Chapter 35 34. Mutiny in the North

On the night of February 29th in the first year of Beijing, gunshots erupted everywhere, and many soldiers in gray uniforms were seen looting everywhere. The Zhengyangmen area was the first to suffer.At this time, the envoys from the South to welcome Yuan were returning to the guest house after their meeting. Suddenly, there was an uproar of people, bullets flew across, and blood-red flames floated on the windows. People rushed to tell each other that there was a mutiny.Why mutiny?Everyone said in unison that it was because the northern garrison opposed "Yuan Gongbao" going south and opposed envoys robbing their parents of food and clothing, so they harbored hatred and rebelled.When the envoys heard the news, they couldn't help but not believe it, so they hurriedly searched for the valuables and rushed to the Liuguo Hotel to take refuge.

The mutiny was the third town.The third town is the main force of the Beiyang Army. Duan Qirui served as the commander of the town twice, and Cao Kun took over later.Cao Kun is said to be Yuan's "Zhao Zilong", and he is called to go to Niangziguan, and he is also asked to go to Luanzhou.Every time he had an audience with "Yuan Gongbao", he always stood upright, and he never dared to sit when asked him to sit.When Yuan spoke to him, he didn't dare to say a word other than "yes...yes...".Yuan Pingsu is very polite to Duan and Feng, but he is not fake to Cao alone.According to the official customs at that time, if the chief was very polite to his subordinates, he would not be regarded as a confidant. On the contrary, if the chief was more rude to his subordinates and scolded them more severely, then this person must be a "sacred family member very long".So at that time, some people used the amount of scolding they received as a thermometer for their promotion speed. Every time they were scolded, they became happy and ran around telling people, "I was scolded again today!" The people around them were also happy about it. , and congratulated him: "Congratulations, congratulations, your Excellency will soon be prosperous." According to this habit, Cao Kun is the most important person besides the three masters of Beiyang.

During the mutiny in the third town, Cao Kun, who was in charge, was also in Beijing. Although there were many reasons for the mutiny, the most important one was that he did not want Yuan Shikai to go south, so the public opinion at the time or afterwards all pushed the main messenger of the mutiny on Yuan. .Whether it was Yuan or not has always been the focus of debate among historians.The author believes that Yuan was absolutely responsible for the mutiny, or indulged in it, but he would never initiate it.The reason is very simple. At that time, Yuan was respected by the Nanjing Senate as the Washington of China. The main reason why he was elected as the interim president of China was that he represented a "power of stability". China's "stabilizing force".How could Yuan's cleverness not understand this.As for Yuan’s objection to establishing the capital in Nanjing, the strongest opposition at that time was the giants Song Jiaoren and Zhang Binglin in the Tongmenghui, and Li Yuanhong in Wuchang also advocated establishing the capital in Beijing. When the Senate voted to determine the location of the capital, it can be seen that the majority opposed Nanjing.Therefore, Yuan can use other methods to achieve his wish not to travel south without instigating a mutiny.Yuan is a man who started his career in the army. Of course he understands that mutiny cannot be played casually. To play mutiny is to play with fire.

And the most important point is that once the mutiny occurs, it will easily lead to international intervention, especially Japan is deliberately planning to divide and eat China.Yuan is an ambitious man, but he will never be willing to create an excuse for outsiders to interfere in the partition of China. However, Yuan is of course willing to let the army show some action, enough is enough, so that his excuse of not being able to leave Beijing can be proved by facts. As for the Beiyang Army's mutiny at this time, it has its background. When Feng Guozhang led the Northern Army to conquer Hankou and Hanyang, Hankou was looted by the Northern Army, the houses were completely destroyed, the corpses were exposed day by day, and the wild dogs screamed at night.At that time, a reporter asked the Beiyang sergeant: "Everyone says you robbed. Is there such a thing?" ; and when my generation came, the common people were hardened and cleared, and they couldn’t even buy things with money, what should we do if we don’t rob them?” From this dialogue, we can see the situation of the Beiyang Army at that time.

The atrocities committed by the Beiyang Army in Hankou were severely criticized by Chinese and foreign public opinion. In addition, before the Qing emperor abdicated, almost all the Beiyang Army fought against the revolutionary army.The Qing emperor abdicated and the revolution succeeded. Public and private groups in the south used text messages from time to time to expose the crimes of the northern army resisting the civilian army.After Yuan Shikai was elected president, there were rumors of disbanding the Beiyang Army, so the Beiyang Army, which was in power for a while, was disappointed and suspicious.In fact, before the peace talks, the northern secret envoy Liao Shaoyou and representative Huang Xing signed a draft agreement, which specifically stated: "The soldiers of the northern and southern Han armies will enjoy the preferential treatment they deserve, and they will not be responsible for harming the enemy during wartime." This could be counted as a guarantee.However, this is a secret clause, which has not been made public. Most of the rumors that are publicly circulated are unfavorable to the Northern Army. Therefore, during the mutiny, the rebels shouted while looting: "It can't be done, it can't be done, the country doesn't need us anymore, we take advantage of it." Let’s pack some money and go home early.”

