Chapter 33 Thirty-two, the abdication of the Qing emperor

On February 12, the first year of the Republic of China (1902), Empress Dowager Longyu of the Qing Dynasty led the Qing Emperor Xuantong to abdicate. The full text of her abdication edict is as follows: "I entrust the Empress Dowager Longyu's decree: because of the uprising of the militia, all the provinces responded, nine summers boiled, and people were devastated. Yuan Shikai was specially ordered to discuss the overall situation with the representatives of the militia, discuss the opening of the National Assembly, and referendum on the government. For two months, there is no definite solution. , The north and the south are separated, pointing at each other, businessmen are on the way, scholars are out in the wild, just because the state system is indeterminate, so the people's livelihood is uneasy every day. Today, the people of the whole country tend to be republican, and the southern and central provinces have advocated it; The generals also advocated that in the future, the will of the people's hearts can be known, and the destiny can be known. Because of the honor of a surname, I can tell the likes and dislikes of the people. Using the general trend from the outside, and the internal review of public opinion, the emperor will rule the whole country and decide It is a republic and a constitutional state system. Nearly comforts the hearts of the people who are tired of chaos and hopes for governance, and far cooperates with the ancient sages. Yuan Shikai organized a republican government with full authority, and negotiated with the militia to unify the measures. In general, the people are safe and the sea is safe, and the complete territory of the Han, Manchu, Mongolian, Hui and Tibetan is still a big Republic of China, and the emperor can retreat and relax. I have traveled so many years, long been honored by the people, and have seen Zhizhi's success, wouldn't I be happy! I admire this."

This edict is said to have been written by Zhang Jian, the number one scholar in Nantong, but the addition of "Yuan Shikai will organize a provisional republican government with full authority" was added by Yuan's left and right.The edict was composed of Prime Minister Yuan Shikai, Minister of Foreign Affairs Hu Weide, Minister of Civil Affairs Zhao Bingjun, Minister of Duzhi Shaoying, Minister of Army Wang Shizhen, Minister of the Navy Tan Xueheng, Minister of Academic Affairs Tang Jingchong, Minister of Justice Shen Jiaben, Minister of Posts and Communications Liang Shiyi, Minister of Agriculture and Industry Xiyan, Li Fan Deputy Minister Dashou.

In the Qing Dynasty, it took a total of 297 years from the founding of Nurhachi, the great ancestor of the Qing Dynasty, to the abdication of Xuantong; from the entry of Shunzhi into China to the abdication of Xuantong, it was 268 years.Xuantong abdicated on February 12, the first year of the Republic of China, which was December 25th in the third year of Xuantong. On the same day as the abdication edict was announced, Yuan Shikai issued a "true telegram" expressing his support for the republic. The original telegram is as follows: "Nanjing President Sun Da, Vice President Li, the heads of various ministries, and fellow members of the Senate: the republic is the best national system, recognized by the world, and now it has leaped from the imperial government to it. It is indeed the painstaking efforts of all the people over the years, and the endless happiness of the Republic of China. Since the emperor of the Qing Dynasty resigned, signed by Shi Kai, the date of the announcement is the end of the pro-government, that is, the beginning of the Republic of China. From then on, we will work hard to make the order reach a perfect position, and never allow the monarchy to be practiced in China again. Now Unifying the organization is extremely important and complicated. Shikai is eager to go south, listen to the great teachings, and conspire to carry out the method; it is only because the order in the north is not easy to maintain, and the army is like a forest, so it needs to be deployed; There are vacillations that involve the whole country, and you all have a deep understanding of the current situation, so you must be able to understand this difficulty. As for the important issues of republican construction, you have studied well and have a well-thought-out plan. How to negotiate and unify the law of organization, I hope you will see it soon. Yuan Shikai is true."

Yuan Shikai believed that his work of forcing the Qing emperor to abdicate was completed, and he had fulfilled his promise, so he had to wait for the south to fulfill their promise-to push Yuan as the first president.He was afraid that the south would renege on his promise, so he added a sentence in the edict of abdication: "Yuan Shikai will organize a provisional republican government with full power".This sentence is very absurd, as if the president of the Republic of China was not elected by the people but ordered by the Qing emperor. There are two lists of preferential treatment clauses after Qing Dynasty and abdication, the original text of which is as follows:

The first list: Conditions for the treatment of Manchurian, Mongolian, Hui and Tibetan ethnic groups: 1. Equality with Han people; 2. Protect their original private property; Before the finalization, the salaries and salaries of the soldiers of the Eight Banners will still be paid; 6. The restrictions on business and residence in the past will be removed, and all states and counties will allow them to naturalize freely;The above items are listed in the official document, and the government of the Republic of China will send a note to the ministers of various countries stationed in Beijing.

The second list: (two items in total) A. Regarding the conditions of preferential treatment after the abdication of the Qing emperor: Today, since the Qing emperor declared in favor of a republic, the conditions for the preferential treatment of the Republic of China after the Qing emperor’s abdication are as follows: Paragraph 1: After the abdication of the Qing emperor, his honorary title will not be abolished, and the Republic of China will treat each other with the same courtesy as foreign monarchs; The second paragraph: after the abdication of the Qing emperor, the annual use is four million taels, and after the new coins are changed, it will be changed to four million yuan, which will be allocated by the Republic of China;

Item 3: After the Qing emperor abdicated, he temporarily lived in the palace, and moved to the Summer Palace in the future, and the guards remained as usual; Paragraph 4: After the abdication of the Qing relatives, the mausoleum of the ancestral temple will be enshrined forever, and the Republic of China will set up guards at its discretion to protect it carefully; Item 5: The unfinished construction of the Chongling Mausoleum of Emperor Dezong of the Qing Dynasty, if it is completed and repaired, its enshrining ceremony will still be the same as the daily system, and all practical funds will be paid by the Republic of China;

Item 6: All deacons used in the palace before can be retained as usual, but no eunuchs will be recruited in the future; Item 7: After the Qing relatives abdicated, their original private property was specially protected by the Republic of China; Item 8: The original Guards were organized by the Ministry of Army of the Republic of China, and their salaries and salaries remained the same as before. B. The conditions for the treatment of the Qing royal family: (1) The princes and princes of the Qing Dynasty are still the same; (2) The Qing royal family has equal rights to the public and private rights of the Republic of China; (3) The private property of the Qing royal family is all protected; .The above items are listed in the official document, and the government of the Republic of China will send a note to the ministers of various countries stationed in Beijing.

