B. Election of members.C. The orders of the President and the laws promulgating the resolutions of the National Assembly shall be complied with.D. All reforms in the Ximeng region must be handled by General Zhang and the princes.E. The terms and conditions of Mongolian treatment passed by the Senate shall be complied with. (2) Non-recognition of the Kulun Agreement: A. All the princes and princes present at the meeting should report to the government to notify the countries with the reason for non-recognition.B. Notify the provincial governors and political groups.C. Advise Cullen to cancel independence. (3) Invite troops to protect all parts of the Western League. (4) Plan the livelihood of Mongolian people. (5) Revitalize Mongolian education. At the same time, each Zasak of the Ulan Chabu League and the Ikezhao League issued a telegram advising Kulun to cancel independence. The telegram reads: "The border of Mongolia and the hinterland of China are closely related. For hundreds of years, the Han and Mongolia have been a family. Last year, the revolutionary uprising, the internal provinces became independent, the Central Plains was full of turmoil, and Mongolia was secluded in the border, thinking deeply about the disaster. The noble lama took the time to become independent. , To protect Mengjiang, the League has received letters repeatedly, and it is self-sufficient with strategies. It is not an exaggeration. It has expressed sympathy. Now the republic is newly established, with five clans and one family. There is no dispute between the north and the south. We belong to the same Chinese nation, and we should work together to maintain the Republic of China. As time goes by, your lama is far away in Kulun, or there is a gap in the situation when the Republic of China is near. I will use it to describe my contempt according to the current situation. In the past, there was no way in the Qing Dynasty, The people are subjected to autocratic tyranny, and all actions and places are not free, and I have suffered especially. Since the reconstruction of the Republic of China, I have been treated, all previous harsh regulations have been removed, and various preferential treatment conditions have been set up, and I have always been nomadic. Religious habits are preserved as a whole, follow the past, get out of the shackles, and share freedom....According to the current situation in Mongolia, the number of registered permanent residents in various places is extremely short, the finances are extremely poor, and there is no martial arts. I can't, I will resist for a long time, trying to self-respect, once the Republic of China is imposingly asking the teacher of the crime, how can I be sure to resist?...Compared to the rumors on the road, the noble lama has signed a treaty with the Russians, this will definitely influence two or three thousand people Taking bribes from Russians, refusing to ruin the life and property of our Mongolian people, sacrificing the freedom and happiness of our Mongolian people, and self-destruction, is in danger. The friendship between the princes and princes of this alliance belongs to the same body, and after thinking twice, we have to painstakingly speak out and earnestly Let me tell you, instead of relying on external forces for the time being and worrying about not being able to protect the seeds, how about helping Jingbang wholeheartedly, reaping the benefits of helping each other in the same boat, and using it to explain everything, hoping to repent and help the Chinese, and hoping to thank the Russians and cancel the agreement .Not only our Mongolian people will enjoy the happiness of the republic forever, even the reputation of the noble lama will shine through the ages..." The most difficult thing about China-Russia negotiations on the "Russia-Mongolia Treaty" is that China has no international support and only relies on the French minister to mediate in a private capacity, while the Japanese, British and French governments seem to acquiesce. Greatly contrary.In the old international relations, regardless of the treaty negotiations between Britain and Japan, Russia and Japan, France and Japan, and the United States and Japan, the policy of maintaining the status quo in China, preserving the remaining Chinese territory, and equal opportunities for the great powers to China was the policy.Russia's "Mongolia" treaty was Russia's taking Mongolia as a protectorate, which greatly violated the maintenance of China's status quo. Logically speaking, it should be opposed by Japan, Britain, and the United States, but why didn't these countries say anything?This is due to Russia behind the scenes and the result of the deal between Japan and Britain, which is divided into two parts: Russia, Japan and Russia and Britain. Japan and Russia signed the first secret treaty in 1910. This secret treaty was ratified by Russia about everything Japan had in Korea.After the Revolution of 1911, Russia and Kulun colluded with each other, and Japan took the opportunity to blackmail Russia to fulfill its selfish desires. Therefore, in July of the first year of the Republic of China, Gui Taro was sent to St. Petersburg to sign a second secret treaty with Russia to designate Manchuria south of Changchun. And part of Inner Mongolia (that is, the area of ​​Eastern Mongolia from Changzha to Kuanchengzi north of Kaiyuan) is owned by Japan, and North Manchuria and other Mongolian areas north of Changchun are owned by Russia. They support each other and do not restrain each other.Japan