The direct cause of the soldier's mutiny in the third town was the reduction of salaries. It turned out that according to the battalion salaries established by the Ministry of the Army at that time, every soldier who went out to defend the army would be given an allowance from the day of departure as usual, so as to comfort the soldiers and give preferential treatment to the conscripts. If you return to the original defense, there will be no subsidy when you return to the defense.After the 1911 Uprising, the first and fourth towns of the Beiyang Army were ordered to go to the front line, and each soldier was given an additional one or two allowances per month according to the salary regulations.The third town marched from Changchun to Beijing for defense, and also paid additional allowances according to the custom of going out.After a peace agreement was reached, the second and fourth towns returned to defense, so the wages were cut according to the regulations.The third town is still in Beijing and has not returned to Changchun, the original garrison area, so it is not included in the reduction of wages. Somehow it is said that the third town will also cut wages, and the soldiers spread rumors.

At 8:00 p.m. on February 29th, soldiers from the third town mutinied at Dongyue Temple outside Chaoyangmen. Shops, restaurants, and foreign grocery stores were all looted, and Dong'an Market, Dongsi Archway, etc. were set on fire.The mutiny lasted for three days.On the second day of the mutiny, at 4:00 p.m. on March 1, Yuan Shikai convened a meeting of senior military and political leaders in Beijing at the Guest House (after Yuan was elected president, it was changed to the presidential palace), and decided to take immediate action to stop the chaos from spreading. In addition to the salary owed by the army, Lu Jianzhang, Cao Kun and others were sent to the garrison of each army to enlighten them.After Jiang Guiti, the leader of the Yi army, received the order, he personally led the guards to suppress them everywhere. When they encountered random looters, they immediately killed them.

On the night of the mutiny in Beijing on February 29, the guest house where the Special Envoy Ying Yuan from Nanjing stayed was also harassed.The rebels broke in with guns, and the guards in the guest house were caught off guard and unable to stop them.Cai Yuanpei, Wang Zhaoming, and Fan Jixi sat in a secluded room, closed the door and turned off the lights, and waited.Cai Yuanpei and others saw that the chaos continued to expand, so they sneaked to stay at the home of an American friend, Green.Green received him hospitablely and stayed for one night. On the second day, the US Consulate sent someone to escort him to the Liuguo Hotel.At noon, Wang Zhengting, Wang Jingchun, Niu Yongjian, Huang Kaiyuan, Wei Chenzu, Song Jiaoren, Liu Guanxiong, and Chen Yibai all arrived one after another. After exchanging news, they found out that the hostel had been looted and all the documents and clothes of the people from the south were gone. .

On March 2, Cai Yuanpei and others called the Nanjing Provisional Government and the Provisional Senate, arguing that "quickly building a unified government is the most important issue today, and I can accommodate it to determine the overall situation."The change in the attitude of the special envoy to welcome Yuan was not due to the threat of mutiny, but because he felt the seriousness of the situation in the north.There are many problems in the north that people in the south cannot understand.Here the author excerpts a letter from Mr. He Liangpu to Cai Yuanpei. This letter is quite profound. He did not speak for Yuan, but expresses the aspirations of the north:

"...Your gentlemen came from the north, the sound of welcome was not over, and the atmosphere of sadness was overwhelming. On the twenty-ninth, the Beijing riots burned the area where the capital gathered, and the disaster spread to Tianjin and Baoding soon. Discussors Everyone blames Xiangcheng, saying that he was negligent in taking precautions beforehand, but temporarily lost his indulgence. The gentlemen in the middle school dispute the location of the city, and it is a little bit selfish... It seems that the special envoy travels south to discuss the overall situation, and the two sides are at odds with each other. Incitement, cunning generals embrace soldiers and intimidate them, the forbidden army intends to be left-handed, and the vassal uniform is about to collapse. The hearts of the people are frightened, and they are alarmed overnight, but there is no news of chaos in Beijing. The chaos in Beijing did not originate from the persecution of the militia and the change of the state system, but after the republic was proclaimed, the whole country was eager for peace. The reason for the change is quite conceivable. The capital is not fixed, the Congress has not yet opened, the government has no unified agency, and the president has no power to manipulate... Discussions about the president’s southward travel and the capital’s southward relocation are all over the newspapers. He succeeded, and the soldiers fell apart once they collapsed, and they came from the most trusted and most respected soldiers in Xiangcheng... That is to say, in terms of mutiny, if the dispute over the location of the city persists for a long time, the disaster of mutiny in the southeastern provinces may be even worse in the future. Those in the north. Why? The corps of the northern towns have been trained for many years, and those who have always obeyed the restraint of Xiangcheng, but if this is the case, the militiamen from all provinces are recruited every now and then, and they have never received military education. It is not because of the feeling of kindness and trust. If you gather tens of millions of uneducated people to encourage revolution, then they also say that revolution has the hope of fame and wealth. It's hopeless, and those who count on the top will be left behind. The Nanjing Provisional Government and the provinces must have sufficient financial resources. If they hear that tens of millions of people are wandering on the river, their money is exhausted, and there is no way to disperse them, there may be an uproar It is in chaos, and with its powerful machinery, it is criss-crossing the capital city, and the disaster of being poisoned is unbearable...”

