Chapter 30 Chapter 27 The Rise and Fall of the Mongol Empire

Mongols, the largest empire ever built by a barbaric aggressive nation, were fortunate and successful. The land conquered by Mongolia almost included the whole of Asia, and also spanned a part of Europe.The most important of these is naturally the Western Regions.To the west of Congling, after Alexander's expedition to the east, Anxi and Daxia became two great countries in opposition.Later, it became the confrontation between Persia and Yuezhi.During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Daxing and the Yuezhi were broken by it, and it was divided into many small countries, and Persia was also subdued by it.Turkic prosperity, Da was broken again.The old land of the Yuezhi probably belonged to the Western Turks.Shi Dashi has also flourished.In 641 A.D., Persia was annexed to the west of Congling.At that time, China also destroyed the Western Turks, and all the lands east of Persia were placed in the prefectures and prefectures, and the political forces of the two countries came into contact.However, the land to the west of Congling Ridge was considered by China to be Jimi, so it did not cause actual conflicts (in 750 AD, that is, the ninth year of Tianbao Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, Tang general Gao Xianzhi attacked Shiguo in Tashkent. Shiguo asked for help from Dashi. Next year , Dashi came to help, and the Tang soldiers were defeated by Taluosi. Before long, the Anshi Rebellion broke out, and the Tang Dynasty no longer managed the Western Regions).After the Anshi Rebellion, China no longer interfered with the Western Regions.After the fall of the Liao Dynasty, his patriarchal family, Yelu Dashi, gathered eighteen kings in Xizhou (Xizhou in Tang Dynasty, now Turpan County, Xinjiang), and his elite traveled westward.At this time, Ji Gang of the Dashi has long been decadent, and the chieftains in the east have become independent according to the soil.The big stone soldiers arrived, destroyed the Seljuks (Seljuks) who occupied Khorasan, and subdued Khorazme ("Tang Shu" as Lixier), making them pay tribute, and established the country in the blowing The bank of the river is Xiliao.When Genghis Khan flattened the desert from the north to the south, Luke, the chief of the Naiman tribe in western Mongolia today, went to Xiliao, and used conspiracy to join forces with Khwarazmo to take his country.There is also Mierqi between the Orkun and Selenge rivers, whose chieftain Hutu also ran westward, and Gu Chuluke, both of whom have the intention of making a comeback.Genghis Khan was afraid that the foundation would be shaken, so he returned to the north in 1213 and sent Jebe and Subutai to destroy them.First, Uiwuer (that is, a different translation of Huihe) in the south of Tianshan Mountain, and Haralu in the west (Ge Luolu, a division of the Western Turkic tribe in Tang Dynasty), surrendered to Mongolia, and the Mongolian road to the Western Regions has been opened.Since Luke was destroyed in ancient times, the territory of Mongolia was connected with Khwarazm.As usual, the northern tribes who thrived on the Mongolian Plateau always invaded and plundered China first; moreover, at that time, Mongolia and Jin had already been at war with each other, so Mongolia had no intention of using troops against the Western Regions.But what barbarians like is luxury and enjoyment. The Western Regions are a place of advanced civilization, and they welcome business exchanges;Genghis Khan was better than Khwarazmo because of businessmen.King Khwarazmo has also allowed it.However, most of Khwarazmo's army is from Kangli, and the queen mother is also from Kangli. Because of her dominance, King Khwarazmo cannot control it.The city of Edaza by the Syr Darya River serves as a channel for east-west traffic, and the lord of the city is the younger brother of the Queen Mother. The Mongols followed the merchants to the west. There were more than 400 people in the group. They were all arrested and killed by him as spies. Only one escaped. return.Genghis Khan was furious, so he marched west in 1219.After breaking Hualazimo, its king went to a small island in the Caspian Sea and died.The prince rushed to his brother Jining, and Genghis Khan chased him down, and returned to the northern border of India.Jebe and Subutaibe will circumnavigate the Caspian Sea, climb the Kasuo Mountains, and destroy the northwestern regions.The Kipchak chief ran to Aros (Kiptchac, also translated