Regarding the above clauses of the Republic of China's preferential treatment to the lesser Qing, posterity have different opinions and criticisms. Some people think that this condition should not be stipulated, because with these clauses, the "small court" of the Qing Dynasty became a "small kingdom in China." ", which resulted in Zhang Xun's restoration coup on July 1 in the 6th year of the Republic of China (1917), and the scandal of Japan's establishment of Manchukuo on March 9 in the 21st year of the Republic of China (1932).However, judging from the revolutionary situation at that time, there was a strong atmosphere of compromise. I only hoped to clear the country and pacify the soldiers. For some lenient preferential treatment, it only showed the grandeur of the revolutionaries, which is understandable.

Yuan Shikai put forward the preferential treatment conditions agreed by the revolutionary army to the Empress Dowager Longyu through Prince Qing Yikuang, and finally Longyu resolutely agreed to abdicate and give up the country.During this period, there are three paragraphs of notes that record anecdotes inside and outside the Qing court: one is the "Diary of the Imperial Meeting of the Kingdom of the Kingdom" written by Puwei, Prince Xiaogong, and the second is Ye Gong, the director of the Chengzheng Department of the Ministry of Communications and the General Director of Railways in the Xunqing Dynasty. Chuo wrote several anecdotes before the Xinhai Proclamation of the Republic, and the third is the memoirs of Xuantong's deposed emperor Puyi.

(Note) Pu Wei, who wrote "The Diary of the Meeting Before Rang Guo Yuqian", was the great-grandson of Emperor Daoguang of the Qing Dynasty and the grandson of Prince Gong Yixin.During the period before the Empress Dowager Cixi's downfall, Yixin had governed the country for 20 years. He was very decent and could be regarded as a virtuous king in the Qing clan.In the twenty-fourth year of Guangxu (1898), Yixin passed away, and Pu Wei took over the prince. Because he was born in a noble family, he was too young, and he was quite ambitious and talented.When he came to the throne, Li Hongzhang was still in power, and he always called "Shaoquan" (Li's name) whenever he met, so one day Li said to Pu Wei with a straight face: "Ling Zu Lao Gong Wang is here, and I will inherit the name of the emperor." The old man loves me and always calls me Lao Zhongtang, the little prince probably doesn't know!" The Xuantong Revolutionary Army of 1911 started in Wuchang, and became popular in all provinces within ten months.When the times are difficult, I forget the misfortune.But I went to Yechun Mansion to tell you that this change should always be calm, and you must not be frightened, especially you must not recognize him as a revolutionary army. If you are afraid that allies will recognize him as a case of war with a third country, it will be difficult to deal with it.A few days later, Yuan Shikai was suddenly appointed as the supervisor.Go back to Chundi and ask for its cause. Chundi ordered Yuan Si to go because he had general talent and a good reputation.Yu said: "Yuan Shikai watched the wolves as eagles, and he had a long history of treachery. Therefore, Jing Yueting said that he was the second Zhongda. He was exiled at the beginning, and the world was fast. How can he lead the tiger to defend himself?" King Yen was silent for a long time, and then he began to speak Said: "King Qing and Natong have tried their best to protect it again and again, or it may be available." Yu said: "Even if it is difficult to take back the fate, can we use loyal, wise and brave ministers to divide their power?" King Chun asked who it was.Yu said: "Uncle has been in charge of the country for three years. The officials have been Zang or not. They are free to learn from the hole. Wei is not in the political circle. How dare he seek this." King Chun said: "They are all their people. I have never had a minion." Yu said: " The emperor on behalf of the uncle is in charge of great affairs, and the Chinese and foreign ministers who are honest, capable and upright are all court officials, so why worry about isolation! Qu Zijiu, Cen Chunxuan, and Yuan Suowei are also promoted. Jifu, loyal and reliable, sincerely envoys Qu into the cabinet, and Cen Supervise Beiyang, take Shengyun as the imperial envoy, hold heavy troops to control the lake, and punish Yuan Si's cunning." King Chun said: "Let's discuss with them tomorrow."Not long after, Zhang Shao rebelled against Yongping and asked the imperial court with nineteen articles, which King Chun agreed to.Under the edict, Yu said to Brother Hou Qi and said: "The big thing is over!" Three days before the oath was made, the clan's mansion made an appointment to accompany the sacrifice.Yu Da said angrily: "This is a great shame that has never been seen in ancient and modern times. The great man has no face to visit the Taimiao; if there is any punishment, just listen to it." Return the text.On the solstice, the wind is strong, and the yellow fog is everywhere.The later court discussed using Tang Shaoyi and others as envoys to discuss peace, and the capital began to have a constitutional monarchy and others to resist it.Alas!Cheng Dequan, Tang Shouqian, Wu Tingfang, etc., who received the grace of the country and were reposted, were willing to betray the imperial court, and instead of punishing them, they negotiated peace with them; Don't make up for it simply, rather than change through the ages?When the Yuan family entered Beijing, Hanyang ceased fighting, Jiangning fell, Chundi was dismissed from power, and the interests of the state cannot be done.In mid-October, Yu went to visit Yuan's family. He lived in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs at the time. When he met, he was very polite and social, which was