After the mutiny, Beijing was desolate for about a week. The streets during the day were like night, and the shops and houses were closed. There were only patrolling soldiers, police officers on guard, and abandoned dead bodies on the roads. In addition, foreign soldiers rode back and forth.Occasionally, foreign journalists took photos along the road, and the depression is like a dead market.The most benevolent area has been turned into a field of rubble, the poor are starving for food, and the rich cannot buy food even with doubled money.The police department issued an order to prohibit pedestrians after 6 o'clock, and the traffic stopped after 8 o'clock, and the street lights were not clear at night, and the bustling Beijing city became a dark world.More than 4,000 homes in the inner city were robbed, and more than 600 homes in the outer city were robbed. During this great turmoil, there were a lot of lace news, and the special transcripts are listed below: Wang Jun of Zhugan Lane in Chaoyang Gate was a member of the Du branch (equivalent to the current staff of the Ministry of Finance). On the evening of the 29th, fifteen rebels knocked on the door and entered. Wang Jun took the seat and paid for wine. A soldier said in a Shandong accent: "We are forced to make trouble this time. If you always have spare money to lend us some money, I live in Caozhou Prefecture, Shandong. In a few days, you will always come to my place." Go to Xiaodijie, I will repay you twice, but this time I am really sorry." After speaking, he opened his mouth and laughed, and Wang replied frankly: "I was originally a poor official in Beijing, and I never kept money in my life. So I have nothing left to save, and it just so happened that I received my salary yesterday, and it has not been moved. Since it is useless to reward you, I will offer you a salary bag, please don’t laugh at me.” Then he presented four sets of clothes with dozens of silver dollars, and the rebellious soldiers thanked them and left. In the middle of the night, he turned back again and gave Wang Jun's servant a big bag, and said, "It's a little thing, keep it for you!" Wang Jun opened the bag and saw that there were dozens of pairs of socks. Yifengqian Shop in Sitiao Hutong was very tightly closed, and the rioters came to harass them, and they couldn't break through the door, so they climbed up the wall shoulder to shoulder.The owner of the money shop knew it was unavoidable, so he opened the door and bowed in. Troubled soldiers swarmed in, searched everywhere, captured countless silver dollars, and found a rickshaw to hide, and the driver also took the opportunity to take some and put them in his arms.The rebellious soldiers came out one after another after their desires had been filled. One of them, who looked like the captain, bid farewell to the owner of the shop. !" In a Yangguang store in Sanlihe, the day before the mutiny, several soldiers from the third town went to buy goods. The price of the goods was worth tens of silver dollars, but the soldiers brought less than half of the money, which was very embarrassing. The owner of the store said generously: "Bosses, take it! This time there is chaos all over the country, and Beijing is alone. It is the power of all the bosses to protect us. This is too little money, why do you care about it." The soldiers thanked them and took the goods and left.The next day there was a mutiny, and some rogues in the street led troops across the Sanli River to rob the shop. Suddenly, some soldiers rushed out and said loudly: "This shop is the best for our soldiers. If you dare to infringe them, we will protect them with all our strength." As a result, the Yangguang store was safe. The mutiny expanded from Beijing to Tianjin, Baoding and Fengtai, and the looting in Tianjin was more severe than that in Beijing.After the chaos in Baoding, there were almost no residents.Fengtai was originally a small place, but it was an important traffic road, so the pedestrians who passed by were the worst victims. Tianjin became unstable in the early morning of March 2. The guards of the Zhili Governor's Office, the patrol police in the northern section, and the patrol battalion led by Zhang Huaizhi were preparing for a mutiny. At three or four o'clock in the afternoon, people in gray clothes and black scarves were seen in the Tongqu market. Battalion soldiers, in groups of three and four, chatted with the patrolmen.At 8 o'clock in the evening, when the Beijing train arrived, forty or fifty rioters jumped out of the train, and fired a burst of guns as soon as they got off the train. The new railway station caught fire, and then the big alley, the old foreign money factory, and the mint were all set ablaze at the same time. In four places, rich merchants and old and new foreign coin factories in the prosperous markets were burned and looted. First soldiers, then bandits, and a few policemen robbed house-to-house along the street.The rebels from Beijing arrived in Tianjin one after another, with a total of more than 2,000 people. They formally looted and looted in an organized manner.On the evening of March 2, the copper pipe gun was used as the name. The first time the copper pipe was fired was for preparations, the second time the copper pipe was fired to smash and rob shops, and the third time the copper pipe was fired to grab all the soft and soft goods. Robbery the train bound for the three northeastern provinces.At midnight on the