Chapter 31 Chapter 28 The Restoration of the Han Nationality

Liao, Jin, and Yuan dynasties had different situations in which states were established.Although Khitan occupies a part of China, the foundation of its state-building has always been placed on the tribe, and it has not had a deep relationship with the Han people.The only important place occupied by the Jin Dynasty was China.Its homeland and its inherent tribe and culture have not yet developed. Although it can be exploited by its barren and plundering desire, and because of its shallow evolution, simple social organization, and few internal conflicts, it is simple and brave. However, it has risen for a while, but after all, it is impossible to use the Jurchen people to build a big country by occupying the Jurchen land.Therefore, after the capital was moved from Hailing, the life of the country has been entrusted to the Chinese land it invaded.So it oppresses the Han people more, but it understands the Han people more deeply.As far as Mongolia is concerned, the territory conquered is extremely vast, and China is only a part of it.Although the great empire has disintegrated since Yuan Shizu, and the life of the so-called Yuan Dynasty has been entrusted to China, but the concept that it is a huge empire and China is only a part of the place it occupies has never been successful. Change.Therefore, I don't know much about China. If you look at the emperors of the Yuan Dynasty, you can see that most of them don't understand Chinese and Chinese.Among the emperors of the Yuan Dynasty, the ancestors of the emperor were more intelligent, and used more Han people and people from the Western Regions, and they were quite able to determine the rule of law.Since then, Wei Renzong has been in power for a longer period of time, and his politics have become clearer.The rest of the emperors were mostly licentious and ignorant.This has a lot to do with the dispute over his succession.Because when the Yuan Dynasty was in the ancestors, the north was still quite urgent.Chengzong and Wuzong both commanded troops to defend in the north, so they were able to stand.Before Wuzong came to the throne, Renzong had taken the throne, so after he came to the throne, he had to make Renzong the prince.Therefore, it caused the strife between Emperor Taiding and Emperor Tianshun after Yingzong.After Wenzong's death, Yan Tiemu'er's dictatorship was aroused (when the chaos in Haidu was still undecided, Chengzong and Wuzong both commanded troops to guard against the north. After Shizu's death, Boyan used to serve as an important minister and attached himself to Chengzong, so he did not Controversial. After Chengzong's death, Queen Bo Yuewu wanted to establish Anxi King. The right prime minister, Hara Hasun, welcomed Renzong to supervise the country, waiting for Wu Zongzhi. After Wu Zongzhi killed Boyuewu, he killed Anxi King and established himself. Take Renzong as the prince. After Renzong was established, Yingzong was established as the prince, and he came out of Mingzong in Yunnan. His ministers sent him to the Altai Mountains. Yingzong's son, Emperor Taiding, died in Shangdu. His son Tianshun ascended the throne in Shangdu. Sign the letter Yan Tiemuer, a member of the Privy Council, was an old minister of Wu Zong. He threatened all the officials in the capital to welcome the son of Wu Zong. Because Ming Zong was far away, he first welcomed Wen Zong to supervise the country. He sent troops to the upper capital, and Emperor Tianshun did not know where to end. Ming Zong went to Monan and ascended the throne. Wen Zong entered, and Ming Zong died suddenly. Later, Wen Zong felt uneasy that the son of Ming Zong must be established in the will. But Yan Tiemuer refused. Wen Zong's empress, Weng Jila, insisted on Wen Zong's last order. So he welcomed Ning Zong, counted Die in the moon. Meet Emperor Shun again. Emperor Shun is older than Ningzong, and Yan Timur insists that although Emperor Shun arrives, he will not be able to ascend the throne. When Yan Timur dies, the problem must be solved. Emperor Shun After the death of Emperor Mingzong, Wengji and his son Yan Tiegusi were both exiled to Korea and died on the road. The succession dispute after Yuan entered China was roughly like this).There are frequent turmoil in the central government, so it is impossible to seek a cure, and in the end there is a licentious Emperor Shun.The rule of law established by Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty was designed to control the Han people.Just look at the establishment of provinces and Xingyushitai; the land of borders and throats was divided into kings; the Mongolian army and the Tanma Red Army were sent to guard the river, Luo, and Shandong; And it can be seen that the Han people are underestimated because of the heavy use of Mongolian and Semu people.This is from a legislative perspective.From the administrative point of view: it is generous to gather the people to serve the king, concubine, and master.Indulge the generals and make them rob people as slaves.The selection method is chaotic, and the government is greedy.Moreover, they are superstitious about Lamaism, and since the cost of Buddhist affairs is not cheap, they still have to be harassed by the people.It can be said that there is no good governance (see Chapters 39, 40, 42, 43, and 45), so it can still occupy China for decades because Chinese society has its own characteristics. The deep-rooted principle of Ningji cannot be completely disturbed by political phenomena. Therefore, even though people are dissatisfied with the invasion of the Central Plains by aliens, they have to wait for the time.During the reign of Emperor Shun, politics was chaotic, and there were occasional floods and droughts. The heroes of Caozhai were about to take advantage of the opportunity.