unprecedented.What can I do?Yuan said: "Shikai has received the great kindness of the country, and he must preside over the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. However, the military strength in the south is strong, and the hearts of the people are gone. We are weak in soldiers and lack of military equipment?" It won't be so bad." Alas, I knew that the Yuan family would definitely rebel.Returning to the court, the current situation has become so unimaginable, and the court agrees to destroy the family to alleviate the national crisis.It is all the ancient paintings and antiques, which are sold by merchants.Send a letter to Yuan Shikai, telling him to destroy his family and serve the country.Later, the Constituent Monarchy sent a letter, saying that there were people in the clan who advocated the republic, and asked for instructions.Yu replied briefly: "The righteousness of the monarch and his ministers are as bright as the sun and stars. Yu Xiang has no political power and has recently returned to his family. I don't know that Zong Huang has someone who advocates republic. This is true. Yuchen, dare to swear to the world, if you live up to this statement, I invite all patriotic subjects of you to bind me to thank the nine temples." The ones he refers to are Gai Qingdi and Lun Beizi.At the cabinet meeting on November 29, Yu Li rushed to the cabinet, and the kings of Chun, Qing and Mongolia all arrived.Yuan Shikai resigned and sent Zhao Bingjun and Liang Shiyi as representatives.The most irritating thing is that the officials sit together for a quarter of an hour, but chat with each other without mentioning state affairs.Yu couldn't bear it, so he hurriedly questioned Liang and Zhao, saying: "The Prime Minister invited Yu and others to a meeting. If you want to discuss anything, please ask the Prime Minister to declare it." Zhao Bingjun said: "The revolutionary party is very strong, and the provinces respond. The Northern Army is not enough. Premier Yuan I want to set up a provisional government in Tianjin, and discuss with him, whether it is peace or war, and then decide the method." Yu said: "The imperial court appointed Wei Ting (Yuan Shikai's word) as the imperial envoy, and he was reinstated as the prime minister. Disturbing ears. Now that the imperial court is here, and a provisional government is reestablished in Tianjin, how can it be that the government in Beijing is not enough to rely on, but Tianjin is enough to rely on? And Hanyang has been restored, it is appropriate to take advantage of the victory and then suppress the pain, stop the war and negotiate peace, what is the reason for this? "Liang Shiyi said: "Although Hanyang is victorious, the provinces of Nai respond. The army has been used for twenty years, and there has been no peace negotiation. Don't set up a government plan. The current revolutionary party is far less powerful than the war. Why do you talk about it like this? If you use soldiers to raise salaries, it is the responsibility of all ministers. If you encounter a bandit, you will make peace immediately, and everyone will do their best, so why should the imperial court summon Yuan Weiting?" Liang and Zhao were speechless.Hu Weide said: "None of the nations are willing to fight this war. If I insist on the war, I fear foreigners will blame me." Both Russia and Japan are countries of monarchs, and there is absolutely no reason to coerce others into submitting to the rebellious party. Since you have said so, please point out which country you are from, and Wei is willing to ask you face to face." Qing Mansion said: "There is no dispute over matters, and the situation The matter is so important that we dare not make a decision, so we should ask for an order to handle it." After speaking, he stood up, and all the officials agreed with him, so he stopped.Alas!It is painful that none of the ministers speaks out as a helper.The next day, King Chun reported on the phone to hold a pre-imperial meeting on the first day of the new year and asked Yu to come in.On the first day of the twelfth lunar month, Maozheng came to the study room. Uncle Zegong Yuwei said: "I met Feng Huafu yesterday, and he said that the revolutionaries are nothing to fear, but I hope that they will be paid for three months, and they will be able to perform well. When you are young, you will tell me first, and I will explain it in detail. " Shaoqing, Uncle Chun came, and Wei Wei said: "For today's matter, Qing Mansion didn't want you to come. When someone asked, he only said that you wanted to come." Wei Jingnuo.Chen engraved into the Hall of Mental Cultivation, the Empress Dowager sits facing west, and the Emperor Wei sits on the throne.Those called include King Chun, King Wei, King Rui, King Su, King Zhuang, Runbeile, Taobeile, Lambel, Zegong, King Na, King Gong, King Pa, King Bintu, and King Bo.The Empress Dowager asked: "Do you think it is better to be a monarch or a republic?" They all said to each other: "The ministers and others are all supporting the monarch, and there is no reason for a republic. I beg the Empress Dowager to insist on it and not to be confused." For a republic, Yiqi told Yuan Shikai that the revolutionary party is too powerful. We have no guns, no military pay, and we must not fight. I asked if I could ask foreigners for help, and he said that I would wait for my slaves to talk to foreigners. After two days, Yiqi Qi said: "The foreigners refused again and again. After the servants tried their best, they began to say: the revolutionary party is a good people. They use troops because they want to improve politics. If they want our help, the regent will be abdicated. You ask Zaifeng, is this the case?" Say." King Chun replied, "Yes." Chen Wei replied, "Since Yiqi said so, and now that Zaifeng has resigned from the government, why are foreign countries