second day, the patrolmen who maintained order captured more than 400 rebels and bandits. On the morning of the third day, they beheaded at the East Road, and at noon on the third day, twelve robbers were killed at the North Gate. When the chaos broke out, the trams were still running, but in front of the Guanyin Bank on Beima Road, rioters suddenly shot and bombarded the trams, so all the trams were stopped, and some rickshaw drivers abandoned their cars to join the robbers.Therefore, residents of Tianjin's Huajie wanted to move to the concession to take refuge, but they couldn't hire rickshaws to carry goods.According to statistics afterwards, because Tianjin is a commercial city, the losses of businessmen and people were much greater than those in Beijing. Baoding has a transformation on March 1st.Baoding is a garrison area, and the garrison covets Baoding's riches, and they have long wanted to move, so it is imminent.At first, the Huai army and a short-haired man had a quarrel, and then the Huai army dispatched to search for the short-haired man. Soldiers from the second town stationed in Dongguan took the opportunity to cause chaos, burned the city gate with kerosene, looted and killed everywhere, the wind was strong and the fire was fierce, and the West Street The disaster was the worst, the area from Ximen to Erdaokou was reduced to ashes, the sound of gunfire was like firecrackers all over the city, the sound of crying echoed through the sky, ten rooms were empty, and even the clothes stored in the hospitals were looted.From March 1st to 5th, there were continuous disasters, devastation and rubble, and spread to dozens of nearby counties. Baoding Dongguanzi Gunpowder Depot stored more than 70,000 quick guns and countless bullets, all of which were robbed.The Huai Army rebellion looted more than 50,000 yuan in the treasury of the feudal clan, and burned down the halls of the priests.Before the rebellion started, the rebellious soldiers invited Yi Jun to fight with them, but Yi Jun refused, and then Yi Jun went out to suppress the rebellious soldiers. The disaster in Fengtai occurred at midnight on March 1st. Because the third town’s defeated troops traveled from Beijing to Fengtai by car, there were more than 2,000 troops stationed in Fengtai’s third town, and some rebels from Tianjin joined them. Starting at 11:00 p.m., the shops of residents in Fengtai Town and the foreign merchant Xintaixing Pinghe Co., Ltd. were all robbed.The next day a train arrived, and the luggage and goods on the train, as well as the belongings of the passengers, were also looted. Yuan Shikai's emergency measure to deal with the mutiny was to declare martial law and order Yi Jun to dispatch to arrest the rebels.Since the soldiers of the ninth bid from the third town had been disbanded, the tenth battalion was transferred to Beijing to defend the presidential palace, and the two battalions from the sixth town were transferred to Beijing to be stationed in Lumi Cang, Yangyibin Hutong, and Zongbu Hutong.In addition, the patrol battalion stationed in the small station was transferred to Beijing to suppress it.At the same time, part of the soldiers in the third town were transferred to Liulihe and Liangxiang, and part of them were dispatched to Shanxi, and Cao Kun, the commander, was ordered to conscientiously restrain them.In addition, Wang Youxiang, the rear army of Wuwei, Wang Ruxian, the middle army of Wuwei, and Liu Jinbiao, the right army of Wuwei, who were stationed in Zhangde, led their troops into Beijing. At this time, the garrison in Xuzhou planned to go north by land, the garrison in Yantai planned to go north by sea, and the 20th town soldiers stationed in Tanghe also planned to send troops to Beijing.However, Zhao Bingjun, the chief civil affairs leader who coordinates the security of the capital (Zhao was originally the Minister of Civil Affairs, Yuan had not yet assumed the presidency of the Republic of China at this time, so all the heads of ministries in Beijing are temporarily called leaders), believed that the capital must never increase the army, and Zhao expressed his willingness to stand alone. He was responsible for protecting the place of the capital, so the meeting of adjusting the blue sky and Wei began to sleep.Yuan Shikai also sent Wang Peikuan, the army staff officer, to Tanghe to stop the twenty town soldiers from entering Beijing. He also ordered the sixth battalion of the horse infantry in the first town to garrison Nanyuan and Beiyuan to deter them. During the great turmoil, the Imperial City of the Qing Dynasty was all guarded by the imperial guards, defending the Summer Palace, Di'anmen, Donghuamen, and Xihuamen. None of the mansions of Qing princes Yikuang, Zaifeng, Zaize, Zaixun, and Zaitao were surprised.Because the imperial guards performed their duties in this incident, they wrote to Yuan Shikai, willing to go to Beijing to protect the president, and asked Yuan to transfer all the troops in Beijing and replace them with the imperial guards.Although the imperial guards were commanded by Feng Guozhang, this army was originally established by Xuantong's father Zaifeng, whose mission was to defend the Qing imperial family.Not long after the Qing emperor abdicated, there was such a big commotion in Beijing, and the rebellious army was Yuan's direct line army, and the most diligent ones were the Qing imperial guards, which was really a big irony for Yuan.Therefore, Yuan would not accept the