as Kipchak Aros, that is, Russia), chased and defeated him, and returned to Pingkangli.Genghis Khan's attack on the Western Regions was originally an army of revenge, but because of the high material civilization of the Western Regions and their weak resistance, it aroused the desire of the Mongols to continue to invade.Taizong established and ordered the kings to march westward.Then break through the Qincha, enter Aluosi, enter Guibo Lier (that is, Poland) and Mazala (Hungary), and arrive in Venice in the west. This is the most in-depth Western Expedition of Mongolia.Emperor Xianzong established and repatriated his younger brother Xu Liewu to march westward.Pomulayi and Baoda (Mulahids, one of the Tianfang sects, located on the south coast of the Caspian Sea), the Western Regions have been roughly determined here.In the northeast area, after the fall of Goguryeo and Baekje, Silla also gradually declined.At the end of Tang Dynasty, it was divided into Goryeo, Later Baekje and Silla.At the beginning of Shi Jin Dynasty, it was completely merged with the Wang family of Korea.During the Northern Song Dynasty, Goryeo fought against the Khitan and was quite aggressed by it, but it had nothing to do with it.After the demise of Goguryeo, Silla's control over the northern part of the Korean peninsula was not complete, and Goryeo failed to do its best to manage it. Jurchen gradually invaded its land, which was one of the reasons for the prosperity of the Manchus in modern times, and the Jin Dynasty rose from this.The Wanyan tribe originally paid tribute to Koryo, but later, Koryo was threatened and subdued, proclaiming itself as a minister and paying tribute.At the end of the Jin Dynasty, the Khitan survivors and the Jurchen harassed in today's Liao and Kyrgyz territories, and the Mongolian soldiers pursued them. They first met with Koryo, which caused conflicts, and they were peaceful in the time of Emperor Taizong.Since then, Korea's internal affairs have been subject to Mongol interference at any time.Sometimes it even abolished its country name, and established an eastern province on its land.At the time of Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty, China was already established, and it was necessary to introduce Goryeo to attract Japan.Japan refused to listen, so Shizu sent troops across the sea to conquer the East in 1274 and 1281.The previous loss was relatively small, but the latter was due to a hurricane, so he chose the strong ships to go first. The remaining 200,000 people were taken captive by Japan, killing Mongols, Koreans, and Han people, and taking the southerners as slaves The defeat was brutal.Shizu wanted to do it again, but because of something wrong with Annan, he failed.The invasion of southwest Mongolia began during the reign of Emperor Xianzong.The ancestors entered Tibet from what is now Qinghai, and then entered Yunnan to destroy Dali (that is, Nanzhao).Since returning to the north, the remaining troops continued to invade the south.At this time, in the land of the Indian Peninsula, Annan has become an independent country.To the south, what is now Cambodia is Champa, and near the Bagan River is Myanmar.Yuan soldiers invaded Annan and Champa, and they refused to accept it. In 1284, 1285, and 1287, they sent troops to the south three times. Due to the inappropriate time and place, they never benefited much.In Southeast Asia, it once used troops in Java.In addition, a total of ten countries were invited to the DPRK, all of which are today's Nanyang Islands and the land along the coast of India ("Yuan History" says: At that time, the overseas countries were based on Julan and Ma Ba'er. These two countries should be the countries The largest of them. Mabaer, Malabar in present-day India. Julan is the rear barrier, when it is near Malabar).It took a total of 112 years from the rise of Genghis Khan to the eradication of the Song Dynasty by the ancestors, and Mongolian martial arts reached its peak.His courage to fight, and after conquering various places, he is also quite good at ruling (such as not interfering with the freedom of religious belief in various countries, which is one end), which is worthy of his own reputation.But the reason for most of its success is that some other big countries are in decline at this time and lack the ability to resist. The most important ones are China and the Dashi Empire; The tribes who followed the Mongolian Western Expedition were like this, so I say it is a coincidence.