still not helping? It is obvious that Yiqi is deceiving him." Na Yantu said: "Even if the queen mother knows this, please don't believe in his words." The minister said: "There is nothing to fear from the chaotic party. Yesterday Feng Guozhang said to Zai Ze that he would be willing to destroy the thief if he asked Zai Ze for three months. Is there anything?" Zai Ze said: "Yes. Feng Guozhang has already won the battle and his military spirit is quite strong. I ask for payment and send him to fight." The order: "Now the internal funds have been exhausted. The 30,000 cash issued last time , It belongs to the emperor's internal treasury, I really don't have one." Chen Wei met and said: "The treasury is empty, how dare you ask for it? But the army's salary is tight, and if the salary is sufficient, the soldiers will be strong, otherwise they will be discouraged and the army will collapse, which will cause great trouble. In the past During the Russo-Japanese War, the empress of Japan untied her hairpin decorations to reward the army. Now the hearts of the people are fluctuating, and we must cheer up. Since Feng Guozhang is willing to contribute, I ask the empress dowager to give a few pieces of gold and silver vessels in the palace as temporary war expenses, although it is not enough However, the soldiers are grateful, and they will be able to die. If they win a battle, their hearts will be determined. Grace is used to control the crowd, and victory will be the prestige. Please think twice." Shanqi said: "Prince Gong's words are very true. Sacred judgment and action." The edict: "It is good to win, but if you lose, you don't even have preferential treatment conditions. Wouldn't it mean that the country will perish?" Chen Wei said: "Preferential treatment conditions are deceiving, but they are not the same as welcoming intruders. It's the same as the words of paying for food. That's deceiving the people, this is deceiving the king. Please use the virtuous to beat the sycophants and inspire the soldiers' hearts, which is enough to turn the crisis into peace. If a peace is negotiated, the soldiers' hearts will be scattered, the money will be empty, and the treacherous will be successful. After the power is gone, if the rebellious ministers and the people have usurped, what is the legal system? Who will ask for preferential treatment at that time?" He also said in clay: "Even if the preferential treatment can be relied on, the husband will be honored by the court. But being treated preferentially by the subjects, wouldn’t it make the nations laugh and laugh at the ages? The empress dowager and the emperor want to be respected today, but they can’t get it. I really can’t bear to see such things!” Feng Guozhang alone, how can he be of any merit?" Shan Qi said: "Except for a few people from the chaotic party, there are many Chinese and foreign ministers who are loyal and brave. The Queen Mother does not need to worry!" Chen Wei said: "I am bold, dare to invite the Queen Mother and the Emperor Reward soldiers, I would rather kill thieves and serve the country!" Gu Zaitao said: "Zaitao, you manage the army, do you know how strong our troops are?" Zaitao said to him: "I have never fought a war, so I don't know." The queen mother was silent.After a long time, he said: "You go down first." Shan Qi said: "When you are young, the minister of state will come to see you. Please make an order carefully." The queen mother sighed and said: "I am afraid to see them." Lord, what should I say?" Confrontation: "The Queen Mother is still in charge of the previous decree, asking them to ask the Congress to resolve it. It is absolutely impossible to set up a provisional government or accommodate the Revolutionary Party. If they have unexpected requests, please The Empress Dowager is definitely not feasible." The Empress Dowager said: "I know." She kowtowed and said: "The revolutionaries are nothing more than young and ignorant people. They have nothing to fear. The most worrying minister is that the rebellious ministers use the power of the Revolutionary Party to intimidate the court. I am willing to talk deceit again, using bowing as a virtue, and using preferential treatment as a deceit, please learn from the Queen Mother. The south is occupied by the party members, and the people are in dire straits. The north is quiet because of the presence of the two palaces. If the thieves are safe for the people, the people will naturally enjoy the blessings; if the peace is negotiated and the war is stopped, and the republic is achieved, not only will the country perish, but the people of China will never be safe. Although China is weak, it is still a big country of China, and it is subject to the observation of all countries. And, since then, there have been wars and disasters, and there have been wars all over the world, which cannot be determined in decades. It is the queen mother who loves the people, but she has harmed the people." The queen mother nodded.Zaize said: "What the ministers said today, please return the queen mother to the harem, and you must not tell the eunuchs in front of the imperial court, because the matter is of great importance, the queen mothers are extra cautious." Yu: "That's natural. I served the emperor at the beginning. Empress Dowager, how cautious you are, if you don't believe me, you can ask Zai Tao." Shan Qi said: "What Zai Ze said is very true. The Empress Dowager was always holy and filial. Today is different from that time." The Empress Dowager said nothing, so they all withdrew.According to that day, fourteen people were called, but four of them spoke, and the rest were silent, which is admirable.On the second day of Yue, Uncle Chun Wang said to Wei, "Your prelude is right. Your words are too intense. The Queen Mother doesn't like it very much. Why do you talk about current