request of the Imperial Guards. He just sent a team to Beijing as a symbol. The Imperial Guards were very dissatisfied with it, so he wrote a letter to Feng Guozhang, commander of the Imperial Guards, requesting that all the Imperial Guards enter the city to defend the city. , and said that if there is a mistake, he is willing to deduct the entire army salary.Feng Deshu was deeply afraid that the army would act without authorization, so he went to Xiyuan, where the army was stationed, to encourage and comfort them, and prevent them from acting without authorization. On March 2, Yuan Mian ordered Duan Zhigui to inform all the armies that anyone who did not agree with the mutiny and plunder, regardless of the rank and file, would be rewarded with 20 taels of silver. Because of his meritorious service in maintaining the place, he will be rewarded for half a month.Feng Guozhang rewarded the soldiers of the Imperial Guard, each with a ring engraved with the word "honor".The wealthy merchants in Dashilan, Jewelry City, were not harmed by this incident, so they prepared two thousand taels of silver, wine and meat and sent them to Yijun's barracks as a token of gratitude. The non-governmental organizations, led by the Red Cross, gathered to discuss relief matters, and spared no effort to save lives and heal the wounded. During the mutiny in Beijing, the embassy area in Dongjiaomin Lane was immediately put under martial law, and soldiers from various countries were armed with live ammunition. On March 2, ministers from various countries drove to Beijing to gather at the British embassy to discuss contingency measures. It is said that "China's current situation is the same as the Gengzi Year, and it is no longer able to maintain order. All countries must find their own way." Following this meeting, several actions emerged: 1. Japan urgently dispatched warships in Yantai to Dagu to communicate with Beijing, Tianjin, Dagu and foreign countries.Military news from various countries was transmitted to Huangcun through the radio station of the Italian embassy, ​​and then transferred from Huangcun to Dagu. 2. Countries urgently dispatch troops to Beijing, each country is limited to 200 troops. 3. Organize an international corps, with 700 armed personnel from each embassy, ​​gather at the British Consulate at 10:00 am on March 6, and patrol the streets of Beijing to maintain the situation in Beijing. On March 3, the Tianyang soldiers left Chang'an Street from Chongwenmen, walked around the outer city, and returned to Dongjiaomin Lane from Zhengyangmen. There was a mutiny in Tianjin and Baoding, so various countries sent troops to Tianjin and Baoding one after another. Because of this, foreign military vehicles kept coming and going in Beijing, Tianjin and Baoding. On March 3, 150 American soldiers arrived in Beijing, and on March 5, 400 Japanese soldiers arrived in Beijing. The British sent four military officers from Beijing to lead 800 troops to Tianjin, and 30 troops were dispatched from Tianjin to escort more than 70 boxes of bullets and other military items. When they came to Beijing, Germany sent more than a hundred troops from Qingdao to Beijing, and other countries also sent troops to Beijing every day.Both Baoding and Zhengding have foreign soldiers patrolling along the roads. Tianjin has a large number of foreign soldiers, especially the Japanese soldiers. Junliangcheng, Beitang, Shanhaiguan, Kaiping, and Tangshan all have foreign heavy troops stationed. The embassies of various countries are most concerned about the lives and properties of overseas Chinese businessmen and expatriates in various countries. When the incident happened, they wrote to Yuan Shikai, requesting protection of the lives and properties of foreign businessmen.From Chongwenmen in Beijing to Zongbu Hutong in the north, there are mostly Japanese businesses. From March 2, all Japanese stores have two Japanese soldiers guarding them with armed guns.The British embassy sent commissioners to various places in Tianjin to visit overseas Chinese.The German envoy sent 20 troops to Jingxing, Zhili to protect the coal mines.In the official document to Yuan, the diplomatic corps also questioned Yuan whether to continue the various treaties concluded by the Qing Dynasty.Yuan Nai replied to the ministers of various countries in separate letters. The contents were as follows: (1) try to prevent each country from dispatching troops to Beijing; Li Chen's mutiny will not affect international relations in any way, and all treaties concluded by the Qing Dynasty in the past will be recognized and honored. On March 4, Special Yuan sent Yan Huiqing, Fujiying, Cao Rulin, etc. to Dongjiaomin Lane, went to the embassies of various countries to express condolences, and thanked the troops of various countries for their assistance in suppressing the incident.At the same time, a note was sent to the embassies of various countries, apologizing for the mutiny, and stating that there will be no more accidents in the future. If there is any change and the property of outsiders is lost, Yuan will be responsible for compensating for all losses.In addition, Zhao Bingjun, Jiang Guiti, Wu Zhen, Cao Kun, Wang Zhanyuan, etc. were sent to inform his subordinates that they should not be hostile to foreign soldiers entering Beijing, but should be friendly to each other.More electricity from the Ministry of Civil Affairs to show businessmen and people, don't worry about each other. Yuan