China and the Mediterranean coast at the junction of Asia, Europe and Africa are the origins of two important civilizations in the world.The civilizations of these two regions were separated by the mountains of central and southern Asia, and the desolation of the north.The eastward spread of European civilization was probably the earliest with the eastward migration of the ancient Greeks.The Western culture that Han came into contact with when he was in the Western Regions was all transmitted and left behind by the ancient Greeks.Afterwards, Rome prospered, and the border to the east was still a place where Eastern and Western cultures came into contact.As far as the northern border of Rome was occupied by barbarians, it declined.Dashixing, geographically, has a larger territory than Rome, and culturally, it can also inherit the legacy of Greece.Because of this, western culture has spread eastward, and because of this, many eastern cultures have traveled westward.But mainly due to the sea route.It wasn't until the rise of Mongolia that the overland routes between Europe and the East were opened.At that time, Western merchants came to Mongolia via Central Asia and the Tianshan South Road, and some came from southern Siberia via the Tianshan North Road.Christendom also sent envoys to the east.The Italian Marco Polo (Marco Polo) lived in China for 30 years, and he wrote travel notes based on what he saw, giving Westerners more accurate knowledge of Eastern geography and arousing their curiosity. A Zhang Ben of East Invasion.

Such a vast territory cannot be directly ruled by a great khan; moreover, the conquest of the barbarians originally meant plunder, and the feudal system naturally followed.In the Mongolian system, the clan, relatives, and heroes each have their own land, and the four sons of Genghis Khan are the biggest.According to the enfeoffment at that time, his eldest son, Jochi, received the lands of Khwarazmo, Kangli, and Qincha.The second son, Taizong, got the land of Naiman.The third son, Chahetai, got the land of Xiliao.And Helin's old business, according to the habit of the youngest son of the Mongols, is attributed to his Jizi Toilei (according to the Japanese Nako Tongshi theory, see his annotated "Records of Genghis Khan", this book is the Japanese translation of "Yuan Secret History") .Later, in the northwest area, Batu, the son of Shuchi, was the co-lord, and the pacification of the southwest was due to Xu Liewu, the son of Tuolei, and his descendants were the kings of the land.These are the so-called four khanates of Akuotai, Chagatai, Qincha, and Yier [after Akuotai is called Km. of Ogotai, also known as Naiman (Naiman).Chagatai was later called Km. Of Tchagatai.After Batu, it was called Km. of Kiptchac, also known as Golden Horde.Hulagu later called Km. of Iran], and the split began during it.The Mongolian Khan was originally elected by the tribes, and it was still the case later.After the death of the Great Khan, the king, the son-in-law and the officials in charge of the soldiers held a meeting ("Huli Ertai" in Mongolian) to decide who should inherit the Khan's position.Taizu's wife, Bo'ertie, was taken captive by Mier's beggars. Later, Taizu united with the Ministry and snatched her back, and she gave birth to Jochi.His brothers suspected that he was a beggar, and discriminated against him a little bit, so after he went west, he never returned, and he can really be called the Taber of Mongolia.When Taizu died, there was a saying that Taizong was ordered to inherit, so there was no objection at the meeting.After Taizong's death, his descendants and Tuo Lei's descendants wanted to compete.Dingzong was lucky to be succeeded, but he was weak and sick, and died soon after.Tuolei's son, Xianzong, was promoted.Taizong's descendants conspired to support Shiliemen, were killed by Xianzong, and took away the military handle of Taizong's empress.The civil strife in Mongolia began.After Xianzong's death, the competition resumed among Tuolei's descendants.During the reign of Emperor Xianzong, he ordered Ali Buge to rule Mobei, and Shizu ruled Monan.After the death of Emperor Xianzong, Shizu stood on his own without waiting for the approval of the General Assembly. Aribu Ge also stood on his own in Mobei, which was defeated by Shizu.Although the Ilkhanate was attached to the ancestors, it was isolated geographically, and the life of the last ancestors could not be determined. It was not until 1310 that the son of Haidu came and surrendered.However, since the rebellion of Haidu, the order of the Mongolian Khan cannot be carried out in the whole empire, and it cannot be restored at this time.Therefore, Mongolia can be said to have reached its peak from the time of the ancestors, or it can be said to have begun to decline since the ancestors.