events like this. Prince Gong, Prince Su, and Na Yantu are three people who love to talk rashly. Tell me They are not allowed to do this again in the future." Wei said: "The Empress Dowager lives in Jiuchong and is not aware of the current situation, but since Pu Wei is not allowed to speak, will the future meetings be heard?" King Chun's face was extremely worried, and it took a long time Said: "Don't worry." Yu said: "Since the queen mother has this order, there is no reason for her to speak against it. However, seeing the danger, the sky is so close, how can you keep silent?" King Chun said: "I am under suspicion. You can’t talk in a place where you can’t talk.” Yu said: “Uncle Wu is different from Pu Wei. Since Uncle Wu is in a dilemma, it’s okay for Pu Wei not to come to the meeting.” King Chun said: “I don’t know what kind of movement it has been these two days. , Lao Qing is still in the court, and the Empress Dowager is quite active, what can I do!" After three days, there was a telegram from Duan Qirui and others collaborating with the enemy and asking to retire from the government, and the hearts of the people were shocked.The next day, I heard that there was a meeting in front of the imperial court, and I didn't let Yu know.It was the Japanese American Li Jiabai who came to the mansion and satirized Yu for advocating a republic.Respond with great righteousness, retreat ashamed.The next day, Yuan Shikai sent Zhao Bingjun, Hu Weide, and Tan Xueheng to his residence to tell the Prime Minister and ministers of their painstaking efforts, the courage of the people's army, our army's shaking, and all kinds of dangers.Yu said: "At this point in the current situation, I can't help it. But since I am a member of the clan, there is no reason to advocate abolishing the emperor and retreating from the government. Although there is no political power, it is really difficult to keep silent at this time. As ministers, it is still impossible to persuade the emperor to surrender to the enemy. Today Is it to persuade the emperor to bring down the rebellious people?" Zhao and others resigned in surprise.On the afternoon of the twelfth, a member of the Constituent Monarchy, Long Houtian, came to report in a hurry, saying: "I got a secret letter, Zhao Bingjun and others secretly asked Yuan Shikai to drive all the royal families into the palace and guard the forbidden city with soldiers. Send troops to guard the various mansions. The name is protection, and they are actually monitoring their schemes of entry and exit. Yuan refused. Zhao Bingjun said: "The king of alcohol is cowardly, and there is nothing to worry about. King Gong is quite talented, please get rid of him first. Yuan laughed and said: He has only read a few books, not to mention that Qing, Chun, Xun, and Tao all don't like him. He may not be willing to fight with King Chun, and he has no military power. If you are sure, Your Highness should quickly come up with a good plan." After speaking, he hurried away.Wei immediately reported it to the Ming Hall, and received a benevolent order: "Since this is what he said, don't worry about whether it is true or not, but it is better to avoid it. You go first, and I will go to Xishan within two or three days." At the end of 1911, the Qing government announced the republic, and its hub was in Yuanxiang City, which is a well-known fact.Although the Yuan family was abandoned by the people of the country, at that time the general situation was changed without bloodshed, and a lot of effort was spent on painting.From the nineteenth day of the eighth month (lunar calendar) to the twenty-fifth day of the twelfth month, I read four months in between. There are many anecdotes and anecdotes, but there are very few records, only Binghe's "Xin Ren Chun Qiu", The narration is quite detailed, but it is of the nature of official history; what is described in this article is not virtuous and knowledgeable, it is similar to notes, and it is just for discussion.Wuchang changed, Rui Li fled, and the supervisor of Yin Chang was not very responsible.At that time, the Qing court was divided into two factions: one faction advocated strict application of military orders, using relatives and noble supervisors, and attacking with Zhang; the other advocated the use of Yuan Shikai.If the dispute cannot be resolved, Naizuo asked the Empress Dowager Longyu to decide.The Empress Dowager decided to use Yuan, and the discussion was decided.Everything started from there. Before the Yuan family entered Beijing, people were confused and had different opinions, and the government could no longer control them.Minister of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, because of the words of killing the Han people in the city, recruited 2,000 flag patrol policemen, who will replace the patrol police with Chinese nationality.People's hearts are full of fear, and several great changes are brewing.The crowd blamed Zhao Bingjun on the Beijing police, and asked him to come to avoid this disaster. They whispered to Xu Shichang and King Qing, called Bingjun to Zhangde, and ordered him to be the Minister of Civil Affairs.Bingjunzhi, the flag police will be dismissed immediately, and people's hearts will be at ease. The declaration of the republic was asserted by Shi Longyu.Since Xiangcheng entered the capital, Longyu granted it with great authority, and everything was entered into the palace by Xiangcheng day by day, and it was taken face to face.Since Xiangcheng was in danger, he did not enter the court and was replaced by Zhao Bingjun and Liang Shiyi.Tang Shaoyi sent a telegram to report the situation, and both of them played face to face.Later, when discussing the conditions of preferential treatment, Longyu meant a lot.Still remembering about the Imperial Guard Army, Tang Dianyun: The Civilian Army advocated that