Shikai published a report to the various armies on April 6, which is full of emotion and text, and is copied below: "Since the founding and training of the army in Xiaozhan, the president of this university has commanded the army for nearly 20 years. Anyone who treats our soldiers will treat us with sincerity and kindness. Teaching is to punish those who commit crimes, uphold the heart of justice, and practice the law of faith. It is like the love of family members, like the rules of teachers and children. There are quite a few people who are promoted from soldiers to generals under this department, and all the soldiers follow each other. For many years, they have listened to my command and obeyed my constraints. Not only our army is the same, even our patrol armies have different scopes, and they all obey orders. Therefore, the friendship among the compatriots is strong, and the thin sea is flourishing. Fame. As for the Wuwei Zuo Army, which was founded by Song Zhongqin, it has been battle-hardened and hard-working. It has been regarded as a powerful force by everyone for more than 50 years. This is not what the President of the United States said, and it is also what my colleagues in the army say. And it is not worthy of metaphor. In the past few years, the president of this country has raised his family with illnesses. He has no ambition to come out, and the difficulties in all directions have forced me to go out of the mountain. Worrying, working hard, observing the trend of the general trend, following the direction of public opinion, and always hoping that the country's interests and the people's well-being should be the goal. Fortunately, the republic has been established, and the will of the people is strong. The north, south, east, west provinces, Manchurian, Mongolian, Huizang, and ethnic groups, Letters and telegrams were exchanged, and he took the position of the president. President Sun re-recommended and replaced himself. The Senate was formally elected. The unified government is about to be established. Since Wade Bohe was able to cope with this, he had to devote himself to the hardships and reluctantly shoulder the responsibility. At the beginning of the Republic of China, the founding party was new. If our colleagues in the military circle work together and wholeheartedly praise, from now on Peace can be achieved, and governance can be achieved. Not only do I receive its glory, but our people enjoy their benefits, and their future is happy, and they must share it with our soldiers. To be selfish, to misunderstand false rumors, and to act willingly to harm the country and harm the people is to be the public enemy of the whole country and the scum of the crowd, not only to bear the painstaking efforts of the President for more than ten years of education, but also to live up to the 40,000 people in the country. The high hopes of my compatriots. China and foreign countries are disdainful, and the world is disdainful, so what is the benefit of your soldiers? If the riots lead to negotiations, and the internal strife leads to foreign provocations, the overall situation will collapse, and the land and the world will be divided. At present, the war is bloody Flying, there is the tragedy of turning into a sandworm, and the descendant of a god after looking after it, and the tragedy of being a man, an ox, and a horse. Even if a soldier does not care for himself, he does not care for his descendants? In short, a soldier is also a member of the nation, and he joins the army It is a soldier, leaving the army is for the people, and the soldiers and the people belong to one body; the people pay to support the soldiers, and the soldiers feed to maintain the people, and the soldiers and the people share weal and woe, so loving the people and protecting the people is the only duty of the soldiers. As for obeying orders, Observing discipline is the most important thing for a soldier. There is no difference between ancient and modern China and foreign countries. Only by not losing the qualifications of a soldier can we not lose the honor of a soldier. This President is telling each other earnestly, weeping and saying, I hope Soldiers are united in their minds, and they share common sense, one encourages the other, remember this, think twice, and don't ignore it!" Public opinion at the time of the founding of the Republic of China was full of articles that dared to speak out. After the Beijing Mutiny, many newspapers’ comments were very fierce, and they were merciless in their criticism of Yuan Shikai. Now I have copied a few paragraphs to get a glimpse of the style of public opinion at that time: (1) Miscellaneous feelings about current affairs - I read President Yuan's announcement to the various armies, saying that the president has been training troops since he was a child, and has been training for nearly 20 years. Treating him so generously and making such a change for no reason, what will happen to those who treat the army less than the president?In other words, it is called raising soldiers for a thousand days and using them for a while.He turned into a soldier of the president's cronies, but he didn't know if he still had the president in his mind when he was on fire.The President issued an announcement to the citizens of Beijing that he wanted to exhaust the foolishness of the area and seek happiness for his compatriots.I think, if our president is only foolish and sincere, and it is no