"There is no one in the world, and I walk alone all year round. The sun rises in the sea, and the wind is called out from the sky." (Mr. Zheng Suonan's poems. Mr. Suonan's name is Sixiao. He paints orchids. After the death of the Song Dynasty, painting orchids did not paint soil Some people may ask it. Then he said: "The land was taken away by the Fan people, you don't know?" The author "History of the Heart", the iron letter hidden, was obtained in the well of Chengtian Temple in Wuzhong in the Ming Dynasty. The language of the book is painful, It radiates great flames for nationalism. The scholar-bureaucrats of the Qing Dynasty did not feel ashamed when they read it, and falsely accused it of being a forgery. They really have no heart.) The calm on the surface is unreliable, and the seeds of explosion are lurking in the unseen. place.Where is this invisible place?This is in every heart.The ancients said: "It is the power of the heart to avenge the great shame and avenge the great revenge." (Gong Zizhen's Chinese language).The civilian officials surrendered, the military officials were disarmed, and the majority of the people, although dissatisfied, suffered from ignoring politics for a long time and could not unite for a while.Is it time?The seven-year illness and the three-year cure are broadcasting a revolutionary seed to the only organization of the people, the so-called society of heroes. This is a major event in modern history.The events after the fall of the Ming Dynasty are well-known, but the facts did not start after the fall of the Ming Dynasty, but it has been a long time, and the deeds have been outdated.From the Yuan Dynasty to the reign of Emperor Shun, those who rebelled against the government rose one after another.The bigger ones are: Fang Guozhen from Taizhou (now Linhai County, Zhejiang), Li Er from Xuzhou, Xu Shouhui from Hubei, Guo Zixing from Haozhou (now Fengyang County, Anhui), Zhang Shicheng from Gaoyou (later moved to Pingjiang, now Wu County, Jiangsu), And Liu Futong was a follower of the Bailian Cult, who started in Anfeng (now Shouxian County, Anhui Province), and served Han Lin'er, the son of his leader, as his master.The White Lotus Sect is regarded as a cult by modern people, but it was definitely not a cult at the beginning, as you can see when it first raised the banner of righteousness for the Northern Expedition at that time.In the Yuan Dynasty, politics was chaotic.Prime Minister Tuotuo's younger brother also first Tie Mu'er, who was appointed to the crusade, failed for years, and later collapsed in Shahe (now Shahedian on the border of Suiping, Queshan, and Biyang in Henan Province), and lost all his military resources.Tuotuo felt bad, and since he sent out his army, defeated Li Er, besieged Zhang Shicheng, failed to conquer, and was squeezed out by the alien party.The heroes in the south were quarreling, and the Yuan Dynasty could not intervene. In 1358, Liu Futong divided his troops into three ways: one army entered Shanshan and Shaanxi, and the other entered Shandong.At this time, from the Yuan Dynasty, there were also two people who came out to fight for it, and that was Chahan Timur and Li Siqi.They raised troops in Henan to help the Yuan Dynasty.At this time, due to the request of Shaanxi Province for help, they first entered Shaanxi to relieve the siege.He also moved troops to Shandong to besiege the troops sent by Liu Futong.Liu Futong's general sent someone to stab Chahan to death.His son Kuku Timur replaced Liu Futong's army and defeated Liu Futong's army. Liu Futong and Han Lin'er returned to Anfeng and were later destroyed by Zhang Shicheng.However, one of his soldiers who fought in Shanxi went straight from Shangdu to Liaodong (now Duolun County, where Yuan Shizu established himself as Shangdu, and called today's Beiping Dadu), and then was wiped out.When an army marches for thousands of miles, it is like entering an uninhabited land, and it can be said that it is a glorious defeat.