the Imperial Guard Army should be organized by the Ministry of Army of the Republic of China. Zhao and Liang requested an order based on this, and stated that it was not to disband the army.Long Yuyun: Since the organization is owned by the Army Department of the Republic of China, how to organize it will be the freedom of the Army Department in the future. How can we guarantee that it will not be disbanded.Zhao and Liang couldn't answer, and they were very anxious after retreating.Yu Yun: To play it in the morning, we might as well advocate the addition of the words "the amount of salary and salary remains the same" as a guarantee; and it can make all non-commissioned officers and soldiers feel at ease, and understand that the civilian army will not refuse.The two played the above test in the second morning, and they accepted Yu Yun, so they were restored to the civilian army, and this article was established.At that time, there were four brigades of the imperial guards, all of which were stationed in the western suburbs, and there were rumors of instability; and this article was not established, and other issues could not be discussed, so Longyu's decision was quite important.In addition, there were many relatives and nobles who opposed the declaration of the republic, and Longyu strictly rejected it, or stopped it politely.On December 23rd and 24th, there were many people who invited alone (that is, to see them). Longyu either saw them and told them, or he didn't see them.On the morning of the 25th, there were still several people who planned to block the release of the edict. Longyu told the whole cabinet: "Let's do this first, and I will see them again, so as not to delay it." Then the abdication edict was sealed and issued.It's too late to catch everyone in the way.It can be seen that Longyu's decision is really extraordinary, and it is suitable for the national mourning at the time of his death. Wuchang changed, Sheng Xuanhuai resigned, Yang Shiqi succeeded him, and appointed Yu Yicheng, the director of the government office, to concurrently serve as the director of the railway department (that is, the supervisor of various departments), and Yu resigned.Li Shilang Jingfang said with a smile, recently all over the world are saying that you will be restored first, and you can also be restored.Gai Zhisheng once removed the post of the General Administration of Railways.Yang Weiji negotiated peace with Tang Nan and then resigned.Liang Shiyi followed Yi Xinxi to participate in the maintenance, but never came to the office. Li Jingmai, the deputy minister, did not come, and Ruan Zhongshu did not come to the department.In the evening, he went to the cabinet official house (that is, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ma Daren Hutong was built to entertain Prince De, and later became the external yamen) to assist everything.However, at that time, most of the old Beiyang curtains in Xiangcheng were not around, and I was a person who had no origins, and I was lacking in it, and I never knew some tricks in the political circle.At that time, most of the people in the civilian army had a good place to live. At the beginning, Yu stayed in Beijing. It was strange that Yu refused to help. After knowing that it was used in the north, it was used to stop Yu from the south, and the responsibility of maintaining the transportation industry belonged to each other.At the beginning of December, the opinions of the north and the south were close, but there was a sudden disagreement among the princes of Manchuria and Mongolia in Beijing. Therefore, various articles about princes and princes were added to the preferential treatment conditions; but they have not yet been ironed.After many people explained it again, it was time to give in.At that time, the Mongolian princes stationed in Beijing regarded the opinion of Paleta, the king of Turghut, as obedient, and Yu Naijie Mei Jieyun talked to him about how to agree. At that time, there were several newspapers in Beijing, but none of them expressed sympathy for the revolution. I wanted to gradually divert the minds of the masses, so I launched a "Guanghua Daily" in mid-October. All look sideways.However, looking at the various newspapers in the south, they are really gentle and much more.At that time, the Clan Socialist Party planned to bomb the newspaper library and kill the librarians, but luckily it failed.At the beginning of the Republic of China, the newspaper stopped printing. On the eve of the New Year's Mutiny, I was having dinner with several people in the cabinet office in Ma Daren Hutong. Suddenly, I heard the sound of gunfire, which started outside the window where I was sitting. I thought it was the New Year's firecrackers. , Knowing that there must be changes, because the guards are out of the courtyard together, the order of the guards is chaotic, and the entry and exit are chaotic.At that time, there were rumors that the imperial guards wanted to enter the city to change.But the phone was switched off, the lights went out, everyone was at a loss, so Xiang Cheng and the rest took refuge in the cellar.Xuanming will give the salary from somewhere, and reward the guards with thousands of yuan per person.It was known that it was a mutiny and robbery. Xiang Cheng was determined and said, "They are so nonsense, take my guys—wait for me to beat them!" A letter to Tang Shaochuan was sent from the Liuguo Hotel. I know it must be important. It was Chen Xiangcheng who dismantled it. He knew that the welcome group (that is, those who welcomed the president to go south to take office) such as Cai Zimin and Wei Zhudong had fled to the Liuguo Hotel. Clothes and shoes are not prepared, Yu Shangduo is missing, I hope to find Yunyun quickly.Xiang Cheng ordered Yu to meet Wang quickly, and in order to buy goods, Yu Yin walked to the