believes that Russia's invasion of Mongolia is imperative, and it cannot stop Russia's actions except by using war. Therefore, it takes the opportunity to collude with Russia and share the benefits equally, so that it can realize its own dream of occupying Manchuria and Mongolia. Therefore, the above conditions are put forward. There was an agreement to preserve China's territory, and now we are eager to separate Outer Mongolia from China, so we had to accept Japan's request to avoid resistance, so the second secret agreement between Japan and Russia was signed under such circumstances. After the conclusion of the secret agreement, Russian Foreign Minister Sazonov went to London, England in September of the first year of the Republic of China to discuss the issue of Tibet's rights with British Foreign Minister Gulie in order to exchange Mongolia with Britain.It turned out that Britain was also supporting the independence of Tibet. As early as the first year of Xuantong in the Qing Dynasty, the Qing court ordered Zhao Erfeng to lead the army into Tibet. In the second year of Xuantong (1910), the 13th Dalai Lama was abolished. dalai.After the Revolution of 1911, the Tibetans took the opportunity to rebel, welcomed the Dalai Lama back to Tibet, and declared independence. Yuan Shikai ordered Yin Changheng, the governor of Sichuan, to conquer Tibet, and Cai E, the governor of Yunnan, also sent troops to Sichuan to assist in the suppression.In July of the first year, the Sichuan-Yunnan Army won successive victories. The British Minister to China Zhu Erdian suddenly protested, demanding that China not interfere in Tibet's internal affairs and not send troops into Tibet. If China refused, Britain would not recognize the government of the Republic of China.Forced by the situation, Yuan changed from suppression to Fu, restored the Dalai Lama's thirteenth title, abolished the Tibet Conscript Army, and agreed to hold a "Tibet Conference" with Britain at Darjeeling on the India-Tibet border. Russia and Britain concluded a secret agreement, the content of which was that Russia supported Britain's activities in Tibet in exchange for Britain's support for Russia's actions in Mongolia. Since Japan, the United Kingdom, and Russia held the same position and shared the same interests, France, Germany, and Italy did not express it. The United States happened to be President Wilson who came to power, opposed expansion diplomatically, and voluntarily gave up the right to speak in East Asia.Therefore, it is of course very difficult for China to deal with the Coulomb issue without international support. Lu Zhengxiang was re-appointed as foreign minister and was in charge of negotiating with the Russian envoy in China. It lasted eight months, from November of the first year to July of the second year, and met with the Russian envoy more than 20 times. The final agreement was drafted by Yuan Shikai on July 2. Introduced to Congress in March for assent, the provisions of which are: "In order to avoid misunderstandings that may occur in the status quo of Mongolia, China and Russia have agreed on the following conditions: (1) Russia recognizes Mongolia as an integral part of China's territory. Hereby promises to continue the relationship with this territory without interruption. And this territory Russia also promises to respect the various rights traditionally owned by China, which was born on the same level. Therefore, it is allowed to have the exclusive right to organize armaments and police, and to refuse non-Mongolians to colonize its territory. (3) On the one hand, Russia promises not to send troops to Outer Mongolia except for consular guards, and promises not to To colonize the land of Outer Mongolia, and except for the consular office as promised in the treaty, no other officials will be appointed to represent Russia. (4) China is willing to use peaceful means to exercise its power in Outer Mongolia, and hereby declares that it will accept the mediation of Russia. The purpose of the above-mentioned articles is to establish the outline of China's approach to Outer Mongolia. (5) The Chinese government attaches great importance to the mediation of the Russian government, so it agrees to give the Russians the benefits of the business opened in Mongolia (that is, the Russian-Mongolian business agreement Special article). (6) In the future, if Russia and the officials of Outer Mongolia agree to modify the international conditions of the system, it must be directly negotiated by China and Russia and approved by the Chinese government before it can be effective.” According to this "Sino-Russian Agreement", it means that China has recognized the "Russia-Mongolia Treaty" and Mongolia's independence.Therefore, when this agreement was submitted to Congress, it was rejected by Congress.However, Zhao Bingjun’s cabinet collapsed due to the assassination of Song Jiaoren, and the new foreign minister was Sun Baoqi. He negotiated again with the Russian envoy. After another four months, an agreement was established in November 2001. The spirit of the agreement was exactly the same as that of the previous agreement.At this time, Yuan Shikai abolished 360 members of the Kuomintang due to the "second revolution", which made the Congress less than a quorum. On November 4, he ordered Sun Baoqi to sign the "Sino-Russian Agreement", the content of which is as follows: "(1) Russia recognizes China's suzerainty in Outer Mongolia. (2) China recognizes the autonomy of Outer Mongolia. (3) China recognizes that Outer