wonder that he suddenly suffered a mutiny, I still hope that my president will expand it.The president’s announcements to the various armies have something to say: meritorious service must be rewarded, work must be recorded, mistakes must be taught, and crimes must be punished. I read these words and I am very puzzled. Are the soldiers who have been converted this time meritorious?Are you tired?Is it too much?Guilty?Appreciate it?Record it?Teach it?Punish it?Can the president live up to his words? (2) Who is the culprit? ——The founding of the Republic, the appointment of the president, and the special envoy to Beijing. When they were all happy, the third town guarding the president suddenly set up a small wall, causing disasters so close, and the bandits suddenly took advantage of the opportunity to steal their hair. It's so strange, it's beyond everyone's expectation.It's not just that everyone is unexpected, even President Yuan and military officers are also unexpected.However, it is reasonable for everyone to be unexpected, and it is unreasonable for President Yuan and the military officers to be unexpected.why?There is nothing like a general to know a soldier, and nothing like a president to know a general. (3) Congratulations to President Yuan——In recent days, the republic has been established!The president is up!The revolutionary army in the south is only my father, the northern people is my father, and the royal family is my father. There is no old, no young, no male, no female, no race, no north and south, what you want in your heart, Those who are complimented by me are my lord, and they all believe that my lord can calm the hearts of the soldiers. From now on, my lord should have the hope of subduing the world, and the heart of comforting the world. The lives and property of the people in the north All entrusted to my father's hand.If there is no reason, the congratulatory telegram arrives, if there is no reason, the congratulatory form is presented, if there is no reason, the special envoy arrives, if there is no reason, the army changes... Even though this is the case, my president must have something to do in the future.Although there was a robbery on the first day of the first day, nothing happened on the second day of the first day. This is my president's effort to deal with the aftermath.Although the families of the gentry and merchants were looted, the diplomatic corps, the Ouchi and the presidential palace were all safe and sound, which is the result of our President's daily upbringing.Although things were looted, people's lives were not harmed. This is the effect of our President's daily training.Small flaws do not hide big alcohol, my president can be acquitted of all crimes in the world.You, the gentry, and the merchants should be forgiven. There are many articles like this, which is enough to imagine that the public opinion of the day was not afraid of power and warlords.It can also be seen that during the period when the Qing government was overthrown and the Republic of China was established, the people who wrote the article had a great impetus to that time. After the mutiny in Beijing, the governors of the northern provinces sent telegrams to oppose Yuan Nan's appointment. Cai Yuanpei's special envoy also called the Nanjing Provisional Government and the Provisional Senate, advocating accommodation.Therefore, on March 6, the provisional Senate resolved to allow Yuan to take office in Beijing by telegram, but three procedures must be performed when taking office: (1) After receiving the telegram, he must swear allegiance to the Republic to the Senate; (2) The list of new cabinets must be approved by the Senate; 3) After the new cabinet completed the acceptance procedures in Nanjing, President Sun Da began to dismiss him. Due to changes in the situation, the task of welcoming the Special Envoy to Yuan was no longer effective, so on March 6, Cai Yuanpei and others called President Sun Da of Nanjing, requesting to return to the south.Original electric cloud: "Learning from President Sun: Pei and others were ordered to welcome Yuan Jun to Ning to take up his post. On the 27th of the previous month, Yuan Jun was presented with this pasta, and Yuan Jun is also very willing to go south, and he can go as soon as he plans to stay behind. No. On the eve of the twenty-ninth eve of the mutiny in Beijing, which disturbed Jinbao, Mr. Yuan appeased the soldiers and civilians in various places for several days, and responded to the envoys of various countries to restore order and calm people's hearts. He should not leave Beijing abruptly. Not only the North appealed, but even the South heard it. I have sympathy. Therefore, according to what they have seen and heard, Pei and others have repeatedly stated by telegram, and hereby accept the telegram, knowing that Yuan Jun does not need to go south, and Yuan Jun entrusts Vice President Li Yuanhong to go to Nanjing to listen. The purpose of Pei et al.’s welcome has been eliminated. It seems that I should go back to the south to present everything. I would like to hear about it by telegram first, and pray for an immediate reply. Yuanpei and others. Fish." Cai Yuanpei’s return to the south was after Yuan Shikai took office as President in Beijing, and before his departure, the special envoy to welcome Yuan published an article "Announcement to the World". Everything, made a historical account.Later, many people who studied modern history believed that