Beijing-Han Railway Bureau and obtained 4,000 yuan. After a lot of trouble, he found a rickshaw and took it to the east entrance of Dongjiaomin Lane (because the north entrance has been strictly guarded and cannot enter. ), which were rejected by foreign soldiers.Fortunately, I have an official title card, and I will let it go when I show it, but the car is still refused to enter.I only have ten yuan banknotes in my body, so I will give it to you.Going back to the Liuguo Hotel to meet Wang and his colleagues, the situation was very embarrassing, and Yu Yin paid for it.When it was about twelve o'clock, the whereabouts of everyone began to be known one after another, so a meeting was held to decide to call Nanjing, and the main project of urban reform took office in Beijing.Zhang Jinpo (Xiluan) had already drafted a draft of the imperial edict of abdication, but colleagues thought it was too long and handed it over to Yu for revision.Yu thought it was too early, so he kept them in his pockets (at times, he didn't dare to keep important documents at home, so he kept them in his pockets. Once he received a remittance order for hundreds of thousands of dollars at night, and put them in his pockets, so he didn't dare to tell anyone).Around December 20th, Fang planned to start writing, and Nanfang had already prepared a draft, which was reported to Beijing by telegram (it is said that this draft was drafted by Zhang Jizhi and Zhao Zhujun), and a certain gentleman revised and finalized it.The last sentence of this manuscript, "Isn't it Yiyi?" I heard that it was written by a certain Taishi, and I admire it very much.Gaishe these four characters, there is no evil to be received. The abdication of the general will be decided, and those who think deeply may fear that there will be a matter of throwing the seal after the Yuan Dynasty, because it is better to imitate the system of the British cabinet to set up the minister of the seal, and use Xu Donghai as the Taibao, the commander of the seal.Xu Zhi did this for Tai Bao.Later, the edict of abdication was also followed by Xu's hand covering the imperial seal. When Zhang Xianpei and others bombed Yuan Ye, the first shot killed his top horse, the second shot missed, the third shot killed his driving horse, and the third shot killed his follower.In the meantime, it happened that Yuan's seat was not selected, which is also a strange thing.Yu Fang passed through East Chang'an Avenue to Ma Daren Alley, and saw the people who were killed by the bombing.The bomber was arrested shortly thereafter.On the night Liangbi was bombed, around 7:00 p.m., Yuan Zhaozhi went to persuade King Su not to persist in his opposition.Liang was ordered to go to Su Mansion, but was murdered when he returned home.The rest of the time, I was in the alley of Master Ma, and I saw Liang go out from the living room. I didn't know what happened until I read the newspaper the next morning. The Qing court felt that Yuan had different ambitions, so he was named a Marquis to comfort him, but Yuan did not accept it, and his speech was drawn up by Wu Tingxie. I was the emperor for three years in a daze, and then abdicated in a daze.What happened in the last days impressed me the most: One day in the East Nuan Pavilion of the Hall of Mental Cultivation, the Empress Dowager Longyu sat on the kang by the south window, wiped her eyes with a handkerchief, and wiped the red felt on the ground in front of her. Kneeling on the mat was a fat old man with tears all over his face. I was sitting on the right side of the Queen Mother, wondering why the two adults were crying.At this time, there was no one else in the hall except the three of us, and it was very quiet.The fat old man was sniffling loudly as he talked.I don't understand anything.I found out later that this fat old man was Yuan Shikai.This was the only time I saw Yuan Shikai, and it was also the last time Yuan Shikai saw the Queen Mother.If I am not wrong, then it was at this time that Yuan Shikai directly raised the issue of abdication to the Empress Dowager Longyu.After this summoning, Yuan Shikai excused the accident at Donghua Gate and never entered the palace again. After the Wuchang Uprising, all regions responded one after another. The Manchu commander could not command the new army in the Beiyang towns who were resisting the militia.Yuan Shikai, who was up for grabs, had Xu Shichang, a confidant of the co-organizing minister in the cabinet, who provided information and had a good understanding of the market in Beijing. When the imperial envoy was in full control of the military and political power, he "received the imperial decree" in Zhangde and ordered the Beiyang army to attack the civilian army.After recapturing Hanyang, he stood still and went to Beijing, where he was summoned by the Queen Mother Longyu and the regent.Yuan Shikai at this time was different from Yuan Shikai in the past. Not only did he have military and political power, but he also had something even more rare. That is, the foreigners also became interested in him, and the revolutionary army also had his friends.After the Beiyang Army captured Hanyang, the British Minister Zhu Erdian received instructions from his own government and told him that Britain had "extremely friendly feelings" towards Yuan.Soon after Yuan arrived in Beijing, the British Consul General in Wuchang was ordered by Zhu Erdian to mediate the war between the civilian army and the Qing army.Yuan Shikai's friends in the revolutionary party are mainly Wang Jingwei, who failed to assassinate the regent.After Wang Jingwei was arrested, he was well received by Prince Su Shanqi.My father said in his chronology that this was done "to reassure the wrong side", which is not the case.A relative of mine later told me that at that time a Japanese named Nishida Koichi told Shanqi through his