Mongolians enjoy the exclusive right to manage the internal affairs of autonomous Outer Mongolia on their own, and to organize all business matters in the territory. China allows non-interference in the above-mentioned sections, so it will not send troops to Outer Mongolia, or place civil and military officials, and will not do colonization. The commissioner is stationed in Outer Mongolia to protect the interests of the Chinese people. On the one hand, Russia serves as the escort of the consular offices, and does not station troops in Outer Mongolia. It does not interfere in the internal affairs of this territory, and does not have colonial actions in this territory. (4 ) China declares that it recognizes Russia's mediation. (5) All matters concerning Russia's and China's interests in Outer Mongolia, as well as various issues arising in these areas due to the current situation, shall be negotiated separately." According to the above-mentioned agreement, although Russia recognizes Mongolia as the territory of China, it only recognizes its suzerainty. The special article is tantamount to recognizing the independence of Outer Mongolia.The result of the first foreign negotiation after the establishment of the Republic of China was like this, which led to more incidents of losing power and humiliating the country in the future! When the Russian emperor invaded Outer Mongolia, problems also occurred in Tibet.Tibet has always had a special status in Chinese history, with its unique religious and political systems, and at the same time it is a nation with the unity of politics and religion.The British have always regarded Tibet as a forbidden land, and the Russians also participated in the competition.After the abdication of the Qing emperor, Tibet also became independent.Army commander Zhong Ying then led the army from Xikang into Tibet.Yin Changheng, governor of Sichuan, ordered Zhong Ying to be the administrative envoy of Tibet.Instigated by the British, the Tibetans clashed with the Zhongbu on April 6, the first year of the first year, and staged a fierce battle. After May 19, Gyantse and Yadong fell, and Lhasa was in danger. Litang fell in early June. Attacking Batang, Sichuan was greatly shaken. When the Tibetan army's offensive went smoothly, the British Minister to China sent a note to the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs on the Tibet issue, which read: (1) China shall not interfere in the administration of Tibet, and shall not re-establish a province in Ximeng. (2) The Chinese government shall not send unlimited troops to be stationed in various parts of Tibet. (3) The United Kingdom has now determined that China has suzerainty over Tibet and should require China to revise the new treaty. (4) The British government previously set up a special communication agency in accordance with the treaty, but the Chinese army intercepted it without authorization to prevent the communication between India and Tibet. (5) If the Chinese government does not recognize the above conditions, the British government will never recognize the new republican government of the Republic of China. The Chinese government discussed it based on the British note. Because Yuan Shikai had a good personal relationship with the British Minister to China Zhu Erdian, the Sino-British issue of Tibet was not as thorny as the Sino-Russian issue of Outer Mongolia.The general content of China's reply to the British note is as follows: (1) According to the "Sino-British Treaty of Tibet" in 1906, China, except China, has no right to interfere in Tibet's internal affairs. The reason for saying that China has no right to interfere in Tibet's internal affairs is utterly groundless.As for the establishment of a province, it was a necessary government affair of the Republic of China. Since countries recognized the Republic of China, they had to recognize China's transformation of Tibet into a province.What's more, China has no intention of changing the province of Tibet immediately, which is quite a misunderstanding.But now China has determined that all other foreign countries are not allowed to interfere with Tibet's territorial rights and its internal affairs. (2) Check that China has not dispatched unrestricted troops to Tibet.However, according to the 1908 treaty of commerce, the United Kingdom entrusted China with the power of police in the market and the protection of traffic between India and Tibet. Therefore, China naturally sent troops to key places in Tibet. (3) Sino-British negotiations on Tibet have already concluded two treaties, everything has been clearly stipulated, and there is no need to revise the new treaty today. (4) The Chinese government did not intend to block the traffic between Britain and Tibet in the past, and it should pay more attention to protecting it in the future, so as not to hinder the traffic between Britain and Tibet. (5) The recognition of the Republic of China is another issue, which cannot be discussed together with the Tibet issue. It is deeply hoped that Britain will recognize the Republic of China before other countries. The Chinese government issued a reply, but the British government did not reply for a while. On September 1, the Tibetan Dalai Lama sent Khenpo to seek peace, and the Sichuan army conquered Litang. On the 25th, Yuan ordered Yin Changheng to serve as the governor of Chuanbian. On October 28, the title of Dalai Lama was restored. On December 25, Yin Changheng reported that Chuanbian had been cleared, and the Tibet issue was finally dragged on.