this proclamation was written by Cai Yuanpei, and believed that Wang Zhaoming could not write it, and Song Jiaoren had already returned to the south, so he could not write it either.Cai's articles are rigorous, and Zhang Binglin praised Cai as "elegant and good at rhetoric".Special Envoy Cai's "Announcement to the World" is as follows: "Pei and others came to welcome the President. I would like to thank all the compatriots in Beijing and Tianjin for their welcome. I am going to the south soon, so it is better to say goodbye to you one by one. I would like to summarize the history of Pei and others in recent days to tell you. I will entrust you. The meaning of parting words. (1) Reasons for welcoming the new President Yuan Gong: (omitted in the middle)... Yuan Gong should come to Nanjing to assume the post of interim president, which is an unbreakable condition in law.Comparing the organs of legislative administration with the elected president, the organs are the subject and the individual is the object. Therefore, it is okay to use the individual as the organ, but it is not acceptable to use the organ as the individual.Moreover, in the transitional era of an autocratic republic, if the parties involved ignore the principles of the law and take personal action against the government, it will be suspected that we are the country in the autocratic era, and it is enough to arouse the opposition of enthusiastic republicans.Therefore, Yuan Gongzhi's inauguration in Nanjing, according to the theory of the current situation, is a sacrosanct condition, and the purpose of the welcome of Pei et al. is exclusive to it; it has nothing to do with other issues of building the capital and the location of the provisional government. . (2) Yuan Gong's determination: Pei and others arrived in Beijing on the 25th (sic) to see Yuan Gong, and on the 26th there was a talk meeting. Yuan Gong always said that he could not go south. ... (3) Public opinion in Beijing and Tianjin: (omitted in the middle) Mostly, Yuan Gong's move to take office in the south is very underestimated. ...the so-called reason why Duke Yuan cannot leave Beijing...but the meaning of the people in the north is undecided. However, Duke Yuan's prestige and the loyalty of his former soldiers were able to control the whole of Beijing when the Qing regent was dismissed and the Qing emperor abdicated. Don't lose your dagger.As for today, what doubts and worries?Moreover, Mr. Yuan is omnipotent, recognized by the merchants in the north. If Mr. Yuan is determined to go south on a regular basis, his arrangement must be enough to stabilize the hearts of the people in Beijing and Tianjin without any worries. ... (4) Situation after the Mutiny on February 29th: (omitted in the middle) ... However, there has been such a change, and the adjustment of the army, the handling of diplomacy, and various difficulties need to be sorted out urgently; Therefore, they had to negotiate with the Nanjing government for a workaround. (5) Workarounds: It is a sacred and inviolable condition for the president to take office in the government; the organization of the provisional unified government cannot be postponed overnight; ...So Sun Gong proposed to the Senate, and if the Senate passed the resolution, he would swear an oath for Yuan Gong by telegram, and then he would take office in Beijing.Therefore, Yuan Gong did not have to go south, and the way he was appointed did not violate the law, and the provisional unified government could be established quickly. Regarding today's situation, it can be said that he has prepared three good things in one fell swoop. (6) Pei et al.'s current purpose and future hope: Pei et al.'s behavior welcomes Yuan Gong to go to Nanjing to take office.Yuan Gong did not take office, so he could not organize a unified government; Yuan Gong did not take office according to the law and managed to organize a government. This is the unity of form, not the unity of spirit. Therefore, we welcome Yuan Gong, and our direct purpose is to seek the spirit of the whole country. The unity of the above is our indirect purpose.Today also...Yuan Gong respects legal principles, Sun Gong is selfless, and the princes of the Senate preside over the overall situation and break their prejudices. The indirect purpose of the so-called spiritual unity of the whole country is not only achieved by the psychological feeling of the compatriots in the whole country, but also cultivated and honored. ..." Song Jiaoren had returned to the south before Cai Yuanpei. Song advocated the establishment of Beijing as his capital. He had traveled all over the Northeast and had a deep understanding of the strategic value of national defense in the Northeast and Northwest. He firmly advocated establishing the capital in Beijing.His ideas were at odds with Sun, Huang, etc., but the same as Zhang Binglin, and especially in line with the hopes of the Yuan family in the north. Therefore, he returned to the south early after the Beijing mutiny, and the revolutionary leaders in Nanjing did not understand Song's ideas.后来袁在北京通电就职后，南京同盟会干部又主张请黄兴统兵北上，以迎袁为名，乘便扫荡北洋军阀和专制余毒，这是表示由蔡元培率领的迎袁专使团任务失败后，改由黄兴以武力迎袁。讨论这个问题举行会议时，蔡元培等亦已遄返南京，都被邀参加与会，会中蔡持重，不发表意见，宋则期期以为不可。宋认为统兵北上是一着险棋，当前革命军前锋仅及徐州，北方各省均有北洋重兵驻守，这些北洋军绝不会坐看革命军北上，此次北京兵变亦是由于北洋军对革命军猜疑引起的，所以革命军北上必然不可避免和北洋军发生战争，这就等于说是走向南北分裂，过去半年的努力完全白费。宋的话还未讲完，与会的马君武突然站了起来，猛然把桌子一拍，大声对宋说：“住嘴！你这个袁世凯的说客，你这个出卖南京革命事业的投机分子。”他一边说一边走向宋，伸手去掌击宋面，孙大总统和黄兴把两人隔开。宋也很生气，认为马不讲理。宋、马不合已酝酿很久，在这次讨论对北方用兵时才爆发。