Japanese adviser relationship that the Japanese did not agree to kill Wang Jingwei.Under the pressure of several aspects, the regent did not dare to attack Wang Jingwei.After the Wuchang incident, Wang Jingwei was released, and he immediately seized the opportunity to make friends with relatives and dignitaries like Shanqi.When Yuan Shikai arrived in Beijing, the two hit it off.Wang Jingwei also quickly became good friends with Yuan Gongzi Keding, and thus became Yuan's counselor, and at the same time became a bridge between Yuan Shikai and some figures in the militia.News from the civilian army spread to Yuan Shikai through this, and the constitutionalists gradually expressed their favor for him.Yuan Shikai had many new friends, plus a group of old friends both at home and abroad and inside and outside the court, and he became the most clear person in all aspects and a man who had the best of both worlds.Less than a month after Yuan Shikai returned to Beijing, he played a trick in front of Longyu through Yikuang, squeezed out the regent, and returned to the mansion.Then, in the name of supporting the military, Longyu's internal money was squeezed out, and at the same time, the relatives and nobles were forced to lose money to support the army.The relatives and nobles felt the pain, and the financial resources of the royal family fell into a state of exhaustion. So far, the three powers of politics, military affairs, and finance have all been in Yuan Shikai's hands.Then, Yuan instructed Lu Zhengxiang, the minister in Russia, and other ministers stationed abroad to call Qing Dynasty, asking the emperor to abdicate.I found out the date of this secret memorial, which was exactly the day of the meeting with Yuan mentioned above, that is, November 28.From this, I understood why the queen mother kept crying afterwards.What frightened the Empress Dowager most in the secret memorial was these few lines: "The navy is completely rebellious, and the natural danger is gone. How can we use all the armies of the six towns to defend Beijing and Tianjin? "There are those who are engaged in mediation in the friendly countries of the East and the West. I only think about political reforms. If we wait for a long time to argue, we will inevitably interfere. The militia will also have a good or bad feeling for the court. Reading the history of the French Revolution, If we can follow the public opinion early, there will be no descendants of Louis...” The Empress Dowager Longyu was completely frightened and fainted, and hurriedly convened an imperial meeting and called the clan relatives to make up their minds.When the princes heard the content of the secret rehearsal and Yuan Shikai's threatening words, what shocked them first was not the story of France, but Yuan Shikai's sudden change.Originally, during the peace negotiations between the People's Republic of China and the Qing Dynasty, Yuan Shikai always opposed the implementation of a republic and firmly advocated a constitutional monarchy.In a letter to Liang Dingfen, he once expressed his loyalty to the Qing Dynasty, saying "never let the orphans and widows down (referring to me and the Queen Mother)". Not long after he arrived in Beijing, he issued a document allowing the people to cut their braids freely. On the day of the edict, on the way out of Sanchao, Shixu pointed to the braids on the back of his head and asked with a smile: "Brother, what are you going to do about this?" He also replied solemnly: "Brother, don't worry, I still cherish it He must try to preserve it!" Therefore, some people who expressed distrust of Yuan Shikai were very happy, saying, "Yuan Gongbao will never be Cao Cao!" Negotiations between the Democratic and Qing parties reached an agreement in principle to submit the issue of the state system to the provisional Congress for a vote. However, the membership, time and place of the National Assembly remained unresolved due to the insistence of the Qing party.正争执中，南京成立了临时政府，选了孙中山为临时大总统，第二天，袁世凯忽然撤去唐绍仪代表的资格，改由他自己直接和民军代表用电报交涉。国体问题还未解决，忽然出现了袁内阁要求清帝退位的问题，自然使皇室大为震骇。 原来袁世凯这时有了洋人的支持，在民军方面的朋友也多到可以左右民军行动的程度。那些由原先的立宪党人变成的革命党人，已经明白袁世凯是他们的希望；这种希望后来又传染给某些天真的共和主义者。因此在民军方面做出了这个决议：只要袁赞成共和，共和很快就可以成功；只要袁肯干，可以请袁做第一任大总统。这正符合了袁的理想，何况引退的摄政王周围，还有一个始终敌对的势力，无论他打胜了革命党还是败给革命党，这个势力都不饶他。他决定接受这个条件，但对清室的处置，还费考虑。这时他忽然听说孙中山在南京就任了临时大总统，不免着起急来。他的心腹助手赵秉钧后来透露：“项城本具雄心，又善利用时机。但虽重兵在握，却力避曹孟德欺人之名，故一面挟北方势力与南方接洽，一方面挟南方势力以胁制北方。项城初以为南方易与，颇侧南方，及南方选举总统后，恍然南北终是两家，不愿南方势力增长，如国民大会成立，将终为其挟持，不能摆脱。乃决计专对清室着手，首先胁迫亲贵王公，进而胁迫清帝，又进而恫吓太后，并忖度其心理，诱饵之以优待条件，达到自行颁布退位，以全权组织临时政府。”这就是袁世凯突然变化的真象。 变化尽管是变化，如果想从善于流泪的袁世凯脸上，直接看到凶象，是办不到的。他最后和太后见了那次面，在东华门碰上了一个冒失的革命党人的炸弹，给了他一个借口，从此不再进宫，而由他的助手赵秉钧、胡惟德等人出面对付皇室。他自己不便于扮演的角色就由他们来扮演。 但是变化终归是变化。那些相信过袁世凯的人，又改变了看法。 “谁说袁世凯不是曹操？” 一直坚持这个说法的是恭王溥伟、肃王善耆和载泽等人，还有醇王周围的年轻的贝勒们。一位贵胄学堂的学生后来说，当时的民政大臣满人桂春曾宣称，为了回答外地对满人仇杀的行为，他已组织了满族警察和贵胄学堂的学生，对北京城的汉人实行报复。远在西安的总督蒙族人升允，这时带兵勤王，离了西安，袁世凯发了一封表示赞许的电报，同时命令他停在潼关不得前进。以良弼为首的一些贵族组织了宗社党，宗社党将采取恐怖行动的传说也出现了。总之，一部分满蒙王公大臣做出了要拼命的姿态。太后召集的第一次御前会议，会上充满了愤恨之声。奕劻和演伦由于表示赞成退位，遭了猛烈的抨击。第二天，奕劻没有敢来，溥伦改变了口风，声明赞成君主。 这种情势没有保持多久，参加会议的毓朗后来和他的后辈说过这个会议，溥伟也有一篇日记做了一些记载，内容都差不多。 在这次会议上，本来溥伟给太后想出了个应付国务大臣们的办法，就是把退位问题推到遥遥无期的国会身上。可是国务大臣赵秉钧带来了袁世凯早准备好了的话：“这个事儿如果叫大伙儿一讨论，有没有优待条件，那就说不准了！” 太后对于王公们主战的主意不肯考虑了。王公们曾千嘱咐万嘱咐不要把这件事和太监说起，可是太后一回宫，早被袁世凯喂饱的总管太监小德张却先开了口： “照奴才看，共和也罢，君主也罢，老主子全是一样。讲君主，老主子管的事不过是用用宝。讲共和，太后也还是太后。不过这可得答应了那'条件'。要是不应啊，革命党打到了北京，那就全完了啦！” 在御前会议上，发言主战的越来越少，最后只剩下四个人。据说我的二十几岁的六叔是主战者之一，他主张来个化整为零，将王公封藩，分踞各地进行抵抗。这个主张根本没人听。毓朗贝勒也出过主意，但叫人摸不清他到底主张什么。 He said: “要战，即效命疆场，责无旁贷；要和，也要早定大计。”御前会议每次都无结果而散。这时，袁的北洋军将领段祺瑞等人突然从前线发来了要求“清帝”退位的电报，接着，良弼被革命党人炸死了。这样一来，在御前会议上连毓朗那样两可的意见也没有了。主战最力的善耆、溥伟看到大势已去，离了北京，他们想学申包胥哭秦庭，一个跑到德国人占领的青岛，一个到了日本人占领的旅顺。他们被留在那里没让走。外国官员告诉他们，这时到他们国家去是不适宜的。问题很清楚，洋人已决定承认袁世凯的政府了。 宣统三年旧历十二月二十五日。隆裕太后颁布了我的退位诏。一部分王公跑进了东交民巷，奕劻父子带着财宝和婕太太搬进了天津的外国租界。醇王在会议上一直一言不发，颁布退位诏后，就回到家里抱孩子去了。袁世凯一边根据清皇太后的懿旨，组织了民国临时共和政府，一边根据与南方革命党达成的协议，由大清帝国内阁总理大臣一变而为中华民国的临时大总统。而我呢，则作为大总统的邻居，根据清室优待条件开始了小朝廷的生活。