Although the first thing failed in the end, the successor has already developed strength.When Ming Taizu first started, he was originally accompanied by Guo Zixing.Later, they became an army and crossed the river to take Jiqing (now Nanjing, Yuan Jiqing Road).At that time, Xu Shouhui killed Chen Youliang for him, and Chen Youliang ruled Jiangxi and Hubei, which was quite powerful (Shouhui took Ming Yuzhen to stand on his own in Sichuan, passed on his son, and was destroyed by Ming Taizu), and later was destroyed by Taizu.Taizu surrendered Fang Guozhen and defeated Zhang Shicheng, occupying almost all of the Yangtze River Basin.But it was time for the Yuan Dynasty, and civil strife resumed.At that time, Kuku Timur was based in Jining (Yuan Jining Road, governing today’s Yangqu County, Shanxi Province), Polo Timur was based in Datong, and Polo wanted to occupy Shanxi and Hebei as well, so that the two men fought .After Emperor Shun, the Qi family, a native of Korea, gave birth to a son, Aiyou Shili Dala, who was established as the prince.The prince and the empress Qi conspired against inner Zen.At that time, many Koreans came from the palace to the Yuan Dynasty to serve as internal eunuchs, and there were many in the Qi harem, and Pu Buhua was the most trusted.He disagreed with Sha, the senior royal censor, and was dismissed because the crown prince spoke to Emperor Shun.The old Sha fled to Datong and took refuge in Polo.Jian Sijian accused Polo of rebellion.Polo is really a rebel, raising troops to commit crimes and killing both Chu Sijian and Pu Buhua.The prince defected to Kuku.Kuku sent troops to send the prince back to Beijing, but Polo had been stabbed to death by Emperor Shun.The crown prince wanted Kuku to coerce Shun Emperor Neichan with military force, but Kuku refused.Emperor Shishun named Kuku the king of Henan, and made him the president of the army to pacify the south.Li Siqi was unwilling to be restrained by Kuku because he joined forces with Chahan. Zhang Liangbi, who participated in politics in Shaanxi, also disagreed with Kuku, and the two attacked Kuku together.The prince took the opportunity to ask Emperor Shun to issue an edict to cut off Kuku's official rank and make the prince lead the army to fight against him.Chaos in the north. "The way of heaven is good, and China has the principle that it must be extended. People follow suit, and everyone will take revenge." (Taizu's Hu Xizhong language) In 1368, Ming Taizu ordered Xu Da and Chang Yuchun to make two northern expeditions.Xu Daping went to Henan in Changyuchun and went to Shandong, joined forces in Dezhou (now Dexian County, Shandong), and went to Zhigu in the north.Emperor Shun went to the capital.Taizu sent Xu Da to Taiyuan to take advantage of the victory to settle Qin and Long, and Kuku Timur ran to Helin (Helin City, built by Taizong, and today's Erdenizhao is its site).Chang Yuchun attacked Shangdu, and Emperor Shun went to Yingchang (the name of the city, next to Dalibo, is the place of Wengjila, a relative of Yuan Dynasty). In 1387, Emperor Shun died, Ming soldiers reappeared, and Aiyou Shili Dala also ran to Helin.Soon he died, Zituo Gusi Timur heir. In 1387, Taizu sent Lan Yu to pacify Liaodong, taking advantage of the victory to break through Gusi Timur in Yuyuhai (now Dalibo).Tuogusi Timur went north and was killed by his subordinates.Afterwards, all five biographies were killed, and the Mongolian Great Khan's system was extinct.Many of the Yuan clan's enfeoffments in the interior also descended, but the king of Liang refused to accept the control of Zaravalmi in Yunnan. In 1381, it was also destroyed by Taizu.In the land of the Central Plains, there is no legacy of Yuan people.It has been eighty-nine years since the Yuan Dynasty destroyed the Song Dynasty in 1279, and until Emperor Shun went north in 1368.